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How To Design Concrete Structures Using Ec2 PDF
How To Design Concrete Structures Using Ec2 PDF
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1. Introduction to Eurocodes *
2. Getting started 2
3. Slabs *0
4. Beams +.
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6. Foundations -,
7. Flat slabs .*
8. Deflection calculations .2
9. Retaining walls /0
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12. Structural fire design 22
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8
!BJGB78F<:A6BA6E8G8FGEH6GHE8FHF<A:HEB6B78
8GG<A:FG4EG87
O Brooker A: A: %" %"*GEH6G
+;8CEB68FFB978F<:A<A:8?8@8AGFJ<??ABG58E8IB?HG<BA<F874F4E8FH?G
B9HF<A:HEB6B781 4?G;BH:;@H6;B9G;878G4<?@4L6;4A:8Q4F
78F6E<587<AFH5F8DH8AG6;4CG8EF
*<@<?4E?L G;8CEB68FFB978G4<?<A:J<??ABGI4ELF<:A<9<64AG?L9EB@6HEE8AG
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!"/&(&*$ 2
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"AG;8?BA: G8E@<G<F4AG<6<C4G87G;4GHEB6B78J<???847GB@BE8
86BAB@<6FGEH6GHE8F
Design life
+;878F<:A?<989BE4FGEH6GHE8<F:<I8A<AHEB6B78 .&.+#./-0 /0-(
!".&$* 4
+;8,#&4G<BA4?AA8K&GBHEB6B78CE8F8AGF,#I4?H8F
9BE78F<:A?<98 G;8F84E8:<I8A<A+45?8
BI8E?849
+;8F8F;BH?758HF87
GB78G8E@<A8G;87HE45<?<GLE8DH<E8@8AGF9BEG;878F<:AB9E8<A9BE687
6BA6E8G8FGEH6GHE8F
Actions on structures
HEB6B78
/&+*.+*./-0 /0-".5 6BAF<FGFB9
C4EGF:<I<A:78G4<?FB9
4J<78I4E<8GLB946G<BAF
HEG;8E<A9BE@4G<BABAG;8<A7<I<7H4?6B78F
64A589BHA7<A;4CG8E
HEB6B78
(4EG
Q
"*"-( /&+*.5
"*.&/&".."(#2"&$%/&),+."!(+!.#+-0&(!&*$.6 :<I8FG;878AF<G<8F4A7
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+;8>8L6;4A:8GB6HEE8AGCE46G<68<FG;4GG;85H?>78AF<GLB9E8<A9BE687
6BA6E8G8;4F588A<A6E84F87GB>&@3
+;87E49G&4G<BA4?AA8KGB
G;<FHEB6B78:<I8FG;8<@CBF87?B47F9BE,#5H<?7<A:F4A74F8?86G<BA<F
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Table 1
Indicative design working life (from UK National Annex to Eurocode) E8CEB7H687<A+45?8
"GF;BH?758ABG87G;4GG;8E8<FAB47I<68:<I8A
9BEC?4AGEBB@F
%BAH@8AG4?5H<?7<A:F 5E<7:8F4A7BG;8E6<I<?
8A:<A88E<A:FGEH6GHE8F
Load arrangements
Table 2
Selected bulk density of materials (from Eurocode 1, Part 1–1) +;8G8E@?B474EE4A:8@8AGFE898EFGBG;84EE4A:<A:B9I4E<45?846G<BAF
8
:
<@CBF874A7J<A7?B47FGB:<I8G;8@BFGBA8EBHF9BE68F<A4
Material Bulk density (kN/m3)
@8@58EBEFGEH6GHE84A74E8:<I8A<AHEB6B784A7<GF,#&
&BE@4?J8<:;G6BA6E8G8
)8<A9BE687ABE@4?J8<:;G6BA6E8G8
.8GABE@4?J8<:;GE8<A9BE6876BA6E8G8
BE5H<?7<A:FGEH6GHE8F G;8,#&GBHEB6B78 (4EG
Q
4??BJF4AL
B9G;89B??BJ<A:F8GFB9?B474EE4A:8@8AGFGB58HF879BE5BG;G;8
H?G<@4G8?<@<GFG4G84A7F8EI<6845<?<GL?<@<GFG4G8
Figure 1
Alternate spans loaded
Load set 1. Alternate or adjacent spans loaded
+;878F<:AI4?H8FF;BH?758B5G4<A879EB@G;8@BE86E<G<64?B9
?G8EA4G8FC4AF64EEL<A:G;878F<:AI4E<45?84A7C8E@4A8AG?B47F
J<G;BG;8EFC4AF?B4787J<G; BA?LG;878F<:AC8E@4A8AG?B47F88
<:HE8
+;8I4?H8B9 g F;BH?758G;8F4@8G;EBH:;BHG
ALGJB47=468AGFC4AF64EEL<A:G;878F<:AI4E<45?84A7
C8E@4A8AG?B47FJ<G;BG;8EFC4AF?B4787J<G;BA?LG;878F<:A
C8E@4A8AG?B47F88<:HE8
+;8I4?H8B9 g F;BH?758G;8
F4@8G;EBH:;BHG
?G8EA4G8FC4AF64EEL<A:G;878F<:AI4E<45?84A7C8E@4A8AG?B47F
J<G;BG;8EFC4AF?B4787J<G;BA?LG;878F<:AC8E@4A8AG?B47F88
<:HE8
+;8I4?H8B9g F;BH?758G;8F4@8G;EBH:;BHG
8A8E4??L ?B47F8GJ<??58HF879BE584@F4A7F?45F<AG;8,#4F<G
E8DH<E8FG;E88?B474EE4A:8@8AGFGB586BAF<78E87 J;<?8?B47F8G
J<??B9G8AE8DH<E8@BE8G;4AG;E884EE4A:8@8AGFGB584FF8FF87
?G8EA4G<I8?L G;8,#&@4>8FG;89B??BJ<A:CEBI<F<BA9BEF?45F
+;8E4G<BB9G;8I4E<45?846G<BAF>GBG;8C8E@4A8AG46G<BAF>
7B8FABG8K6887
+;8@4:A<GH78B9G;8I4E<45?846G<BAF8K6?H7<A:C4EG<G<BAF7B8FABG
8K6887>&@2
10
+'@^mmbg`lmZkm^]
&#& /&+*#+-
+* -"/" -+*./""(-.#+-/%"
+#./-0 /0-(!".&$*
8
-"&*#+- ")"*/+# +* -"/" 4A74E8FH@@4E<F87<A+45?8BAC4:8
6;4E46G8E<FG<6L<8?7FGE8A:G;B9%(4;4F588A47BCG875LG;8
6;4E46G8E<FG<6L<8?7FGE8A:G;B9%(4;4F588A47BCG875LG;8
,#E8<A9BE68@8AG<A7HFGEL
,#E8<A9BE68@8AG<A7HFGEL
:H<74A68<F:<I8A<AG;8546>:EBHA7C4C8EGBG;8&4G<BA4?AA8K
:H<74A68<F:<I8A<AG;8546>:EBHA7C4C8EGBG;8&4G<BA4?AA8K9
Table 3
Selected imposed loads for buildings (from draft UK National Annex to Eurocode 1, Part 1–1)
Table 4
Selected concrete properties based on Table 3.1 of Eurocode 2, Part 1–1
11
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Table 5
Characteristic tensile properties of reinforcement Structural analysis
Class (BS 4449) and designation (BS 8666) A B C
+;8CE<@4ELCHECBF8B9FGEH6GHE4?4A4?LF<F<A5H<?7<A:FGEH6GHE8F<FGB
;4E46G8E<FG<6L<8?7FGE8A:G;#L> BE#
> %(4
8FG45?<F;G;87<FGE<5HG<BAB9<AG8EA4?9BE68F4A7@B@8AGFBI8EG;8
%<A<@H@I4?H8B9' #G #L > P
P
P
J;B?8BEC4EGB94FGEH6GHE84A7GB<78AG<9LG;86E<G<64?78F<:A
;4E46G8E<FG<6FGE4<A4G@4K<@H@9BE68 e H> P
P
P
6BA7<G<BAF4G4??F86G<BAF
+;8:8B@8GEL<F6B@@BA?L<784?<F875L
Notes
1 +45?878E<I879EB@*&
Q
Q
AA8K * 4A7*&
6BAF<78E<A:G;8FGEH6GHE8GB58@478HCB9?<A84E8?8@8AGF4A7C?4A8
2 +;8AB@8A6?4GHE8HF87<A* 7<998EF9EB@G;4GHF87<A*&
Q
Q
GJB 7<@8AF<BA4?8?8@8AGF
AA8K4A7HF87;8E8
3 "A466BE74A68J<G;* \eZllAfZr[^li^\bË^]%bgpab\a\Zl^\eZll:%;hk<
6?4FF!58FC86<9<87 <AJ;<6;64F86?4FF BE
*+ff%hma^kpbl^\eZll^l;hk<fnlm[^lniieb^]'
@4L58FHCC?<87J;8A54E7<4@8G8EO
@@ BG;8EJ<F86?4FF8FBE@HFG58FHCC?<87
+;8GLC8B94A4?LF<FF;BH?7584CCEBCE<4G8GBG;8CEB5?8@58<A:
6BAF<78E87
+;89B??BJ<A:@4L58HF87 ?<A84E8?4FG<64A4?LF<F ?<A84E
Table 6 8?4FG<64A4?LF<FJ<G;?<@<G87E87<FGE<5HG<BA 4A7C?4FG<64A4?LF<F
$<A84E
Bending moment and shear co-efficients for beams 8?4FG<64A4?LF<F@4L5864EE<87BHG4FFH@<A:6EBFFF86G<BAF4E8
Moment Shear HA6E46>87<
8
6BA6E8G8F86G<BACEBC8EG<8F HF<A:?<A84EFGE8FF FGE4<A
'HG8EFHCCBEG B9FC4A@B@8AG )'-.!@
]$J
]" E8?4G<BAF;<CF 4A74FFH@<A:@84AI4?H8FB98?4FG<6@B7H?HF
]$J
a )'..!@ @4L58HF8747=468AGGBG;8<AG8E<BEFC4A
]"fZr[^nl^]Z]cZ\^gmmhma^bgm^kbhkliZg ?<@<G4G<BAFB978CG;GBA8HGE4?4K<F
Notes
1 )87<FGE<5HG<BAB9FHCCBEG@B@8AGF5L
;4F588A<A6?H787
oZen^h_oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgl!ZmNEL"' 78F<:A;B::<A:@B@8AG@4L58G4>8A4FG;4G4GG;89468B9G;8
FHCCBEG 5HGF;BH?7ABG58G4>8A4F?8FFG;4A
G<@8FG;89H??
Table 7 9<K878A7@B@8AG
/
%B78E4G8;H@<7<GL
/ .8G E4E8?L7EL
/ L6?<6J8G4A77EL
Corrosion induced by chlorides from seawater
Minimum concrete cover
/*
KCBF87GB4<E5BEA8F4?G5HGABG<A7<E86G6BAG46GJ<G;F84J4G8E +;8AB@<A4?6BI8E64A584FF8FF874F9B??BJF
/* (8E@4A8AG?LFH5@8E:87
AB@ @<A D 78I KC
/* +<74? FC?4F;4A7FCE4LMBA8F
Freeze/thaw with or without de-icing agents .;8E8 @<A F;BH?758F8GGBF4G<F9LG;8E8DH<E8@8AGF58?BJ
/
%B78E4G8J4G8EF4GHE4G<BAJ<G;BHG78 <6<A:4:8AG F498GE4AF@<FF<BAB95BA79BE68F
7HE45<?<GL
/ %B78E4G8J4G8EF4GHE4G<BAJ<G;78 <6<A:4:8AG
9<E8E8F<FG4A68
/ !<:;J4G8EF4GHE4G<BAJ<G;BHG78 <6<A:4:8AG
4A7D 78I <F4A4??BJ4A68J;<6;F;BH?758@478<AG;878F<:A9BE
/ !<:;J4G8EF4GHE4G<BAJ<G;78 <6<A:4:8AGBEF84J4G8E
78I<4G<BAF9EB@G;8@<A<@H@6BI8E
"GF;BH?758G4>8A4F
@@
Chemical attack (ACEC classes)
HA?8FF945E<64G<BA<
8
6BAFGEH6G<BA<FFH5=86G87GB4DH4?<GL4FFHE4A68
)898EGB*Q
4A7*C86<4?<:8FG
FLFG8@ <AJ;<6;64F8<G<FC8E@<GG87GBE87H68D 78I GB@@
12
+'@^mmbg`lmZkm^]
Figure 4
Sections through structural members, showing nominal axis distance, a 4CC?<87G;EBH:;G;86B@C?8@8AG4ELFG4A74E7*
+;<F
F<:A<9<64AG?L@B7<9<8FG;84CCEB46;G4>8A<AHEB6B78
*J4F
!G"!;L"h_ma^NDG:blghehg`^koZeb]'
E8I<F87<A4A7+45?8
A*B9G;8,#&<FAB?BA:8EI4?<7
+))/
+;8I4E<BHF8KCBFHE86?4FF8F9EB@*4E8:<I8A<A+45?8
*8?86G87
E86B@@8A74G<BAF4E8:<I8A<A+45?8BAC4:89BEG;86BA6E8G8
FGE8A:G; @<A<@H@68@8AGE4G<B @<A<@H@6BA6E8G86BI8E4A7@4K<@H@
68@8AG6BAG8AG9BEI4E<BHF8?8@8AGF<A4FGEH6GHE854F87BAG;88KCBFHE8
B9G;4G8?8@8AG
+;<F<FG4>8A9EB@;4CG8E
BE<:<A4??LCH5?<F;874F
+2/+0."
2&/%
13
)
)4G;8EG;4A:<I<A:G;8@<A<@H@6BI8E G;8G45H?4E@8G;B7<F54F87
)
BAAB@<A4?4K<F7<FG4A68 F88<:HE8
+;<F<FG;87<FG4A689EB@G;8
68AGE8B9G;8@4<AE8<A9BE6<A:54EGBG;8FHE9468B9G;8@8@58E
"G<F
) N
4AB@<A4?ABG@<A<@H@7<@8AF<BA
+;878F<:A8EF;BH?78AFHE8G;4G
Notes
≥ AB@ f ?<A> f 54E
2 m 9< <FG;8E4G<BB9G;878F<:A4K<4??B47HA78E9<E86BA7<G<BAFGBG;878F<:AE8F<FG4A68
B9G;86B?H@A4GABE@4?G8@C8E4GHE86BA7<G<BAF
BAF8EI4G<I8?Lm 9< @4L58G4>8A
4F
+;8E84E8G;E88FG4A74E79<E88KCBFHE86BA7<G<BAFG;4G@4L58F4G<F9<87
* %<A<@H@54EF R %86;4A<64?E8F<FG4A689BE?B47584E<A:
† %8G;B7<A7<64G8F9BE)4A7m 9<
4A7@4L58HF87
E "AG8:E<GLB9F8C4E4G<BA
*88&
Q
Q+45?8
5
I "AFH?4G<BA
+;8E86B@@8A74G<BAF9BE7HE45<?<GL<AHEB6B784E854F87BA
*&Q
12
"AG;8,#G;8E8DH<E8@8AGFB9*&Q
4E8
Table 10
Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced concrete slabs
2 <FG;84K<F7<FG4A68F88<:HE8
13
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Table 8
Selected 4 recommendations for normal-weight reinforced concrete quality for combined exposure classes and cover to reinforcement for at least a 50-
year intended working life and 20 mm maximum aggregate size
Exposure conditions Cement/ Strength classc, maximum w/c ratio, minimum cement or combination
combination content (kg/m3), and equivalent designated concrete (where applicable)
combination
designationsb
Typical example Primary Secondary Nominal cover to reinforcementd
15 + D c dev 20 + D c dev 25 + D c dev 30 + D c dev 35 + D c dev 40 + D c dev 45 + D c dev 50 + D c dev
"AG8EA4?@4FF
X0
333 ?? )86B@@8A787G;4GG;<F8KCBFHE8<FABG4CC?<87GBE8<A9BE6876BA6E8G8
6BA6E8G8
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8K68CG;H@<7 XC1
333 ??
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BE(- BE(-
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333 ?? 333 333
6;?BE<78F
"" - """ 333 333 333 333 333
4EC4E>786>F4A7
4E84FFH5=86GGB 333 %" "" 333 333 333 333 333 *88
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78 <6<A:FCE4L
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FCE4L4A79E88M<A:
""" "- - 333 333 333 333 333
4EC4E>786>F XF4
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E4@CF4A78KG8EA4? "" * *)( *
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9E88M<A:4A7 XF4 4<E 333 333 333 333 333
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: ;
: ;
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78 <6<A:F4?GF 8AGE4<A87
%" "" 333 333 333 *88
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KCBF87I8EG<64?
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FHE9468FA84E6B4FG *
XS19
- """ 333 333 333
KCBF87;BE<MBAG4? XF3 or %" "" 333 333 333 *88
FHE9468FA84E6B4FG XF4 "" * *)( *
:
Key d D 6 78I <F4A4??BJ4A689BE78I<4G<BAF
333 &BGE86B@@8A787
a +;<FG45?86B@CE<F8F4F8?86G<BAB96B@@BA8KCBFHE86?4FF6B@5<A4G<BAF
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+;889986GB9G;8<A6?<A4G<BA@4L58E8CE8F8AG875LGE4AFI8EF89BE68F4G Examples of the effect of geometric imperfections
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Figure 6
Determination of steel stress for crack width control
Table 11
Maximum bar size or spacing to limit crack width
Approximate steel stress at SLS for As, req, ssu
OR OR
Note
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) GBG4??B479EB@DH4F< C8E@4A8AG6B@5<A4G<BA
* GBG4??B479EB@,$*6B@5<A4G<BA To determine stress in the reinforcement (ss), calculate the ratio Gk/Qk,
FE8D 4E84B9E8<A9BE68@8AG4GG;8,$* read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to determine ssu .
FCEBI 4E84B9E8<A9BE68@8AGCEBI<787 As,req 1
d E4G<BB9E87<FGE<5HG87@B@8AGGB8?4FG<6@B@8AG
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu
As,prov d ( )( )
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References
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li^\bZeblmebm^kZmnk^ ' KZma^kmaZg`bobg`Zfbgbfnf\ho^k% ma^mZ[neZkf^mah]
li^\bZeblmebm^kZmnk^'KZma^kmaZg`bobg`Zfbgbfnf\ho^k%ma^mZ[neZkf^mah]
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Table 1
Beam design procedure
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Key
a Bmblh_m^gk^\hff^g]^]bgma^NDmaZmDÃlahne][^ebfbm^]mh)'*/1mh^glnk^]n\mbe^_Zbenk^'
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Table 5 Table 6
z/d for singly reinforced rectangular sections Minimum percentage of required reinforcement
27
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Ma^fZbg]b__^k^g\^l\hfiZk^]pbma;L1**)Zk^maZmma^Zll^llf^gm
h_ma^_eZg`^pb]mablfhk^lhiablmb\Zm^]!l^^?b`nk^l2Zg]*)"Zg]
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N
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Approximate
Where the beam span exceeds 7 m and it supports
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To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (ss), calculate the ratio
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D?45D5B=9>5sCE
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Figure 7
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios
36
Notes
34 1 Mabl`kZiaZllnf^llbfierlniihkm^]liZg\hg]bmbhg
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fck = 50 D 6*'._hkbgm^kbhkliZg\hg]bmbhg
32
fck = 45 D 6*',_hk^g]liZg\hg]bmbhg
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30 fck = 40
fck = 35 2 <hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm% rÃ% aZl[^^gmZd^gZl)'
28 fck = 32 3 <nko^l[Zl^]hgma^_heehpbg`^qik^llbhgl3
Span to depth ratio (l/d)
fck = 30
*'.
26 fck = 28
fck = 25
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0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00%
Percentageof
Percentage oftension
tensionreinforcement
reinforcement (A s,req/bd)
(As,req’d /bd)
29
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6
%?
!C6 L P (545C97>C53D9?> 6
.5C #?>79DE49>1<21B
1>38?B5425I?>4 4 D 4
D89C@B?:53D54@?9>D
1<3E<1D51B51?6B59>6?B35=5>DB5AE9B546B?= 853;<?>79DE49>1<
(6 N(6 C851B 4 D 4
C C5597EB5 G
IG4 –N
fyd (d 0.5 hf6) fIG4
ydzz
30
-';^Zfl
?b`nk^*-lahplZ_ehp\aZkm_hkZll^llbg`ma^ehg`bmn]bgZela^Zk
\ZiZ\bmr4 bgfZgr\Zl^lma^mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^leZ[pbee[^ Determine y f from:
No No
ln__b\b^gmmhk^lblmma^la^Zk_hk\^' Mabl\a^\dblbg\en]^]mh^glnk^maZm
pa^k^iZkmb\neZkermabg_eZg`^lZk^nl^]ma^k^blZ]^jnZm^k^bg_hk\^f^gm'
Is v RD > vEd ?
yf = 0.5 sin-1 T vEd
0.2 fck (1 – fck /250) V Is v RD > vEd ?
