Date 31-Mar-17

Lecture-31: Three Phase Transmission line Capacitance

Capacitance of Three Phase Lines

 Consider the case of asymmetrical spacing between the
phase lines as shown in the figure.
qa a c b

D12

D12

D12
b a c
D31

D31

D31
D1
2

D23

D23

D23
D31

c b a
qb
I II III
D 23
qc

Figure: Charge on three phase Figure: Transposition done in case of

lines with asymmetrical spacing Asymmetrical Spacing

1
 Each conductor is of radius r. Since we have a balanced three
phase system, therefore
𝑞𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 = 0
 We shall neglect the effect of ground. In case of underground
cables and the underwater (HVDC) cables the effect of
ground should be taken into account. We assume that the line
transposed and the voltage between a, b and c is expressed
as,
1 𝐷12 𝑟 𝐷23
𝑉𝑎𝑏,𝐼 = (𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln )
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31
 Similarly, for the second section of the transposition we may
state the voltage as,

2
 1 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷31
𝑉𝑎𝑏,𝐼𝐼 = (𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln )
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷12
 And for the last section,
1 𝐷31 𝑟 𝐷12
𝑉𝑎𝑏,𝐼𝐼𝐼 = (𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln )
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝐷31 𝐷23
 The average value of 𝑉𝑎𝑏 is
1 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = (𝑞𝑎 ln
3 × 2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟3
𝑟3 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
+ 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln )
𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31

3
 1
1 (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3 𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = (𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln 1)
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
(𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
 The Geometric Mean Distance is given as,
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 3√𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
 Therefore, 𝑉𝑎𝑏 is,
1 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = (𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln )
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝐺𝑀𝐷
 Similarly we find the voltage 𝑉𝑎𝑐 as,
1 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑐 = (𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln )
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝐺𝑀𝐷

4
 Substituting 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 = −𝑞𝑎 we have
1 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑟 𝑟
𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = (2𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln )
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝐺𝑀𝐷
1 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑟 3𝑞𝑎 𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = (2𝑞𝑎 ln − 𝑞𝑎 ln )= ln
2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟 𝐺𝑀𝐷 2𝜋𝜖0 𝑟
 For balanced three phase voltages,
𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠0° − 𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠ − 120°
𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠0° − 𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠ − 240°
𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠0° − 𝑉𝑎𝑛 (∠ − 120° + ∠ − 240°)

5
 √3 √3
𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 2𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠0° − 𝑉𝑎𝑛 (−0.5 − 𝑗 − 0.5 + 𝑗 )
2 2
= 2𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠0° + 𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠0°
𝑉𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉𝑎𝑐 = 3𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠0°
 Substituting the above expression in that of the capacitance
we get,
𝑞𝑎 2𝜋𝜖0 2𝜋𝜖0 𝐹
𝐶= = ×3= ; [ ]
𝑉𝑎𝑛 3 ln 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑘𝑚
ln
𝑟 𝑟
 Hence capacitance to neutral in 𝜇𝐹/𝑘𝑚 can be written as,
2𝜋 × 8.85 × 10−12
𝐶= × 106 × 103
𝐺𝑀𝐷
ln
𝑟
6
 0.0556
𝐶=
𝐺𝑀𝐷
ln
𝑟
Effect of Bundling
 The expression for capacitance of Bundle-Conductors is also
done on the similar lines of the inductance calculation.
 It may be noted that only the Geometric Mean Radius of the
conductor changes and the expression is stated as,
2𝜋𝜖0
𝐶= ; [𝐹/𝑚]
𝐺𝑀𝐷
ln 𝑏
𝑟
 As a result of the bundling the equivalent radius for the bundle
conductors is introduced in the above expression.

7
  For the two-subconductor bundle it is given as,
𝑟 𝑏 = √𝑟 × 𝑑
 For three-subconductor bundle:
3
𝑟𝑏= √𝑟 × 𝑑 2
 For four-subconductor bundle:
4
𝑟 𝑏 = 1.09 × √𝑟 × 𝑑3

Capacitance of Three-Phase Double Circuit Line

 Consider a three-phase double-circuit line with relative phase
positions as shown in the figure.

8
 Each phase conductor is transposed within its bundled group,
and with respect to the three parallel lines.
 The effect of the shield wires and the ground are considered
to be negligible for the balanced condition.
S11

S22

S33

Figure: Transposed double circuit lines

 Following the procedure as done for the case of three phase

single circuit lines, the expression obtained is as follows,

9
 2𝜋𝜖0
𝐶= ; [𝐹/𝑚]
𝐺𝑀𝐷
ln
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑐
0.0556
𝐶= ; [𝜇𝐹/𝑘𝑚]
𝐺𝑀𝐷
ln
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑐
Where
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑐 = 3√𝑟𝐴 𝑟𝐵 𝑟𝐶

10
Corona
 When the surface potential of the conductor is high the
potential gradient at the surface of the conductor causes
ionization close to the surface.
 The partial ionization is called Corona.
 The dielectric strength of air at 25°C and altitude of 760 mm of
Hg is about 30 kV/cm.
 The power loss associated with the corona can be
represented by a shunt conductance.
 The amount of corona loss is generally small and hence the
effect is often neglected.

