MATTER AND

ENERGY.
 1. MATTER
What is matter?

Everything around us, the sea, rocks and the air are made of matter. All things we make: chairs, books,
computers, clothes… are made of matter too.

But these objects have different properties because they are made of different substances.

For example, a chair is made of wood, and a ball is made of plastic, but
both are made of matter.

The PROPERTIES of matter.

Matter is everything that has mass and volume.

What is the mass? The mass is the quantity of matter that an object has, we measure the mass in
kilograms (kg) and grams (g)

What is the volume? The volume is the space that an object occupies; we measure the volume in litres
(l) and mililitres (ml)

Basketball: 600 gr Golf ball: 20 gr.

The basketball has a mass of 600 gr and the golf ball 20 gr. The basketball has more
mass than the golf ball. And the basketball occupies more space than the golf ball, so the basketball has
more volume.

The states of matter.

Matter has three physical states: solid, liquid and gas.

Some substances can change FORM but they are still the same substance. This is
what happens to plasticine when you shape it, or glass when you break it.

Other substances can change VOLUME. Steel expands when you heat it, but
it is still steel.

Some substances can change from one STATE to another when the
temperature rises or falls . This happens with water.

CHANGES OF STATE

SOLID----------------LIQUID-----------------GAS (EXPERIMENTS)
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN MATTER

Sometimes one substance changes into another substance. For example,

when you set fire to wood, it burns and changes into smoke and ash. This
phenomenon is called combustion.

2. MIXTURES.
PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES

A pure substance is composed of only ONE TYPE OF MATTER. Water and sugar are pure substances.
Salt, iron or diamonds are pure substances too.

A mixture is composed of two or more pure substances. For example the sugary water (sugar dissolved
in water)
Pure substance mixture

HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES.

In homogeneous mixtures it is impossible to see the substances that form the mixture. Can you see the
sugar in a glass of sugary water?

In heterogeneous mixtures you can clearly see the substances. For example the granite, it is made of
other minerals and you can see them.

MATERIALS

Materials can be natural or artificial (man made):

Natural materials: come directly from nature:

- From animals, we get wool (sheep hair), and leather (cow skin).

wood cotton
 - From plants, we get wood (for making furniture and houses) and cotton (for making clothes)

wool leather

- From minerals: From rocks we get marble and granite for building, and coal for producing heat.

Marble granite

Man- made materials: are not found in nature, they are manufactured
by people. For example we make shoes or belts we use leather.

THE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

- SMELL: We perceive this property with the sense of smell. Some substances like water have no smell)

- TEXTURE: This is the texture we perceive with the sense of touch. Glass is smooth, granite is rough,
silk is soft…

- COLOUR: Every material has a characteristic colour.

- FRAGILITY: Materials are fragile if they break easily, like glass.

- THERMAL INSULATION :a material is a good thermal

insulator if heat does not pass through easily. For example
wood.

- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY: A material is a good thermal

conductor if heat passes through easily. For example, iron.

- RESISTANCE: Resistant materials can support a heavy weight. Like iron.

- ELASTICITY: Elastic materials can bend and then return to their shape.

ENERGY
WHAT IS ENERGY?
Energy allows :
- To move. (We need energy to move our body)

- To change temperature. (A heater needs energy to give heat)

- To change shape. (A bake needs energy to change its shape)

FORMS OF ENERGY.
There are different forms of energy:

1. RADIANT ENERGY. This energy is the light. Light comes for sun, from
fire, from a bulb…
2. CHEMICAL ENERGY. We find this energy in batteries for our toys or in food for our body.

3. ELECTRICAL ENERGY. This energy is necessary for devices like television, computers,
washing machines, hair dryers… work.

4. THERMAL ENERGY. This energy is HEAT. Examples of this energy are

irons, heaters…

5. MECHANICAL ENERGY. This is the energy that our bodies have

when we run, jump, play football….

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION.

One form of energy can be transformed into another form of energy.

For ex. In a torch the chemical energy of the batteries is transformed
into light energy.

Everyday we use devices that use electricity (electrical energy), this energy is transformed into
other forms of energy…
 A hair dryer transforms electrical energy into thermal energy (heat)

A computer transforms electrical energy into light that you see on the screen.

A bulb transforms electrical energy into light and heat.

An iron transforms electrical energy into heat.

ENERGY PRODUCTION.

WHAT ARE SOURCES OF ENERGY?

SOURCES OF ENERGY

 NON- REBEWABLE: These sources of energy are found on Earth in limited quantities.

Examples:

Coal: A black rock that is found under the ground. It is in mines.

Natural Gas: We use natural gas as a fuel, for example, to heat our house. It is found under the
ground.

Oil: It is a dark liquid that is pumped from the Earth.

 RENEWABLE: We can use renewable sources of energy again and again.

Examples:

The Sun: All living things (humans, animals and plants) use the energy
that comes from the Sun.

Solar energy is used to produce electrical energy.

Water: We use the water to produce energy.

Wind: When the wind blows we can produce energy.