4/11/2018 Score A Notes

MATHEMATICS - FORM 1

LINES AND ANGLES

ANGLES
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A) Identifying an Angle

angle is formed by two straigth lines that meet

at a point called the vertex.

For example : -

In the figure above,

(a) AOB is an angle.

(b) OA and OB are called the arms of the angle.

(c) O is the vertex, that is the point where the two

arms meet.

Worked Example 1

Mark the angle in each case.

(a) (b)

Solution

(a) (b)

B) Naming an angle

An angle can be named by using one letter

or three letters.

For example :-

Worked Example 2

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C) Measuring Angles
1. Angles are measured in units called degrees

( 0 ).

2. To measure an angle, we can use an instru-

ment called the protractor as shown below.

3. Note that if we read from left to right ( clockwise

direction ), we use the inner scale.

4. To measure an angle less than 1800, <KLM, follow

the steps below.

Method 1 :

Step 1

Place the protactor that its centre is on the vertex

L. Adjust the protractor until its base line corresponds

with the arm LM.

Step 2

Read the value of <KLM using the inner scale.

Therefore, <KLM = 300.

Method 2 :
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Step 1

Place the protractor so that its centre is on the

vertex L. Adjust the protractor until its base line

corresronds with the arm LK.

Step 2

Read the value of <KLM using the outer scale.

Therefore, .KLM = 300

5. To measure an angle which is more than 1800,

follow the steps below :

To measure <STU

Step 1

Produce the arm ST to V and measure <STV.

<STV = 1800

Step 2

Place and adjust the protractor as shown to

measure <VTU.

Step 3

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<STU = <STV + <VTU

= 1800 + 200

= 2000

D) Drawing Angles Using a Protractor

1. We can also use a protractor to draw an angle.

2. To draw <RST =600, follow the steps below.

Step 1

Draw an arm ST with S as the vertex.

Step 2

Place the protractor so that its centre is on the

vertex S and its base line is on ST.

Step 3

Find 600 at the inner scale and mark it with a point.

Call this point R.

Step 4

Remove the protractor and draw a line to join R

with S.

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Step 5

Mark and label <RST as 600.

3. To draw <KLM = 2400 ( more than 1800 ), follow the

steps below.

Step 1

Draw an arm KL with L as the vertex.

Step 2

Place the protractor so that its centre is on the

vertex L and its base line is on KL. Mark the

point M at 600 on the outer scale.

Step 3

Remove the protractor and join LM with a straight

line.

Step 4

Label <KLM as 2400.

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E) Identifying the Different Types of Angles

The table below shows the different types of angles.

Worked Example 3

Which of the following angles is acute, obtuse,

reflex or right-angled?

(a) 1650

(b) 900

(c) 2340

(d) 830

Solution

(a) 1650 is an obtuse angle.

(b) 900 is right angle.

(c) 2340 is a reflex angle.

(d) 830 is an acute angle.

G) Determining the Sum of Angles on a

Straight Line
1. Use a protractor to measure the angles on the

straight line.

Worked Example 4

Using a protractor, measure the angles on the

straingh line KLM. Then, find the sum of the

angles in each case.

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(a) (b)

Solution

(a) x = 1200 , y = 600

x + y = 1200 + 600

= 1800

(b) p = 400 , q = 900 , r = 500

p + q + r = 400 + 900 + 500

= 180

2. In general, the sum of the angles on a straight

line is 1800.

For example :-

AOB is a straight line.

x + y + z = 1800

H) Determining the Sum of Angles in

One Whole Turn

1. A protractor is used to measure the angles

at a point.

Worked Example 5

Use a protractor to measure the angles in the

figures. Then, find the sum of the angles in each

case.

(a) (b)

Solution

(a) x = 1100 , y = 2500

x + y = 1100 + 2500

= 3600

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(b) p = 1300 ,q= 600 ,r= 700 ,s= 1000

p + q + r + s = 1300 + 600 + 700 + 1000

= 3600

2. In general, the sum of the angles that formed

one whole turn is 3600.

For example :-

a + b + c + d + e = 360

I) Calculating Angles involving One

Whole Turn
Worked Example 6

Without measuring, calculate the angles marked.

