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Prestressing With Unbonded Internal or External Tendons
Prestressing With Unbonded Internal or External Tendons
Abstract: A method of analysis is presented to predict the behavior of prestressed concrete structures with internal or external tendons
up to ultimate. The structure is modeled as an assemblage of plane frame members connected at nodes. The prestressing tendon is treated
as a member with a small moment of inertia connected to the structural nodes with short arms. Because the centroidal axis changes with
cracking and time-dependent effects, the nodes are located on an arbitrarily chosen axis called the reference axis. The analysis includes
the effects of tension stiffening, and geometric and material nonlinearities. Any nonlinear stress–strain relationship for concrete and
reinforcements can be applied. The analysis accounts for friction and slip of external tendons at deviators, variation of tendon eccentricity
with applied load 共geometric nonlinearity兲, and opening of joints in precast segmental construction. The computer program developed to
perform the analysis method is verified using experiments on simple and continuous beams with internal or external tendons.
DOI: 10.1061/共ASCE兲0733-9445共2002兲128:12共1493兲
CE Database keywords: Prestressing; Tendons; Computer models; Concrete structures.
Introduction When the tendons are bonded to the concrete, applied loads on
the structure produce equal changes in strain in the tendon and the
Posttensioned tendons in prestressed concrete are sometimes pro- adjacent concrete. Thus, in a framed structure, the change in
tected against corrosion by cement grout ensuring the bond be- strain at any section represents two unknowns: The axial strain,
tween the steel and the adjacent concrete. For economy and to ⑀ O at reference point O and the curvature 共the slope of the
enable the use of prestressing ducts of a smaller diameter, the strain distribution diagram兲. It is here implied that plane cross
tendons may be left unbonded and grease or other products are section remains plane after deformation, thus allowing the strain
used for corrosion protection. Fiber reinforced polymer unbonded change at any concrete fiber or any reinforcement layer to be
tendons have been introduced as an alternative material which expressed linearly in terms of ⑀ O and . The strain change in an
does not corrode. The prestressing tendon is often placed outside unbonded tendon is not compatible with the adjacent concrete;
the cross section of members, thus allowing their sizes to be re- only the displacements of the tendons at the anchors are the same
duced. With external prestressing, heavy concrete webs of bridge as the adjacent concrete and, in some cases, also at the deviators.
girders have been replaced by steel corrugated sheets or steel This makes the analysis more elaborate. The two parameters ⑀ O
truss members, resulting in lighter and more attractive structures. and at any section are not sufficient to give the strain changes in
Externally prestressed tendons can be provided or replaced to
the unbonded tendons.
strengthen existing structures. The disadvantages of unbonded
When a concrete member with external tendon deflects, the
tendons are that they can result in a structure with wider cracks
tendon remains straight between the deviators or anchorages, re-
and smaller ultimate strength. These disadvantages have been ad-
sulting in a change of tendon eccentricity, which imposes geomet-
dressed in modern designs by mixed prestressing, where both
ric nonlinearity in the analysis. The change in eccentricity at a
internal bonded tendons and external tendons are employed in the
same structure. This paper is concerned with analysis of stresses section between deviators is significant when the deflection at this
and deformations, at any load level up to failure, of structures section is large relative to those at deviators; this is the case at a
prestressed with unbonded internal or external tendons. Nonlinear high load level and/or in slender members. The effect of eccen-
stress–strain relationships for concrete and reinforcements are tricity variations should be accounted for by considering geomet-
employed. The analysis also accounts for geometric nonlinearity ric nonlinearity in the analysis.
which is of importance when the members are slender. The external tendon may be bonded or unbonded at the devia-
tors. When the tendon is bonded at the deviators, applied loads
1
PhD Candidate, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of cause the force in the tendon to differ on either side of a deviator;
Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada T2N 1N4. whereas for the unbonded tendon free to slip without friction at
2 deviators, the tendon force remains constant between anchorages.
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Calgary, Calgary AB,
Canada T2N 1N4. E-mail: aghali@ucalgary.ca Experiments show 共Hindi et al. 1993兲 that when the tendon is
Note. Associate Editor: Marc I. Hoit. Discussion open until May 1, bonded at the deviators, the ultimate strength can be increased.