31
-';^Zfl
Selected symbols
Symbol Definition Value Symbol Definition Value
:\ <khlll^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_\hg\k^m^ eh =blmZg\^[^mp^^gihbgmlh_s^khfhf^gm
:l :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^^e e(] LiZg&mh&]^imakZmbh
:l+ :k^Zh_\hfik^llbhglm^^e F =^lb`gfhf^gmZmma^NEL
:l% ikho :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^^eikhob]^] q =^imamhg^nmkZeZqbl !]&s"()'-
:l% k^jÃ] :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^^ek^jnbk^] qfZq Ebfbmbg`oZen^_hk]^imamhg^nmkZeZqbl !d ¾)'-"] pa^k^d ©*')
[^__ >__^\mbo^_eZg`^pb]ma s E^o^kZkf
[m F^Zgpb]mah_ma^m^glbhgshg^ a \\ <h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ehg`m^kf )'1._hk_e^qnk^Zg]
^__^\mlhg\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`maZg]h_ ZqbZeehZ]l
[fbg Pb]mah_[^Zfhkkb[
ng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\mlk^lnembg`_khfma^ *')_hkhma^kia^ghf^gZ
[p Pb]mah_l^\mbhg% hkpb]mah_p^[hg_eZg`^][^Zfl pZrehZ]blZiieb^] !?khfNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q"
] >__^\mbo^]^ima d KZmbhh_ma^k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gmmhma^
]+ >__^\mbo^]^imamh\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm ^eZlmb\[^g]bg`fhf^gm
_\] =^lb`goZen^h_\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma a\\ _\d (g\ _hk_\d ©<.)(/) gf IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkfZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^l *'*._hkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!gl"
*'._hk\hg\k^m^!g\"
_\d <aZkZ\m^kblmb\\rebg]^klmk^g`mah_\hg\k^m^
r) K^_^k^g\^k^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh R_\d (*)))
_\mf F^ZgoZen^h_ZqbZem^glbe^lmk^g`ma )',)_\d!+(," _hk_\d ©<.)(/)
!_khfMZ[e^,'*% >nkh\h]^+" r K^jnbk^]m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZmfb]&liZg :l([] !_hkk^\mZg`neZk[^Zfl"
mhk^lblmma^fhf^gm]n^mhma^]^lb`g
a_ ?eZg`^mab\dg^ll ehZ]l!hkZmlniihkm_hk\Zgmbe^o^kl"
D ?Z\mhkmhmZd^Z\\hngmh_ma^]b__^k^gm L^^mZ[e^G:'-bg rà K^jnbk^]\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZm :l+([]
lmkn\mnkZelrlm^fl NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q fb]&liZgmhk^lblmma^fhf^gm]n^mhma^
e^__ >__^\mbo^liZgh_f^f[^k L^^L^\mbhg.','+'+!*" ]^lb`gehZ]l!hkZmlniihkm_hk\Zgmbe^o^kl"
References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG' ;L>G*22+¾*¾*% >nkh\h]^+3 =^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l¾IZkm*¾*@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk
[nbe]bg`l' ;LB% +))-'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG' ;L1**)¾*3 Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^¾IZkm*% <h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg' ;LB% *220'
3 G:K:R:G:G% KL;KHHD>K% H' Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3 Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l' Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^% +)).'
4 ;KHHD>K% H' Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3 @^mmbg`lmZkm^]' Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^% +)).'
5 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG' ;L>G*22+¾*¾+% >nkh\h]^+3 =^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l' @^g^kZekne^l¾lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g' ;LB% +))-
6 P>;LM>K%K;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3=^Ì^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
6 =>I:KMF>GMH?<HFFNGBMB>L:G=EH<:E@HO>KGF>GM' AZg][hhdmh>G&*22+&*&+ ' =<E@%]n^+))/'
7 P>;LM>K% K;KHHD>K% H' Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3 =^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl' Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^% +))/'
32
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
.'<henfgl
R Moss;L\%Ia=%=B<%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>O Brooker;>g`%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>
Designing to Eurocode 2
Mabl\aZim^kblbgm^g]^]mhZllblm^g`bg^^klpbmama^]^lb`gh_\henfglZg]
pZeelmh>nkh\h]^+'Bml^mlhnmZ]^lb`gikh\^]nk^mh_heehpZg]`bo^lnl^_ne
\hff^gmZkrhgma^ikhoblbhglpbmabgma^>nkh\h]^'Ma^eZrhnmZg]\hgm^gm
h_>nkh\h]^+fZrZii^ZkngnlnZemh]^lb`g^kl_ZfbebZkpbma;L1**)'
>nkh\h]^+]h^lghm\hgmZbgma^]^kbo^]_hkfneZ^4mablbl[^\Znl^bmaZl[^^g
>nkhi^ZgikZ\mb\^mh`bo^ikbg\bie^lZg]`^g^kZeZiieb\Zmbhgkne^lbgma^\h]^l
Zg]_hk]^mZbe^]Ziieb\Zmbhgkne^lmh[^ik^l^gm^]bghma^klhnk\^lln\aZl
m^qm[hhdlhk`nb]Zg\^]h\nf^gml'
<aZim^k*%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]ZlBgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l%ab`aeb`am^]ma^
d^r]b__^k^g\^l[^mp^^g>nkh\h]^+Zg];L1**)%bg\en]bg`m^kfbgheh`r'
Bmlahne]Zelh[^ghm^]maZmoZen^l_khfma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q!G:"aZo^
[^^gnl^]makhn`ahnmmablin[eb\Zmbhg%bg\en]bg`oZen^lmaZmZk^^f[^]]^]bg
]^kbo^]_hkfneZ^'!=^kboZmbhgl\Zg[^_hng]Zmppp'^nkh\h]^+'bg_h'":_neeeblm
h_lrf[helk^eZm^]mh\henfg]^lb`gbl`bo^gZmma^^g]h_mabl\aZim^k'
Design procedure
:ikh\^]nk^_hk\Zkkrbg`hnmma^]^mZbe^]]^lb`gh_[kZ\^]\henfgl!b'^'
\henfglmaZm]hghm\hgmkb[nm^mhk^lblmZg\^h_ahkbshgmZeZ\mbhgl"bllahpg
bgMZ[e^*'MablZllnf^lmaZmma^\henfg]bf^glbhglaZo^ik^obhnler[^^g
]^m^kfbg^]]nkbg`\hg\^imnZe]^lb`ghk[rnlbg`jnb\d]^lb`gf^mah]l%_hk
^qZfie^mahl^ik^l^gm^]bg>\hghfb\\hg\k^m^_kZf^^e^f^gml '<henfglbs^l
lahne]ghm[^lb`gb_b\Zgmer]b__^k^gm_khfmahl^h[mZbg^]nlbg`;L1**)'Lm^il
*mh-h_MZ[e^*Zk^\ho^k^][r^Zkeb^k\aZim^klZg]ma^g^qmlm^iblma^k^_hk^
mh\hglb]^k_bk^k^lblmZg\^'
Fire resistance
>nkh\h]^+%IZkm*¾+3Lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g%`bo^lZ\ahb\^h_Z]oZg\^]%lbfieb_b^]
hkmZ[neZkf^mah]l_hk]^m^kfbgbg`_bk^k^lblmZg\^h_\henfgl'Nlbg`mZ[e^lblma^
_Zlm^lmf^mah]_hk]^m^kfbgbg`ma^fbgbfnf]bf^glbhglZg]\ho^k_hk\henfgl'
Ma^k^Zk^%ahp^o^k%lhf^k^lmkb\mbhglZg]b_ma^l^Ziier_nkma^k`nb]Zg\^\Zg[^
h[mZbg^]_khfli^\bZeblmebm^kZmnk^'Ma^lbfieb_b^]f^mah]fZr`bo^fhk^^\hghfb\
\henfgl%^li^\bZeer_hklfZee\henfglZg](hkab`a_bk^k^lblmZg\^i^kbh]l'
KZma^kmaZg`bobg`Zfbgbfnf\ho^k%ma^mZ[neZkf^mah]bl[Zl^]hgghfbgZe
Zqbl]blmZg\^%Z!l^^?b`nk^*"'Mablblma^]blmZg\^_khfma^\^gmk^h_ma^fZbg
<hgmbgn^liZ`^,.
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Table 1
Column design procedure
Note
G:6GZmbhgZe:gg^q'
Table 2 Figure 1
Minimum column dimensions and axis distances for fire resistance Section through structural member, showing nominal axis distance a
a F
bgbfnf1[Zkl 2 L^^ghm^-h_MZ[e^+'
b F^mah];fZr[^nl^]pab\abg]b\Zm^l/))(0)_hkK+-)Zg]¬_b6)'0' Key
L^^;L>G*22+¾*¾+MZ[e^.'+[
a GhkfZeerma^k^jnbk^f^gmlh_;L>G*22+¾*¾*pbee]^m^kfbg^ma^\ho^k'
34
.'<henfgl
k^bg_hk\bg`[Zkmhma^lnk_Z\^h_ma^f^f[^k'BmblZghfbgZe!ghm ik^l^gmf^mah]l:Zg];';hmaZk^^jnZeerZiieb\Z[e^%Zemahn`a
fbgbfnf"]bf^glbhg%Zg]ma^]^lb`g^klahne]^glnk^maZm3 f^mah]:aZllfZee^kebfbmlhg^\\^gmkb\bmrmaZgf^mah];'F^mah]:
Zª\ghf$f ebgd$f [Zk(+' blleb`amerlbfie^kZg]blik^l^gm^]bgMZ[e^+4ebfbmlh_Ziieb\Z[bebmr
Zk^`bo^gbgma^ghm^l'LbfbeZk]ZmZ_hkehZ]&[^Zkbg`pZeelbl`bo^gbg
?hk\henfglma^k^Zk^mphmZ[e^l`bo^gbg>nkh\h]^+IZkm*¾+maZm MZ[e^,'
Figure 2 ?hk\henfgllniihkmbg`ma^nii^kfhlmlmhk^r%ma^^\\^gmkb\bmrpbee
Flow chart for braced column design h_m^g^q\^^]ma^ebfbml_hk[hmaf^mah]l:Zg];'BgmabllbmnZmbhg
:gg^q<h_>nkh\h]^+%IZkm*¾+fZr[^nl^]':em^kgZmbo^er%
START
\hglb]^kZmbhg\Zg[^`bo^gmhmk^Zmbg`ma^\henfgZlZ[^Zf_hk
]^m^kfbgbg`ma^]^lb`g_bk^k^lblmZg\^'
Design moments
Determine slenderness limit, λlim, from: Ma^]^lb`g[^g]bg`fhf^gmblbeenlmkZm^]bg?b`nk^-Zg]]^_bg^]Zl3
l 15.4C
lim =
√n F>]6FZqtF)+%F)^$F+%F)*$)'.F+v
(See ‘Slenderness’ section on page 5 for explanation.)
pa^k^
F)*6FbgtuFmhiu%uF[hmmhfuv$^bG>]
Yes F)+6FZqtuFmhiu%uF[hmmhfuv$^bG>]
Column is slender
Is l ≥ l lim? (refer to Figure 3).
^b6FZqteh(-))%a(,)%+)v!ngbmlmh[^bgfbeebf^mk^l"'
Fmhi%F[hmmhf6Fhf^gmlZmma^mhiZg][hmmhfh_ma^\henfg
No F)^6)'/F)+$)'-F)*ª)'-F)+
Column is not slender. MEd = M02
F+6G>]^+pa^k^G>]blma^]^lb`gZqbZeehZ]Zg]^+
bl]^_e^\mbhg]n^mhl^\hg]hk]^k^__^\ml
F)*Zg]F)+lahne][^ihlbmbo^b_ma^r`bo^m^glbhghgma^lZf^lb]^'
Use column chart (see Figure 9) to find As required for NEd
and MEd. Alternatively, solve by iteration or by using RC
Spreadsheet TCC53 from Spreadsheets for concrete design to :ghg&le^g]^k\henfg\Zg[^]^lb`g^]b`ghkbg`l^\hg]hk]^k^__^\ml
BS 8110 and Eurocode 2 6
Zg]ma^k^_hk^ma^nembfZm^]^lb`gfhf^gm%F>]6F)+'
Ma^\Ze\neZmbhgh_ma^^\\^gmkb\bmr%^+%blghmlbfie^Zg]blebd^ermh
Check rules for spacing and quantity of reinforcement
(see page 7) k^jnbk^lhf^bm^kZmbhgmh]^m^kfbg^ma^]^_e^\mbhgZmZiikhqbfZm^er
fb]&a^b`am%^+'@nb]Zg\^bl`bo^gbg?b`nk^,'
35
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Yes Figure 4
Design bending moments
Check detailing requirements
M02
M ei NEd M02
Figure 5
Effective lengths for isolated members
M0e M0e + M2
M2 = NEd e2
+ =
y
y
l
y
M M01 0.5 M2 M01 + 0.5 M2
First order Additional second Total moment
moments for order moments for diagram for
a) l0 = l b) l0 = 2l c) l0 = 0.7l d) l0 = l /2 e) l0 = l f) l/2 < l0 < l g) l0 > 2l ‘stocky’ columns ‘slender’ columns ‘slender’ columns
36
.'<henfgl
Table 4 Slenderness
Effective length factor, F, for braced columns
>nkh\h]^+lmZm^lmaZml^\hg]hk]^k^__^\mlfZr[^b`ghk^]b_ma^r
k2 k1 Zk^e^llmaZg*)h_ma^_bklmhk]^k^__^\ml':lZgZem^kgZmbo^%b_ma^
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.70 1.00 2.00 5.00 9.00 Pinned le^g]^kg^ll!l"ble^llmaZgma^le^g]^kg^llebfbm!l ebf"%ma^gl^\hg]
hk]^k^__^\mlfZr[^b`ghk^]'
0.10 0.59 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.77
0.20 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.81 Le^g]^kg^ll%l6eh(bpa^k^b6kZ]bnlh_`rkZmbhgZg]le^g]^kg^llebfbm'
0.30 0.64 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.84
20ABC 15.4C
0.40 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.86 l lim = ≤
n n
0.50 0.67 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.86 0.87
pa^k^
0.70 0.69 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.89 0.90
:6*(!*$)'+h^_"!b_h^_blghmdghpg%:6)'0fZr[^nl^]"
1.00 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92 ;6 !b_ω% k^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh%blghmdghpg%
2.00 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 ;6*'*fZr[^nl^]"
5.00 0.75 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.97 0.98 <6*'0¾kf!b_kfblghmdghpg%<6)'0fZr[^nl^]¾l^^[^ehp"
9.00 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.97 0.98 0.99 g6G>](!:\_\]"
Pinned 0.77 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00 kf6F)*(F)+
F)*%F)+Zk^ma^_bklmhk]^k^g]fhf^gml%uF)+uªuF)*u
Figure 6
Calculating factor C B_ma^^g]fhf^gmlF)*Zg]F)+`bo^m^glbhghgma^lZf^lb]^%
kflahne][^mZd^gihlbmbo^'
105 kNm 105 kNm 105 kNm
H_ma^mak^^_Z\mhkl:%;Zg]<%<pbeeaZo^ma^eZk`^lmbfiZ\mhg
l ebfZg]blma^lbfie^lmmh\Ze\neZm^':gbgbmbZeZll^llf^gmh_l ebf\Zg
ma^k^_hk^[^fZ]^nlbg`ma^]^_ZnemoZen^l_hk:Zg];%[nmbg\en]bg`
Z\Ze\neZmbhg_hk<!l^^?b`nk^/"'<Zk^lahne][^mZd^gbg]^m^kfbgbg`
105 kNm 0 105 kNm
<[^\Znl^ma^lb`gh_ma^fhf^gmlfZd^lZlb`gb_b\Zgm]b__^k^g\^'?hk
rm = 1.0 rm = 0 rm = -1.0
ng[kZ\^]f^f[^kl<lahne]ZepZrl[^mZd^gZl)'0'
a) C = 1.7 - 1 = 0.7 b) C = 1.7 - 0 = 1.7 c) C = 1.7 + 1.0 = 2.7
Column design resistance
?hkikZ\mb\Zeinkihl^lma^k^\mZg`neZklmk^ll[eh\dnl^]_hkma^]^lb`g
Figure 7
Stress block diagram for columns h_[^Zfl!l^^<aZim^k-%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl;^Zfl "fZrZelh[^
nl^]_hkma^]^lb`gh_\henfgl!l^^?b`nk^0"'Ahp^o^k%ma^fZqbfnf
f cd d2 \hfik^llbo^lmkZbg_hk\hg\k^m^\eZll^lnimhZg]bg\en]bg`<.)(/)%
ecu 2 s sc
esc As2 pa^gma^pahe^l^\mbhgblbgink^\hfik^llbhg%bl)'))*0.!l^^?b`nk^
dc
x 1Z"'Pa^gma^g^nmkZeZqbl_Zeeloutsidema^l^\mbhg!?b`nk^1["%ma^
h fZqbfnfZeehpZ[e^lmkZbgblZllnf^]mheb^[^mp^^g)'))*0.Zg]
n. axis
d2 )')),.%Zg]fZr[^h[mZbg^][r]kZpbg`Zebg^_khfma^ihbgmh_s^kh
ey As
s st lmkZbgmakhn`ama^Âabg`^ihbgmÃh_)'))*0.lmkZbgZmfb]&]^imah_ma^
l^\mbhg'Pa^gma^g^nmkZeZqbleb^lwithinma^l^\mbhg]^imama^gma^
a) Strain diagram b) Stress diagram
fZqbfnf\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbl)')),.!l^^?b`nk^1\"'
Figure 8
Strain diagrams for columns
x x
h/ 2
hinge hinge
h point h d point
x
ex ex
37
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Ma^`^g^kZek^eZmbhglabibllahpgbg?b`nk^1]"'?hk\hg\k^m^\eZll^l Creep
Z[ho^<.)(/)ma^ikbg\bie^lZk^ma^lZf^[nmma^fZqbfnflmkZbg =^i^g]bg`hgma^Zllnfimbhglnl^]bgma^]^lb`g%bmfZr[^g^\^llZkr
oZen^loZkr' mh]^m^kfbg^ma^^__^\mbo^\k^^ikZmbhh^_!k^_'<e','*'-.'1'-"':
ghfh`kZfblikhob]^]bgma^>nkh\h]^!?b`nk^,'*"_hkpab\ama^
Mph^qik^llbhgl\Zg[^]^kbo^]_hkma^Zk^Zh_lm^^ek^jnbk^]%![Zl^]hg \^f^gmlmk^g`ma\eZllblk^jnbk^]4ahp^o^k%Zmma^]^lb`glmZ`^bmh_m^g
Zk^\mZg`neZklmk^ll[eh\d%l^^?b`nk^0"hg^_hkma^ZqbZeehZ]lZg]ma^ ghm\^kmZbgpab\a\eZllZiieb^l'@^g^kZeer%<eZllKlahne][^Zllnf^]'
hma^k_hkma^fhf^gml3 Pa^k^ma^`khng]`kZgneZm^][eZlm_nkgZ\^leZ`!``[l"^q\^^]l,.
:lG (+6!G>]¾_\][]\"(!σl\¾σlm" h_ma^\^f^gm\hf[bgZmbhghkpa^k^ineo^kbs^]_n^eZla!i_Z"^q\^^]l
pa^k^ +)h_ma^\^f^gm\hf[bgZmbhg%<eZllGfZr[^Zllnf^]'Pa^k^
:lG6:k^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]mhk^lblmZqbZeehZ] ``[l^q\^^]l/.hkpa^k^i_Z^q\^^]l,.%<eZllLfZr[^Zllnf^]'
G>]6:qbZeehZ]
_\]6=^lb`goZen^h_\hg\k^m^\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma
σl\!σlm"6Lmk^llbg\hfik^llbhg!Zg]m^glbhg"k^bg_hk\^f^gm Biaxial bending
[6;k^Z]mah_l^\mbhg
]\6>__^\mbo^]^imah_\hg\k^m^bg\hfik^llbhg6lq©a Ma^^__^\mlh_[bZqbZe[^g]bg`fZr[^\a^\d^]nlbg`>qik^llbhg!.',2"%
l6)'1_hk©<.)(/) pab\apZl_bklm]^o^ehi^][r;k^leZ^k'
q6=^imamhg^nmkZeZqbl a a
Figure 9a
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.05
1.3
Kr = 0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.05
0.3 Asfyk/bhfck
1.1
1.0 0.4
1.0 0.9
0.8
0.9
0.7 0.5
0.6
0.8
0.5 0.6
0.4
N/bhfck
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.6 0.2
0.1
0.5
0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
1.0
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
2
M/bh fck
38
.'<henfgl
Figure 9b
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.10
1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.10
0.3 Asfyk/bhfck
1.1
1.0 0.4
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.9
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5
0.6
0.7 0.4
N/bhfck
0.3
0.7
0.6 0.2
0.1
0.5
0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr =1
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
2
M/bh fck
Figure 9c
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.15
1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.15
0.3
1.1
Asfyk/bhfck
1.0
1.0 0.9 0.4
0.8
0.9
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5 0.6
N/bhfck
0.7 0.4
0.3
0.6 0.2 0.7
0.1
0.5 0 0.8
0.4
0.9
0.3
Kr =1
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
2
M/bh fck
39
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Figure 9d
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.20
1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.20
0.3 Asfyk/bhfck
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9 0.4
0.9 0.8
0.7 0.5
0.8 0.6
0.5
0.6
N/bhfck
0.7 0.4
0.3
0.6 0.2 0.7
0.1
0.5
0
0.8
0.4
0.3 0.9
0.2
Kr = 1
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
2
M/bh f ck
Figure 9e
Column design chart for rectangular columns d2 /h = 0.25
1.3
0.2
1.2 d2/h = 0.25
1.1 0.3
Asfyk/bhfck
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.4
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.6 0.5
0.5
0.7
N/bhfck
0.4
0.3 0.6
0.6
0.2
0.5 0.1
0 0.7
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.9
0.2
0.1
Kr = 1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
2
M/bh fck
40
.'<henfgl
:\ <khlll^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_\hg\k^m^ [a
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Unbraced columns ; ?Z\mhk_hk]^m^kfbgbg`le^g]^kg^llebfbm
\ ?Z\mhk]^i^g]bg`hg\nkoZmnk^]blmkb[nmbhg *)!_hk\hglmZgm\khll&l^\mbhg"
Ma^k^blgh\hff^gmfZ]^hgma^]^lb`gh_lpZr_kZf^lbg>nkh\h]^+'
< ?Z\mhk_hk]^m^kfbgbg`le^g]^kg^llebfbm *'0¾kf
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f^f[^kbg>qik^llbhg!.'*/"'Ma^oZen^_hk<h_)'0lahne]ZepZrl[^ ] >__^\mbo^]^ima
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maZgbmlmab\dg^llbmbl]^_bg^]ZlZpZee'Ma^]^lb`gh_pZeel]h^lghm
Dh ?Z\mhkmZdbg`bgmhZ\\hngm\k^^i
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F+ GhfbgZel^\hg]hk]^kfhf^gm G>]^+
NMa^k^Zk^]b__^k^gmkne^l_hkliZ\bg`Zg]jnZgmbmrh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm
F)^ >jnboZe^gm_bklmhk]^kfhf^gm )'/F)+$)'-F)*ª)'-F)+
!l^^[^ehp"'
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s
=^imamhg^nmkZeZqbl
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41
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References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))-'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)¾*%Lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^¾IZkm*%<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg';LB%+))-'
3 G:K:R:G:G%KL;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3Bgmkh]n\mbhg'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
4 @HH=<ABE=%<A%>EBHMM%DLP>;LM>K%KF'>\hghfb\\hg\k^m^_kZf^^e^f^gml'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
5 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾+'>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^l¾lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g';LB%+))-'
6 @HH=<ABE=%<AP>;LM>K%KF'Lik^Z]la^^ml_hk\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)Zg]>nkh\h]^+%o^klbhg,'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
7 ;
KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'I=//10%;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qmh;L>G*22+¾*¾*Zg];L>G*22+¾*¾+';LB%+))/'
8 FHLL%KF;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3;^Zfl'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
9 ?K:L>K%:LCHG>L:>D'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3Lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))2'
10 <BKB:'K^ihkm*)+3=^lb`gh_la^ZkpZee[nbe]bg`l'<BKB:%*21-'
11 MA><HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\ZeK^ihkmGh/+3L^e_&\hfiZ\mbg`\hg\k^m^':k^ob^p'Ma^Lh\b^mr%+)).'
