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UseAndAbuseOfSpringsToModelFoundations PDF
UseAndAbuseOfSpringsToModelFoundations PDF
UseAndAbuseOfSpringsToModelFoundations PDF
Model Foundations
14 Aug 2013
Part 1 – The Geotechnical
Viewpoint
Outline
Structural Engineer:
“SPRING CONSTANT”
Geotechnical Engineer:
“DEFLECTIONS UNDER
KNOWN LOAD AND
GEOMETRY”
NEED TO REACH
A COMPROMISE
RAFT LATERAL
PILE
FRAME SUPPORT
Use and Abuse of Springs August 15, 2013 Page 11
Why do Geotechnical Engineers HATE Springs?
UNIFORM LOAD q
Ks
UNIFORM LOAD q
=q/Ks
Ks
UNIFORM LOAD q
=q/Ks
Ks
E = 10MPa,
= 0.3,
c, = ? Assume elastic
Semi–infinite soil
Use and Abuse of Springs August 15, 2013 Page 21
Elastic pressure response
Half of average
Asymptotes to
infinite
Average pressure
Plastic yield
starts at edge:
– zero for granular,
~ 2cu for cohesive
Average pressure
Progressive yield
Ultimate bearing pressure
Ks = 47,000kN/m3
= =
. .( )
UNIFORM LOAD q
=q/Ks
Ks
1m Thick
Raft
1m wide
strip
E = 10MPa,
= 0.3,
c, = ? Assume elastic
Semi–infinite soil
Use and Abuse of Springs August 15, 2013 Page 31
Single 1m wide strip
Settlement bowl
extends way
beyond footing
Edge of footing
Semi–infinite soil
Use and Abuse of Springs August 15, 2013 Page 34
Settlement of a FLEXIBLE raft is superposition of many
small square loads
1m Thick
Raft
Width B=1m
Depth H E = 10MPa,
= 0.3,
c, = ? Assume elastic
Rigid Base
2000
pressure
1500 1 10 100 1000 10000
pressure (kPa)
0%
1000
2%
500
4%
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 6%
time (min)
8%
Strain
time (min) 10%
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
0%
12%
5% 14%
strain
10% 16%
15% 18%
20% 20%
E = 10MPa,
= 0.3,
c, = ? Assume elastic
= +
D
SAND CLAY
Pmax = 2cuD
Pmax =
K~Es 3Kp D
3D
Pmax = 9cuD
H H
displace displace=x
>>x
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
-8 -8 -8
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
-10 -10 -10
-20 -20
-20
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
-8 -8 -8
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
-10 -10 -10
-20 -20
-20
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
-8 -8 -8
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
-10 -10 -10
-20 -20
-20
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
-8 -8 -8
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
-10 -10 -10
-20 -20
-20
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
-8 -8 -8
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
-10 -10 -10
-20 -20
-20
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
-8 -8 -8
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
-10 -10 -10
-20 -20
-20
(NORTH) ABUTMENT B
JOIN LINE
SOFT ALLUVIUM
STIFF ALLUVIUM
GRAVEL FAULT?
ECTING FAULTS
(SOUTH)
2xVERTICAL EXAGGERATION
JOIN LINE
RESIDUAL/WEAK
ASPLEY-TINGALPA
STIFF ALLUVIUM
SANDSTONE/SILTSTONE
COAL SEAMS
WIDE FAULT BEDDING SHEAR
INTERSECTING FAULTS
-6.98
-5.88
-4.78
-3.68
-2.58
-1.48
-0.38
0.73
1.83
2.93
Minimum be aring pressure 46 kPa -3.575 2.0-3.0
X (B) axis (m) not to relative scale
Max imum settlement 15 mm
-4.225 1.0-2.0
Minimum settlement 5 mm
centre of column se ttle ment 11 mm 0.0-1.0
-4.875
Max imum bearing pressure on fault ma terial 708 kPa
Average pressure on fault material 165 kPa -5.525
a verage load on worst fa ult corner over 9 nodes 365 kPa
Meyerhof be aring pressure on south/fa ult 207 kPa -6.175
0.18
0.73
1.28
1.83
2.38
2.93
3.48
-6.98
-6.43
-5.88
-5.33
-4.78
-4.23
-3.68
-3.13
-2.58
-2.03
-1.48
-0.93
-0.38
Meyerhof be aring pressure on north rock 1007 kPa
6.175 6.175
5.525 5.525
4.875 4.875
0.18
0.73
1.28
1.83
2.38
2.93
3.48
-6.98
-6.43
-5.88
-5.33
-4.78
-4.23
-3.68
-3.13
-2.58
-2.03
-1.48
-0.93
-0.38
-6.98
-6.43
-5.88
-5.33
-4.78
-4.23
-3.68
-3.13
-2.58
-2.03
-1.48
-0.93
X (B) axis (m) not to relative scale X (B) axis (m) not to relative scale -0.38
Global Springs
- Easy to include in structural models
- Makes use of foundation analysis Column
software to derive spring stiffness
- As soil behaviour is non linear spring
stiffness depends on load. Therefore
iteration required.
- Interaction between degrees of
freedom can be significant and
requires consideration.
Equivalent Spring
XH
Equivalent Spring
XH + XH
H + H
L
EI
+ = XH + XM…..(1)
+ = H + M…...(2)
Spring replaced
with reaction force
if passive limit
exceeded
- 1.6km long
• Fixed abutment
• Columns pinned top and bottom
Halving joint
Fixed
Abutment
Pinned bearings
• Fixed abutment
• Columns pinned top and bottom
• All longitudinal loads transferred to abutment
Halving joint
Fixed
Abutment
Pinned bearings
Halving
Joint Halving
Expansion
Joint
Joint
Halving
Expansion
Joint Halving Joint
Joint
Fixed connections
Continuity tendon
Fixed connections
Halving
Expansion
Joint Halving Joint
Joint