PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Linabuan National High School ~ Senior High Ma, Nelyn Amor I. Ricario, Tl Content: Natureof Inquiry and Research, Content Standard: Thelaumer demonstrates understanding of 1. the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quanti 2. the importance of quantitative research acrass fields 3. the nature of variables Performance Standard: The dearner is able ta decide on suitable ‘quantitative research in different areas of inter Learning Cam petencies’ LESSON 1: Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, and Kinds Of @ ‘Time Frame Week One ER Humans are"intuitive scientists ...always asking questions and testing theories about them elves, others, events, the enviranment and the world around them Research isasking a question and finding outths answer... 1 Iislooking into something, 2 Rislooking for something 3. Wt is comparing and contrasting things, 4 is finding out more information... is counting things ...making inquiries, .being curious..finding aut what people think...finding out what people o,..finding oft what works... finding aut what doesn't work...finding out what pecple want. ‘What research have you conducted recently? ~~. What decisions have you made about your day? What decisions have you made today? What influenced your decision to take this curse? How do you prepare and write assignments? How do you decide how to provide the best quality of sevice for your service ‘We all engagein or dosccial research as we act on the basis and results of our own research and theorising, therefore, what we think affects the way wo bebave.... ‘What do we research? Werrssaarch people and their hehaviour, opinions, attitudes, trends and pattems, ala» polities animals, health and illness, Research can be conducted either informally for our own benefit, thraugh asking questions, watching, counting or reading and formally, for medical or academic purposes, as a marketing strategy, to inform and influence polities and policy. Research may be carried aut in our avn lives, through the media, in our place of work, with aur friends and family or through reading past research Our views + personal, secial, community and worldwide and our own identities axe sally canatructed through our own theorizing. Research gives us information about: 1 Thoughts and opinions 5, Norms 2 Attitudes 6. Scientific facts 3 Habits 7. Medical information 4 Culture What do we do with research? 1. Have it as interesting fact 2. Use it tamake deeisions 3. Use it to porsusde influence othersPRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Linabuan National High School ~ Senior High Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Riearto, Tol 4. Use it toatteet change 5, Use it tochange behaviour G Use it tobetter use...medical ...improve customer eare..write better funding applications...monitor and evaluate our provision, We research inorder to understand society and secial processes, as well as to test and or create theeries in arder that we ave batter ableto inform about social action and potentially improve’ aavial conditions, Quantitstiveresearch ix defined by Bryman and Bell (2005, p. 15d) that ‘entailing, the collection of numerical data and exhibiting the view of relationship between theory and research a8 deductive, a predilection for natural science approach, and as having an abjectivist conception of sosial veality’ Quantitativeresearch is influenced by the empiricist paradigm, which means that it is coneemned with equse and effeet of social phenomena and use the data * which is basal on empirical observation and their critical interpretation, Quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques, ‘The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to. phenomena. The process ‘of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. Quantitative data ia any data that ia in numerical farm sueh aa atatistiea, percentages, etc. The researcher analyzes the data with the help of statistics, ‘The researcher is hoping the numbers will yield an unbiased result that can be generalized tosome larger population, "Qualitative research, on the other hand asks bread questions and collects ward data from ‘phenomena or participants. ‘Theresearcher looks for themes and describes the information in themes and patterns exclusive to that set of participants. * ‘This research method is used © todescribe variablesi © toexamine relationships among variables: + todetermine cause-and-effect interactions between variables.’ (Burns & Grove 2005:22) Quantitative research is generally made using scientific methods, which can include: ‘The generation of models, theories and hypotheses ‘The development of instruments and methods for measurement Experimental contra and manipulation of variables Callection of empirical data Modeling and analysis of data Use of statisties Statistics is the most widely used beanch of mathematics in ‘quantitative research outside of the physical sciences, and also finds ‘applications within the phyaieal sciences, Quantitative research using statistical methods starts with the election of data, based on the hypothesis or theary. Usually a big sample of data is collected — this would require verification, validation and recording belie the analysis can take place Sotware packages such ax SPSS and B are typically ‘used for this purpose.PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Linabuan National High School ~ Senior High Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Riearto, Tol SPSS Statistics is « software maskage used for logical batched and now huatched statistien! analvsis, Lang produced by SPSS Ine,, it was acquired by IBM in 2009. The current versions (2015) are