42
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
/'?hng]Zmbhgl
R Webster<>g`%?BLmkn\m>O Brooker;>g`%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>
Ma^^ll^gmbZe_^Zmnk^lh_>nkh\h]^0%IZkm*k^eZmbg`mh_hng]Zmbhg]^lb`gZk^
]bl\nll^]bgmabl\aZim^k'Bmlahne][^^fiaZlbl^]maZmmablin[eb\Zmbhg\ho^kl
hgerma^]^lb`gh_lbfie^_hng]Zmbhgl%pab\aZk^ZlfZeeiZkmh_ma^l\hi^h_
>nkh\h]^0'Ma^k^_hk^bmlahne]ghm[^k^eb^]hg_hk`^g^kZe`nb]Zg\^hgmabl
>nkh\h]^'
Limit states
Ma^_heehpbg`nembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^l!NEL"lahne][^lZmbl_b^]_hk`^hm^\agb\Ze
]^lb`g4ma^r^Z\aaZo^ma^bkhpg\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhgl'!?hkZg^qieZgZmbhg
h_>nkh\h]^m^kfbgheh`rie^Zl^k^_^kmh<aZim^k*%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl
Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l'"
EQU Ehllh_^jnbeb[kbnfh_ma^lmkn\mnk^'
STR Bgm^kgZe_Zbenk^hk^q\^llbo^]^_hkfZmbhgh_ma^lmkn\mnk^hklmkn\mnkZe
f^f[^k'
GEO ?Zbenk^]n^mh^q\^llbo^]^_hkfZmbhgh_ma^`khng]'
UPL Ehllh_^jnbeb[kbnf]n^mhnieb_m[rpZm^kik^llnk^'
HYD ?Zbenk^\Znl^][rar]kZneb\`kZ]b^gml'
BgZ]]bmbhg%ma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^l!LEL"lahne][^lZmbl_b^]'Bmpbee
nlnZeer[^\e^ZkmaZmhg^h_ma^ebfbmlmZm^lpbee`ho^kgma^]^lb`gZg]
ma^k^_hk^bmpbeeghm[^g^\^llZkrmh\Zkkrhnm\a^\dl_hkZeeh_ma^f%Zemahn`a
bmbl\hglb]^k^]`hh]ikZ\mb\^mhk^\hk]maZmma^raZo^Zee[^^g\hglb]^k^]'
Geotechnical Categories
>nkh\h]^0k^\hff^g]lmak^^@^hm^\agb\Ze<Zm^`hkb^lmhZllblmbg^lmZ[eblabg`
ma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gk^jnbk^f^gml_hkZlmkn\mnk^!l^^MZ[e^*"'
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
BmblZgmb\biZm^]maZmlmkn\mnkZe^g`bg^^klpbeemZd^k^lihglb[bebmr_hkma^ mh[^Ziieb^]mhma^Z\mbhgl_hkma^l^\hf[bgZmbhglh_iZkmbZe_Z\mhkl
`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gh_\Zm^`hkr*lmkn\mnk^l%Zg]maZm`^hm^\agb\Ze Zk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^+Zg]ma^iZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hkma^`^hm^\agb\Ze
^g`bg^^klpbeemZd^k^lihglb[bebmr_hk\Zm^`hkr,lmkn\mnk^l'Ma^ fZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^lZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^,'<hf[bgZmbhg*pbee`^g^kZeer
`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gh_\Zm^`hkr+lmkn\mnk^lfZr[^ng]^kmZd^g[r `ho^kgma^lmkn\mnkZek^lblmZg\^%Zg]<hf[bgZmbhg+pbee`^g^kZeer
f^f[^klh_^bma^kikh_^llbhg'Mabl]^\blbhgpbeeo^krfn\a]^i^g]hg `ho^kgma^lbsbg`h_ma^_hng]Zmbhgl'
bg]bob]nZe\bk\nflmZg\^l'
Ma^iZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hklhbek^lblmZg\^mhleb]bg`Zg][^Zkbg`lahne][^
Methods of design and combinations mZd^gZl*')_hk[hma\hf[bgZmbhgl'
Ma^k^aZlghm[^^gZ\hgl^glnlZfhg`lm`^hm^\agb\Ze^g`bg^^kl
ho^kma^Ziieb\Zmbhgh_ebfbmlmZm^ikbg\bie^lmh`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`g' Ma^iZkmbZe_Z\mhklmh[^Ziieb^]mhma^Z\mbhglZmma^>JNebfbmlmZm^
Ma^k^_hk^%mhZeehp_hkma^l^]b__^k^g\^lh_hibgbhg%>nkh\h]^0 Zk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^-4ma^`^hm^\agb\ZefZm^kbZeiZkmbZe_Z\mhklZk^`bo^g
ikhob]^l_hkmak^^=^lb`g:iikhZ\a^lmh[^nl^]_hkma^NEL'Ma^ bgMZ[e^,'
]^\blbhghgpab\aZiikhZ\amhnl^_hkZiZkmb\neZk\hngmkrbl`bo^g
bgbmlGZmbhgZe:gg^q'Bgma^ND=^lb`g:iikhZ\a*pbee[^li^\b_b^] ?hkma^LEL%>nkh\h]^0]h^lghm`bo^ZgrZ]ob\^hgpa^ma^kma^
bgma^GZmbhgZe:gg^q'?hkmabl=^lb`g:iikhZ\a!^q\en]bg`ibe^Zg] \aZkZ\m^kblmb\%_k^jn^gmhkjnZlb&i^kfZg^gm\hf[bgZmbhglahne][^
Zg\ahkZ`^]^lb`g"ma^k^Zk^mphl^mlh_\hf[bgZmbhglmhnl^_hkma^ nl^]'Pa^k^ma^ik^l\kbimbo^f^mah]blnl^]_hklik^Z]_hng]Zmbhgl
LMKZg]@>HnembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^l'Ma^oZen^l_hkma^iZkmbZe_Z\mhkl !l^^iZ`^,"ma^gma^\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^llahne][^Z]him^]'?hk
Table 1
Geotechnical categories of structures
Table 2
Design values of actions derived for UK design, STR/GEO ultimate limit state – persistent and transient design situations
Key
a Pa^k^ma^oZkbZmbhgbgi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgblghm\hglb]^k^]lb`gb_b\Zgm@d%c%lniZg]@d%c%bg_fZr[^mZd^gZl@d
b Pa^k^ma^Z\mbhgbl_ZohnkZ[e^%gJ%b6)Zg]ma^oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgllahne][^b`ghk^]
c Ma^oZen^h_c h\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^G:':*'*h_ma^NDG:mh;L>G*22)!hkl^^MZ[e^,h_<aZim^k*"
d Ma^oZen^h_jbgma^NDG:mh;L>G*22)bl)'2+.
Table 3
Partial factors for geotechnical material properties
Angle of shearing resistance Effective cohesion Undrained shear Unconfined Bulk density
(apply to tan h) strength strength
44
/'?hng]Zmbhgl
]bk^\mf^mah]lh_\Ze\neZmbhgma^_k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhg\Zg[^nl^]
_hklbsbg`h__hng]ZmbhglZg]ma^jnZlb&i^kfZg^gm\hf[bgZmbhg\Zg[^ Spread foundations
nl^]_hkl^mme^f^gm\Ze\neZmbhgl'
Ma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gh_lik^Z]_hng]Zmbhgl!^'`'lmkbiZg]iZ]
?nkma^kbg_hkfZmbhghg]^lb`g\hf[bgZmbhgl\Zg[^_hng]bg<aZim^k*% _hng]Zmbhgl"bl\ho^k^][rl^\mbhg/h_>nkh\h]^0%IZkm*Zg]mabl
hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]ZlBgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l' `bo^lmak^^f^mah]l_hk]^lb`g3
N =bk^\mf^mah]¾\Ze\neZmbhgbl\Zkkb^]hnm_hk^Z\aebfbmlmZm^'
Geotechnical design report N Bg]bk^\mf^mah]¾^qi^kb^g\^Zg]m^lmbg`nl^]mh]^m^kfbg^
:`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gk^ihkmlahne][^ikh]n\^]_hk^Z\aikhc^\m% l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^iZkZf^m^klmaZmZelhlZmbl_rZeek^e^oZgm
^o^gb_bmblhgerZlbg`e^la^^m'Ma^k^ihkmlahne]\hgmZbg]^mZbelh_ ebfbmlmZm^l!bg\en]^]bg>nkh\h]^0fZbgermhlnbm?k^g\a]^lb`g
ma^lbm^%bgm^kik^mZmbhgh_ma^`khng]bgo^lmb`Zmbhgk^ihkm%`^hm^\agb\Ze f^mah]l%Zg]blghm]bl\nll^]_nkma^ka^k^"'
]^lb`gk^\hff^g]ZmbhglZg]Z]ob\^hglni^koblbhg%fhgbmhkbg`Zg] N Ik^l\kbimbo^f^mah]bgpab\aZik^lnf^][^Zkbg`k^lblmZg\^blnl^]'
fZbgm^gZg\^h_ma^phkdl'Bmblebd^ermaZmmablk^ihkmpbeek^jnbk^bginm
_khffhk^maZghg^\hglnemZgm%]^i^g]bg`hgpa^ma^kma^ikhc^\mblbg ?hkfhlmlik^Z]_hng]Zmbhglbgma^ND%l^mme^f^gmpbee[^ma^
@^hm^\agb\Ze<Zm^`hkr*%+hk,' `ho^kgbg`\kbm^kbhg4mkZ]bmbhgZeerÂZeehpZ[e^[^Zkbg`ik^llnk^lÃaZo^[^^g
nl^]mhebfbml^mme^f^gm'Mabl\hg\^imh_bg\k^Zlbg`ma^_Z\mhkh_lZ_^mr
Ma^_hng]Zmbhg]^lb`gk^\hff^g]Zmbhgllahne]bg\en]^[^Zkbg` hg[^Zkbg`k^lblmZg\^lmh\hgmkhel^mme^f^gmfZrlmbee[^nl^]pbmama^
k^lblmZg\^lZg]\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^l_hklhbeiZkZf^m^kl'Bmlahne] ik^l\kbimbo^f^mah]'Ma^^q\^imbhgbl_hklh_m\eZrlpa^k^>nkh\h]^0
Zelh\e^ZkerlmZm^pa^ma^kma^oZen^lZk^Ziieb\Z[e^mhLELhkNELZg] k^jnbk^ll^mme^f^gm\Ze\neZmbhglmh[^ng]^kmZd^g'
pa^ma^kma^rZk^_hk<hf[bgZmbhg*hk<hf[bgZmbhg+'
Pa^gnlbg`ma^]bk^\mf^mah]%\Ze\neZmbhglZk^\Zkkb^]hnm_hk^Z\a
ebfbmlmZm^':mma^NEL%ma^[^Zkbg`k^lblmZg\^h_ma^lhbelahne][^
Table 4
Design values of actions derived for UK design, EQU ultimate limit \a^\d^]nlbg`iZkmbZe_Z\mhklhgma^lhbeikhi^kmb^lZlp^eeZlhg
state – persistent and transient design situations ma^Z\mbhgl':mma^LELma^l^mme^f^gmh_ma^_hng]Zmbhgllahne][^
\Ze\neZm^]Zg]\a^\d^]Z`Zbglmi^kfbllb[e^ebfbml'
Combination Permanent actions Leading Accompanying variable
Expression variable actions
reference action Ma^ik^l\kbimbo^f^mah]fZr[^nl^]pa^k^\Ze\neZmbhgh_ma^lhbe
Unfavourable Favourable Main Others
(if any) ikhi^kmb^lblghmihllb[e^hkg^\^llZkrZg]\Zg[^nl^]ikhob]^]maZm
>qi'!/'*)" *'*@dZ )'2)@dZ *'.[Jd ¾ *'.[ch%b\Jd%b \hgl^koZmbo^kne^lh_]^lb`gZk^nl^]'Ma^k^_hk^k^_^k^g\^\Zg\hgmbgn^
mh[^fZ]^mhMZ[e^*h_;L1))-!l^^MZ[e^."mh]^m^kfbg^ik^lnf^]
Key
a P
a^k^ma^oZkbZmbhgbgi^kfZg^gmZ\mbhgblghm\hglb]^k^]lb`gb_b\Zgm@d%c%lni
!ZeehpZ[e^"[^Zkbg`ik^llnk^l_hk\Zm^`hkr*lmkn\mnk^lZg]ik^ebfbgZkr
Zg]@d%c%bg_fZr[^mZd^gZl@d \Ze\neZmbhgl_hk\Zm^`hkr+lmkn\mnk^l':em^kgZmbo^er%ma^ik^lnf^]
b Pa^k^ma^Z\mbhgbl_ZohnkZ[e^%gJ%b6)Zg]ma^oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhgllahne][^b`ghk^] [^Zkbg`k^lblmZg\^mhZeehp_hkl^mme^f^gm\Zg[^\Ze\neZm^][rma^
c Ma^oZen^h_ch\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^G:':*'*h_ma^NDG:mh;L>G*22) `^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`g^kZg]bg\en]^]bgma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gk^ihkm'
Table 5
Presumed allowable bearing values under static loading (from BS 8004)
Category Type of soil Presumed allowable bearing value (kN/m2) Remarks
45
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
:_ehp\aZkmlahpbg`ma^]^lb`gikh\^ll_hklaZeehp_hng]Zmbhglbl IZkmbZe_Z\mhkl_hkma^lhbeiZkZf^m^klnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^k^lblmZg\^l
`bo^gbg?b`nk^*' \Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^,Z[ho^!<hf[bgZmbhg+"'
Pa^k^ma^k^blZfhf^gmZiieb^]mhma^_hng]Zmbhg%ma^>JNebfbm Ma^ik^llnk^]blmkb[nmbhgng]^kma^[Zl^lahne][^Zll^ll^]mh^glnk^
lmZm^lahne]Zelh[^\a^\d^]':llnfbg`ma^ihm^gmbZeho^kmnkgbg`h_ maZmma^fZqbfnfik^llnk^]h^lghm^q\^^]ma^[^Zkbg`k^lblmZg\^l
ma^[Zl^bl]n^mhma^oZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg_khfma^pbg]%ma^_heehpbg` h[mZbg^]_khfma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gk^ihkmZm[hma>JNZg]@>H
\hf[bgZmbhglahne][^nl^]!ma^oZkbZ[e^bfihl^]Z\mbhgblghm nembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^l!l^^?b`nk^+"'B_ma^^\\^gmkb\bmrbl`k^Zm^kmaZg
\hglb]^k^]mh\hgmkb[nm^mhma^lmZ[bebmrh_ma^lmkn\mnk^"3 E(/ZmLEL%ma^gma^ik^llnk^]blmkb[nmbhgnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^
l^mme^f^gmlahne][^fh]b_b^][^\Znl^m^glbhg\Zgghmh\\nk[^mp^^g
)'2@d$*'.Jd%p >JN\hf[bgZmbhg ma^[Zl^Zg]ma^lhbe'Bgmabl\Zl^ma^]^lb`g^klahne]lZmbl_rabfl^e_
pa^k^3 maZmma^k^pbee[^ghZ]o^kl^\hgl^jn^g\^l!^'`'^q\^llbo^khmZmbhgh_
@dblma^lmZ[beblbg`\aZkZ\m^kblmb\i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg ma^[Zl^"'Bmlahne]Zelh[^ghm^]maZmma^NELik^llnk^]blmkb[nmbhg
!Nl^*'*@d_hkZ]^lmZ[beblbg`i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhg" ]bZ`kZfpbee[^k^\mZg`neZkZg]ghmmkZi^shb]Ze'
Jd%pblma^]^lmZ[beblbg`\aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZkbZ[e^pbg]Z\mbhg
Reinforced concrete pads
Figure 1
Procedures for depth of spread foundations Pa^k^ma^iZ]_hng]Zmbhglk^jnbk^k^bg_hk\^f^gmma^_heehpbg`\a^\dl
lahne][^\Zkkb^]hnmmh^glnk^3
N Ln__b\b^gmk^bg_hk\^f^gmmhk^lblm[^g]bg`fhf^gml'
START
N Ing\abg`la^Zklmk^g`ma'
N ;^Zfla^Zklmk^g`ma'
Obtain soil parameters from Ground Investigation report
Ma^fhf^gmlZg]la^Zk_hk\^llahne][^Zll^ll^]nlbg`ma^LMK
\hf[bgZmbhg3
*',.@d$*'.Jd LMK\hf[bgZmbhg*!>qi'!/'*)""
Design using
Yes No
direct method?
Ahp^o^k%ma^k^fZr[^^\hghfb^lmhfZ]^_khfnlbg`>qik^llbhgl
!/'*)Z"hk!/'*)["_khfma^>nkh\h]^'
Size foundation
Use prescriptive method.
(geotechnical design) using
Size foundation Ma^\kbmb\Ze[^g]bg`fhf^gml_hk]^lb`gh_[hmmhfk^bg_hk\^f^gm
the worst of Combinations
(geotechnical design) Zk^eh\Zm^]Zmma^\henfg_Z\^l';hma[^Zfla^ZkZg]ing\abg`
1 or 2 (ULS) for actions
using SLS for actions
and geotechnical material la^Zklahne]ma^g[^\a^\d^]Zmma^eh\Zmbhgllahpgbg?b`nk^,'?hk
and presumed
properties. Combination 2
bearing resistance
will usually govern. ing\abg`la^Zkma^`khng]k^Z\mbhgpbmabgma^i^kbf^m^kfZr[^
]^]n\m^]_khfma^\henfgehZ]!>qik^llbhg!/'-1"%>nkh\h]^+¾*¾*"'
BmblghmnlnZe_hkZiZ]_hng]Zmbhgmh\hgmZbgla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm%
ma^k^_hk^bmblhgerg^\^llZkrmh^glnk^maZmma^\hg\k^m^la^Zklmk^ll
Check overturning using EQU
Is there an limit state for actions and \ZiZ\bmrpbmahnmla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!oK]%\¾l^^MZ[e^/"bl`k^Zm^kmaZg
overturning moment? GEO Combination 2
Yes Ziieb^]la^Zklmk^ll!o>]6O>](![]""'
for material properties.
No B_ma^[Zlb\la^Zklmk^llbl^q\^^]^]%ma^]^lb`g^kfZrbg\k^Zl^ma^
]^imah_ma^[Zl^':em^kgZmbo^er%ma^Zfhngmh_fZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
Design foundation (structural design) using the worst of
Combinations 1 and 2 (ULS) for actions and geotechnical \hne][^bg\k^Zl^]hk%e^ll]^lbkZ[er%la^Zkebgdl\hne][^ikhob]^]'!L^^
material properties.
<aZim^k-%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl;^Zfl_hkZg^qieZgZmbhgh_ahpmh
]^lb`gla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm'"
Figure 2
Pressure distributions for pad foundations
M M M
P 6e
1
L L
P or P P
2P P
1.5 L 3 e L 2e
e e
P P
e = M/ P e
P 6e L = width of base P
1+
L L
SLS pressure distributions ULS pressure distribution
46
/'?hng]Zmbhgl
ma^`khng]lahne][^]^]n\m^]!mhZohb]ngg^\^llZkber\hgl^koZmbo^
]^lb`gl"'Ma^\kbmb\Zei^kbf^m^klahne][^_hng]bm^kZmbo^er%[nmbmbl
Determine value of factor β
`^g^kZeerZ\\^imZ[e^mh\a^\dZm]Zg]+]':em^kgZmbo^er%Zlik^Z]la^^m (β =1.0 when applied moment is zero; refer to Expressions
\hne][^nl^]!^'`'lik^Z]la^^mM<<1*_khfLik^Z]la^^ml_hk\hg\k^m^ (6.38) to (6.42) from BS EN 1992–1–1 for other cases)
]^lb`gmh;L1**)Zg]>nkh\h]^+ "'Ma^ikh\^]nk^_hk]^m^kfbgbg`ma^
ing\abg`la^Zkk^jnbk^f^gmlbllahpgbg?b`nk^-'
Determine value of vEd,max
(design shear stress at face of column) from:
Table 6 vEd,max = β(VEd – DVEd) (from Exp. (6.38))
vRd,c resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa (u0deff)
rl Effective depth, d (mm) where u0 is perimeter of column
(see Clause 6.4.5 for columns at base edges)
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000a deff = (dy + dz)/2 where dy and dz
are the effective depths in orthogonal directions
0.25% 0.47 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34
0.50% 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.43
Determine value of vRd,max (refer to Table 7)
0.75% 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49
1.00% 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54
1.25% 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.58 No
Is vEd,max < vRd,max? Redesign foundation
1.50% 0.78 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62
1.75% 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65 Yes
≥2.00% 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68
Determine value of vEd, (design shear stress) from:
k 1.816 1.707 1.632 1.577 1.535 1.500 1.471 1.447 vEd = (VEd – DVEd)
Key (u1deff)
where u1 is length of control perimeter (refer to Figure 5). For
a?hk]^imal`k^Zm^kmaZg*)))\Ze\neZm^oK]%\]bk^\mer' eccentrically loaded bases, refer to Exp. (6.51).
Notes The control perimeter will have to be found through iteration;
it will usually be between d and 2d
1MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf3oK]%\6)'*+d!*))r B_\d"!*(,"ª)'),.d*'._\d)'.
pa^k^d6*$√!+))(]"©+Zg]r B6√!rBr$r Bs"©)')+%
r Br6:lr(![]"Zg]r Bs6:ls(![]"
2MablmZ[e^aZl[^^gik^iZk^]_hk_\d6,)4 Determine concrete punching shear capacity vRd (without
pa^k^r e^q\^^])'-)ma^_heehpbg`_Z\mhklfZr[^nl^]3 shear reinforcement) from 2dvRd,c/a (Refer to Table 6 for vRd,c)
f\d 25 28 32 35 40 45 50
Factor )'2- )'21 *')+ *'). *'*) *'*- *'*2 Either increase main
steel, or provide
Is vEd < vRd at No punching shear
critical perimeter? reinforcement required.
