What is Engineering Graphics

is a visual means to develop ideas

and convey designs in a
technical format.
is the dominant means to
communication among
engineers in industry.

Engineering graphics and the

skills associated are
developed early in an
engineer’s education.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 What is Engineering Graphics
Several of the topics that are covered in
engineering graphics are listed below:
• Sketching
• Geometric Modeling
• Engineering Drawing/Documentation
• Assembly Drawing
• Visualization
• Rapid Prototyping

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 Computers in The Engineering Office
Computers are classified as
analog or digital.

Analog computers are

generally used for
mathematical problem
solving. (control Polish analogue computer “ELWAT”
electronic, mechanical
equipment)
Digital computers count by
digits in distinct steps.
(electric wall clock)
IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 Historical Background of Computing

(1830s) C. Babbage developed

the idea of a mechanical
digital computer. (undertake
laborious calculations ; store
the results for further use)
(1904) A. Fleming invented the
first diode.(allow current to
flow in one direction) Babbage's Difference Engine
L. De Forest devised the triode
valve. (control the flow of
current)
IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 Historical Background of Computing
(1940s) Thermionic valves was used
in the first electronic
computers.(filling large rooms;
generating large amounts of
heat)
(1947) The first transistor was
developed at Bell Lab. (valve
computer !)
2nd generation computer; the
transistor was introduced.
3rd generation computer; based on
small-scale integrated
circuits.(early 1960s)
4th generation computer; based on
integrated circuit.
IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

What is CADD ?
Computer-aided drawing is a technique where
engineering drawings are produced with the
assistance of a computer and, as with manual
drawing, is only the graphical means of
representing a design.
Computer-aided design, however, is a
technique where the attributes of the
computer and those of the designer are
blended together into a problem-solving
team.
IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

Two-dimensional (2D) computer drawing

is the representation of an object in the
single-view format which shows two of
the three object dimensions or the
mutiview format where each view
reveals two dimensions.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

Three-dimensional (3D) computer

drawing is the coordinate format. Three
dimensional computer aided drawing
allows the production of geometric
models of a component or
product for spatial and
visual analysis.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

The advantages of using CADD systems are listed as

follow:

constant quality drawing saving on repetition

creation of database greater accuracy
creation of library multicolour drawings
use of layers editing functions

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

History And Background

1963 Sketchpad in MIT

The first computer aided

drawing system was
introduced by IBM.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

„ Sketchpad was a revolutionary

computer program written by Ivan
Sutherland in 1963 in the course of his
PhD thesis.
„ It helped change the way people interact
with computers.
„ Sketchpad is considered to be the
ancestor of modern computer-aided
drafting (CAD) programs as well as a
major breakthrough in the development
of computer graphics in general.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

„ Ivan Sutherland demonstrated with it that

computer graphics could be utilized for both
artistic and technical purposes in addition to
showing a novel method of human-computer
interaction.
„ Sketchpad was the first program ever to utilize a
complete graphical user interface. Sketchpad
used an x-y point plotter display as well as the
then recently invented light pen.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

„ The clever way the program organized its

geometric data pioneered the use of "objects"
and "instances" in computing and pointed
forward to object oriented programming.
„ Sketchpad ran on the Lincoln TX-2 computer at
MIT.
„ In 1963 most computers ran jobs in batch job
mode only, using punch cards or magnetic tape
reels submitted by professional programmers or
engineering students.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

History And Background – 2

In modern systems the light pen
has been replaced by more
effective pointing
hardware, that is
a digitizer tablet,
a mouse .

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

CAD system and Hardware

(a) the mainframe computer
(b) the minicomputer
(c) the microcomputer

Input Devices
The input devices are used for making selections from a menu,
which is a layout of a variety of commands and functions
required to operate the system. Sending these commands into
the computer produces complete engineering drawings.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing
Mouse Digitizer (tablet)
Light pen Joystick
Scanner

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

CAD system and Hardware –2

Output Devices
The output devices receive data from the
computer and provide an output,
hard copy.

(a) impact printers (dot matrix)

(b) non-impact printers include electrostatic, ink-jet and laser
(c) flatbed plotters
(d) drum plotters

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

The User Interface

CAD systems may be considered as comprising a large number of
functions for creating or manipulating the design model.
Traditionally, there are two ways in which this is achieved:

Command-based systems
Command-based systems operate by reading a command and its
parameters entered by the user, carrying out the required
actions, then waiting for the next command.

command (optional parameters , target object)

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

The User Interface –2

Menu-driven systems
The menu-driven approach contrasts markedly with the command
approach. The basic principle is that the user is at any time
presented with a list or menu of the functions that are available
to be selected. The most important of these rules are:
A clear, well presented screen layout.
Easy function selection by a well-structured menu system.
Meaningful function names.
Meaningful and helpful prompts to the user.
Easily accessible and clearly written help information.
IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

CADD FUNCTIONALITY
The main benefits of a computerized draughting and design system
over those of manual methods is this ability to represent the
design of a component or assembly in a geometrically accurate
format so that the same model can be used for other modelling,
analysis and manufacturing work.
The functions can be said to fall into three categories:
Synthesis type functions are concerned mainly with the creation of
geometric features and drawing details
Modification functions include those which allow for the deletion
and editing of existing geometry or detail.
Management functions are concerned with how the drawing is
presented both on the screen and eventually on paper.
IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

CADD SYSTEM SELECTION

There is a large variety of different CADD packages available on
the market these days and the design manager is faced with the
enormous problem of selecting a package to suit the demands
of the company and its product range. A lot of ease and
efficiency has been obtained with the use of CADD systems.
Among the more widely used CAD systems are AutoCAD, CATIA,
SolidWorks, I-DEAS, and ProEngineer. Most of these packages
have both a 2D and 3D component or have an integrated 2D
and 3D modeling system. The newer versions of drawing
software operate under a menu system which can be accessed
through keyboard input or mouse manipulation.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

CADD SYSTEM SELECTION – 2

According to these factors, the system must have;

Functional abilities: the abilities to perform memory circuits.