afficially named IBM SPSS Btatisties. Companion products in the same family are used for survey authoring and deployment (IBM SPSS Data Calletion), data mining (IBM SS Modeler), text analytics, and collaberation and deployment (bateh and automated soaring services). ‘The software name originally stood for Statistical. \ ‘Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) ,{2! reflecting the original market, although ¥, the software is now popular in other fields as well, including the health ‘ sciences and marketing SPSS data analysis Jnternational Business Machines Corporation {commonly referred to as LBM) isan Americ en muldnationa) technology company headguartered in Armonk, New York, United Sta tes, with operations in over 179 countries Risan open source programming language and software enviroment for statistical computing and graphies that is aupparied by the R Foundation. for Statistieal Computing. bl The R language is widely used ameng statisticians and data miners for developing tical software"! and data snulvais 4 Polls, surveys of data minors, and studios of acholanly literature databases show that R's sed substantially in recent years. 8 Your goal in conducting quantitative research study ia to determine the relationship between one thing [an independent variable] and another [a dependent or outcome variable] within a population. Quantitative research designs are either descriptive [subjects usually measured once] or experimental [subjects measured belore and after treatment]. A descriptive study establishes only associations between variables: an experimental study establishes causality. Quantitative rescarch deals in numbers, Logie, and an abjective stones. Quantitative research focuses on numeric and unchanging data and detailed convergent reasoning rather than divergent reasoning (ie, the generation of a variety cf ideas shout a research problem in a spontaneous, free flowing manner] Its main characteristicn are: © The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments + The results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population, © The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability + Researcher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are sought. © All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is callected Data ave in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts, figures, or oth er non-textual farms, + Project can he used to generalize coneepts more widely, predict future results, a investigate eausal relation ships + Researcher uses tools, such as questionnsives or computer software, to colleet numerical data. P+ Theweight of person din kilograms}PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Linabuan National High School ~ Senior High Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Riearto, Tol ‘* The height of » person (in metres} + The age ofa person (in years and months) ‘© The gender of « person (using a numerical system of eategoriaation, eg. 1 for female, 2 for male) * cam ica a: anor and rnd fecha csc slat of woderaraduae degree) A person's political views (e, veale that goes from 0) for extreme left-wing to 10 for extreme right-win rae Os aa = Allows for a broader study, involving a greater number of subjects, and enhancing the generalization of the results! «Allows for groster objectivity and sceuraey of results. Generally, quantitative methods are designed to provide aummaries of data that aupport generalizations about the phenomenon under study. In order to accomplish this, quantitative research t usually invalves few variables and many cases, and employs prescribed procedures to rh ensure validity and reliability: + Applying well establahed standards means that the research can be replicated, and then analyzed and compared with similar studies + Yau can summarize vast aourees of information and make comparisons actoss categories and over time! and, © Personal bias ean be avoided by keeping a “distance’ from participating subjects and using accepted computational techniques + Quantitative data is more afficient and able to teat hypotheses, but may miss contextual detailt © Uses a static and vigid approach and so employs an inflexible prosesa of discovery: © The development of standard questions hy researchers ean lead to "structural bias’ and false representation, where the data actually reflects the view of the researcher inatend of the participating subject: ‘+ Results provide less detail on behavior, attitudes, and motivation: Researcher may colleet a much narrower and sometimes superficial dataset: Results are limited as they provide numerical descriptions rather than detailed narrative generally provide less elaborate accounts of human perception: + The research is often carried out in an unnatural, artificial environment so that a level of contral can be applied to theexereise, This level of control might net normally he in place inthe real world thus yielding “laboratory results” as opposed to "weal world results": and, * Preset answers will not necessarily reflect how people really feel about a subject and, in some cages, might just he the closest match ta the presoneeived hypothesis, w Cor er) Figure 2-1 Decision wee matching research desion ta category ofPRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Linabuan National High School ~ Senior High Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Riearto, Tol ‘Descriptive research i: x study designed to depict the participants in an necurate way. More simply put, descriptive research is all about describing people who take part in the study. ‘There are three ways a researcher can go about doing a descriptive research project, and theyare: ‘© Observational, defined