(Not recommended
Figure 3 for foundations.)
Yes
Shear checks for pad foundations
No shear reinforcement required. Check complete.
Figure 5
Typical basic control perimeters around loaded areas
2d
u1
u1 2d
2d
bz
Bends may be
d required
h d
by
47
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_e^qnk^k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mh<aZim^k-%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl
Raft foundations ;^Zfl '
Ma^[Zlb\]^lb`gikh\^ll^l_hkkZ_mlZk^lbfbeZkmhmahl^_hkblheZm^] :em^kgZmbo^er%ZmknllZgZeh`rfZr[^nl^]4mablbl\ho^k^]bgL^\mbhgl.'/'-
iZ]_hng]Zmbhglhkibe^\Zil'Ma^hger]b__^k^g\^bgZiikhZ\aeb^lbgma^ Zg]/'.h_>nkh\h]^+¾*¾*'Ma^lmknmZg`e^ylahne][^Zme^Zlm+*'1mh
l^e^\mbhgh_ZgZiikhikbZm^f^mah]_hkZgZerlbg`ma^bgm^kZ\mbhg[^mp^^g ma^ahkbshgmZe4ghm^maZmylahne][^f^Zlnk^]bgma^ieZg^h_ma^\henfg
ma^kZ_mZg]ma^`khng]lhZlmhZ\ab^o^Zk^ZlhgZ[e^k^ik^l^gmZmbhgh_ Zg]ibe^'
ma^bk[^aZobhnk'?hklmb__^kkZ_ml!b'^'liZg&mh&mab\dg^ll`k^Zm^kmaZg*)"pbma
Z_Zbkerk^`neZkeZrhnm%lbfieb_b^]ZiikhZ\a^lln\aZlrb^e]ebg^hkma^_eZm ;hma[^Zfla^ZkZg]ing\abg`la^Zklahne]ma^g[^\a^\d^]Zllahpgbg
leZ[^jnboZe^gm_kZf^f^mah]fZr[^^fiehr^]%hg\^Zg^lmbfZmbhgh_ ?b`nk^/'?hk[^Zfla^Zk%ma^]^lb`gk^lblmZg\^lbgMZ[e^/fZr[^nl^]'B_ma^
ma^oZkbZmbhglbg[^Zkbg`ik^llnk^aZl[^^gh[mZbg^]_khfZ`^hm^\agb\Ze [Zlb\la^Zklmk^llbl^q\^^]^]%ma^]^lb`g^klahne]bg\k^Zl^ma^]^imah_ma^
li^\bZeblm'PaZm^o^klbfieb_b\ZmbhglZk^fZ]^%bg]bob]nZe^eZlmb\kZ_m [Zl^':em^kgZmbo^er%ma^Zfhngmh_fZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm\hne][^bg\k^Zl^]hk%
k^Z\mbhgllahne]^jnZm^mhma^Ziieb^]\henfgehZ]l' e^ll]^lbkZ[er%la^Zkebgdl\hne][^ikhob]^]'<Zk^lahne][^mZd^gmaZmfZbg
[ZklZk^_neerZg\ahk^]':lZfbgbfnf%Z_neeZg\ahkZ`^lahne][^ikhob]^]
Mabgg^k%fhk^_e^qb[e^kZ_mlhkmahl^pbmaZ\hfie^qeZrhnmfZrk^jnbk^ _khfma^bgg^k_Z\^h_ibe^l'EZk`^kZ]bnl[^g]lfZr[^k^jnbk^]'
ma^Ziieb\Zmbhgh_Z_bgbm^^e^f^gmhk`kbeeZ`^ZgZerlbl'?hkkZ_ml[^Zkbg`
hg`kZgneZkln[&`kZ]^lhkpa^g\hgmb`nhnl&ibe^]pZeelhk]bZiakZ`f Pa^gZll^llbg`ma^la^Zk\ZiZ\bmrbgZibe^\Zi%hgerma^m^glbhglm^^e
i^kbf^m^kpZeelZk^ik^l^gm%ma^`khng]fZr[^fh]^ee^]ZlZl^kb^l ieZ\^]pbmabgma^lmk^llshg^lahne][^\hglb]^k^]Zl\hgmkb[nmbg`mhma^
h_Pbgde^klikbg`l'Ahp^o^k%_hk\ha^lbo^ln[&`kZ]^l%mablZiikhZ\abl la^Zk\ZiZ\bmr!l^^?b`nk^0"'
ngebd^ermh[^oZeb]%Zg]li^\bZeblmlh_mpZk^pbee[^k^jnbk^]'
Figure 6
Critical shear perimeters for piles
?hkma^inkihl^h_mabl\aZim^kbmblZllnf^]maZmma^ibe^]^lb`gpbee[^
\Zkkb^]hnm[rZli^\bZeblmibebg`\hgmkZ\mhk'Ma^Z\mbhglhgma^ibe^lfnlm f /5
[^\e^Zker\hgo^r^]mhma^ibe^]^lb`g^k%Zg]ma^l^lahne][^[khd^g]hpg
bgmhma^ng_Z\mhk^]i^kfZg^gmZ\mbhglZg]^Z\ah_ma^Ziieb\Z[e^oZkbZ[e^
Punching shear 5 2d from column face
Z\mbhgl!^'`'bfihl^]Zg]pbg]Z\mbhgl"'Ma^ibe^]^lb`g^k\Zgma^g\Zkkr
hnmma^lmkn\mnkZeZg]`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gh_ma^ibe^l' f
Pa^k^fhf^gmlZk^Ziieb^]mhma^ibe^\Zima^>JN\hf[bgZmbhg
lahne]Zelh[^nl^]mh\a^\dma^ibe^l\Zgk^lblmma^ho^kmnkgbg`_hk\^l'
Ma^l^>JNehZ]lfnlmZelh[^\e^Zker\hgo^r^]mhma^ibe^]^lb`g^k Figure 7
Shear reinforcement for pilecaps
Zg]ikh\^]nk^linmbgieZ\^mh^glnk^ma^ibe^lZk^]^lb`g^]_hkma^
\hkk^\m_hk\^l'
A s contributing to shear capacity
:ibe^\ZifZr[^mk^Zm^]ZlZ[^Zfbg[^g]bg`%pa^k^ma^\kbmb\Ze
[^g]bg`fhf^gml_hkma^]^lb`gh_ma^[hmmhfk^bg_hk\^f^gmZk^ Stress zone
o
eh\Zm^]Zmma^\henfg_Z\^l'?hk_nkma^k`nb]Zg\^hg]^lb`gbg`_hk 45
Table 7
Values for vRd, max
+. -'.)
+1 -'20
a a
,) .'+1
,+ .'.1
hF
,. /')+
-) /'0+
bF
-. 0',1
.) 1'))
48
/'?hng]Zmbhgl
pa^k^3
s`]6ma^]^lb`goZen^h_ma^`khng][^Zkbg`ik^llnk^
_\m] 6ma^]^lb`g\hg\k^m^m^glbe^lmk^g`ma_khf>qi'!,'*/" Selected symbols
Symbol Definition Value
?hkfZgrlbmnZmbhglmablblngebd^ermhh__^kZgrlZobg`lho^kma^\nkk^gm :\ <khlll^\mbhgZeZk^Zh_\hg\k^m^ [a
ikZ\mb\^h_]^lb`gbg`_hka_ªZ' :l :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^^e
:l%ikho :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^^eikhob]^]
Ma^ihllb[bebmrh_liebmmbg`_hk\^l%ZlZ]obl^]bg<eZnl^2'1'-h_>nkh\h]^
:l%k^j :k^Zh_m^glbhglm^^ek^jnbk^]
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] >__^\mbo^]^ima
>nkh\h]^+ZeehplieZbg\hg\k^m^_hng]Zmbhglmh\hgmZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gm ]^__ :o^kZ`^^__^\mbo^]^ima !]r$]s"(+
a Ho^kZee]^imah_ma^l^\mbhg
quantity of reinforcement e^__ >__^\mbo^liZgh_f^f[^k L^^L^\mbhg.','+'+!*"
F =^lb`gfhf^gmZmma^NEL
Crack control Jd <aZkZ\m^kblmb\oZen^h_ZoZkbZ[e^Z\mbhg
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O>] =^lb`goZen^h_Ziieb^]la^Zk_hk\^
49
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References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*2203>nkh\h]^03@^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`g';LB!+iZkml"'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L.2,)3<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hklbm^bgo^lmb`Zmbhg';LB%*222'
3 ;
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4 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1))-3<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk_hng]Zmbhgl';LB%*21/'
5 G:K:R:G:G%KL;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
6 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))-'
7 @HH=<ABE=%<AP>;LM>KKF'Lik^Z]la^^ml_hk\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)Zg]>nkh\h]^+%o^klbhg,'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
8 FHLL%KF;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3;^Zfl'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
9 ;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
50
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
0'?eZmleZ[l
R Moss;L\%Ia=%=B<%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>O Brooker;>g`%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>
Designing to Eurocode 2
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+%Zikh\^llpab\abl^ll^gmbZeerma^lZf^Zlpa^gnlbg`;L1**)'Ahp^o^k%
ma^eZrhnmZg]\hgm^gmh_>nkh\h]^+fZrZii^ZkngnlnZemh]^lb`g^kl
_ZfbebZkpbma;L1**)'>nkh\h]^+]h^lghm\hgmZbgma^]^kbo^]_hkfneZ^hk
li^\b_b\`nb]Zg\^hg]^m^kfbgbg`fhf^gmlZg]la^Zk_hk\^l'MablaZlZkbl^g
[^\Znl^bmaZl[^^g>nkhi^ZgikZ\mb\^mh`bo^ikbg\bie^lbgma^\h]^lZg]_hk
ma^]^mZbe^]Ziieb\Zmbhgmh[^ik^l^gm^]bghma^klhnk\^lln\aZlm^qm[hhdl'
<aZim^k*%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]ZlBgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l%ab`aeb`am^]ma^
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nl^]makhn`ahnmmablin[eb\Zmbhg%bg\en]bg`oZen^lmaZmZk^^f[^]]^]bg
]^kbo^]_hkfneZ^!]^kboZmbhgl\Zg[^_hng]Zmppp'^nkh\h]^+'bg_h"':eblmh_
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Analysis
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Design procedure
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hgghfbgZeZqbl]blmZg\^%Z'Mablblma^]blmZg\^_khfma^\^gmk^h_ [eh\d_khf>nkh\h]^+'Pa^k^ZiikhikbZm^MZ[e^,fZr[^nl^]mh
ma^k^bg_hk\bg`[Zkmhma^lnk_Z\^h_ma^f^f[^k'BmblZghfbgZe ]^m^kfbg^[^g]bg`fhf^gml_hk_eZmleZ[l'
Table 1
Flat slab design procedure
Table 2
Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced concrete slabs
52
0'?eZmleZ[l
Figure 1 Pab\a^o^kf^mah]h_ZgZerlblblnl^]%<e'2'-'*k^jnbk^lma^]^lb`g^k
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START ahpmhZiihkmbhgma^mhmZe[^g]bg`fhf^gmZ\khllZ[Zrpb]mabgmh
\henfgZg]fb]]e^lmkbilmh\hfierpbma<e'2'-'*'=^lb`g^klnlbg`
Carry out analysis of slab to determine design moments `kbeeZ`^%_bgbm^^e^f^gmhkrb^e]ebg^f^mah]lfZrZelh\ahhl^mh_heehp
(M) (Where appropriate use coefficients from Table 3).
ma^Z]ob\^bg:gg^qBmhf^^mmablk^jnbk^f^gm'
>nkh\h]^+h__^kloZkbhnlf^mah]l_hk]^m^kfbgbg`ma^lmk^ll&lmkZbg
No Outside scope of k^eZmbhglabih_\hg\k^m^'?hklbfieb\bmrZg]_ZfbebZkbmrma^f^mah]
Concrete class
≤C50/60? this publication
ik^l^gm^]a^k^blma^lbfieb_b^]k^\mZg`neZklmk^ll[eh\d!l^^?b`nk^+"%
pab\abllbfbeZkmhmaZm_hng]bg;L1**)'
Yes
M Ma^>nkh\h]^`bo^lk^\hff^g]Zmbhgl_hkma^]^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^ni
Determine KK from:
Determine from: K =
bd 2 fck mh\eZll<2)(*).'Ahp^o^k%_hk\hg\k^m^lmk^g`ma`k^Zm^kmaZg\eZll
<.)(/)%ma^lmk^ll[eh\dblfh]b_b^]'BmblbfihkmZgmmhghm^maZm
Determine K’ from Table 4 or \hg\k^m^lmk^g`mabl[Zl^]hgma^\rebg]^klmk^g`maZg]ghmma^\n[^
K’ = 0.60d – 0.18 d 2 – 0.21 where d ≤ 1.0
lmk^g`ma!b'^'_hk\eZll<+1(,.ma^\rebg]^klmk^g`mabl+1FIZ%pa^k^Zl
ma^\n[^lmk^g`mabl,.FIZ"'
Compression
No reinforcement Table 4
Is K ≤ K ’ ? required – not Values for K ’
recommended for
typical slabs
% redistribution d (redistribution ratio) K’
Yes ) *')) )'+)1Z
*) )'2) )'*1+Z
No compression reinforcement required
*. )'1. )'*/1
+) )'1) )'*.,
Obtain lever arm z from Table 5 or +. )'0. )'*,0
,) )'0) )'*+)
z=
d
2 [
1 + 1 – 3.53 K ≤ 0.95d ] Key
a Bmblh_m^gk^\hff^g]^]bgma^NDmaZmD£lahne][^eebfbm^]mh)'*/1mh^glnk^
]n\mbe^_Zbenk^
Calculate tension reinforcement required from
M Table 5
As =
fyd z
z/d for singly reinforced rectangular sections
K z/d K z/d
Check minimum reinforcement requirements (see Table 6) ©)'). )'2.)Z )'*, )'1/1
0.26 fctm bt d )')/ )'2-- )'*- )'1./
As,min = where fyk ≥ 25
fyk
)')0 )'2,- )'*. )'1-,
)')1 )'2+- )'*/ )'1,)
)')2 )'2*, )'*0 )'1*/
Check maximum reinforcement requirements.
As,max = 0.04 Ac for tension or compression )'*) )'2)+ )'*1 )'1)+
reinforcement outside lap locations )'** )'12* )'*2 )'010
)'*+ )'11) )'+) )'00*
Key
a Ebfbmbg`smh)'2.]blghmZk^jnbk^f^gmh_>nkh\h]^+%[nmbl\hglb]^k^]mh[^`hh]ikZ\mb\^
Table 3
Bending moment coefficients for flat slabs
Table 6
End support/slab connection First Interior Interior Minimum percentage of reinforcement required
interior spans supports
Pinned Continuous support fck fctm Minimum % (0.26 fctm /fyka )
End End End End +. +'/ )'*,
support span support span +1 +'1 )'*-
Fhf^gm ) )')1/?e ¾ )')-?e )')0.?e ¾)')1/?e )')/,?e ¾)')/,?e ,) +'2 )'*.
,+ ,') )'*/
Notes
,. ,'+ )'*0
1 :
iieb\Z[e^mhleZ[lpa^k^ma^Zk^Zh_^Z\a[Zr^q\^^]l,)f+% -) ,'. )'*1
Jd%©*'+.@dZg]jd©.dG(f+
-. ,'1 )'+)
2 ?blma^mhmZe]^lb`gnembfZm^ehZ]%eblma^^__^\mbo^liZg
3 FbgbfnfliZg7 )'1.ehg`^lmliZg%fbgbfnf,liZgl
.) -'* )'+*
4 ;Zl^]hg+)k^]blmkb[nmbhgZmlniihkmlZg]gh]^\k^Zl^bgliZgfhf^gml Key
a Pa^k^_rd 6.))FIZ
53
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
]^imakZmbhlZk^ZiikhikbZm^pa^k^ma^lmkn\mnk^k^fZbglikhii^]
Deflection ]nkbg`\hglmkn\mbhghkngmbema^\hg\k^m^ZmmZbglln__b\b^gmlmk^g`mamh
lniihkmma^\hglmkn\mbhgehZ]l'Bm\Zg`^g^kZeer[^Zllnf^]maZm^Zker
>nkh\h]^+aZlmphZem^kgZmbo^f^mah]lh_]^lb`gbg`_hk]^_e^\mbhg4 lmkbdbg`h__hkfphkdpbeeghmlb`gb_b\ZgmerZ__^\mma^]^_e^\mbhgZ_m^k
^bma^k[rebfbmbg`liZg&mh&]^imakZmbhhk[rZll^llbg`ma^ma^hk^mb\Ze bglmZeebg`ma^\eZ]]bg`Zg](hkiZkmbmbhgl'
]^_e^\mbhgnlbg`ma^>qik^llbhgl`bo^gbgma^>nkh\h]^'Ma^eZmm^kbl
]^Zempbmabg]^mZbebg<aZim^k1%hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl=^_e^\mbhg
\Ze\neZmbhgl ' Punching shear
Ma^liZg&mh&]^imakZmbhllahne]^glnk^maZm]^_e^\mbhgblebfbm^] Ma^]^lb`goZen^h_ma^ing\abg`la^Zk_hk\^%O>]%pbeenlnZeer[^ma^
mhliZg(+.)Zg]mablblma^ikh\^]nk^ik^l^gm^]bg?b`nk^,'Ma^ lniihkmk^Z\mbhgZmma^nembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^'Bgikbg\bie^ma^]^lb`g
;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^q ;ghm^lmaZmma^liZg&mh& _hking\abg`la^Zkbg>nkh\h]^+Zg];L1**)bllbfbeZk'Ma^fZbg
]b__^k^g\^lZk^Zl_heehpl'
Figure 2 N LmZg]Zk]_Z\mhkl_hk^]`^Zg]\hkg^k\henfglmaZmZeehp_hk
Simplified rectangular stress block for concrete up to class C50/60 fhf^gmmkZgl_^k!b"Zk^`k^Zm^kbg>nkh\h]^+'Ahp^o^k%b\Zg
from Eurocode 2
[^\Ze\neZm^]]bk^\mer_khf>qik^llbhgl!/',1"mh!/'-/"h_ma^
>nkh\h]^mh`bo^fhk^^__b\b^gm]^lb`gl'
Figure 4
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios for flat slabs
39
37 fck = 50
Figure 3 fck = 45
Procedure for assessing deflection 35 fck = 40
fck = 35
33 fck = 32
Span-to-effective-depth ratio (l/d)
START fck = 30
31 fck = 28
fck = 25
Determine basic l/d from Figure 4 29 fck = 20
27
Determine Factor 1 (F1)
For ribbed or waffle slabs 25
F1 = 1 – 0.1 ((bf/bw) – 1) ≥ 0.8†
(bf is flange breadth and bw is rib breadth)
Otherwise F1 = 1.0 23
21
Determine Factor 2 (F2)
Where the slab span exceeds 8.5 m and it supports 19
brittle partitions, F2 = 8.5/leff
Otherwise F2 = 1.0 17
15
Determine Factor 3 (F3) 0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00%
F3 = 310/ss Percentage of tension reinforcement (A s ,req/bd)
Where ss = Stress in reinforcement at serviceability
limit state (see Figure 5)
ss may be assumed to be 310 MPa (i.e. F3 = 1.0)
Notes
Note: As,prov ≤ 1.5 As,req’d (UK National Annex) Increase
1 Mabl`kZiaZllnf^lZlbfierlniihkm^]_eZmleZ[!D6*'+"'
As,prov
2 <hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm%rÃ%aZl[^^gmZd^gZl)'
[ ( ) ]
No *'.
e *'. _\dr ) r)
Yes 6D ** $ $ ,'+ _\d ¾*
pa^k^r©r ) Zg]
] r r
Check complete
[ ]
e *'. _\dr ) _\d rÃ
† The Eurocode is ambiguous regarding linear interpolation. It is understood that this
6D ** $ $ pa^k^r7 r ) '
] ! r ¾ r Ã" *+ r)
was the intention of the drafting committee and is in line with current UK practice.
54
0'?eZmleZ[l
N Bg>nkh\h]^+ma^fZqbfnfoZen^h_la^ZkZmma^\henfg_Z\^bl :lZgZem^kgZmbo^mhnlbg`la^Zkebgdl%ikhikb^mZkrla^Zklmn]kZbel
ghmebfbm^]mh.FIZ%Zg]]^i^g]lhgma^\hg\k^m^lmk^g`manl^]' fZr[^nl^]'>nkh\h]^+!?b`nk^/'++"Zeehplma^fmh[^eZb]hnm
N Pbma>nkh\h]^+ma^i^kfbllb[e^la^Zkk^lblmZg\^pa^gnlbg`la^Zk
bgZkZ]bZehk\kn\b_hkfiZmm^kgZg]`bo^lliZ\bg`k^jnbk^f^gml_hk
ebgdlblab`a^k%Zemahn`aln\a]^lb`glfZrghm[^^\hghfb\hk [hma'Hma^km^\agbjn^lZk^ZoZbeZ[e^_hkbg\k^Zlbg`ing\abg`la^Zk
]^lbkZ[e^' k^lblmZg\^Zg]ma^l^Zk^\ho^k^]bgZ[^lmikZ\mb\^`nb]^'
N Ma^\hgmkhei^kbf^m^kl_hkk^\mZg`neZk\henfglbg>nkh\h]^+aZo^
Figure 6
khng]^]\hkg^kl' Procedure for determining punching shear capacity
N Pa^k^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]ma^ikh\^]nk^bg>nkh\h]^+
bllbfie^k4ma^ihbgmZmpab\aghla^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]\Zg
START
[^\Ze\neZm^]]bk^\merZg]ma^gnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^^qm^gmh_ma^
Zk^Zho^kpab\ala^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]'
Determine value of factor β
N BmblZllnf^]maZmma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmpbee[^bgZkZ]bZeZkkZg`^f^gm' (refer to Figure 7 or Expressions (6.38) to (6.46)
of the Eurocode)
Ahp^o^k%ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm\Zg[^eZb]hgZ`kb]ikhob]^]ma^
liZ\bg`kne^lZk^_heehp^]'
Determine value of vEd
Ma^ikh\^]nk^_hk]^m^kfbgbg`ma^ing\abg`la^Zkk^jnbk^f^gmlbl (design shear stress at face of column) from:
lahpgbg?b`nk^/' vEd = β VEd /(ui deff)
where ui is perimeter of column
deff = (dy + dz)/2 (dy and dz
are the effective depths in orthogonal directions)
Figure 5
Determination of steel stress Determine value of vRd,max from Table 7
No
320
s,req su
300
Yes
SLSfor
280
atSLS
240
Approximatesteel
180
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
No Punching shear
Ratio Gk/Qk Is vEd > vRd,c? reinforcement not
required
c2 = 0.8, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.25 Yes
c2 = 0.6, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.25
Determine area of punching shear reinforcement per perimeter
c2 = 0.3, gG = 1.35 c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.25 from:
Asw = (vEd – 0.75vRd,c)sr u1/(1.5 fywd,ef)
c2 = 0.2, gG = 1.35 where
sr is the radial spacing of shear reinforcement (see Figure 9)
fywd,ef = 250 + 0.25 deff ≤ fywd (see Table 9)
To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (ss), calculate the ratio
Gk/Qk , read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to
determine ssu .
