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Intro To PD Analysis
Intro To PD Analysis
pV = nRT (1.1)
where:
p : pressure of gas
V : volumen of gas
n : number of moles of gas
R : universal gas constant numerically equal to 8.314J/°Kmol
T : temperature of gas
The equation (1.1) can be written in several ways. A useful way to write this equation, is
presented in the equation (1.2) in where k = 1.3804·10−23 J/K is the universal Boltzmann’s constant
and N1 is the number of molecules in a volumen V of gas.
pV = N1 kT (1.2)
Since the equation (1.2) can be derived the law of partial pressures, which states that for n gases
combined should be satisfy the equation (1.3).
p = p1 + p2 + · · · + pn (1.3)
By other hand, one important theoretical law that it must be considered is the kinetic theory of
gas developed by James Clerk Maxwell in the middle of the nineteenth century. This law is based
in the following assumptions:
1. Gas consists of molecules of the same mass which are assumed spheres.
5. Forces between molecules and the walls of the container are negligible.
Using the above assumptions and the equation (1.2) is possible to demonstrate that the mean
energy per molecule W is given by the equation (1.4).
3
W = kT (1.4)
2
It has been shown that the velocity u of gas molecules has a statistical distribution given by the
Boltzmann-Maxwell distribution according the equation (1.5)
dNU 4 u 2 du
f (u)du = = √ ( )2 [e−(u/up ) ] (1.5)
N π up up
where up is the most probable velocity and dNu /N the relative number of particles whose in-
stantaneous velocities lie in the range u/up and (u + up )/up .
Introducing the relative velocity ur = uup is obtained the equation (1.6)
4 2
f (ur ) = √ u2r e−ur (1.6)
π
Then, it has been shown that the average velocity u is given by the equation (1.7), while the rms
velocity is given by the equation (1.8).
2
u = √ up (1.7)
π
r
3
urms = up (1.8)
2
In abscense of external field, difussion, etc. And considering a thermal equilibrium situation, if
the gas contains electrons or ions or other atoms, the average particle energy of such mixture is
given by the equation (1.9).
1 1 1 3
mu2rms = me u2erms = mi u2irms = · · · = kT (1.9)
2 2 2 2
where m, mi , me are the respective masses of the gas molecules, ions, electrons, and uef f , uief f ,
ueef f are their corresponding velocities.
References
[1] Min Wu, Hong Cao, Jianneng Cao, Hai-Long Nguyen, João Bártolo Gomes, and Shonali
Priyadarsini Krishnaswamy, An Overview of State-of-the-Art Partial Discharge analysis Tech-
niques for Condition Monitoring, IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag., vol. 31, pp. 22-33,2015.
[3] E.Kuffel, W.S. Zaengl, J. Kuffel, Electrical breakdown in gases, in High Voltage Engineering:
Fundamentals, 2nd ed. Oxford, Great Britain: Newnes, 2003, ch.5, pp. 281-299.