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analyses, consisting of TBN, TAN, wear metals Used Oil TBN (D-4739), mg KOH / g
content, oxidation, soot content, and viscosity. 6
5
FIELD TEST OBSERVATIONS
4
20
Used Oil TAN (D-664), mg KOH / g
10
4.5
0 4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Unit Mileage, miles/1000 3.5
3.5 10
3
0
2.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Unit Mileage, miles/1000
2
1.5
Figure 3 - Field Test Used Oil TAN (D-664)
Mg Sulfonate
1 Ca Sulfonate SUMMARY - It can be concluded that a judgment of
0.5 Ca Phenate the quality of a lubricant, and especially it’s capabilities
0 for use as an extended service interval oil, cannot be
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 based solely on the TBN measurements. Several other
Unit Mileage, miles/1000 used oil characteristics need to be taken into account to
Figure 3 - Field Test Used Oil TAN (D-664) come to the correct conclusions. In the next sections,
the results of some bench test work,, triggered by ourthe
One explanation for thee difference in TBNlead field test observations, will be discussed.
content is that the mMagnesium sSulfonate, possibly
being a weaker base in a lubricating oil environment,
may not sufficiently neutralize allthe acids—, thus
reserving base which shows up asas a higher TBN. BENCH TEST OBSERVATIONS
Other researchers have also reported differences in acid
neutralization capability for various detergent types (10). HYPOTHESIS - In the previous section it was
If this wereis true, one would have expectedcould suggested that the differences in the used oil lead
hypothesize that the use of mthe Magnesium sSulfonate content, observed in a field test, could be correlated with
alonecontaining oil mightmight result in a higher level of the differences in TAN increase. At this time, we can
corrosive bearing wear. Also it could be a only speculate on theThe reason for these differences in
higherexpected that the TAN level for observed in the TAN increase however, are not fully understood. One
Mmagnesium sSulfonate oil would be expectedis higher possibilityle scenario, as suggested in the previous
section, is that the mMagnesium sSulfonate does not TBN / TAN (D-4739 / D-664), mg KOH/g
neutralize weak acids as fully as many acidic species as 8
TBN (D-4739) Fresh Oil TBN with Oleic Acid
the cCalcium detergents, therefore it may reservinge 7 TAN (D-664) Fresh Oil TAN with Oleic Acid
some of the base, which appearsshows up as a higher
6
TBN level. A further, related second scenario is that the
base oil, in the presence of mMagnesium sSulfonate 5
alone, oxidizes more rapidly (see below) than in the 4
presence of cCalcium detergents. Oxidation of base oil
generates “weak” acids which would show up as TAN if 3
Used Oil TBN (D-4739), mg KOH/g The TAN increase curves were plotted (Figure 10) in
10 an attempt to understand what caused the lead level to
9 High TBN - Ca/Mg increase for the all-magnesium oil even though its end-
8 Low TBN - All Mg of-test TBN level stayed well above 2. As can be seen,
7
Low TBN - Ca/Mg the initial TAN for the all magnesium oil was slightly high,
Internal Reference Oil but then increased significantly compared to all other
6
oils. This again suggests that acidic species in the oil are
5
not being completely neutralized by the magnesium
4
based detergent. Next the oxidation levels were
3 compared, similar to what was done in the bench test
2 section. These oxidation levels, shown in Figure 11,
1 appear to relate very well with the observed used oil
0 lead contents, lending support to the idea that the
0 100 200 300 400 500 oxidation of the base oil created the acids that resulted
Test Hours in both the TAN increase and the lead corrosion of the
Used Oil TBN (D-4739), mg KOH/g bearing material.
10
9 High TBN - Ca/Mg An interesting observation is that the absolute level
8 Low TBN - All Mg of TAN, at which the lead content starts to increase
Low TBN - Ca/Mg appears to be different for the different detergent
7
Internal Reference Oil
6 chemistries. Based on this observation it is not
5
recommended to set an absolute TAN level as a
pass/fail criterion for lubricants, just as no single
4
condemning limit is appropriate for TBN.
3
2
1 Used Oil TAN (D-664), mg KOH/g
0 8
0 100 200 300 400 500 Low TBN - All Mg
Test Hours 7
Internal Reference Oil
Figure 86 - Mack T-9 Used Oil TBN (D-4739) 6 Low TBN - Ca/Mg
High TBN - Ca/Mg
5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Test Hours
3
, taking advantage of the strengths of each of them.
2
0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
All Magnesium All Calcium
The authors would like to thank Oronite Global
Figure 131 - Cummins M11 Detergent Comparison Technology for their permission to publish the data, and
the following persons for their review of the paper draft :
SUMMARY - Based on piston ring weight loss data, K.A. Frost, R.H. Lee, T.V. Liston, E.S. Yamaguchi, R.J.
and TBN depletion rates, one would conclude that a Mayer, and W.M. Kleiser..
mMagnesium only formulationdetergent based oil, and a
high TBN oil (Table 2, oils B and D respectively) from
table 2) were, were the best performers in the Mack T-
9. However, onceIf the used oil lead content, and the REFERENCES
TAN increase levels are taken into account, a slightly
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Challenge”, SAE Paper No. 952551
In addition to TBN, also TAN and especially, but 6. Detroit Diesel Corporation, “Fuels and Lubricants
also oxidation need to be evaluatedve stability because Recommendation”, 7SE270
of the potential impact on , bearing the behavior with 7. Caterpillar, “Oil and Your Engine”, SEBD640
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and weaknesses. , and in order to optimize a lubricant’s Thickening Through Designed Experimentation -
performance, it may be best to use a well balanced Part 2: GM 6.5L”, SAE Paper No.961915
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presented in this paper suggests that some detergents Inoue, “Effects of Metallic Detergents on the
which have good TBN retention, are less effective in Antioxidant and Antiwear Properties of Zinc
neutralizing acids, and may cause lubricants to be less Dialkyldithiophosphates” Lubrication Engineering
oxidatively stable. 1992, 6, 511-518