Determine the length of the outer perimeter where shear
As,req reinforcement not required from:
ss can be calculated from the expression: ss = ssu
( As,prov )( )
d
1
uout,ef = b VEd/(vRd,c d)
55
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Table 8
vRd,c resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa Rules for spacing and
rI Effective depth, d (mm)
≤200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750 quantity of reinforcement
0.25% )'.- )'.+ )'.) )'-1 )'-0 )'-. )'-, )'-* )'-) )',1 )',/
0.50% )'.2 )'.0 )'./ )'.. )'.- )'.+ )'.* )'-2 )'-1 )'-0 )'-. Minimum area of reinforcement
0.75% )'/1 )'// )'/- )'/, )'/+ )'.2 )'.1 )'./ )'.. )'., )'.* Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmbgma^fZbg]bk^\mbhg
1.00% )'0. )'0+ )'0* )'/2 )'/1 )'/. )'/- )'/+ )'/* )'.2 )'.0 bl:l%fbg6)'+/_\mf[m](_rd[nmghme^llmaZg)'))*,[]!l^^MZ[e^/"'
1.25% )'1) )'01 )'0/ )'0- )'0, )'0* )'/2 )'/0 )'// )'/, )'/*
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_Zebgde^`_hko^kmb\Zeing\abg`la^Zk
1.50% )'1. )'1, )'1* )'02 )'01 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'0) )'/0 )'/.
k^bg_hk\^f^gmbl
1.75% )'2) )'10 )'1. )'1, )'1+ )'02 )'00 )'0. )'0, )'0* )'/1
*'.:lp%fbg(!lk'lm"ª)')1_\d(_rd
≥ 2.00% )'2- )'2* )'12 )'10 )'1. )'1+ )'1) )'01 )'00 )'0- )'0*
pab\a\Zg[^k^ZkkZg`^]Zl
k +'))) *'2-, *'12- *'1., *'1*/ *'0./ *'0)0 *'//0 *'/,+ *'.00 *'.*/
:lp%fbgª!lk'lm"(?
Notes
1MZ[e^]^kbo^]_khf3o K]%\6)'*+d!*))r I_\d"*(,ª)'),.d*'._\d )'.pa^k^ pa^k^
d6*$R!+))(]"©+Zg]r I6R!r er$r es"©)')+%r er 6:lr(![]"Zg]r es 6:ls(![]"
lk6ma^liZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdlbgma^kZ]bZe]bk^\mbhg
2 M ablmZ[e^aZl[^^gik^iZk^]_hk_\d 6,)4
Pa^k^r I^q\^^]l)'-)ma^_heehpbg`_Z\mhklfZr[^nl^]3 lm6ma^liZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdlbgma^mZg`^gmbZe]bk^\mbhg
f\d 25 28 32 35 40 45 50 ?\Zg[^h[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^*)
Factor )'2- )'21 *')+ *'). *'*) *'*- *'*2
Maximum area of reinforcement
Hnmlb]^eZieh\Zmbhgl%ma^fZqbfnfZk^Zh_m^glbhghk\hfik^llbhg
k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]ghm^q\^^]:l%fZq6)'-:\
Figure 8
Typical basic control perimeters around loaded areas
Minimum spacing of reinforcement
Ma^fbgbfnfliZ\bg`h_[Zkllahne][^ma^`k^Zm^kh_3
N ;Zk]bZf^m^k
u1
N :``k^`Zm^lbs^ienl.ff
2d
2d u1 N +)ff
56
0'?eZmleZ[l
fhf^gmpa^k^ma^_heehpbg`Ziieb^l3 Table 10
N ?hkma^ikbg\biZek^bg_hk\^f^gm3+a[nmghmfhk^maZg+.)ff Factor, F, for determining Asw, min
al LeZ[mab\dg^ll
e(] Ebfbmbg`liZg&mh&]^imakZmbh
F =^lb`gfhf^gmZmma^NEL
≤ 0.75d
q =^imamhg^nmkZeZqbl !]¾s"()'-
A A
≤1.5d 0.5 d qfZq Ebfbmbg`oZen^_hk]^imamhg^nmkZeZqbl !d¾)'-"]pa^k^d©*')
≤1.5 d
(2 d if > 2d s E^o^kZkf
sr
from column)
a \\ <h^__b\b^gmmZdbg`Z\\hngmh_ehg`m^kf )'1._hk_e^qnk^Zg]
st
^__^\mlhg\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`maZg]h_ ZqbZeehZ]l'
ng_ZohnkZ[e^^__^\mlk^lnembg`_khfma^ *')_hkhma^kia^ghf^gZ
pZrehZ]blZiieb^] !?khfNDGZmbhgZe:gg^q"
d KZmbhh_ma^k^]blmkb[nm^]fhf^gmmhma^
^eZlmb\[^g]bg`fhf^gm
sr ≤ 0.75 d
Outer control g f IZkmbZe_Z\mhk_hkfZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^l *'*._hkk^bg_hk\^f^gm!gl "
≤ 0.5 d perimeter *'._hk\hg\k^m^!g\ "
kd
r ) K^_^k^g\^k^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh R_\d (*)))
r K^jnbk^]m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gmZmfb]&liZg :l([]
mhk^lblmma^fhf^gm]n^mhma^]^lb`g
ehZ]l!hkZmlniihkm_hk\Zgmbe^o^kl"
57
0'?eZmleZ[l
References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l¾@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))-'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)¾*3Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^¾IZkm*%<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg';LB%*220'
3 G:K:R:G:G%KL;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
4 ;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
5 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾+%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^l¾lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g';LB%+))-'
6 P>;LM>K%K;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3=^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
7 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'I=//10%;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qmh;L>G*22+¾*¾*Zg];L>G*22+¾*¾+';LB%+))/'
8 I:EE>MM%I'@nb]^mh_eZmleZ[_hkfphkdZg]_Zel^phkd'<hglmkn\m%+)),'
9 ;KBMBLA<>F>GM:LLH<B:MBHG'Ik^_Z[kb\Zm^]ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm_hkk^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^_eZmleZ[l';<:%+))*'
58
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
1'=^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl
R Webster<>g`%?BLmkn\m>O Brooker;>g`%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>
Overview
Bgma^iZlmlmkn\mnk^lm^g]^]mh[^lmb__pbmak^eZmbo^erlahkmliZgl':l
m^\agheh`rZg]ikZ\mb\^aZo^Z]oZg\^]%fhk^_e^qb[e^lmkn\mnk^laZo^k^lnem^]'
Ma^k^Zk^Zgnf[^kh_k^Zlhgl_hkmabl%bg\en]bg`3
N Ma^bg\k^Zl^bgk^bg_hk\^f^gmlmk^g`mae^Z]bg`mhe^llk^bg_hk\^f^gm[^bg`
k^jnbk^]_hkma^nembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^!NEL"Zg]k^lnembg`bgab`a^kl^kob\^
lmk^ll^lbgma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm'
N Bg\k^Zl^lbg\hg\k^m^lmk^g`mak^lnembg`_khfma^g^^]mhbfikho^[hma
]nkZ[bebmrZg]\hglmkn\mbhgmbf^%Zg]e^Z]bg`mh\hg\k^m^maZmblfhk^lmb__
Zg]pbmaab`a^kl^kob\^lmk^ll^l'
N :`k^Zm^kng]^klmZg]bg`h_lmkn\mnkZe[^aZobhnkZg]ma^Z[bebmrmh Bmblh_m^gk^\hff^g]^]maZmma^]^lb`goZen^h_ma^\hg\k^m^
ZgZerl^maZm[^aZobhnkjnb\der[r\hfinm^k' m^glbe^lmk^g`ma_hkZehpk^lmkZbgmeZrhnmblmZd^gZlma^Zo^kZ`^
N Ma^k^jnbk^f^gmmhikh]n\^^\hghfb\]^lb`gl_hkleZ[lpahl^ h__\mf%_eZg]_\mf%mhZeehp_hkngbgm^gmbhgZek^lmkZbgm'?hkab`ak^lmkZbgm
mab\dg^ll^lZk^mrib\Zeer]^m^kfbg^][rma^l^kob\^Z[bebmrebfbmlmZm^ _\mflahne][^nl^]'
!LEL"Zg]pab\a\hglmbmnm^1)mh2)h_ma^lni^klmkn\mnk^\hlml'
N <eb^gmk^jnbk^f^gml_hkehg`^kliZglZg]`k^Zm^khi^kZmbhgZe Creep
_e^qb[bebmr_khfma^bklmkn\mnk^l' <k^^iblma^mbf^&]^i^g]Zgmbg\k^Zl^bg\hfik^llbo^lmkZbgbgZ
\hg\k^m^^e^f^gmng]^k\hglmZgm\hfik^llbo^lmk^ll'<k^^iblnlnZeer
\hglb]^k^]bgma^]^lb`g[rfh]b_rbg`ma^^eZlmb\fh]nenlnlbg`Z
Factors affecting deflection \k^^i\h^__b\b^gm%h%pab\a]^i^g]lhgma^Z`^ZmehZ]bg`%lbs^h_
ma^f^f[^kZg]Zf[b^gm\hg]bmbhgl%bgiZkmb\neZkk^eZmbo^anfb]bmr'
:gZ\\nkZm^Zll^llf^gmh_]^_e^\mbhg\Zghger[^Z\ab^o^]b_ >nkh\h]^+`bo^lZ]ob\^hgma^\Ze\neZmbhgh_\k^^i\h^__b\b^gmlbg
\hglb]^kZmbhgbl`bo^gmhma^_Z\mhklmaZmZ__^\mbm'Ma^fhk^bfihkmZgm ]^mZbebg:gg^q;'BmZelhZ]obl^lhgma^ZiikhikbZm^k^eZmbo^anfb]bmr
_Z\mhklZk^]bl\nll^]bg]^mZbe[^ehp' mhnl^bg?b`nk^,'*'
Figure 1
Typical floor layouts
60
1'=^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl
Figure 2
Loading history for a slab – an example
14
h
12
b g
10 f
c
e
8 d
a
Load (kN/m)
6 Loading sequence
a Slab struck e Floor finishes applied
4 b 1st slab above cast f Partitions erected
c 2nd slab above cast g Quasi-permanent variable actions
2 d 3rd slab above cast h Frequent variable actions
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Duration (days)
61
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Zgrh_ma^^Zkeb^kehZ]lmZ`^l'B_%ahp^o^k%Zg^Zkeb^klmZ`^ Figure 3
ikho^l\kbmb\Ze%ma^zoZen^ZmmaZmlmZ`^lahne][^\Zkkb^] Outline of rigorous method for calculating deflection
_hkpZk]mhZeeln[l^jn^gmlmZ`^l'
Collate input data
?nkma^kbg_hkfZmbhg\Zg[^_hng]bgma^[^lmikZ\mb\^ N >e^f^gm]bf^glbhglZg]k^bg_hk\^f^gm]^mZbelZg]ZkkZg`^f^gml_khfma^
`nb]^>Zkerlmkbdbg`Zg]bfikho^][Z\dikhiibg` nembfZm^ebfbmlmZm^]^lb`g
N E hZ]bg`l^jn^g\^^'`'
Lmkbdbg`ma^_hkfphkd
Shrinkage curvature <Zlmbg`ma^_ehhkZ[ho^
LakbgdZ`^]^i^g]lhgma^pZm^k(\^f^gmkZmbh%k^eZmbo^ >k^\mbhgh_ma^iZkmbmbhglZg](hk\eZ]]bg`
:iieb\Zmbhgh__bgbla^l
anfb]bmrZg]ma^lbs^Zg]laZi^h_ma^f^f[^k'Ma^^__^\m Ma^l^jn^g\^pbeeoZkr_khfikhc^\mmhikhc^\m
h_lakbgdZ`^bgZgZlrff^mkb\Zeerk^bg_hk\^]l^\mbhgblmh N <hg\k^m^ikhi^kmb^l!l^^MZ[e^*"
bg]n\^Z\nkoZmnk^maZm\Zge^Z]mhlb`gb_b\Zgm]^_e^\mbhgbg F^Zg\hfik^llbo^lmk^g`ma!_\f"
laZeehpf^f[^kl'Mabl^__^\mlahne][^\hglb]^k^]bgma^ F^Zgm^glbe^lmk^g`ma!_\mfhk_\mf%_e"
>eZlmb\fh]nenl!>\+1"6*').>\f
]^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl'
N <kbmb\ZeZkkZg`^f^gmh_Z\mbhgl
!hkk^i^Zmma^\Ze\neZmbhgl_hk^Z\aZkkZg`^f^gmmh]^m^kfbg^ma^\kbmb\Ze\Zl^"
Methods for
Assess whether the element has flexural cracking
calculating deflections N =
^m^kfbg^ma^\kbmb\ZeehZ]lmZ`^Zmpab\a\kZ\dbg`_bklmh\\nkl'
!L^^Â<kZ\dbg`ÃhgiZ`^,"
Mphf^mah]l_hk\Ze\neZmbg`]^_e^\mbhgZk^ik^l^gm^] N <Ze\neZm^ma^_heehpbg`ikhi^kmb^l3
<k^^i\h^__b\b^gml%h!:gg^q;h_>nkh\h]^+hk?b`nk^-"
[^ehp%Zg]ma^l^Zk^[Zl^]hgma^Z]ob\^bgMK.1 E hg`m^kf^eZlmb\fh]nenl%>EM!l^^IZg^e*"
=^_e^\mbhglbg\hg\k^m^leZ[lZg][^Zfl' >__^\mbo^fh]nenlkZmbh%a^_khf3a^6>l (>EM
G^nmkZeZqbl]^ima_hkng\kZ\d^]\hg]bmbhg%qn!l^^IZg^e+"
L^\hg]fhf^gmh_Zk^Z_hkng\kZ\d^]\hg]bmbhg%Bn!l^^IZg^e+"
Rigorous method <Ze\neZm^\kZ\dbg`fhf^gm%F\k_khf3
F\k6_\mf Bn(!a¾qn"%nlbg`ZiikhikbZm^oZen^_hk_\mf'
Ma^kb`hkhnlf^mah]_hk\Ze\neZmbg`]^_e^\mbhglblma^
N =h^lma^fhf^gmZmma^\kbmb\ZeehZ]lmZ`^^q\^^]ma^\kZ\dbg`fhf^gm8
fhlmZiikhikbZm^f^mah]_hk]^m^kfbgbg`Zk^Zeblmb\
B_r^l%ma^^e^f^gmbl\kZ\d^]ZmZeeln[l^jn^gmlmZ`^l'
^lmbfZm^h_]^_e^\mbhg'Ahp^o^k%bmblhgerlnbmZ[e^_hk z 6*¾)'.!F\k(F"+Tz6)_hkng\kZ\d^]lbmnZmbhgV
Repeat at 1/20 points for all three loading stages
nl^pbma\hfinm^klh_mpZk^'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^aZl Nl^ma^l^\kbmb\ZeoZen^lh__\mfZg]z_hkln[l^jn^gmlmZ`^l'
B_gh%ma^^e^f^gmpbeeghm\kZ\dZmZgrlmZ`^'
ikh]n\^]Zgnf[^kh_lik^Z]la^^mlmaZmnl^mablf^mah]
mh\Zkkrhnm]^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl_hkZoZkb^mrh_leZ[l
Zg][^Zfl'Ma^l^h__^kZ\hlm&^__^\mbo^pZrmh\Zkkr
Determine the curvature of the slab
hnm]^mZbe^]]^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl%Zg]ma^rbg\en]^ma^
N P
a^gma^leZ[bl\kZ\d^]\Ze\neZm^ma^_heehpbg`ikhi^kmb^lZmma^ehZ]lmZ`^
Z[bebmrmh\hglb]^kma^^__^\mh_^ZkerZ`^ehZ]bg`h_ma^ [^bg`\hglb]^k^]%nlbg`ZiikhikbZm^oZen^l_hk_\mf%zZg]>EM3
\hg\k^m^'?b`nk^,beenlmkZm^lma^ikbg\bie^lh_ma^f^mah] G^nmkZeZqbl]^ima_hk\kZ\d^]l^\mbhg%q\!l^^IZg^e+"
Zg]lahplahpma^_Z\mhklZ__^\mbg`]^_e^\mbhgZk^ L^\hg]fhf^gmh_Zk^Z_hk\kZ\d^]\hg]bmbhg%B\!l^^IZg^e+"
\hglb]^k^]bgma^kb`hkhnl]^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl' N <Ze\neZm^ma^_e^qnkZe\nkoZmnk^3
1 MQP MQP
rfl = g E e Ic + ]1 – g g E e Iu
?bgbm^^e^f^gmZgZerlblfZrZelh[^nl^]mhh[mZbg
N <Ze\neZm^ma^\nkoZmnk^]n^mhlakbgdZ`^lmkZbg*(k\l!l^^IZg^e+"
^lmbfZm^lh_]^_e^\mbhg'Bgmabl\Zl^ma^ikbg\bie^l
N <Ze\neZm^ma^mhmZe\nkoZmnk^%*(km6*(k_e$*(k\l
bg?b`nk^,lahne][^Ziieb^]b_\k^]b[e^k^lnemlZk^mh
[^h[mZbg^]'
K^i^Zmma^\Ze\neZmbhglZm_k^jn^gmbgm^koZel!lZrZm*(+)ihbgml"Zg]bgm^`kZm^
Panel 1 mpb\^mhh[mZbgma^ho^kZee]^_e^\mbhg'
Determining long term elastic modulus of elasticity
<Ze\neZm^ehg`&m^kf^eZlmb\fh]nenl%>EM_khf3 B_]^_e^\mbhgZ__^\mbg`\eZ]]bg`Zg](hkiZkmbmbhglblk^jnbk^]%k^i^Zm\Ze\neZmbhgl
_hk_k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhgZg]_hkehZ]bg`Zmmbf^h_bglmZeeZmbhgh_iZkmbmbhgl
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
E LT = RW c + + + + m Zg](hk\eZ]]bg`'
Eeff,1 Eeff, 2 Eeff, 3 Eeff, 4 Eeff, 5
pa^k^
>^__ 6>\+1(!*$h" >lmbfZm^]^_e^\mbhgl3
N Ho^kZee]^_e^\mbhg!jnZlb&i^kfZg^gm\hf[bgZmbhg"
Pg 6L^kob\^Z[bebmrehZ]ZmlmZ`^g
N =^_e^\mbhgZ__^\mbg`iZkmbmbhgl(\eZ]]bg`!?k^jn^gm\hf[bgZmbhg]^_e^\mbhg
h 6<k^^i\h^__b\b^gmZmk^e^oZgmehZ]bg`mbf^
e^ll]^_e^\mbhgZmmbf^h_bglmZeeZmbhg"
Zg]]nkZmbhg
62
1'=^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl
Table 1
Concrete properties
fck MPa 320 325 328 330 332 335 340 350
_\f 6!_\d$1" FIZ ,+1 ,,, ,,/ ,,1 ,-) ,-, ,-1 ,.1
_\mf 6!)',_\d!+(,"©<.)(/)hk+'*+eg!*$!_\f(*)""7 <.)(/)" FIZ ,,+'+* ,,+'./ ,,+'00 ,,+'2) ,,,')+ ,,,'+* ,,,'.* ,,-')0
_\mf#6!)',_\f!+(,"©<.)(/)hk*')1eg!_\f"$)'*7 <.)(/)"Z FIZ ,,+'00 ,,,')2 ,,,'+0 ,,,',2 ,,,'.* ,,,'/1 ,,,'2/ ,,-'.)