as. method of viewing and recording the participants «Case study, defined as an in-depth study of an individual or group of individuals + Survey, defined as a brief interview or discussion with an individual about a specific topie Corrciational study is « quantitative method of research in whieh you have Zor more quantitative variables from the same group of subjects, & you are trying to determine if there is a relationship (a covariation) between the 2 variables (a similarity between them, not a difference between their means) Theoretically, any 2 quantitative variables can be correlated (fer example, 4 midterm scores & number of body piercings!) as long as you have scares an these variables from the same participants: however, itis probably waste of time to collect & analyze data when there is little reason to think these two variables ‘wauld be related to each other Quasi-experimental design involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without any random preselection processes, Por example, to perform an educational experiment, a clase might be arbitrarily divided by alphabetical selection or by seating arrangement. The division is often convenient and, especially in an educational situation, causes a little disruption as possible ‘After this selection, the experim ent proceeds in a very similar way toany other experiment, with a variable being compared between different groups, or over a period of time. Experimental research is commonly used in sciences such as sociology and psychology, physics, chemistry, bidagy and medicine ete. It is a collection of research designs which use manipulation and oontvolled testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or more variables are manipulated to determine their effeet a a dependent variable. ‘The experimental method is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or mere variables, and controls and meaaures any change in olher variables he word experimental research has a range of definitions. In the strict sense, experimental research is what we call a true experiment ‘This is an experiment: where the researcher manipulates ene variable, and contrel/randomizes the rest of thevariables, Ithas a contra group, the subjects have been randornly assigned between the graups, andthe researcher only tests one effect at a time. It is alse important te know what variable(s) you want to test and measure,PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Linabuan National High School ~ Senior High Ma, Nelyn Amor I. Riearto, Tol CoE Direction: Puta tiek (/) fit doseribesthe characte risties of aQuantitative Research, 1 Data isin the formof words, pictures or objects. * 2 The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments. 3. Itis notbased upon numerical measurements and does not use numbersand statisti calmethods suuerentoniaaonan enteas a a ee eT sugiouienacrand nunatel ceareraiasesbest pear - 5. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, givenits highreliability. “ 6 Data are in the formof numbers and statistics, often arranged intables, charts, figures, coternon anal ore Sane ae a TAT RGATET = ese edo pe rape epee oto 9. Ittends tobe associated with emergent researchdesign, using awide range ofapproaches = 10. Researcherhasa clearly defined research questionto which abjectiveanswersare sought. ‘SCORE: coment pe Upeciatharoonghelsturciotin aie 2. Diseuss the weaknesses ofa Quantitative Research. SCORE: ay Corrected by: CEE) Describe the follow ing Kinds of Quantitati we Re search. 1. Deseriptive - 2 Correlational~ 3. Quastexperimental - 4. Experimental ~ ‘SCORE: ‘Corrected by: Toratscone| {)PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Linabuan National High School ~ Senior High ‘Ma. Nelyn Amor 1. Ricarto, Tl Burns N, Grove SK (2005) The Practice of Nursing Research: Conduat, Critique, and Utilization (Sth Ex.). St Louis, Ekevier Saunders itp! /research-me thodology, net /research-me thods/quanlitative-researe hd Iitpsd/cirt,ecu.edubblogs/quanttative-methody/characteristies-of-quantitative-researeh http! /spaldin ibe uides.corw/e, php ?2=461 13 .8p=3 | S3088 Iuup/ ww w.erm.ecs.soton ac uk/the med quantiative_research him ip! /spaldin gliby uides,conw/c,php 29=461 13 38p=3 1 58088 Imtp/ researchguides. ebling library. wisc.edu/samples jbpub comy97807637805 86/805 86_CHO3_ Keelepa Hip /study.comvuculemsflesson/ descriptive -research-de-sign-de finition-examples-ty pes. tralPRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Linabuan National High School ~ Senior High Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Riearto, Tol Content: Natureof Inquiry and Research, Content Standard: Thelaumer demonstrates understanding of 1. the characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quanti < 2. the importance of quantitative research acrass fields 3. the nature of variables Performance Standard: The dearner is able ta decide on suitable \ ‘quantitative researeh in different areas of inter Learning Cam petencies “Illustrates the impartanee of quantitative researeh sevcas fields C8 LESSON 1: Importance of Quantitative Research ‘Time Frame Week Two errr 1. More reliable and objective 2. Can use statistics to generalise a finding 8. Often reduces and restructures a complex problem to a limited number of variables 4. Looks at velationships between vaviables and ean establish cause and effect in highly controlled cireumstances 5, Testa theories of hypotheses 6 Asumes sample is representative of the population 7. Subjectivity of researcher in methodology ia recognized leas |. Less detailed than qualitative data nd may miss a desired response from the participant or EE or fields Inthe social sciences, it is also common to count