11
Problems on Transmission Lines
Problem-1
A single circuit three-phase transposed transmission line is
composed of two ACSR conductors per phase with horizontal
configuration as shown in the figure. Find the inductive reactance
per km at 50 Hz. Radius of each subconductor in the bundle is
1.725 cm. Bundle separation is 0.5m and distance between
conductors is 6m as shown in the figure.
d = 0.5 m
d d d

D=6m D=6m

12
Solution:
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 3√𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑎
𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑎 & 𝑏 = [𝐷 (𝐷 + 𝑑 )(𝐷 − 𝑑 )𝐷]1/4
𝐷𝑎𝑏 = (6 × 6.5 × 5.5 × 6)1/4 = 5.989 𝑚
𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐 & 𝑎 = [2𝐷(2𝐷 + 𝑑)(2𝐷 − 𝑑 ). 2𝐷]1/4
𝐷𝑐𝑎 = (2 × 6 × (2 × 6 − 0.5) × (2 × 6 + 0.5) × 2 × 6)1/4
= 11.994 𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = (5.989 × 5.989 × 11.994)1/3 = 7.549 𝑚

1.725 −
1
𝐷𝑠 = √𝑟 ′ × 𝑑 = √( × 𝑒 4 ) × 0.5 = 0.0819 𝑚
100

13
The inductance is,
𝐺𝑀𝐷 7.549
𝐿 = 0.2 ln ( ) = 0.2 ln ( ) = 0.905 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚
𝐷𝑠 0.0816

Problem-2
A three phase 50 Hz line consists of three conductors each of
diameter 21 mm. The spacing between conductors is as shown
A-B = 3 m; B-C= 5 m; C-A=3.6 m
Calculate the line inductance per phase per km.

14
 Ia

3.
6
m

3m
5m
Ic
Ib
Figure: Three phase lines
with asymmetrical spacing

Data
Distance between phase a-b, Dab = 3 m
Distance between phase b-c, Dbc = 5 m
Distance between phase c-a, Dca = 3.6 m
Conductor diameter, d = 21 mm
Frequency = 50 Hz
15
Solution
Conductor radius, r = d/2 = 21/2/1000 =0.0105 m
Equivalent radius of conductor, 𝑟 ′ = 𝑟 × 𝑒 −1/4 = 0.0105 ×
𝑒 −1/4 = 0.008177 𝑚
Equivalent distance between conductors, 𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 3√𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑎 =
3
√3 × 5 × 3.6 = 3.7797 𝑚
𝐷𝑒𝑞 3.7797
Inductance = 0.2 × ln = 0.2 × ln = 1.2272 𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚
𝑟′ 0.08177

Problem-3
Figure shows a completely transposed line of 250km length
operating at 50Hz, three-phase and has a flat horizontal line
spacing with 10m between adjacent conductors. If the outside
16
radius of conductor is 1.2 cm and the voltage is 220 kV determine
the charging current, per phase and total reactive power in in
MVAr supplied by the line capacitance.
0.4m 0.4m 0.4m

r=1.2cm
D=10m D=10m

Figure: Three phase bundle conductor transmission line

Data
Bundle conductor separation = 0.4 m
17
 Mean distance between conductors, D = 10 m
Radius of the bundle conductor, ro = 1.2 cm
Line length = 250 km
Frequency = 50 Hz
Line to Line Voltage = 220 kV
Solution
𝐷𝑠 = √𝑟𝑜 𝑑 = √0.012 × 0.4 = 0.0693 𝑚
4 4
𝐷𝑎𝑏 = √𝐷(𝐷 + 𝑑)(𝐷 − 𝑑)𝐷 = √10(10 + 0.4)(10 − 0.4)10
= 9.995 𝑚
𝐷𝑏𝑐 = 𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 9.95 𝑚
4 4
𝐷𝑐𝑎 = √2𝐷(2𝐷 + 𝑑)(2𝐷 − 𝑑)𝐷 = √20(20 + 0.4)(20 − 0.4)20
= 19.997 𝑚
18
 3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 3√𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑎 = √9.995 × 9.995 × 19.997 = 12.594 𝑚
Capacitance to neutral
𝜇𝐹
2𝜋𝜀0 0.0556
𝐶𝑎𝑛 = [𝐹/𝑚] = = 0.0107 [ 𝑘𝑚 ]
𝐷 12.594 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
ln ln
𝑟 0.0693
For a line length of 250km the capacitance to neutral
𝐶𝑎𝑛 = 0.0107 × 250 = 2.677 [𝜇𝐹/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒]
Line charging current

19
 𝑉𝐿𝑁 𝑉𝐿𝑁
𝐼𝑐ℎ𝑔 = = = 𝑗𝜔𝐶. 𝑉𝐿𝑁
𝑋𝑐 1
(𝑗𝜔𝐶 )
220 × 103
= 𝑗 × 2𝜋 × 50 × 2.677 × 10−6 ×
√3
= 𝑗106.8 𝐴/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
220 × 103
𝑉𝐿𝑁 = = 127.02 × 103 𝑉
√3
𝑄𝑐 (𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) = 3 × 𝐼𝑐ℎ𝑔 × 𝑉𝐿𝑁 = 3 × 106.8 × 127.02 × 103
= 40.7 × 106 [𝑉𝐴𝑟]
OR

20
 2
𝑄𝑐 (𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒) = 3𝜔𝐶𝑎𝑛 (𝑉𝑝ℎ )
3 2
−6
220 × 10
= 3 × 2𝜋 × 50 × 2.677 × 10 ×( )
√3
= 40.70 × 106 𝑉𝐴𝑟 = 40.7 𝑀𝑉𝐴𝑟

21