AVERAGE PIPE SEGMENT PRESSURE

METDODO CALIFORNIA “Z”

When the average gas pressure,
Pavg, is more than 100 psig.
Z
1 2  P13  P23 
DONDE: Pavg   2 
  Pavg 344400101, 785G  Pavg average gas pressure, psig 3  P1  P22 
1    Tf average gas temperature, R
  T f3,825 
 G gas gravity (air 1.00)

Where:
ECUACION GENERAL Q = gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, ft3/day
(SCFD)
(USCS units) f = friction factor, dimensionless.
Pb = base pressure, psia.
0.5 Tb = base pressure, ºR(460+ºF)
T  P12  P22  P1 = upstream pressure, psia
Q  77.54 b   D 2.5 P2 = upstream pressure, Psia.
 
 Pb  GT f LZf  G = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
Tf = average gas flowing temperatura, °R (460 + °F)
0.5
L = pipe segment length, mi
T  P12  P22  Z = gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature,
Q  38.77 F  b   D 2.5 dimensionless.
 
 Pb  GT f LZf  D = pipe inside diameter, in.

2
F
f

Where:
Q = gas flow rate, measured at standard conditions, m3/day
f = friction factor, dimensionless.
(SI units) Pb = base pressure, kPa.
0.5 Tb = base pressure, K (273 + °C)
T  P12  P22  P1 = upstream pressure, kPa
Q  1.1494 x10 3  b   D 2.5 P2 = upstream pressure, kPa.
 
 Pb  GT f LZf  G = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
Tf = average gas flowing temperatura, K (273 + °C)
0.5 L = pipe segment length, km
 Tb  P12  P22  Z = gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature,
Q  5.7747 x10 F  
4  D 2.5
  dimensionless.
 Pb  GT f LZf  D = pipe inside diameter, mm..
2
F
f

EFFECT OF PIPE ELEVATIONS

0.5
T  P  e P
2 s 2 
0.5
 2 s 2
 4  Tb  P1  e P2 
Q  38.77 F  b   D 2.5 Q  5.7747 x10 F   D 2.5
 
1 2
   Pb  GT f Le Zf 
 Pb  GT f Le Zf 
(USCS units)
Le 

L es  1  (SI units)

s
(USCS units) Where:
 H  H1  S = elevation adjustment parameter, dimensionless
s  0.0375G 2  H1 = upstream elevation, ft
 T Z  H1 = downstream elevation, ft
 f 
e = base of natural logarithms (e = 2.718….)

(SI units) Where:

 H  H1  S = elevation adjustment parameter, dimensionless
s  0.0684G 2  H1 = upstream elevation, m
 T Z  H1 = downstream elevation, m
 f 
e = base of natural logarithms (e = 2.718….)

es  1
j Le  j1 L1  j2 L2 e s1  j3 L3e s 2  ....
s

REYNOLDS NUMBER OF FLOW

(USCS units) (SI units)

Where:
Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless
uD u = average velocity of gas in pipe, ft/s.
Re  D = inside diameter of pipe, ft
  = gas density, lb/ft3
 = gas viscosity, lb/ft-seg
Where:
Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless
u = average velocity of gas in pipe, m/s.
D = inside diameter of pipe, m
 = gas density, kg/m3
 = gas viscosity, kg/m-seg

 P  GQ   P  GQ 
Re  0.0004778 b   Re  0.5134 b  
 Tb  D   b
T  D 
Where: Where:
Pb = base pressure, psia. Pb = base pressure, kPa.
Tb = base pressure, °R (460 + °F) Tb = base pressure, °C (273 + °C)
G = gas gravity (air = 1.00) G = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
Q = gas flow rate, standard ft3/day (SCFD) Q = gas flow rate, standard m3/day
D = pipe inside diameter, in. (Standrd Conditions)
 = viscosity of gas. Lb/ft-seg. D = pipe inside diameter, mm.
 = viscosity of gas. Poise.
For laminar flow, Re ≤ 2000
For turbulent flow, Re > 4000
For critical flow, Re > 2000 and Re ≤ 4000