frequencies of observations’ ive, frequencies of observable cuteomes in an experiment. Examples include the number ef corvect scores on an assessment of an ability, and the number of statements on a questionnaire endorsed by respondents, Provided each observable outcome is the manifestation of an underlying quantitative attribute, such frequencies will generally indicate relative magnitudes of that attribute, Strictly speaking, however, counts and feequeneies ds not constitute measurement in terms af a unit af ceanti uous quan tity. Use in prosody and poety In pmsody and poetic meter, avilable weight ean be a governing principle. ‘Many Linguists use morge as a unit of ayllable weight—a ayllahle with more mavae is heavier than one with fewer morse, Commonly, syllables with naturally long vowels, diphthongs, and vowels fdlowed hy two or more sonsonanis are said to be "heavy", “long”, or “bimoraic”, whereas syllables with naturally short vowels followed by only one or ne consonant, are said to be “light”, “sheet”, or “monam araic” Quantitative research is widely used in both the natural and social sciences, from physics and hiolaxy to aasiolegy and journatiam. It is also used asa way to research different aspects of music education. ‘The objective «f quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and hypotheses pertaining to natural phenomena. ‘The process of measurement is central toquantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical chacrvation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. ‘The term quantitative research is most often used in the social sciences in contr ast to qualitative research. ‘Virtally all researeh in physics is quantitative whereas research in ather seientifie diseiplines such as taxonomy and anatomy, may involve a combination of quantitative and other analytic approaches ‘and methodsPRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Linabuan National High School ~ Senior High Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Riearto, Tol Inthe gacial sciences particularly, quantitative research isofien contrasted with qualitative research which is the examination, analysis and interpretation of observations for the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships, ..... including classifications of types of phenomena and entities, in a manner that does not invelve mathematieal models, Approaches to quantitative psychology were first madelled en quantitative appreaches in the physical sciences by Guatay Fechner in. hia work on paychephysiea, whieh built on the work ef Kenst Heineich, Weber. Although adistinetion is commonly drawn between qualitative and quantitative aspacts of seientifie investigation, it has been argued that the two go hand in hand, For example, based on analysis of the history of science, Kuhn (2961, p. 162) concludes that “large amounts of qualitative work have usually been prerequisite to fruitful quantification in the physical Qualitative research is offen used to gain a general sense of phenomens and to form theories that ean be tested using further quantitative vesenrch, For instance, in the social sciences qualitative research methods are afien used to gain better understanding of auch things 3 intentionality (Irom the speech response of the resenrchee) and meaning (why did this person/group say something and what did it mean te them. Although quantitative investigation of the world has existed since people first began to record events or objects that had been counted, the modern idea of quantitative processes have their roats in Auguste Comte's positivist framework. Quantitative veseareh using statiatiel methods typically begins with the ealleetion of data based on a theory or hypethesis, followed by the application of descriptive or inferential statistical methods Causal telaticnships ave atudied by manipulating factora thought to influenee the phenamena of interest while controlling other variables relevant to the experimental outcome In the field of health, for example revearchers might measure and study the relationship between dietary intake and measurable physiological effects such as weight lois, contralling for other key variables such Quantitatively based opinion surveys are widely used in the media, with statistics such as the proportion of respondents in-favor of a position commonly reported. Inopinion surveys, respondents are asked a set of structured questions and their responses are tabulated, In the field of elimate science, researehers compile and compare atatiaties auch aa temperature at atmospheric concentrations af'carbon dioxide. Examples of Quantitative research 1 Has thechange in household size over the years affected the economy? 2. lathe price af gasoline related to demand or priee of oil? 8. Has public consumption changed over the years? 4. How has the increase in minimum wage affeeted amall business? 5. Has the new health insurance laws threatening small business? & What happens to student Ioana if students fail to graduate from ed qge? 7. Dees unemployment directly affect changes in consumption? & Isthe econany causing some home health care workers to disappear? Sa itp ifibweb.sumey.ae.uk/libyaryskilla/Intwoduetion %2010%20 Researeh%2and% 20 Man aging? 20Lnror mation%i20Leicestew page 45.himPRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Linabuan National High School ~ Senior High Ma. Nelyn Amor I. Riearto, Tol Ce Explain the importance of Quantitative researeh. Answer in 3to 5 sentences, ‘SCORE Corrected by: ACTIVITY 1A. ‘Choose one field and explainthe importance of quantitative research.PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Linabuan National High School ~ Senior High ‘Ma. Nelyn Amor 1. Ricarto, Tl