>\f 6!++T!_\f"(*)V)', @IZ ,,)') ,,*'. ,,+', ,,+'1 ,,,', ,,-'* ,,.'+ ,,0',
>\+1 6!*').>\f" @IZ ,,*'. ,,,') ,,,'2 ,,-'. ,,.') ,,.'1 ,,0') ,,2'*
e\]%)<>F\eZllK%KA 6.) fb\khlmkZbg 0-/ 0)/ /1, //1 /., /,+ .21 .,/
e\]%)<>F\eZllK%KA 61) fb\khlmkZbg -*/ ,2- ,1* ,0+ ,/- ,., ,,- +22
e\]%)<>F\eZllG%KA 6.) fb\khlmkZbg .-- .*+ -2- -1+ -0* -.- -+1 ,02
e\]%)<>F\eZllG%KA 61) fb\khlmkZbg ,), +1/ +0. +/2 +/, +., +,2 +*+
e\]%)<>F\eZllL%KA 6.) fb\khlmkZbg --* -*, ,20 ,10 ,00 ,/, ,-) +21
e\]%)<>F\eZllL%KA 61) fb\khlmkZbg +-/ +,) ++* +*/ +*) +)+ *12 *//
e\Z!∞" fb\khlmkZbg ,+. ,,1 ,-. ,.) ,.. ,/, ,0. *))
Key
a _\mf#fZr[^nl^]pa^glmkbdbg`Zme^llmaZg0]Zrlhkpa^k^\hglmkn\mbhgho^kehZ]blmZd^gbgmhZ\\hngm'
Panel 2
Useful Expressions for a rectangular section
bh 2 pa^k^
2 + ] ae - 1 g ] Asd + As2 d2 g :l 6:k^Zh_m^glbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
xu =
bh + ] ae - 1 g ] As + As2 g
:l+6:k^Zh_\hfik^llbhgk^bg_hk\^f^gm
bh 3 2 [ 6;k^Z]mah_l^\mbhg
I u = 12 + bh a 2 - xuk + ] ae - 1 g 6 As ]d - xu g + As2 ] x u - d 2 g @
h 2 2
] 6>__^\mbo^]^imamhm^glbhg
k^bg_hk\^f^gm
Ln 6:l!]¾qn"¾:l+!qn¾]+"
1 SLu\ SLnc L\ 6:l!]¾q\"¾:l+!q\¾]+"
rcs = g f cs a e BI\u +^1 - g h fcs ae IBnc
Figure 4
Method for determining creep coefficient h(∞,t0)
1 1
S N R S N R
2 2
3 3
5 5
t 0 10 t 0 10
20 20
30 30
50 50
100 100
7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300
h (?, t 0 ) h 0 (mm) h (?, t 0) h o (mm)
a) Inside conditions - RH = 50% b) Outside conditions - RH = 80%
How to use Nonogram
Ke y Notes
C20/25 C40/50 1 t0 = age of concrete at time of loading
D
C25/30 C45/55 2 h0 = 2A c /u A
C30/37 C50/60 3 Intersection point between lines D & E can also be above point A E C
B
C35/45 4 For t0 > 100 it is sufficiently accurate to assume t = 100
63
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
al W 3 4a 2 Yes No
48 (1-a)
Is Mcr > MQP?
l M = Wa (1-a ) l If a = 1 , K = 1
2 12
Section is uncracked Section is cracked
0.0625 z=0 z = 1 – 0.5(Mcr/MQP)2
q 0.104 Calculate total shrinkage strain ecs from ecs = ecd + eca where:
ecd = kh ecd,0 = Drying shrinkage strain
ql 2 kh = Coefficient based on notional size, see Table 2
8 ecd,0 = Nominal unrestrained drying shrinkage, see Table 1
eca = bas(t) eca(∞) = eca(∞) for long-term deflection, see Table 1
q 0.102
Calculate curvature due to shrinkage strain 1/rcs (see Panel 2)
ql 2
15.6
1 1 1
Calculate total curvature r = rn + rcs
t,QP
b
q MA MC MB K = 0.104 (1 )
10 1
MA + MB Calculate quasi-permanent deflection from dQP KL 2 rt,QP=
b=
MC where K can be obtained from Figure 6 and L is the span.
al W End deflection
Wal
a (3 a ) Do you need No
= to calculate deflection
6 Finish
load at end K = 0.333 due to cladding and
partitions?
Yes
2 2
al qa l a (4 a )
q 2 12 Calculate the deflection that will occur at the time of application of
the load due to partitions and/or cladding.
if a = l , K = 0.25
1 Calculate the creep coefficient h(t,t0), where t is the age when
partition/cladding loads are applied and t0 is the age of striking.
b h(t,t0) ≈ h(∞,t0) bc(t,t0). For bc(t,t0) refer to Figure 7, alternatively
MA MB K = 0.083 (1 ) refer to Annex B of Eurocode 2.
4
MA + MB 2 Calculate the moment due to self-weight, partitions/cladding and any
MC b= other loads which have been applied prior to the installation of the
MC
cladding/partition, Mpar and use in place of MQP
al al 3 Recalculate the section properties, curvature and hence deflection,
1 (5 4a 2 )
2 dpar, using h(t,t0) or equivalent instead of h(∞,t0)
2
Wl (3 4a 2) 80 3 4a 4 The approximate deflection affecting cladding and partitions is
24 d = dQP – dpar
64
1'=^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl
Table 2
Values for Kh
Precamber
h0 kh :leZ[hk[^Zf\Zg[^ik^\Zf[^k^]mhk^]n\^ma^^__^\mh_]^_e^\mbhg
7 *)) *') [^ehpma^ahkbshgmZe!l^^?b`nk^1"'Ahp^o^k%bgikZ\mb\^mhhfn\a
ik^\Zf[^kbl`^g^kZeernl^]Zg]ma^leZ[k^fZbgli^kfZg^gmer
7 +)) )'1.
\Zf[^k^]'Mablbl[^\Znl^h_ma^]b__b\nemrbgZ\\nkZm^er\Ze\neZmbg`
7 ,)) )'0.
]^_e^\mbhg':ik^\Zf[^kh_nimhaZe_ma^jnZlb&i^kfZg^gm
7 .)) )'0)
\hf[bgZmbhg]^_e^\mbhg\hne][^nl^]%[nmZehp^k_b`nk^bl
Notes
k^\hff^g]^]'Ik^\Zf[^k]h^lghmk^]n\^ma^]^_e^\mbhglZ__^\mbg`
a)blma^ghmbhgZelbs^!ff"h_ma^\khll&l^\mbhg6+:\(n
pa^k^ iZkmbmbhglhk\eZ]]bg`'
:\6<hg\k^m^\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Z
n6I^kbf^m^kh_maZmiZkmh_ma^\khlll^\mbhgpab\abl^qihl^]mh]krbg`
Flat slabs
Figure 7
Coefficient for development of creep with time after loading ?eZmleZ[lZk^o^krihineZkZg]^__b\b^gm_ehhklrlm^fl'Ahp^o^k%
[^\Znl^ma^rliZgbgmph]bk^\mbhgl%bm\Zg[^]b__b\nemmh\Ze\neZm^ma^bk
]^_e^\mbhg'MK.1 `bo^ll^o^kZelnbmZ[e^f^mah]l_hkZll^llbg`_eZmleZ[
0.60
]^_e^\mbhg'H_ma^l^%ZihineZkf^mah]blmhmZd^ma^Zo^kZ`^]^_e^\mbhg
h_mphiZkZee^e\henfglmkbilZg]mhZ]]ma^]^_e^\mbhgh_ma^fb]]e^
0.55 lmkbiliZggbg`hkmah`hgZeermh`^mZgZiikhqbfZmbhgh_ma^fZqbfnf
]^_e^\mbhgbgma^\^gmk^h_ma^leZ['
0.50
Ma^k^\hff^g]^]Z\\^imZg\^\kbm^kbZ_hkZ_eZmleZ[Zk^lahpgbg?b`nk^2'
Coefficient, bc (t, t0)
0.45
Accuracy
0.40 Ma^\Ze\neZmbhgh_]^_e^\mbhgbg>nkh\h]^+nlbg`ma^kb`hkhnlf^mah]
ik^l^gm^]a^k^blfhk^Z]oZg\^]maZgmaZmbg;L1**)'Bm\Zg[^
0.35 nl^]mhmZd^Z\\hngmh_^Zker&Z`^\hglmkn\mbhgehZ]bg`[r\hglb]^kbg`
k^]n\^]^Zker\hg\k^m^m^glbe^lmk^g`mal'
0.30 Ahp^o^k%ma^_heehpbg`bg_en^g\^lhg]^_e^\mbhgl\Zgghm[^Z\\nkZm^er
Zll^ll^]3
0.25 N M^glbe^lmk^g`ma%pab\a]^m^kfbg^lma^\kZ\dbg`fhf^gm'
100 300 500 700 900
h 0 (mm) N <hglmkn\mbhgehZ]bg`'
N >eZlmb\fh]nenl'
t = 90, t0 = 3 t = 90, t0 = 7
t = 60, t0 = 3 t = 60, t0 = 7 Ma^k^_hk^Zgr\Ze\neZmbhgh_]^_e^\mbhgblhgerZg^lmbfZm^%Zg]^o^gma^
t = 28, t0 = 3 t = 28, t0 = 7 fhlmlhiablmb\Zm^]ZgZerlbl\Zglmbeek^lnembg$*.mh&,)^kkhk'Bmbl
Notes Z]oblZ[e^mh`bo^ZlnbmZ[e^\Zo^ZmpbmaZgr^lmbfZm^h_]^_e^\mbhgmaZm
m 6:`^h_\hg\k^m^pa^giZkmbmbhgl(\eZ]]bg`Ziieb^] hma^klZk^k^erbg`hg'
m) 6:`^h_\hg\k^m^pa^glmkn\d
_\d 6,)!_\f6,1"%ahp^o^kma^\h^__b\b^gmblghmiZkmb\neZkerl^glbmbo^mh\hg\k^m^\eZll
Figure 8 Figure 9
Precambering of slabs Recommended acceptance criteria for flat slabs
65
1'=^_e^\mbhg\Ze\neZmbhgl
N FZgn_Z\mnk^klfZrlZrmaZmma^bk`eZs^]lrlm^fl\Zghger
Cladding tolerances Z\\hffh]Zm^]^_e^\mbhgZlehpZl.ff'
=^_e^\mbhgfZrZ__^\m\eZ]]bg`hk`eZsbg`bgma^_heehpbg`pZrl3 Ma^k^lahne][^hi^g]bl\nllbhgl[^mp^^gma^]^lb`g^kl_hkma^oZkbhnl
N Pa^gZleZ[]^_e^\ml%ma^ehZ]hgma^\^gmkZe_bqbg`lpbee[^k^eb^o^] ^e^f^gmlmh]^m^kfbg^ma^fhlm\hlm&^__^\mbo^pZrh_]^Zebg`pbmama^
Zg]la^]mhhnm^k_bqbg`l' bgm^kZ\mbhgh_ma^lmkn\mnk^Zg]\eZ]]bg`'
References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+¾*¾*%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`';LB%+))-'
2 FHLL%KF;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3;^Zfl'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
3 FHLL%KF;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3LeZ[l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
4 FHLL%KF;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3?eZmleZ[l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
5 G:K:R:G:G%KL;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).
6 ;KBMBLA<>F>GM:LLH<B:MBHG'>Zkerlmkbdbg`Zg]bfikho^][Z\dikhiibg`';<:%+))*'!:oZbeZ[e^_khfppp'\hg\k^m^\^gmk^'\hf"
7 I:EE>MM%I'@nb]^mh_eZmleZ[_hkfphkdZg]_Zel^phkd'<hglmkn\m%+)),
8 MA><HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\Zek^ihkmGh'.1=^_e^\mbhglbg\hg\k^m^leZ[lZg][^Zfl'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)).'
9 @HH=<ABE=%<AP>;LM>K%KF'Lik^Z]la^^ml_hk\hg\k^m^]^lb`gmh;L1**)Zg]><+%o^klbhg,'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
10 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)¾*'Lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^¾<h]^h_ikZ\mb\^_hk]^lb`gZg]\hglmkn\mbhg';LB%*220'
66
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
2'K^mZbgbg`pZeel
A J BondF:%FL\%Ia=%=B<%FB<>%<>g`O Brooker;>g`%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>A J Harris;L\%FL\%=B<%FB<>%<>g`%?@L
Introduction
Mabl\aZim^k\ho^klma^ZgZerlblZg]]^lb`gh_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^k^mZbgbg`
pZeelmh>nkh\h]^l+Zg]0'Bm\hglb]^klk^mZbgbg`pZeelnimh,fab`aZg]
ikhii^][Zl^f^gmpZeelnimhmphlmhk^rlab`a!0f"'Ma^l^ebfbmlaZo^[^^g
\ahl^glhmaZmlbfieb_b\Zmbhgl\Zg[^fZ]^bgma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`g'Ma^
l^e_&p^b`amh_ma^l^pZeel%bg\en]bg`ma^l^e_&p^b`amh_[Z\d_beehgma^f%ieZrlZ
lb`gb_b\Zgmkhe^bglniihkmbg`ma^k^mZbg^]fZm^kbZe'Ma^\aZim^k]h^lghm\ho^k
ma^ZgZerlblZg]]^lb`gh_^f[^]]^]k^mZbgbg`pZeel%pab\ak^erikbfZkberhg
iZllbo^^Zkmaik^llnk^Zg]_e^qnkZek^lblmZg\^mhlniihkmma^k^mZbg^]fZm^kbZe'
Ikbhkmhma^in[eb\Zmbhgh_ma^lmkn\mnkZe>nkh\h]^l%ma^`^hm^\agb\Ze]^lb`gh_
k^mZbgbg`pZeelpZl\ho^k^][r;L1))+':emahn`a\^kmZbgikhoblbhglh_mabl
\h]^Zk^lni^kl^]^][r>nkh\h]^0%ma^_hkf^klmbee\hgmZbglnl^_nejnZebmZmbo^
bg_hkfZmbhgk^`Zk]bg`ma^]^lb`gh_k^bg_hk\^]\hg\k^m^pZeel'
:fhk^`^g^kZebgmkh]n\mbhgmhma^>nkh\h]^lbl`bo^gbg<aZim^kl*Zg]+
hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]ZlBgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^lZg]@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'Ma^
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% Description of compaction Mass (kg) Centrifugal Design
equipment vibrator force (kN)
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toe ignored
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References
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Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
*)'=^mZbebg`
O Brooker;>g`%<>g`%FB<>%FBLmkn\m>
Introduction
Mabl\aZim^kblbgm^g]^]_hknl^[r]^mZbe^klmhik^iZk^k^bg_hk\^f^gm]kZpbg`l
_hkikhc^\mlmaZmaZo^[^^g]^lb`g^]nlbg`>nkh\h]^+'Bmikhob]^lZlnffZkr
h_ma^k^jnbk^f^gmlh_ma^>nkh\h]^Zg]lbfieb_b^lma^fpa^k^ZiikhikbZm^'
MhiZo^ma^pZr_hkma^bgmkh]n\mbhgh_>nkh\h]^+%hma^klniihkmbg`
lmZg]Zk]laZo^[^^gbgmkh]n\^]hkk^obl^]%bg\en]bg`3
N ;L1.))3<hg\k^m^¾<hfie^f^gmZkrlmZg]Zk]mh;L>G+)/¾*pab\a
k^ieZ\^];L.,+13<hg\k^m^hg*=^\^f[^k+)),Zg]lahne]Zek^Z]r[^
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N ;L---23Li^\b_b\Zmbhg_hk\Zk[hglm^^e[Zkl_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_
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lmZg]Zk]mh;L>G*))1)3Lm^^e_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_\hg\k^m^Zg]
GhkfZmbo^:gg^q<h_>nkh\h]^+'
N ;L1///3+)).%L\a^]nebg`%]bf^glbhgbg`%[^g]bg`Zg]\nmmbg`h_lm^^e
k^bg_hk\^f^gm_hk\hg\k^m^¾li^\b_b\ZmbhgaZlZelh[^^gk^obl^]%
bgmkh]n\bg`>nkh\h]^+k^jnbk^f^gmlZg]Z`k^Zm^kkZg`^h_laZi^\h]^l'
Bgmablin[eb\ZmbhgZgnf[^kh_ZllnfimbhglaZo^[^^gfZ]^'FZgrh_ma^
]^kbo^]^qik^llbhglZg]_b`nk^lZllnf^NDoZen^l_hkma^GZmbhgZe=^m^kfbg^]
IZkZf^m^kl!G=Il"'BmblZllnf^]maZm[Zkllbs^lZk^-)ffhke^llZg]maZm
ma^[Zklpbeeghm[^[ng]e^]mh`^ma^k'BmblZelhZllnf^]maZmma^\hg\k^m^
\eZllpbeeghm^q\^^]<.)(/)'?hkZ]]bmbhgZek^jnbk^f^gmlhnmlb]^ma^l^ebfbml%
k^_^k^g\^lahne][^fZ]^mh>nkh\h]^+'
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`nb]Zg\^hgikh\^]nk^l%k^lihglb[bebmb^lZg]ik^iZkZmbhgh_]kZpbg`l\Zg[^
_hng]bghma^k]h\nf^gml
Table 1
Notation for steel reinforcement
Cover
Type of steel reinforcement Notation Ma^ghfbgZe\ho^klahne]`^g^kZeer[^li^\b_b^][rma^]^lb`g^kZg]
@kZ]^;.)):%@kZ]^;.));hk@kZ]^;.))<\hg_hkfbg`mh A _nee]^mZbelh_ahpmh]^m^kfbg^mablZk^`bo^gbg<aZim^k+%hkb`bgZeer
;L---23+)). in[ebla^]Zl%@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'Ma^ghfbgZe\ho^klahne][^lahpg
@kZ]^;.)):\hg_hkfbg`mh;L---23+)). : hgma^]kZpbg`lZg]lahne]k^_^kmhma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmg^Zk^lmmhma^
@kZ]^;.));hk@kZ]^;.))<\hg_hkfbg`mh;L---23+)). ; lnk_Z\^h_ma^\hg\k^m^^'`'ma^ebgdlbgZ[^Zf'
@kZ]^;.))<\hg_hkfbg`mh;L---23+)). < :elh%ma^\ho^kmhma^fZbg[Zklahne][^Zme^Zlm^jnZemhma^lbs^h_
K^bg_hk\^f^gmh_Zmri^ghmbg\en]^]bgma^Z[ho^eblmaZobg` Q maZm[Zk%ienlma^ZeehpZg\^_hk]^obZmbhgl%D\]^o'Pa^k^ma^k^Zk^gh
fZm^kbZeikhi^kmb^lmaZmZk^]^_bg^]bgma^]^lb`ghk\hgmkZ\m
li^\b_b\Zmbhg' ebgdlma^ghfbgZe\ho^klahne][^Zme^Zlm^jnZemhma^lbs^h_ma^[Zk
Note ienlD\]^o%mablfZr[^lb`gb_b\Zgm_hk[Zk]bZf^m^kl`k^Zm^kmaZg
Bgma^@kZ]^]^l\kbimbhg;.)):%^m\'%Ã;Ãbg]b\Zm^lk^bg_hk\bg`lm^^e' *+ff'D\]^ofZr[^.hk*)ff]^i^g]bg`hgma^jnZebmrZllnkZg\^
lrlm^fZllnf^]_hkma^ikhc^\m'B_ma^\ho^kg^^]lmh[^bg\k^Zl^]mh
Figure 1 f^^mma^l^k^jnbk^f^gml%ma^]^mZbe^klahne]\hglnempbmama^]^lb`g^k'
Description of bond conditions
=bk^\mbhgh_\hg\k^mbg` =bk^\mbhgh_\hg\k^mbg`
Anchorage and lap lengths
a >nkh\h]^+bgmkh]n\^lZkZg`^h__Z\mhkl!a*mha/"_hknl^pa^g
+.)
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a) 45º < a< 90º c) h > 250 mm
Zllnfimbhgl\Zg[^fZ]^maZm^gZ[e^MZ[e^+mh[^]^o^ehi^]_hk
=bk^\mbhgh_\hg\k^mbg` Zg\ahkZ`^Zg]eZie^g`mal'B_ma^\hg]bmbhglghm^]bgma^mZ[e^Zk^ghm
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ª,))
ng^jnZelbs^[ZklfZr[^[Zl^]hgma^lfZee^k[Zk%Zemahn`amablblghm
a a lmZm^]bgma^<h]^'
Concrete class C20/25 C28/35 C30/37 C32/40 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
?Z\mhk *'*/ )'2, )'12 )'1. )'1) )'0, )'/1 )'/,
80
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Zeebghg^eZr^k'Bgmabl\Zl^ma^]^lb`geZie^g`ma%e)%_khfMZ[e^+%fnlm
[^bg\k^Zl^]!l^^ghm^."'Pa^k^ma^[ZklZk^bgl^o^kZeeZr^klghfhk^
f f
maZg.)lahne][^eZii^]bgZgrhg^eZr^k'
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MkZglo^kl^m^glbe^lmk^ll^lh\\nkZmma^^g]lh_eZii^][Zkl'Pa^k^ma^
[Zk+
]bZf^m^k%f%h_ma^eZii^][Zklble^llmaZg+)ff%hkma^i^k\^gmZ`^
h_eZii^][ZklbgZgrl^\mbhgble^llmaZg+.%ma^gZgrmkZglo^kl^ [Zk,
k^bg_hk\^f^gmhkebgdlg^\^llZkr_hkhma^kk^ZlhglfZr[^Zllnf^]
[Zk-
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>qZfie^3[Zkl+Zg],Zk^
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)'/.e) )'/.e)
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Ma^k^_hk^a/6*'-
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!lnfh_Zeee^`liZkZee^emhma^eZr^kh_ma^lieb\^]k^bg_hk\^f^gm¾l^^
?b`nk^/Z"h_ghme^llmaZgma^Zk^Z:lh_hg^eZii^][Zk!Σ:lmª*'):l"'
Ma^mkZglo^kl^[Zklahne][^ieZ\^]i^ki^g]b\neZkmhma^]bk^\mbhgh_ Figure 5
ma^eZii^]k^bg_hk\^f^gmZg][^mp^^gmaZmZg]ma^lnk_Z\^h_ma^ Arranging adjacent lapping bars
\hg\k^m^'MZ[e^,`bo^lk^\hff^g]^]fbgbfnfZk^Zl_hkmkZglo^kl^ ª)',e) e)
k^bg_hk\^f^gm'Pa^k^ma^eZii^][ZklbgZleZ[Zk^eh\Zm^]bgZg ©.)ff
?l ©-f f
Zk^Zh_ehplmk^ll%^'`'g^Zkma^ihbgmh_\hgmkZ_e^qnk^%bmbl`^g^kZeer ?l
Z\\^imZ[e^mhZllnf^maZmmkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmblghmk^jnbk^]'
Z ª+f
?l
B_fhk^maZg.)h_ma^[ZklZk^eZii^]bghg^eh\ZmbhgZg]ma^ ª+)ff ?l
]blmZg\^%Z%[^mp^^gZ]cZ\^gmeZilZmZl^\mbhgbl©*)f!l^^?b`nk^." ?l
?l
mkZglo^kl^k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^_hkf^][rebgdlhkN&[ZklZg\ahk^]
bgmhma^[h]rh_ma^l^\mbhg'
81
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Beams Figure 7
Illustration of curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement
Curtailment Ah``bg`k^bg_hk\^f^gm
Nge^llma^Z]]bmbhgZem^glbe^_hk\^bgma^ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm
]n^mhla^ZkaZl[^^g\Ze\neZm^]%ma^\nkmZbef^gme^g`mah_ma^ >go^ehi^h_F>](s$G>] e[]
ehg`bmn]bgZek^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^^qm^g]^][^rhg]ma^ihbgmZm e[]
pab\abmblk^jnbk^]_hk_e^qnkZelmk^g`ma!mablbldghpgZlma^Âlab_m :\mbg`m^glbe^_hk\^?l
K^lblmbg`m^glbe^_hk\^?Kl e[]
kne^Ã"nlbg`ma^_heehpbg`^qik^llbhg!l^^Zelh?b`nk^0"3
Ze6s\hmy(+_hko^kmb\Zela^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gm'
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e[] e[]
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e[] e[]
?hk[^Zfl]^lb`g^]nlbg`ma^\h&^__b\b^gml`bo^gbgMZ[e^,h_<aZim^k-%
hkb`bgZeerin[ebla^]Zl;^Zfl%ma^lbfieb_b^]kne^llahpgbg?b`nk^1
fZr[^nl^]'Ahp^o^k%ma^lbfieb_b\ZmbhglZk^\hgl^koZmbo^Zg]^\hghfb^l LZ``bg`k^bg_hk\^f^gm
\Zg[^Z\ab^o^][r\nkmZbebg`[Zklmhlnbmma^Z\mnZefhf^gml'
Figure 6 Figure 8
Transverse reinforcement for lapped splices Simplified detailing rules for beams
©*.)ff
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l &a
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Table 3
Bar sizes for transverse reinforcement
82
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83
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Figure 11
Figure 10 Edge reinforcement for slab
Simplified detailing rules for slabs
l
≥ 2h
Table 5
Values for rw,min
Steel wmax = 0.4 mm wmax = 0.3 mm
l stress
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
(es) MPa
bar size bar spacing bar size bar spacing
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
*/) -) ,)) ,+ ,))
b) Continuous member, bottom reinforcement
+)) ,+ ,)) +. +.)