2003. Separate discussions must be submitted for individual papers. To When friction at the deviators exists, the tendon may slip at a
extend the closing date by one month, a written request must be filed with
higher load level resulting in a redistribution of force in the ad-
the ASCE Managing Editor. The manuscript for this paper was submitted
for review and possible publication on September 6, 2000; approved on jacent parts of the tendons. When a structure is constructed with
March 29, 2002. This paper is part of the Journal of Structural Engi- precast segments and assembled with external prestressing, the
neering, Vol. 128, No. 12, December 1, 2002. ©ASCE, ISSN 0733-9445/ opening of the joints between the segments due to a relatively
2002/12-1493–1501/$8.00⫹$.50 per page. high applied load significantly affects the change in external ten-
(5)
where subscripts 1 and 2⫽the strain parameters calculated with
Out-of-Balance Nodal Forces cracking ignored and with concrete in tension ignored respec-
If the analysis is linear, the equivalent nodal forces determined by tively, f ct⫽tensile strength of concrete, and 1 max⫽the extreme
the assemblage of 兵 F 其 m 关Eq. 共2兲兴 at each node in global directions tension fiber stress due to internal forces in an uncracked trans-
should be in equilibrium with the applied nodal forces. However, formed section. The value of  depends on the bond properties of
due to the nonlinearities just mentioned, the equilibrium at the the reinforcements and type of loading, and in most practical
nodes is not satisfied, resulting in unbalanced or out-of-balance cases⫽0.5. Eq. 共6兲 will be employed next to generate the ‘‘mean
forces at the nodes, that should be eliminated by the N–R itera- stiffness’’ matrix of a cracked member.
tion. When out-of-balance nodal forces, 兵 ⌬F 其 3n⫻1 exist, 兵D其, 兵F其,
and 关S兴 in Eq. 共1兲 should be replaced, respectively, by 兵 ⌬D 其 , Mean Elastic Stiffness Matrix of Member
兵 ⌬F 其 , and 关 S t 兴 , where 关 S t 兴 is the tangent stiffness matrix.
The elastic stiffness matrix of a member 共Fig. 2兲 can be deter-
mined with respect to any reference axis 共not necessarily centroi-
Tangent Stiffness Matrix of Structure dal兲. Since short prismatic members are assumed, transformed
The tangent stiffness matrix 关 S t 兴 can be expressed as a sum of area properties calculated at the midlength section of the member
two matrices: represent the area properties of the entire member. A stiffness
matrix of a plane frame member can be derived by inverting its
关 St兴⫽关 Se兴⫹关 Sg兴 (3) flexibility matrix determined by treating the member as a cantile-
where 关 S e 兴 and 关 S g 兴 ⫽the elastic and geometric stiffness matrices ver 关Fig. 2共c兲兴 共Ghali and Neville 1997兲. The mean flexibility
of the structure, respectively. 关 S e 兴 depends on cracking, tension matrix 关 f m⬘ 兴 3⫻3 corresponding to the coordinates of a cantilever
stiffening, updated nodal coordinates and transformed area prop- can be obtained by 关Fig. 2共c兲兴:
erties of individual members and 关 S g 兴 also depends on updated 关 f ⬘ 兴 m ⫽ 关 f ⬘ 兴 1 共 1⫺ 兲 ⫹ 关 f ⬘ 兴 2 (6)
nodal coordinates and, in addition, updated axial and shear force
of members 共Ghali and Neville 1997兲. 关 S e 兴 and 关 S g 兴 can be ob- where ⫽the interpolation coefficient defined in Eq. 共5兲 and
关 f ⬘ 兴 1 or 2 ⫽the flexibility matrix given by:
冉 冋 册冊
tained by the assemblage of the elastic and the geometric stiffness
matrices of individual members; these matrices are discussed I ⫺Bl/2 B
below. l
关 f ⬘兴1 2⫽ ⫺Bl/2 Al 2 /3 ⫺Al/2
or
E c 共 AI⫺B 2 兲
B ⫺Al/2 A
Tension Stiffening Effect 1 or 2
(7)
The tension stiffening is the contribution of the concrete located
where A, B, and I⫽the area, first, and second moment of trans-
between the cracks to the stiffness of the member. The displace-
formed areas, respectively, about the reference axis of the
ments and crack widths are generally overestimated by ignoring
midlength section of the member, E c ⫽the elastic modulus of con-
the concrete in tension, especially at the service load level. Con-
crete, and l⫽the length of the member. The subscript 1 or 2 refers
sider a concrete cross-section in Fig. 3; at any fiber located at a
to uncracked or fully cracked cross section, respectively; for the
distance y from the reference point O the strain can be expressed
fully cracked section, the area of the concrete in the tension is
as:
ignored. The mean stiffness matrix, 关 S ⬘ 兴 m , of a cantilever is
⑀ c 共 y 兲 ⫽⑀ O ⫹y (4) given by 关 f ⬘ 兴 m⫺1 . The mean stiffness of the member, 关 S * 兴 m cor-
responding to the six coordinates in Fig. 2共b兲 can then be calcu-
where ⑀ O and ⫽the strain at a reference point O and the curva-
lated by the equilibrium of forces 共Ghali and Neville 1997兲.
