STOICHIOMETRY

1. Objectives
a. Example the truth of the law of conservation of mass
b. Find the relationship of mass of the elements in compounds
c. Determine the mol ratio of reacted substances

2. Introduction

Stoichiometry is the calculation of relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical

reactions. Stoichiometry is founded on the law of conservation of mass where the total mass of the
reactants equals the total mass of the products leading to the insight that the relations among
quantities of reactants and products typically form a ratio of positive integers. Practically, this
means that if the amounts of the separate reactants are known the amount of the product can be
calculated. Conversely, if one reactant has a known quantity and the quantity of product can be
empirically determined, the amount of the other reactants can be determined, also by calculation.
(Anonymous, 2014)

Antonie Lavoisier, a French chemist was one of the first to insist on the use of the balance
in chemical research. By weighing substances before and after chemical change, he demonstrated
the law of conservation mass. In a series of experiments. Lavoisier applied the law of conservation
of mass to clarify the phenomenon of burning or combustion. He showed that when the material
burns, component of air (which he called oxygen), combines chemically with the material. For
example, when the liquid metal mercury is heated in air, it burns and combines with oxygen to give
a red-orange substance whose modern name is mercury (II) oxide. We can represent the chemical
change as follows:

Mercury + oxygen ( mercury (II) oxide

(Ebbing D.D., 2009)

A number called the observation that the total mass of materials is not affected by a
chemical change in those materials is called the law of conservation of mass (Steven S. Zumdahl,
2007). In other words, according to this law, matter can be neither created nor destroyed.
Chemical reactions proceed according to the law of conservation of mass, which is based on
experimental evidence.
The atomic mass is a relative mass; an atom of a particular isotope of carbon ( 12C) is assigned
the exact value 12, and the masses of all other elements are determined relative to that value of
the carbon atom. Thus, ordinary hydrogen atoms have a mass (on the average) of 1.0079, and
 oxygen atoms have an average mass of 15.9994 on the same scale. Dimensions or units are
needed for these numbers, and one set often used for the atomic mass is atomic mass units per
atom. The atomic mass unit (amu) is thus defined in terms of the relative masses of the elements
and is 1/12 the mass of a 12C atom.
The number of atoms required in each case is 6.0220 x 1023 and is called Avogadro’s number.
Thus, Avogadro’s number of platinum atoms weighs 195.09 gram while that number of 12C atoms
weighs exactly 12 gram. And can write another set of dimensions for the atomi mass of hydrogen
:

1.00797

a more convenient and more usual way of writing the same relationship is :
1.00797

for the mole is defined as Avogadro’s number of particles and in this context is free from any
connotation of molecules as distinct from atoms or ions.

A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. One of the

components of liquid solution is reffered to as the solvent, and the other components are
reffered to as solutes. Whereas, molarity or molar concentration is units that commonly used to
concentration of solution.
Molarity =
(J. Rex Goates, 1981)

3. Apparatus and Reagent Thermometer

Apparatus :
Erlenmeyer flask 100 ml Reagent :
Test tube 75 x 12 mm NaOH 0, 1 M solution
Analytical Balance H2SO4 0, 1 M solution
Burner CuSO4 0, 1 M solution
Stative and clamps KI 0, 1 M solution
Spatula Pb(NO3) 2 0,5 M solution
Graduated cylinders Copper metal (plate 30 x 4 cm)
Beaker Sulphur powder

4. Procedure
a) The conservation of mass in chemical reactions
b) The relationship between the mass elements in compound
c) Determination of reactant moles ratio
d) Acid-base stoichiometry
5. Observation Sheet
a. The conservation of mass in chemical reaction
1) Reaction between NaOH and CuSO4 solution
Erlenmeyer mass before reaction :
Erlenmeyer mass after reaction :
The change of substance states after filtration
Before reaction After Reaction
NaOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) NaSO4(aq) + Cu(OH)(s)
(bening) (biru) (bening) (biru)

2) Reaction between KI and Pb(NO3)

Erlenmeyer mass before reaction :
Erlenmeyer mass after reaction :
The change of substance states after filtration
Before reaction After Reaction
2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3) 2 aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2 (s)
(bening) (bening) (bening) (kuning)

b. The relationship between the mass elements in the compound

Amount of sulphur
1 2 3 4 5
(spatula tip)
The length of
1,45 1,43 1,4 1,38 1,35
remained Cu (mm)
 Amount of S vs Length of remained Cu
1.46