FRICTION FACTOR

fd For laminar flow

ff  Relative roughness =
e
4 64 D
f  E= absolute or internal roughness of pipe, in
ff = Fanning factor Re D = pipe inside diameter, in
fd = Darcy factor
 COLEBROOK-WHITE EQUATION

For Re > 40000

1  e 2.51  Where:
 2 log 10   
 3.7 D Re f  f = friction factor, dimensionless
f   D = pipe inside diameter, in
e = absolute pipe roughness, in
Re = Reynolds number of flow, dimensionless
 e 1.255F 
F  4 log 10   
 3.7 D Re 

MODIFIED COLEBROOK-WHITE EQUATION

1  e 2.825 
 2 log 10   
 3.7 D Re f 
f  

 e 1.4125F 
F  4 log 10   
 3.7 D Re 

AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION (AGA) EQUATION

 e 
F  4 log 10  
 3.7 D 

 Re 
F  4 D f log 10  
 1.4125Ft 

Where:
 Re 
Ft  4 log 10    0.6 Ft = Von Karman smooth pipe transmission factor
Df = pipe drag factor that depends on the Bend
 t 
F
Index (BI) of the pipe.

2
total deg rees of all bends in pipe sec tion F
BI  f
total length of pipe sec tion
 WEYMOUTH EQUATION

0.5 0.5
T  P12  e s P22  T  P12  P22 
Q  433.5 E  b   D 2.667 Q  3.7435 x10 3 E  b   D 2.667
   
 Pb  GT f Le Zf   Pb  GT f LZf 
Where:
Q =Volume flow rate, standard conditions, ft3/day Where:
(SCFD) Q = gas flow rate, standard conditions, m3/day
E = pipeline efficiency, a decimal value less than or Pb = base pressure, kPa.
equal to 1.0 Tb = base pressure, K (273 + °C)
Pb = base pressure, psia. P1 = upstream pressure, kPa
Tb = base pressure, °R (460 + °F) P2 = upstream pressure, kPa.
P1 = upstream pressure, psia G = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
P2 = upstream pressure, Psia. Tf = average gas flowing temperatura, K (273 +
G = gas gravity (air = 1.00) °C)
Tf = average gas flowing temperatura, °R (460 + °F) L = pipe segment length, km
Le = equivalent length of pipe segment, mi Z = gas compressibility factor at the flowing
Z = gas compressibility factor at the flowing temperature, dimensionless.
temperature, dimensionless.
D = pipe inside diameter, in.
F  6.521D
1
F  11.18D 
1 6
6

PANHANDLE A EQUATION

Where:
Q =Volume flow rate, standard conditions, ft3/day
(SCFD)
E = pipeline efficiency, a decimal value less than or
equal to 1.0
0.5394 Pb = base pressure, psia.
 P12  e s P22 
1.0788
T  Tb = base pressure, °R (460 + °F)
Q  433.5E b    D 2.6182
 G 0.8539T L Zf  P1 = upstream pressure, psia
 Pb   f e  P2 = upstream pressure, Psia.
G = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
Tf = average gas flowing temperatura, °R (460 + °F)
Le = equivalent length of pipe segment, mi
Z = gas compressibility factor at the flowing
temperature, dimensionless.
D = pipe inside diameter, in.

0.07305
 QG 
F  7.2111E  
 D 
 0.5394
 P12  e s P22 
1.0788
T 
Q  4.5965 x10 3 E b    D 2.6182
 G 0.8539T L Zf 
 Pb   f e  Where:
Q = gas flow rate, standard conditions, m3/day
E = pipeline efficiency, a decimal value less than
1.0
Pb = base pressure, kPa.
Tb = base pressure, K (273 + °C)
P1 = upstream pressure, kPa
0.07305 P2 = upstream pressure, kPa.
 QG 
F  11.85 E   G = gas gravity (air = 1.00)
 D  Tf = average gas flowing temperatura, K (273 +
°C)
L = pipe segment length, km
Z = gas compressibility factor at the flowing
temperature, dimensionless.

PANHANDLE B EQUATION
INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY (IGT) EQUATION

SPITZGLASS EQUATION