OR OR
+-) +) +.) */ +))
+1) */ +)) *+ *.)
l
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84
*)'=^mZbebg`
Figure 12 Ma^bgm^gmbhgblmhikhob]^Zg^o^g]blmkb[nmbhg(]^glbmrh_ing\abg`
Division of panels in flat slabs la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmpbmabgma^shg^pa^k^bmblk^jnbk^]'Hg^
lbfieb\Zmbhgmh^gZ[e^k^\mZg`neZki^kbf^m^klh_la^^kk^bg_hk\^f^gmbl
lx > ly
mhnl^Zgbgm^glbmrh_:lp(n*Zkhng]k^\mZg`enZki^kbf^m^kl'
ly /4 ly /4 Middle strip = lx – ly /2
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_Zebgde^`_hko^kmb\Zeing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmbl
ly /4
*'.:lp%fbg(!lk l m "ª)')1√ _ \d _rd
ly /4 pab\a\Zg[^k^ZkkZg`^]Zl3
:lp%fbgª!l k l m "(?
Middle strip = ly /2 ly
pa^k^
lk 6ma^liZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdlbgma^kZ]bZe]bk^\mbhg
Column strip = ly /2 l m 6ma^liZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdlbgma^mZg`^gmbZe]bk^\mbhg
? 6_Z\mhkh[mZbg^]_khfMZ[e^0
Figure 13
Effective width, be of a flat slab
:mbgm^kgZe\henfgl%nge^llkb`hkhnll^kob\^Z[bebmr\Ze\neZmbhglZk^ \q \q
LeZ[^]`^
\Zkkb^]hnm%mhik^bg_hk\^f^gmh_Zk^Z)'.:mlahne][^ieZ\^]bgZ
LeZ[^]`^
pb]ma^jnZemhma^lnfh_)'*+.mbf^lma^iZg^epb]mahg^bma^klb]^ \r
h_ma^\henfg':mk^ik^l^gmlma^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]mh \r
r
k^lblmma^_neeg^`Zmbo^fhf^gm_khfma^lnfh_ma^mphaZe_iZg^el r
^Z\alb]^h_ma^\henfg'BmblZelhZ]oblZ[e^mhZiiermablk^jnbk^f^gm
mhi^kbf^m^k\henfglZl_ZkZlblihllb[e^' s
[^6\q$r
[^6s$r(+
:mbgm^kgZe\henfglZme^Zlmmph[Zklh_[hmmhfk^bg_hk\^f^gmbg^Z\a LeZ[^]`^
hkmah`hgZe]bk^\mbhglahne][^ikhob]^]Zg]ma^rlahne]iZll[^mp^^g r\Zg[^7 \r s\Zg[^7 \qZg]r\Zg[^7 \r
ma^\henfgk^bg_hk\^f^gm'PabelmbmblghmZ\h]^k^jnbk^f^gmbmbl a) Edge column b) Corner column
\hglb]^k^]`hh]ikZ\mb\^mhikhob]^mph[Zklknggbg`iZkZee^emhma^ Note
rblma^]blmZg\^_khfma^^]`^h_ma^leZ[mhma^bgg^kfhlm_Z\^h_ma^\henfg
leZ[^]`^[^mp^^gma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_Zg^qm^kgZe\henfg'
K^bg_hk\^f^gmi^ki^g]b\neZkmhZ_k^^^]`^k^jnbk^]mhmkZglfbm Figure 14
[^g]bg`fhf^gml_khfma^leZ[mhZg^]`^hk\hkg^k\henfglahne] Punching shear layout
[^ieZ\^]pbmabgma^^__^\mbo^pb]ma%[^%lahpgbg?b`nk^*,'
Pa^k^ing\abg`la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblk^jnbk^]ma^_heehpbg`kne^l d
lahne][^h[l^ko^]'
d d
N Bmlahne][^ikhob]^][^mp^^gma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfgZg]d] d
"d&"d
bglb]^ma^hnm^ki^kbf^m^kpa^k^la^Zkk^bg_hk\^f^gmblghehg`^k
!
k^jnbk^]'dbl*'.%nge^llma^i^kbf^m^kZmpab\ak^bg_hk\^f^gmblgh
ehg`^kk^jnbk^]ble^llmaZg,]_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfg'Bgmabl
\Zl^ma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^ieZ\^]bgma^shg^)',]mh*'.]
_khfma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfg' s d
N Ma^k^lahne][^Zme^Zlmmphi^kbf^m^klh_la^Zkebgdl' d
N Ma^kZ]bZeliZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdl%lklahne]ghm^q\^^])'0.]!l^^?b`nk^*-"' kd
N Ma^mZg`^gmbZeliZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdl%l]lahne]ghm^q\^^]*'.]
pbmabg+]h_ma^\henfg_Z\^'
N Ma^mZg`^gmbZeliZ\bg`h_ma^ebgdllahne]ghm^q\^^]+]_hkZgr
hma^ki^kbf^m^k'
N Ma^]blmZg\^[^mp^^gma^_Z\^h_ma^\henfgZg]ma^g^Zk^lmla^Zk
k^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne][^[^mp^^g)',]Zg])'.]
85
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Table 9
Ma^fbgbfnfZk^Zh_ahkbshgmZek^bg_hk\^f^gmbg^Z\a_Z\^h_ZpZee Minimum area of vertical reinforcement in walls (half in each face)
blma^`k^Zm^kh_^bma^k+.h_o^kmb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmhk)'))*:\'
Wall thickness (mm) As,min /m length of wall (mm2)
Ahp^o^k%pa^k^\kZ\d\hgmkheblbfihkmZgm%^ZkerZ`^ma^kfZeZg]
+)) -))
lakbgdZ`^^__^\mllahne][^\hglb]^k^]' +.) .))
,)) /))
Ma^k^blghZ]ob\^`bo^gbgma^<h]^hgikhoblbhgh_k^bg_hk\^f^gm ,.) 0))
mh\hgmkhe\kZ\dbg`bgieZbgpZeel%[nmk^bg_hk\^f^gmfZr[^ikhob]^] -)) 1))
b_k^jnbk^]'
Table 10
Tolerance
Table 7
Factor, F, for determining Asw, min Cutting and bending processes Tolerance (mm)
<nmmbg`h_lmkZb`ame^g`mal $+.%¾+.
fck +. +1 ,) ,+ ,. -) -. .) !bg\en]bg`k^bg_hk\^f^gm_hk
Factor, F *10. *00+ *0*+ */.0 *.1. *-1+ *,21 *,+/ ln[l^jn^gm[^g]bg`"
Bending:
Note
©*)))ff $.%¾.
_rd aZl[^^gmZd^gZl.))FIZ
7 *)))ffmh©+)))ff $.%¾*)
7 +)))ff $.%¾+.
Table 8
Requirements for column reinforcement Table 11
Deductions to bar dimensions to allow for deviations between two
Bar dia. (mm) 12 16 20 25 32 40
concrete faces
FZqliZ\bg`Z!ff" *--[ *2+[ +-)[ +-)[ +-)[ +-)[
Fbgebgd]bZ'!ff" / \ /\ /\ 1 1 *) Distance between Type of bar Total deduction
concrete faces (mm) (mm)
Key
)¾*))) EbgdlZg]hma^k[^gm[Zkl *)
a :
mZ]blmZg\^`k^Zm^kmaZgma^eZk`^k]bf^glbhgh_ma^\henfgZ[ho^hk[^ehpZ
[^ZfhkleZ[%]bf^glbhgl\Zg[^bg\k^Zl^][rZ_Z\mhkh_*'/0' *)))¾+))) EbgdlZg]hma^k[^gm[Zkl *.
b ;nmghm`k^Zm^kmaZgfbgbfnf]bf^glbhgh_ma^\henfg' Ho^k+))) EbgdlZg]hma^k[^gm[Zkl +)
c /ff[ZklZk^ghmk^Z]berZoZbeZ[e^bgma^ND' :gre^g`ma LmkZb`am[Zkl -)
86
*)'=^mZbebg`
?l
?l
Minimum radii and end
e)
projections
b) Layered fabric (longitudinal section)
Ma^fbgbfnfkZ]bb_hk[^g]lZg]e^g`mah_^g]ikhc^\mbhglZk^`bo^g
bgMZ[e^*+'
Tying requirements
Table 12
Minimum scheduling radii and bend allowances
:m^Z\a_ehhkZg]khh_e^o^eZg^__^\mbo^er\hgmbgnhnli^kbia^kZemb^
lahne][^ikhob]^]pbmabg*'+f_khfma^^]`^4mablg^^]ghm[^
Z]]bmbhgZek^bg_hk\^f^gm'BgikZ\mb\^%_hkfhlm[nbe]bg`lma^mb^lahne]
≥ 5d
k^lblmZm^glbe^_hk\^h_/)dG':gZk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_*,1ff+bl r P
ln__b\b^gmmhk^lblmmabl_hk\^'
Bgm^kgZemb^llahne][^ikhob]^]Zm^Z\a_ehhkZg]khh_e^o^ebgmph
Nominal Minimum Mimimum end projection, P
]bk^\mbhglZiikhqbfZm^erZmkb`amZg`e^l'Ma^rlahne][^^__^\mbo^er size of bar, radius for
\hgmbgnhnlmakhn`ahnmma^bke^g`maZg]lahne][^Zg\ahk^]mhma^ d (mm) scheduling, General (min 5d Links where bend
r (mm) straight), including < 150° (min 10d
i^kbia^kZemb^lZm^Z\a^g]%nge^ll\hgmbgnbg`ZlahkbshgmZemb^lmh\henfgl links where bend > straight) (mm)
150° (mm)
hkpZeel'Ma^bgm^kgZemb^lfZr%bgpahe^hkbgiZkm%[^lik^Z]^o^gerbg
1 */ **.Z **.Z
ma^leZ[lhkfZr[^`khni^]Zmhkbg[^Zfl%pZeelhkhma^kZiikhikbZm^ *) +) *+)Z *,)
ihlbmbhgl'BgpZeelma^rlahne][^pbmabg)'.f_khfma^mhihk[hmmhfh_ *+ +- *+.Z */)
_ehhkleZ[l'Bg^Z\a]bk^\mbhg%bgm^kgZemb^llahne][^\ZiZ[e^h_k^lblmbg`Z */ ,+ *,) +*)
]^lb`goZen^h_m^glbe^_hk\^?mb^%bgm!bgdGi^kf^mk^pb]ma"3 +) 0) *2) +2)
+. 10 +-) ,/.
?mb^%bgm6T!jd$`d"(0'.V!ek(."!?m"ª?mdG(f
,+ **+ ,). -/.
pa^k^
-) *-) .1)
!jd$`d" 6lnfh_ma^Zo^kZ`^i^kfZg^gmZg]oZkbZ[e^_ehhkehZ]l Key
!bgdG(f+" a M a^fbgbfnf^g]ikhc^\mbhgl_hklfZee^k[Zklbl`ho^kg^][rma^ikZ\mb\Zebmb^lh_
[^g]bg`[Zkl'
References
1 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l';LB!-iZkml"'
2 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1.))3<hg\k^m^¾<hfie^f^gmZkrlmZg]Zk]mh;L>G+)/¾*';L*%+))+'
3 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L---23Li^\b_b\Zmbhg_hk\Zk[hglm^^e[Zkl_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_\hg\k^m^';LB%+)).'
4 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*))1)3Lm^^e_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_\hg\k^m^¾P^e]Z[e^k^bg_hk\bg`lm^^e¾@^g^kZe';LB%+)).'
5 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1///3L\a^]nebg`%]bf^glbhgbg`%[^g]bg`Zg]\nmmbg`h_lm^^ek^bg_hk\^f^gm_hk\hg\k^m^¾Li^\b_b\Zmbhg';LB%+)).'
6 BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL(<HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'LmZg]Zk]f^mah]h_]^mZbebg`lmkn\mnkZe\hg\k^m^'BL>(<L%+))/'
7 <HGLMKN<M'GZmbhgZelmkn\mnkZe\hg\k^m^li^\b_b\Zmbhg!mabk]^]bmbhg"';<:%+))-'
8 <HGLMKN<M':`nb]^mh\hgmkZ\mhk]^mZbebg`h_k^bg_hk\^f^gmbg\hg\k^m^';<:%*220'
9 ;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3@^mmbg`lmZkm^]'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
10 FHLL%KF;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3;^Zfl'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
11 FHLL%KF;KHHD>K%H'Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+3LeZ[l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+))/'
12 MA><HG<K>M>LH<B>MR'M^\agb\Zek^ihkm/+3L^e_&\hfiZ\mbg`\hg\k^m^'<<BI¾))*'Ma^<hg\k^m^Lh\b^mr%+)).'
13 JN>>GLIKBGM>KH?:<MLH?I:KEB:F>GM'Ma^<hglmkn\mbhg!=^lb`gZg]FZgZ`^f^gm"K^`neZmbhgl'*22-'JIH:I%*22-'
87
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Table 13
Anchorage and lap lengths
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] ,0) .*) //) 20) *+0) */-) +*)) +1/) //f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk .,) 0,) 2.) *,1) *1*) +,.) ,))) -)1) 2-f
EZie^g`ma%
l) *))eZii^] @hh] -)) ..) 0*) *),) *,/) *0/) ++.) ,)/) 0)f
bghg^eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'."
Ihhk .*) 02) *)*) *-1) *2-) +,+) ,++) -,0) *))f
Concrete class C25/30
@hh] +,) ,+) -*) /)) 01) *)*) *,)) *0/) -)f
LmkZb`am[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk ,,) -.) .1) 1.) **+) *-.) *1.) +.*) .1f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] ,+) -*) -2) /.) 1*) *)*) *,)) *0/) -)f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk -/) .1) 0)) 2,) **/) *-.) *1.) +.*) .1f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] ,+) --) .0) 1,) *)2) *-+) *1*) +-/) .0f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk -/) /,) 1+) **2) *./) +)+) +.2) ,.+) 1*f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] ,-) -0) /*) 12) **0) *.+) *2-) +/-) /*f
*))eZii^]
bghg^eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk -2) /1) 10) *+0) */0) +*0) +00) ,00) 10f
Concrete class C28/35
@hh] +*) ,)) ,1) ..) 0,) 2-) *+)) */,) ,0f
LmkZb`am[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk ,)) -+) .-) 02) *),) *,-) *0+) +,,) .,f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] ,)) ,1) -.) /)) 0.) 2-) *+)) */,) ,0f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk -+) .-) /.) 1/) *)0) *,-) *0+) +,,) .,f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] ,)) -*) .,) 00) *)*) *,+) */1) ++1) .+f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk -+) .2) 0/) **)) *-.) *11) +-)) ,+/) 0.f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] ,+) --) .0) 1,) *)2) *-*) *1)) +-.) ./f
*))eZii^]
bghg^eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk -.) /,) 1*) **1) *..) +)*) +.0) ,-0) 1)f
Concrete class C30/37
@hh] +*) +1) ,/) .,) /2) 2)) **.) *./) ,/f
LmkZb`am[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk +2) -)) .+) 0.) 22) *+1) */-) ++,) .*f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] +2) ,/) -,) .1) 0+) 2)) **.) *./) ,/f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk -*) .+) /+) 1+) *),) *+1) */-) ++,) .*f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] +2) ,2) .*) 0-) 20) *+/) */*) +*1) .)f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk -*) ./) 0+) *).) *,1) *02) ++2) ,**) 0+f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] ,*) -+) .-) 02) *)-) *,.) *0+) +,-) .-f
*))eZii^]
bghg^eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk -,) /)) 01) **,) *-1) *2+) +-/) ,,-) 00f
Concrete class C32/40
@hh] +)) +0) ,.) .*) //) 1/) **)) *-2) ,-f
LmkZb`am[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk +1) ,1) .)) 0+) 2.) *+,) *.0) +*,) -2f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] +0) ,.) -+) ..) /2) 1/) **)) *-2) ,-f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk ,2) -2) .2) 02) 21) *+,) *.0) +*,) -2f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] +0) ,1) -2) 0*) 2,) *+)) *.-) +)2) -1f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk ,2) .-) /2) *)*) *,+) *0+) ++)) +21) /2f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] +2) -)) .+) 0/) 22) *+2) */.) ++-) .*f
*))eZii^]
bghg^eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk -+) .0) 0-) *)1) *-+) *1-) +,.) ,+)) 0,f
88
*)'=^mZbebg`
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] +/) ,/) -/) /0) 10) **,) *-.) *20) -.f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk ,0) .*) /.) 2.) *+.) */+) +)0) +1*) /.f
EZie^g`ma%
l) *))eZii^] @hh] +1) ,1) -2) 0*) 2-) *+*) *..) +**) -1f
bghg^eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'."