1.44

1.42

1.4
y
1.38

1.36

1.34
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 1. The relationship of the length of remained Cu vs the amount of S

c. Determination of reactant moles ratio

Test tube 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume Pb(NO3) 2
1 2 3 5 7 9
(ml)
Volume KI
9 8 7 5 3 1
(ml)
Height of
precipitate 5 7 7 6 5 4
(mm)

Volume KI vs The height of precipitate

8
7
6
5
4 The height of
precipitate
3
2
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10

Figure 2.The relationship of height of precipitate vs volume KI

d. Acid Base Stoichiometry

 No Volume of NaOH VolumeH2SO4 TM TA ΔT
(ml) (ml) (°C) (°C) (°C)
1 0 30 29 29 0
2 5 25 28 29 1
3 10 20 28 29,5 1,5
4 15 15 28 30 2
5 20 10 28,5 30 1,5
6 25 5 28,5 30 1,5
7 30 0 30 30 0

Volume NaOH vs ΔT
2.5

1.5

ΔT
1

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Figure 3. Relationship ΔT vs volume NaOH

e) Calculation of precipitate of PbI2

A. 0,1 M Pb(NO3) 2 1 ml + 0,1 M KI 9 ml
2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3) 2 aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2 (s)

Mula : 0,9 mmol 0, 1 mmol

Reaksi : 0, 2 mmol 0, 1 mmol 0, 2 mmol 0, 1 mmol

Setelah : 0,7 mmol 0 mmol 0, 2 mmol 0, 1 mmol

Mass of PbI2 = mol x Mr

= 0, 1 x 458

= 45,8 grams

B. 0,1 M Pb(NO3) 2 2 ml + 0,1 M KI 8 ml

 2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3) 2 aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2 (s)

Mula : 0,8 mmol 0, 2 mmol

Reaksi : 0, 4 mmol 0, 2 mmol 0, 4 mmol 0, 2 mmol

Setelah : 0,4 mmol 0 mmol 0, 4 mmol 0, 2 mmol

Mass of PbI2 = mol x Mr

= 0, 2 x 458

= 91,6 grams

C. 0,1 M Pb(NO3) 2 3 ml + 0,1 M KI 7 ml

2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3) 2 aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2 (s)

Mula : 0,7 mmol 0, 3 mmol

Reaksi : 0, 6 mmol 0, 3 mmol 0, 6 mmol 0, 3 mmol

Setelah : 0, 1 mmol 0 mmol 0, 6 mmol 0, 3 mmol

Mass of PbI2 = mol x Mr

= 0, 3 x 458

= 137,4 grams

D. 0,1 M Pb(NO3) 2 5 ml + 0,1 M KI 5 ml

2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3) 2 aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2 (s)

Mula : 0,5 mmol 0, 5 mmol

Reaksi : 0,5 mmol 0, 25 mmol 0, 5 mmol 0, 25 mmol

Setelah : 0 mmol 0, 25 mmol 0, 5 mmol 0, 25 mmol

Mass of PbI2 = mol x Mr

= 0, 25 x 458

= 114,5 grams
 E. 0,1 M Pb(NO3) 2 7 ml + 0,1 M KI 3 ml
2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3) 2 aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2 (s)

Mula : 0,3 mmol 0, 7 mmol

Reaksi : 0,3 mmol 0, 15 mmol 0, 3 mmol 0,15 mmol

Setelah : 0 mmol 0, 55 mmol 0, 3 mmol 0,15 mmol

Mass of PbI2 = mol x Mr

= 0, 15 x 458

= 68,7 grams

F. 0,1 M Pb(NO3) 2 9 ml + 0,1 M KI 1 ml

2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3) 2 aq) 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2 (s)

Mula : 0, 1 mmol 0, 9 mmol

Reaksi : 0, 1 mmol 0, 05 mmol 0, 1 mmol 0,05 mmol

Setelah : 0 mmol 0, 85 mmol 0, 1 mmol 0,05 mmol

Mass of PbI2 = mol x Mr

= 0, 05 x 458

= 22,9 grams

6. Discussions
i. The conservation of mass in chemical reaction
ii. The relationship between the mass elements in the compound
iii. Determination ofreactan moles ratio
 iv. Acid-base stoichiometry

7. Conclusion

8. References

9. Appendix