(a)

(b)

Solution

PARALLEL LINES AND

PERPENDICULAR LINES
A) Determining Parallel Lines

1. Parallel lines are lines that will not meet

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however far they are produced either way.

2. They are at the same distance apart from

one other

For example :-

(a)

KL is parallel to RS or KL//RS

(b)

AB//CD

(c)

EF//HG

EH//FG

3. To determine wheter two given lines are parallel

or not, follow the steps below.

Step 1

Mark two points P and R on of two straight lines.

The points should be as far apart as possible.

Step 2

Using a protractor ora set aquare draw the two

perpendicular lines PM and RN as shown.

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Step 3

Measure PM and RN. The given lines are parallel

to each other if PM =RN.

B) Drawing Parallel Lines

There are three methods to draw parallel lines.

Method 1 : Using a ruler

(a)

(b)

Method 2 : Using a protractor

(a)

(b)

Therefore, PM//RN

Method 3 : Using a set square

(a) To draw a straight line through the point P and

parallel to the straight line XY.

(b)

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(c)

(d)

C) Determining Perpendicular Lines

1. If two straight lines intersect at 90 , we say the two

lines are perpendicular to each other.

For example :-

3. We can use a protractor or a set square to determine

wheter two straight lines are perpendicular to each

other or not.

For example :-

(a)

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(b)

D) Drawing Perpendicular Lines

1. To draw a line perpendicular ti PR from a point M

on PR, follow the steps as shown below.

Step 1

Step 2

Join MN. The straight line MN will be perpendicular

to PR at M.

2. To draw a line perpendicular to PR from a point M

outside PR, follow the steps below.

Step 1

Step 2

INTERSECTING LINES AND

THEIR PROPERTIES

A) Identifying Intersecting Lines

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We say the two straight lines intersect if they meet

( or cut ) at a point. This point is known as the point

of intersection.

For example :-

B) Identifying Complementary Angle

and Supplementary Angles

1. We know that when two lines are perpendicular,

the angle formed by them is a right angle or 90 .

2. Two angles which add up to 90 are called comple-

mentary angles. Each is the complement of the

other.

For example :-

3. We know that the sum of the angles on a atraight line

is 180.

4. Two angles which add up to 180 are called supplemen-

tary angles. Each is the supplement of the other.

For example :-

C) Determining Complementary and

Supplementary Angles

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Worked Example 7

Find the value of x in each of the following.

(a) (b)

Solution

D) Identifying Adjacent Angles on a

Straight Line
1. When two straight lines intersect, the sum of the

adjacent angles on a straight line is 180 .

For example :-

The angles x and y which CE makes with the

straight line ACB are called adjacect angles

on a straight line.

Therefore, x + y = 180

2. When two adjacent angles together make

up 180, they are called supplementary angles.

Worked Example 8

Identify the different pairs of adjucent angles

in the following.

(a) (b)

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Solution

(a) To determine adjacent angles on a straight

line, measure the angles marked. If the sum

of the angles is 180 , then they are adjacent

angles on a straight line.

x = 60 , y = 120

x + y = 60 + 120

= 180

Therefore, x and y are adjacent angles on the

straight line DEF.

(b) a = 110 , b = 50 , c = 130 , d = 70

a + d = 110 + 70

= 180

Therefore, a and d are adjacent angles on the

straight line PRT.

b + c = 50 + 130

= 180

Therefore, b and c are adjacent angles on the

straight line PRT.

E) Identifying Vertically Opposite Angles

When two straight lines intersect, either pair of

opposite angles are called vertically opposite

angles.

For example :-

Intersection of the straight lines KL and RS.

a and c are vertically opposite angles.

b and d are vertically opposite angles.

F) Determining the Size of Vertically

Opposite Angles
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If two straight lines intersect, the vertically

opposite angles are equal.

For example :-

G) Finding the Values of Adjacent Angles

on a Straight Line
Worked Example 9

KLM is a straight line . Find x.

Solution

H) Problem Solving involving Angles

formed by Intersecting Lines
Worked Example 10

In the figure above, AB and CD are straight lines.

Find the values of x and y.

Solution

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