Memory capacity : evaluation between main and branch memory
circuits.
Data transfer characteristics : when we consider data transfer
between two computers, or a main computer and a station, we
have to keep in mind the need to decrease computing time

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

CADD SYSTEM SELECTION – 3

The size of the company and the amount of investment capital
available will be one of the main deciding factors but there are
many other questions to be considered:
Mainframe or PC/workstation platform?
Two dimensions or three? Lines, surfaces or solids?
Other analysis tools needed? Will the ability to transfer the
geometry to these modelling and analysis systems be needed?
Compatibility with other systems needed?
How good is the maintenance and support from the suppliers?
How much, how good and how long is the training?
How easy is it to expand the system?
IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

AutoCAD
AutoCAD is PC-based CAD software products (late 1982).
System Requirements for AutoCAD
Windows NT or Windows 95/98/2000
Intel 486 or Pentium processor or compatible
32 MB of RAM
50 MB of hard disk space
64MB of disk swap space
2.5 MB of free disk space during installation only
CD-ROM drive
640 x 480 VGA video display (1024 x 768 recommended)
Windows-supported display adapter
Mouse or other pointing device
IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing
menu bar
Docked
toolbars

Floating toolbar

crosshairs

graphic window

Command
line
Status bar IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

MECHANICAL DESKTOP

Mechanical Desktop offers greater ease of use, flexibility

and speed, 2D drawing capabilities for mechanical
design, and greatly expanded 3D goemetric
coverage. Mechanical Desktop is an integrated
package of advanced 3D modeling tools, and 3D
drafting and drawing capabilities that help you
conceptualize, design, and document your
mechanical product.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing
menu bar
Docked
toolbars

Floating toolbar
Desktop
browser crosshairs

graphic window

Command line
Status bar
IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

Part / Assembly Environment

„ Assembly Mode
„ Scene Mode
„ Drawing Mode

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

PRO/ENGINEER
Pro/ENGINEER or Pro/E, is a three-dimensional (3D), feature-
based, solids model-ing system. It was developed by Parametric
Technologies Corporation (PTC) in the late 1980s.

Features are three-dimensional (3D) geometries that have direct

analogies to shapes that can be machined or manufactured,
such as holes or rounds. Feature-based solids modeling creates
and modifies geometric shapes that make up an object in a way
that readily represents common manufacturing processes.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
menu bar
tool bar
message
area

graphic
window

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

SOLID WORKS

SolidWorks is mechanical design automation software

that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft®
WindowsTM graphical user interface. This easy-to-
learn tool makes it possible for mechanical designers
to quickly sketch out ideas, experiment with features
and dimensions, and produce models and detailed
drawings.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing
menu bar
toolbars

drawing
document

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004 Status bar
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

I-DEAS
(INTEGRATED DESIGN ENGINEERING ANALYSIS SOFTWARE)

I-DEAS (Integrated Design Engineering Analysis Software) is a

computer aided design (CAD), manufacturing (CAM), and
engineering (CAE) package. I-DEAS is a complete Mechanical
Computer Aided Engineering System for the engineering
department. It provides full function design, analysis, drafting,
testing, and NC programming in support of mechanical design
automation.
This software was designed to facilitate a collaborative concurrent
engineering approach to mechanical engineering product design
and analysis.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

I-DEAS
The package is separated into five distinct families, which are
selected from the first menu option entering I-DEAS.
I-DEAS Solid Modelling (Geomod)
I-DEAS Drafting (Geodraw)
I-DEAS Engineering Analysis (Supertab) contains finite element
modelling for finite element solvers such as ANSYS or ABAQUES.
I-DEAS System Dynamic (Systan) is used to design complex
mechanical system.
I-DEAS Test Data Analysis (TDAS) offers tools for general and
specific data analysis, project management, and data acquisition

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

I-DEAS

Design Application
Modeler Task
Drafting
Simulation
Manufacturing
Test

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing
menu
task

task
specific
icons

application
specific
graphic icons
region
common
list region icons
prompt region

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

CATIA
stands for Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive
Application, is the most powerful and widely used CAD
(computer aided design) software of its kind in the world. CATIA
was created by Dassault Systems of France and is marketed
worldwide by IBM.
CATIA is used by the automotive and aerospace industries for
automobile and aircraft product and tooling design.

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
 1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing
menu bar
toolbars

icons

graphical
window

status bar
IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

Web Pages for CAD softwares

Autodesk home page www.autodesk.com

Pro-Engineer CAD Software www.ptc.com
I-DEAS CAD software home page www.sdrc.com
SolidWorks CAD software home page www.solidworks.com
CATIA CAD software home page www.intergraphics.com
CADKEY software www.cadkey.com

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics

Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004
1. Introduction to Computer Aided Drawing

You will learn parametric design and basic

drawing functions. The steps to follow are:
„ Screen Coordinates
„ Geometric Parameters
„ Geometry Creation (Line, Circle, Arc etc.)
„ Modification (move, copy etc)
„ Automatic Functions (dimensioning, cross-hatching
etc.)
„ Management (zoom, layering etc.)

Prepare a pen & a notebook ....

IE102 Engineering Drawing & Graphics
Dr C Erdem IMRAK @ 2004