ture (⫽d⑀/dy). For a cross section subjected to a given normal
关 S * 兴 m can be transformed into global directions by:
force and bending moment, the values of ⑀ O and can be ex-
pressed in terms of the area properties of the transformed cross 关 S 兴 m⫽ 关 T 兴 T关 S * 兴 m关 T 兴 (8)
冋 册 冋 册
ments, 兵 D̄ 其 defined in Fig. 4共b兲. The displacements 兵 D̄ 其 are re-
0 0 0 0 1 0
F ⬘1 F⬘ lated to the displacements 兵 D * 其 defined in Fig. 4共a兲 by the rela-
关 S g⬘ 兴 ⫽ 0 ⫺1 0 ⫹ 2 1 0 0 (10) tions:
l l
0 0 0 0 0 0 D̄ 1 ⫽l⫺l in ; D̄ 2 ⫽D *
3 ⫺共 D*
5 ⫺D *
2 兲 /l;
(11)
where F ⬘1 and F ⬘2 ⫽the axial and shear force at the free end of the
cantilever; these are calculated considering the equilibrium of the D̄ 3 ⫽D *
6 ⫺共 D*
5 ⫺D *
2 兲 /l
member in its position after deformation and l is the initial length where l in⫽the initial length of member and l⫽the length of the
of the member. The geometric stiffness matrix of the member in chord joining the nodes at the member end in their displaced
global directions, 关 S g 兴 6⫻6 can be determined by the equilibrium position. Also from geometry, Eq. 共12兲 can be used to calculate
and transformation 共Ghali and Neville 1997兲. the member end displacements 兵 D * 其 in its local coordinates from
the member displacements in the global direction, 兵 D 其 member :
Newton-Raphson Iteration Scheme 兵 D * 其 ⫽ 关 T 兴 兵 D 其 member (12)
The iterations are performed until the out-of-balance nodal forces An axial force 兵 F̄ 1 其 and two end moments 兵 F̄ 2 其 and 兵 F̄ 3 其 corre-
are sufficiently small compared to the applied nodal forces, or to sponding to the displacements 兵 D̄ 其 are given by:
the reactions when the analysis is for the effect of prescribed
displacements. A typical iteration cycle i, of the N–R method 兵 F̄ 其 ⫽ 关 S̄ 兴 兵 D̄ 其 (13)
involves where 关 S̄ 兴 ⫽the elastic stiffness matrix of an uncracked member;
• Calculate 关 S t 兴 i accounting for cracking and tension stiffening the matrix can be generated by:
冋 冋 册
and updated nodal coordinates at the end of iteration i, I ⫺B/2 B/2 ⫺1
• Calculate the increment in nodal displacement, 兵 ⌬D 其 i due to l
out-of-balance nodal forces 兵 ⌬F 其 i based on the updated
⫺1
关 S̄ 兴 ⫽ 关 f̄ 兴 ⫽ ⫺B/2 A/3 ⫺A/6
E 共 AI⫺B 2 兲
关 S t 兴 i⫺1 , B/2 ⫺A/6 A/3
• Update the nodal displacements 兵 D 其 i ⫽ 兺 ij⫽1 兵 ⌬D 其 j , (14)
冒
n n Experimental graphs for load versus deflection and load versus
F avg⫽ 兺 F i l i i⫽1
i⫽1
兺 li (16) tendon stress for several concrete beams with internal and exter-
nal tendons are used to verify the analysis 共Ariyawardena 2000兲.
The discussion presented next is limited to six beams for which
where l i ⫽the length of the ith segment of the tendon, F i ⫽the
data are given in Table 1. The simple beams T0 and T2 tested by
force in the same segment determined without slip at deviators,
Tan and Ng 共1997兲 have a T section and an external straight
and n⫽number of tendon segments. When the average force is
tendon 共Fig. 5兲. Beam T0 does not have deviators while beam T2
assumed to exist in all segments, out-of-balance forces will result
has two deviators located at third points. The two beams are sub-
at the nodes where the tendon is connected to the deviators. The
jected to third point loads and the span length⫽3 m. Figs. 5共a兲
difference F i ⫺F avg in each segment is reduced in successive it-
and 共b兲 compare the experimental and analytical load–deflection
erations, resulting in a constant tendon force between the anchor-
variation for the two beams; similar comparisons for the stress in
ages at convergence.
the external tendon are shown in Figs. 6共a兲 and 共b兲. In the analysis
When friction is considered at the deviators, the change in
of beam T2, the external tendon is assumed free to slip at devia-
force in each segment due to slip should also be taken into ac-
tors without friction. The graphs for T0 and T2 are not substan-
count in N–R iteration cycles. Slip occurs at deviator i when Eqs.
tially different because of the short span-to-depth ratio. Note that
共17兲 or 共18兲 is satisfied:
the beams in these tests, as well as in other tests reported in
If F i ⬎F i⫺1 F i ⭓F i⫺1 e 共 ⫹kx 兲 i (17) literature, have small span-to-depth ratios compared to beams in
practice. To show the effect of deviators on the ultimate strength
or
and the tendon stress at ultimate, beams T0 and T2 are analyzed
If F i ⬍F i⫺1 F i ⭐F i⫺1 e ⫺ 共 ⫹kx 兲 i (18) with the span length increased to 9.0 m. The results of this analy-
where F i⫺1 and F i ⫽, respectively, the forces in the tendon seg- sis show that when span length is increased to 9.0 m 共span-to-
ments on the left-hand side and the right-hand side of deviator i; depth ratio increased from 15 to 45兲, the ultimate loads for beams
i , k i , i , and x i ⫽, respectively, the friction coefficient, wobble T0 and T2 are reduced, respectively, from 160 to 32 kN and from
coefficient, change in angle, and contact length with deviator i. 167 to 43 kN.
Eqs. 共17兲 or 共18兲 apply, respectively, when slipping occurs from The ultimate load for the beams T0 and T2 can also be calcu-
the left- to the right-hand side or vice versa. Due to slip, the lated by the simplified method proposed by Naaman and Alkhairi
forces in the segments F i⫺1 and F i are adjusted, respectively, to 共1991兲, giving ultimate loads of 180 kN for both beams T0 and
F i⫺1 and F i using T2. On the other hand, Virlogeux’s 共1988兲 model greatly under-
冉 冊 冉 冊
estimates the ultimate load, giving only 100 kN for both beams.
A psE A psE The ultimate loads obtained experimentally are 159 and 167 kN
F i⬘ ⫽F i ⫺ gi ; ⬘ ⫽F i⫺1 ⫹
F i⫺1 g ;
li l i⫺1 i for beams T0 and T2, respectively. A brief description and the
(19) limitations of the method of Naaman and Alkhairi 共1991兲 and that
F i⬘ ⫽F i⫺1
⬘ e 共 ⫹kx 兲 I i of Virlogeux 共1988兲 are given above.
Fig. 5. Variation of midspan deflection with applied load for exter- Fig. 6. Increase in tendon stress with applied load for externally
nally prestressed beam with different number of deviators: 共a兲 no prestressed beams with different number of deviators: 共a兲 no devia-
deviators 共T0兲 and 共b兲 two deviators 共T2兲 tors and 共b兲 two deviators
再 冎 冋 册再 冎
N
M ⫽E c
A
B
B
I
⑀O
;
(20)
再 冎
⑀O 1 I
⫽ E c 共 AI⫺B 2 兲 ⫺B冋 ⫺B
A
册再 冎
N
M
where A, B, and I⫽respectively, the transformed section area, its
first moment, and its second moment about an axis through O.
When the cross section is cracked, the transformed area does not
include the concrete in tension.
Let the parameters 兵 O ,␥ 其 define the initial stress distribution
共Fig. 3兲 in a prestressed section; then assume that the section is
subjected to a normal force N at O combined with a moment M,
producing cracking. The strain parameters due to 兵 N,M 其 are the
sum of the strain parameters, determined by Eq. 共20兲, due to
兵 N,M 其 dec and those due to 兵 N,M 其 cracking 共Ghali et al. 2002兲. The
Fig. 8. Analytical load–deflection prediction of beams tested by Du
subscript ‘‘dec’’ refers to the decompression forces that are just
and Tao 共1985兲
sufficient to eliminate the initial stresses and are given by:
册再 冎
moment and second moment, respectively;
冋
兵D其 and 兵F其 ⫽ nodal displacements and nodal forces,
再 冎
D̄ 1
⑀O 1 1 0 0 respectively;
⫽ D̄ 2 (23)
mid l 0 1 ⫺1 E ⫽ modulus of elasticity;
D̄ 3 e ⫽ eccentricity of prestressed tendon;
where l⫽the chord length of the member in its displaced position. 关f兴 ⫽ flexibility matrix;
Eq. 共23兲 can be verified by expressing ⑀ O and as first and l ⫽ length of member;
second derivatives of the displacement shape functions of a pris- 关S兴 ⫽ stiffness matrix;
matic bar 共Ghali and Neville 1997兲. The shape functions describe y ⫽ coordinate of fiber, measured downward
the deformed shapes when one of the displacements D̄ 1 , D̄ 2 , or from reference point;
⑀ and ⫽ strain and stress, respectively;
D̄ 3 is equal to unity while the other two are zero.
⫽ interpolation coefficient to account for
The parameters 兵 O ,␥ 其 defining the distribution of initial
tension stiffening; and
stress existing before the application of 兵 N,M 其 mid are assumed to
and ␥ ⫽ slopes of strain and stress diagrams,
be known. The total strain at the midlength section determined by
respectively.
Eq. 共23兲 is the sum of the strains due to decompression forces and
Subscripts
the strain due to cracking forces:
c and ns ⫽ concrete and nonprestressed reinforcement,
再 冎 再 冎 再 冎
⑀O
mid
⑀O
⫽
dec
⑀O
⫹
m
(24)
respectively;
m ⫽ mean strain parameters accounting for
tension stiffening;
where 兵 ⑀ O , 其 m ⫽mean strain parameters 关Eq. 共5兲兴; 兵 ⑀ O , 其 dec are e, g and t ⫽ elastic, geometric, and tangent stiffness
strain parameters given by ⫺ 兵 O ,␥ 其 /E c with E c being the modu- matrices, respectively;
lus of elasticity of concrete. The following are the steps of itera- O ⫽ reference point; and
tive procedure to determine c and from the trial values of 1 and 2 ⫽ uncracked and fully cracked states,
兵 N,M 其 mid . respectively.
Step 1. Substitute 兵 N,M 其 mid in Eq. 共20兲 with the area properties
of the uncracked transformed section to determine 兵 ⑀ O , 其 1 . Use References
these two parameters to calculate the strain and stress 1 max at the
Alkhairi, F. M. 共1991兲. ‘‘On the flexural behaviour of concrete beams
extreme tensile fiber. Apply Eq. 共5兲 to determine the interpolation prestressed with unbonded internal and external tendons.’’ PhD dis-
coefficient and to calculate the strain parameters of the fully sertation, Univ. of Michigan, p. 415.
cracked section 共ignoring concrete in tension兲: Ariyawardena, N. 共2000兲. ‘‘Prestressed concrete with internal or external
再 冎 冋再 冎 再 冎册
tendons: Behaviour and analysis.’’ PhD thesis, Univ. of Calgary, Cal-
⑀O ⑀O ⑀O
⫽ ⫺1 ⫺ 共 1⫺ 兲 (25) gary, Alberta, p. 276.
2 m 1 Comité Euro International du Beton-Fédération International de la Pré-
contrainte, Paris, France 共CEB-FIP兲 MC 90. 共1993兲. ‘‘Model code for
Step 2. Calculate the depth c of the compression zone and the concrete structures.’’ Thomas, Telford, London, 434.
Conti, E., and Tardy, R., eds. 共1993兲. Nonlinear calculation tests per-
corresponding normal force and moment, 兵 N,M 其 calc at the
formed for the workshop on behaviour of External prestressing in
midlength section using:
再 冎
structures, Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse, France.
冕
Du, G., and Tao, X. 共1985兲. ‘‘Ultimate stress in unbonded tendons of
再 冎 再 冎
⑀ O2 N da partially prestressed concrete beams.’’ PCI J., 30共6兲, 72–91.
Fenves, G. 共1986兲. ‘‘Nonlinear analysis of external prestressed bridges.’’
冕
c⫽d O ⫺ ; M ⫽ (26)
2 Proc., 9th Conf. on Electronic Computation, ASCE, Birmingham, Ala-
calc yda
bama, 192–201.
Ghali, A., Farve, R., Elbadry, M. 共1994兲. Concrete structures, stresses,
where ⬅ 关 (y) 兴 is the stress in the concrete or in the reinforce- and deformations, 3rd Ed., E&FN Spon, London, 608.
ment at the fiber whose coordinate is y, measured downward from Ghali, A., and Neville, A. M. 共1997兲. Structural analysis—A unified clas-
the reference point O 共Fig. 3兲. Use the given stress–strain rela- sical and matrix approach, 4th Ed., E&FN Spon, London, 831.