Ihhk ,2) .-) 0)) *)+) *,-) *0,) +++) ,)*) /2f
Concrete class C40/50
@hh] *0) +,) ,)) --) .0) 0-) 2.) *+2) ,)f
LmkZb`am[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk +-) ,,) -,) /+) 1+) *)/) *,.) *1-) -+f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] +-) ,)) ,/) -1) /)) 0-) 2.) *+2) ,)f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk ,-) -,) .*) /1) 1.) *)/) *,.) *1-) -+f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] +-) ,,) -+) /*) 1)) *)-) *,,) *1)) -*f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk ,-) -/) /)) 10) **-) *-1) *12) +.0) .2f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] +.) ,.) -.) /.) 1/) ***) *-+) *2,) --f
*))eZii^]
bghg^eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk ,/) .)) /-) 2,) *++) *.2) +),) +0/) /,f
Concrete class C45/55
@hh] */) ++) +1) -)) .,) /2) 11) **2) +0f
LmkZb`am[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk ++) ,*) -)) .1) 0/) 21) *+.) *0)) ,2f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] ++) +1) ,,) --) ..) /2) 11) **2) +0f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk ,*) ,2) -0) /,) 01) 21) *+.) *0)) ,2f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] ++) ,)) ,2) ./) 0-) 2/) *+,) */0) ,1f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk ,*) -,) ..) 1)) *)/) *,0) *0.) +,1) ..f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] +,) ,+) -+) /)) 02) *),) *,*) *01) -*f
*))eZii^]
bghg^eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk ,,) -/) .2) 1/) **,) *-0) *11) +..) .1f
Concrete class C50/60
@hh] *.) +)) +/) ,1) -2) /-) 1+) ***) +.f
LmkZb`am[Zklhger
:g\ahkZ`^ Ihhk +*) +2) ,0) .-) 0)) 2*) **0) *.1) ,/f
e^g`ma%l[] @hh] ++) +1) ,,) --) ..) /2) 11) **2) +0f
Hma^k[Zkl
Ihhk ,*) ,2) -0) /,) 01) 21) *+.) *0)) ,2f
.)eZii^]bghg^ @hh] ++) ,)) ,2) ./) 0-) 2/) *+,) */0) ,1f
eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'-" Ihhk ,*) -,) ..) 1)) *)/) *,0) *0.) +,1) ..f
EZie^g`ma%
l) @hh] +,) ,+) -+) /)) 02) *),) *,*) *01) -*f
*))eZii^]
bghg^eh\Zmbhg!a/6*'." Ihhk ,,) -/) .2) 1/) **,) *-0) *11) +..) .1f
Notes
1 <ho^kmhZeelb]^lZg]]blmZg\^[^mp^^g[Zklª+.ff!b'^'a+5*"'
2 a*6a,6a-6a.6*')'
^lb`glmk^llaZl[^^gmZd^gZm-,.FIZ'Pa^k^ma^]^lb`glmk^llbgma^[ZkZmma^ihlbmbhg_khfpa^k^ma^Zg\ahkZ`^blf^Zlnk^]%sl]%ble^llmaZg-,.FIZma^_b`nk^lbgmabl
3 =
mZ[e^\Zg[^_Z\mhk^][rsl](-,.'Ma^fbfbfnfeZie^g`mab]`bo^gbg\e1'0',h_>nkh\h]^+'
4 Ma^Zg\ahkZ`^Zg]eZie^g`malaZo^[^^gkhng]^]nimhma^g^Zk^lm*)ff'
5 Pa^k^,,h_[ZklZk^eZii^]bghg^eh\Zmbhg%]^\k^Zl^ma^eZie^g`mal_hk .)eZii^]bghg^eh\Zmbhg [rZ_Z\mhkh_)'1+'
89
*)'=^mZbebg`
Table 14
Sectional areas of groups of bars (mm2)
Table 15
Sectional areas per metre width for various spacings of bars (mm2)
Table 16
Mass of groups of bars (kg per metre run)
Table 17
Mass in kg per square metre for various spacings of bars (kg per m2)
90
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:[j[hc_dWj_ede\nfiki_d];nfh[ii_edi($+WWdZXe\FWhj'(
mablpbeemrib\Zeer[^ma^\Zl^_hkbgm^kgZe\hg\k^m^'Bgma^mZ[neZkf^mah]%
pa^gma^Zqbl]blmZg\^mhma^fZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gmble^llmaZg0)ff 0.90
ma^ggh_nkma^k\a^\dlZk^k^jnbk^]_hkghkfZep^b`am\hg\k^m^'
0.80
Concrete falling off the section
Mrib\Zeer^qi^kb^g\^]bgma^eZmm^klmZ`^lh__bk^^qihlnk^%mablfZr[^ 0.70
c 0, 1 = 1.0 ; c 1, 1 = 0.9
Reduction factor, n fi
ik^o^gm^][r`hh]]^mZbebg`'Bg\Zl^lpa^k^ma^Zqbl]blmZg\^mhma^
0.60 c = 0.7 ; c 1, 1 = 0.7
fZbgk^bg_hk\^f^gmbl^jnZemhhk`k^Zm^kmaZg0)ff%Zg]bgma^ 0, 1
0.90 0.20
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Ratio,
0.80
0.70 <_]kh[-
c 1, 1 = 0.9
Reduction factor, n fi
I[Yj_edj^hek]^c[cX[hi^em_d]dec_dWbWn_iZ_ijWdY["a
0.60
c 1, 1 = 0.7
0.50
c 1, 1 = 0.5
0.40 h b b
c 1, 1 = 0.2
0.30
a a
0.20
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 a sd
Ratio, b
101
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
Pa^k^ma^\kbmb\Zem^fi^kZmnk^blghm.))<%Zf^mah]blikhob]^] ma^\Zl^maZmg^bma^kf^mah]pbee[^oZeb]%manlk^jnbkbg`ma^^g`bg^^k
mhfh]b_rma^Zqbl]blmZg\^`bo^g[rma^mZ[neZkf^mah]_hkm^glbhg mhnl^Zlbfieb_b^]\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]mh]^fhglmkZm^Z\\^imZ[bebmr'
f^f[^klZg]lbfierlniihkm^]f^f[^klbg[^g]bg`'Ma^fh]b_b\Zmbhg Ahp^o^k%ZlZgZem^kgZmbo^%bgln\abglmZg\^lpa^k^ma^]^lb`gZqbZe
blZ_ng\mbhgh_ma^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmikhob]^]Zg]ma^ehZ] _hk\^blghm`k^Zm^kmaZg)'*_\dmbf^lma^`khll\khll&l^\mbhgZeZk^Z%ma^
k^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk_hk_bk^ehZ]bg`'Ma^k^]n\mbhgbl\aZkm^]bg?b`nk^1_hk f^f[^kfZr[^]^lb`g^]ZlZ[^Zf'
k^bg_hk\bg`[Zklpbmabgma^kZg`^,.)<©y\k©0))<'Bmlahne]Zelh[^
ghm^]maZmmablikhoblbhg]h^lghmZeehpma^fbgbfnf\ho^kk^jnbk^f^gml Method A
h_>nkh\h]^+%IZkm**mh[^k^]n\^]' MZ[e^*`bo^lfbgbfnfl^\mbhglbs^lZg]Zqbl]blmZg\^oZen^l_hk
oZkbhnlk^lblmZg\^mbf^lZg]nmbeblZmbhgkZmbhl!m_b"'Ma^k^lmkb\mbhglhg
?hkik^lmk^ll^]f^f[^kl%ma^\kbmb\Zem^fi^kZmnk^blZllnf^]mh ma^nl^h_F^mah]:Zk^3
[^-))<_hk[ZklZg],.)<_hkm^g]hgl'Ma^k^_hk^%bgik^lmk^ll^] N Ma^^__^\mbo^e^g`mah_ma^[kZ\^]\henfgbgma^_bk^\hg]bmbhg%e)%_b
f^f[^kl%ma^k^jnbk^]Zqbl]blmZg\^_khfma^mZ[e^llahne][^bg\k^Zl^] lahne][^©,f
[r*)ff_hkik^lmk^llbg`[ZklZg]*.ff_hkik^lmk^llbg`pbk^lZg] N Ma^_bklmhk]^k^\\^gmkb\bmrng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgllahne]lZmbl_rma^
lmkZg]l'B_bm\Zg[^]^fhglmkZm^]!nlnZeermakhn`a_bk^^g`bg^^kbg`"maZm ebfbm3
ma^ik^lmk^llbg`lm^^e]h^lghmk^Z\ama^\kbmb\Zem^fi^kZmnk^ma^gma^
^6F)>]%_b(G>]%_b©^fZq
Z]]bmbhgZeZqbl]blmZg\^blghmk^jnbk^]'
pa^k^
Pa^k^k^bg_hk\^f^gmhkik^lmk^llbg`m^g]hglZk^eZr^k^]%Z_nkma^k F)>]%_b 6 _bklmhk]^k]^lb`gfhf^gm
\a^\dblk^jnbk^]mhlahpmaZmma^mZ[neZm^]Zqbl]blmZg\^blghme^ll G>]%_b 6 ZqbZe_hk\^ng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgl
maZgma^Zo^kZ`^Zqbl]blmZg\^%Zf%]^m^kfbg^]_khfma^_heehpbg`3 ^fZq 6 )'*.a!hk)'*.[_hk\bk\neZkl^\mbhgl"
pa^k^ Ma^]^`k^^h_nmbeblZmbhgbgma^_bk^lbmnZmbhgbl]^_bg^][r
:lb6 ma^Zk^Zh_[Zkhkm^g]hg%Ãbà m_b6G>]%_b(GK]Zg]blnl^]mh]^m^kfbg^ma^\hkk^\mmZ[neZm^]oZen^'
Zb 6 ma^Zqbl]blmZg\^mh[Zkhkm^g]hgÂbÃ_khfma^g^Zk^lm ?hklbfieb\bmr%Zg]\hgl^koZmbo^er%bm\Zg[^mZd^gmaZmm_b6n_b6)'0%
^qihl^]lnk_Z\^' b'^'bmblZllnf^]maZmma^\henfgk^lblmZg\^bl^jnZemhbml\ZiZ\bmrZm
Zf[b^gmnembfZm^ehZ]l'
Columns
IZkm*¾+ik^l^gmlmphf^mah]l%:Zg];%pab\aZk^[hmaZ\\^imZ[e^_hk Ma^oZen^lbgma^mZ[e^Zk^\Ze\neZm^]mZdbg`a\\6*')'Ma^NDGZmbhgZe
:gg^qmZd^la\\6)'1.Zg]mablfZr[^Z\\hngm^]_hk[r_Z\mhkbg`ma^
nl^bgma^ND'Ma^rZiiermh[kZ\^]lmkn\mnk^l4ng[kZ\^]lbmnZmbhglZk^
\Ze\neZm^]oZen^h_m_b[r)'1.¾*%hk[rnlbg`>qik^llbhg!.'0"'Ahp^o^k%bm
Z]]k^ll^]eZm^kbgmabl<aZim^k'F^mah]:blma^lbfie^lmmhnl^%[nmbl
pbee[^\hgl^koZmbo^mhnl^ma^mZ[neZm^]oZen^lpbmahnmln\afh]b_b\Zmbhg'
Zelhfhk^k^lmkb\mbo^'
JWXb['
Bg[hmaf^mah]l%nl^h_ma^mZ[e^lblk^lmkb\m^][rma^ZeehpZ[e^ C_d_ckcYebkcdZ_c[di_ediWdZWn_iZ_ijWdY[\ehYebkcdim_j^
^\\^gmkb\bmrZg]^__^\mbo^e^g`malh_ma^\henfgl'Bglhf^bglmZg\^l% h[YjWd]kbWhehY_hYkbWhi[Yj_edi¸C[j^eZ7
_hk^qZfie^ma^\henfgllniihkmbg`ma^nii^kfhlm_ehhk%bmfZr[^ Standard Minimum dimensions (mm)
fire Column width bmin%Wn_iZ_ijWdY["a, of the
<_]kh[. resistance main bars
H[ZkYj_ed_dWn_iZ_ijWdY["a"Z[f[dZ_d]edWh[We\ij[[bfhel_Z[Z 9ebkcd[nfei[Zedceh[j^Wded[i_Z[ ;nfei[Z
on one side
0 mfi = 0.2 mfi3&$+ mfi3&$- mfi3&$-
102
*+'Lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g
Method B Walls
MZ[e^+`bo^lfbgbfnfl^\mbhglbs^lZg]Zqbl]blmZg\^oZen^l_hk PZeelZk^\Zm^`hkbl^]bgmhghg&ehZ][^Zkbg`%ehZ][^Zkbg`%Zg]_bk^
oZkbhnlk^lblmZg\^mbf^lZg]nmbeblZmbhgZg]k^lblmZg\^kZmbhl'Ma^ pZeel'?bk^pZeelaZo^mh\hfierpbmabfiZ\mk^lblmZg\^\kbm^kbZ':l
k^lmkb\mbhglhgma^nl^h_F^mah];Zk^3 mabl\Zm^`hkblZmbhgblmrib\Zeerghmnl^]bgma^ND%_bk^pZeelZk^ghm
N Ma^le^g]^kg^llh_ma^\henfgng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgllahne][^ \hglb]^k^]Zgr_nkma^ka^k^'
l_b6e)%_b(b©,)pa^k^bblma^fbgbfnfkZ]bnlh_bg^kmbZ'
N Ma^_bklmhk]^k^\\^gmkb\bmrng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgllahne]lZmbl_r ?hkZeemri^l%ZebfbmZmbhgblieZ\^]hgma^kZmbhh_\e^Zka^b`ammh
ma^ebfbm3 mab\dg^ll%e)(m©-)%mhZohb]^q\^llbo^ma^kfZe]^_hkfZmbhge^Z]bg`mh
^6F)>]%_b(G)>]%_b©^fZq _Zbenk^h_bgm^`kbmr[^mp^^gpZeeZg]leZ['Ahp^o^k%_hkZee[nmma^mabgg^lm
h_pZeel%mablebfbmblngebd^ermh[^k^Z\a^]bgmrib\ZeZiieb\Zmbhgl'
pa^k^
^fZq6*))ff
?hkghg&ehZ][^Zkbg`pZeel hgerma^kfZeZg](hkbgm^`kbmr\kbm^kbZ
^([ ©)'+.
!BZg]>"g^^]mh[^f^mZg]fbgbfnfmab\dg^llZehg^`ho^kglma^
[ 6fbgbfnf\henfg]bf^glbhg
Z]^jnZ\rbgma^_bk^ebfbmlmZm^%b'^'gh\a^\dblk^jnbk^]hgma^Zqbl
]blmZg\^'?hkehZ][^Zkbg`pZeelZfbgbfnfpZeemab\dg^ll%Zg]Zqbl
Ma^ehZ]e^o^eZmghkfZem^fi^kZmnk^\hg]bmbhgl%g%blnl^]bgma^
]^m^kfbgZmbhgh_ma^fbgbfnfoZen^l'<hgl^koZmbo^er%bmfZr[^ ]blmZg\^mhma^k^bg_hk\^f^gm%fnlm[^ikhob]^]'Ma^fbgbfnfoZen^l
Zllnf^]maZmg6)'0'PabelmmablZllnfimbhgfZr[^h_nl^bgbgbmbZe _hk[hmamri^lZk^`bo^gbgMZ[e^,'Ghm^maZmmablmZ[e^fZrZelh[^
\hg\^im]^lb`g%lb`gb_b\Zgmk^]n\mbhglbgma^fbgbfnfl^\mbhglbs^ nl^]_hkieZbg\hg\k^m^pZeel'
Zg]Zqbl]blmZg\^_hkZ`bo^g_bk^k^lblmZg\^i^kbh]fZr[^Z\ab^o^][r
\Ze\neZmbg`g^qieb\bmer_khf3 8[Wci
Fbgbfnfl^\mbhglbs^lZg]Zqbl]blmZg\^lmhk^bg_hk\^f^gm_hk[^Zfl
g6G)>]%_b(T)'0!:\_\]$:l_r]"V'
Zk^lahpgbgMZ[e^-'Bgnlbg`ma^mZ[neZkf^mah]%ma^_heehpbg`
Zllnfimbhgl(k^lmkb\mbhglZk^fZ]^3
Ghm^maZmbgma^mZ[e^ma^f^\aZgb\Zek^bg_hk\^f^gmkZmbh%w%blhg^
h_ma^k^jnbk^]iZkZf^m^kl'Bg>nkh\h]^+%IZkm**1%Z\hgl^koZmbo^ N Ma^l^\mbhgbl^qihl^]hgmak^^lb]^lpbmama^nii^klnk_Z\^
oZen^bgma^]^m^kfbgZmbhgh_ebfbmbg`le^g]^kg^ll_hkma^\henfgbl Zllnf^]mh[^bglneZm^]'Ahp^o^k%pa^k^Zeelnk_Z\^lZk^^qihl^]
)'*'?hkZ\eZll<,)(,0\hg\k^m^mablk^ik^l^gml)'-k^bg_hk\^f^gm% mh_bk^%ma^mZ[e^lfZrlmbee[^nl^][nmpbmaZ]]bmbhgZek^lmkb\mbhgl
pa^k^Zlpa^gw6*')%ma^\henfgphne]k^jnbk^-k^bg_hk\^f^gm' ieZ\^]hgma^fbgbfnfl^\mbhglbs^'
Table 2
C_d_ckcYebkcdZ_c[di_ediWdZWn_iZ_ijWdY[\ehYebkcdim_j^h[YjWd]kbWhehY_hYkbWhi[Yj_edi¸C[j^eZ8
Standard fire resistance Mechanical Minimum dimensions (mm). Column width bmin%Wn_iZ_ijWdY["a
reinforcement ratio, w n3&$'+ n3&$) n3&$+ n3&$-
K,) )'*)) *.)(+.a *.)(+.a +))(,)3+.)(+.a ,))(,)3,.)(+.a
)'.)) *.)(+.a *.)(+.a *.)(+.a +))(,)3+.)(+.a
*'))) *.)(+.a *.)(+.a *.)(+.a +))(,)3,))(+.a
K/) )'*)) *.)(,)3+))(+.a +))(-)3,))(+.a ,))(-)3.))(+.a .))(+.a
)'.)) *.)(+.a *.)(,.3+))(+.a +.)(,.3,.)(+.a ,.)(-)3..)(+.a
*'))) *.)(+.a *.)(,)3+))(+.a +))(-)3-))(+.a ,))(.)3/))(,)
K2) )'*)) +))(-)3+.)(+.a ,))(-)3-))(+.a .))(.)3..)(+.a ..)(-)3/))(+.a
)'.)) *.)(,.3+))(+.a +))(-.3,))(+.a ,))(-.3..)(+.a .))(.)3/))(-)
*'))) +))(+.a +))(-)3,))(+.a +.)(-)3..)(+.a .))(.)3/))(-.
K*+) )'*)) +.)(.)3,.)(+.a -))(.)3..)(+.a ..)(+.a ..)(/)3/))(-.
)'.)) +))(-.3,))(+.a ,))(-.3..)(+.a -.)(.)3/))(+.a .))(/)3/))(.)
*'))) +))(-)3+.)(+.a +.)(.)3-))(+.a -.)(-.3/))(,) /))(/)
K*1) )'*)) -))(.)3.))(+.a .))(/)3..)(+.a ..)(/)3/))(,) b
Key
aGhkfZeerma^\ho^kk^jnbk^][r;L>G*22+¾*¾*pbee\hgmkhe'
bK^jnbk^lpb]ma`k^Zm^kmaZg/))ff'IZkmb\neZkZll^llf^gm_hk[n\debg`blk^jnbk^]'
103
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
N Ma^ikh_be^lbg?b`nk^2Zk^k^_^k^g\^]bgIZkm*+_hkma^mZ[neZk +)k^]blmkb[nmbhgZg]%b_nl^]%phne]k^jnbk^ma^lbfierlniihkm^]
f^mah]'Bghma^kbglmZg\^lln\aZlE&[^Zflhk_hkghg&lmZg]Zk] Zllnfimbhgmh[^Z]him^]'
l^\mbhglaZi^l%^g`bg^^kbg`cn]`^f^gmlahne][^nl^]bg N :]]bmbhgZe\a^\dlZk^k^jnbk^]_hkma^_bklmbgm^kgZelniihkmlh_
]^m^kfbgbg`ma^Ziieb\Z[bebmrh_ma^mZ[e^l' \hgmbgnhnlB&[^Zflk^eZmbg`mhihllb[e^_Zbenk^f^\aZgblflZm_bk^
N :]]bmbhgZeebfbmlZk^Ziieb^]mhma^fbgbfnfZqbl]blmZg\^_hk k^lblmZg\^i^kbh]lh_*+)fbgnm^lZg]Z[ho^'
\hkg^k[Zkl'
N ?hk\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl%b_k^]blmkb[nmbhg^q\^^]l*.bgma^ Pa^k^ma^l^\mbhgblik^lmk^ll^]%iZkmb\neZkZmm^gmbhglahne][^iZb]
Zf[b^gm\hg]bmbhg%ma^mZ[e^l_hklbfierlniihkm^]l^\mbhgllahne] mhma^fh]b_b\Zmbhgk^jnbk^]mhma^Zqbl]blmZg\^h_ma^ik^lmk^ll^]
[^nl^]nge^llma^fhf^gm\ZiZ\bmrbl^qieb\bmer\a^\d^]':l^\hg] ^e^f^gml%Zl]bl\nll^]bgma^bgmkh]n\mbhgmhma^mZ[neZkf^mah]'
bfieb\Zmbhgh_mablebfbmblmaZmlmZg]Zk]mZ[e^lh_[^g]bg`fhf^gm
Zg]la^Zk\h^__b\b^gml%ln\aZlmahl^bgma^FZgnZe_hkma^]^lb`gh_ ?hk\hgmbgnhnl[^Zfl%\nkmZbef^gmkne^lZk^`bo^g_hkma^mhik^bg_hk\^f^gm
\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^lmh>nkh\h]^+*)%Zk^mrib\Zeer[Zl^]hg h_l^\mbhglbg_bk^'Ma^mhik^bg_hk\^f^gmlahne]^qm^g])',e^___khfma^
\^gmk^ebg^h_ma^lniihkmpbmama^k^jnbk^]Zk^Z[^bg`Zeehp^]mhoZkrbg
JWXb[) Z\\hk]Zg\^pbmama^^qik^llbhg%Zg]ZlbeenlmkZm^]bg?b`nk^*)'
Minimum wall thicknesses for walls :l%k^j!q"6:l%k^j!)"!*+'.q(e^__"
Standard Non- BeWZX[Wh_d]h[_d\ehY[ZYedYh[j[mWbbi
pa^k^
fire beWZX[Wh_d] Minimum dimensions (mm)
resistance wall MWbbj^_Yad[ii%Wn_iZ_ijWdY["a q 6 ]blmZg\^_khfma^\^gmk^ebg^h_ma^lniihkm
thickness mfi3&$)+ mfi3&$- :l%k^j!q" 6 fbgbfnfZk^Zh_mhik^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]Zm
(mm)
Number of sides of Number of sides of ]blmZg\^q_khfma^lniihkm[nmghme^llmaZgma^
mWbb[nfei[Z mWbb[nfei[Z fbgbfnfZeehp^]_khf>nkh\h]^+%IZkm**
One Two One Two :l%k^j!)" 6 ma^Zk^Zh_mhik^bg_hk\^f^gmk^jnbk^]ho^kma^
K>B,) /)b *))(*)b *+)(*)b *+)(*)b *+)(*)b
lniihkmbgZf[b^gm]^lb`g
K>B/) 1)b **)(*)b *+)(*)b *,)(*)b *-)(*)b
e^__ 6 ^__^\mbo^e^g`mah_ma^liZg
K>B2) *))b *+)(+)b *-)(*)b *-)(+. *0)(+.
K>B*+) *+)b *.)(+. */)(+. */)(,. ++)(,.
K>B*1) *.)b *1)(-) +))(-. +*)(.) +0)(.. B_)',e^__blln[lmbmnm^]bgmhma^Z[ho^%ma^Zk^Zh_k^bg_hk\^f^gmpa^k^
K>B+-) *0.b +,)(.. +.)(.. +0)(/) ,.)(/) k^jnbk^]]khilmh+.h_maZmk^jnbk^]Zmma^lniihkm'Bglhf^\Zl^l%
Key mabl\nkmZbef^gme^g`mafZr[^fhk^hg^khnlmaZgmaZm]^m^kfbg^]_khf
aÂKÃ^qihlnk^\hg]bmbhgghmZiieb\Z[e^mhghg&ehZ][^Zkbg`pZeel
lhf^lbfie^]^mZbebg`kne^lpabelmma^lbfieb_b^]]^mZbebg`kne^lik^l^gm^]
bGhkfZeerma^\ho^kk^jnbk^][r;L>G*22+¾*¾*pbee\hgmkhe'
bg<aZim^k*)%=^mZbebg`**pbeek^lnembgZlZ_^]^mZbe_hklmZg]Zk]\Zl^l'
JWXb[*
C_d_ckcZ_c[di_edWdZWn_iZ_ijWdY[i\ehYedj_dkekiX[WcicWZ[m_j^h[_d\ehY[ZWdZfh[ijh[ii[ZYedYh[j[
104
*+'Lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g
<_]kh[/
:[\_d_j_ede\Z_c[di_edi\ehZ_\\[h[djjof[ie\X[Wci[Yj_ed JWXb[+
C_d_ckcZ_c[di_ediWdZWn_iZ_ijWdY[i\ehh[_d\ehY[ZWdZ
prestressed solid slabs
Standard fire Minimum dimensions (mm)
resistance One-way Jme#mWoifWdd_d]ibWXa Flat slab
bw
ifWdd_d]
slab ly/ln ≤'$+ '$+2ly/ln ≤ 2 d ≤'+c d4'+c
105
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
:lpbma[^Zfl%bgZee\Zl^lpa^k^ma^l^\mbhgblik^lmk^ll^]%iZkmb\neZk
Ahp^o^k%[^_hk^l^e^\mbg`Zgrh_ma^Z[ho^f^mah]l%bmblbfihkmZgm
Zmm^gmbhglahne][^iZb]mhma^fh]b_b\Zmbhgk^jnbk^]mhma^Zqbl
mhghm^maZmma^rZ]]k^ll_e^qnk^hgerpbmala^ZkZg]mhklbhg[^bg`
]blmZg\^h_ma^ik^lmk^ll^]^e^f^gml%ZlZek^Z]r]bl\nll^]bgma^
bgmkh]n\mbhgmhma^mZ[neZkf^mah]' \ho^k^]l^iZkZm^ereZm^kbgmabl<aZim^k'
[fbg F>]%_b6p>]%_be^__+(1
K>B,) 1) 1) al61)
Z *.a *)a Z 6*)a pa^k^
K>B/) [fbg *)) *+) ª+)) *)) *+) ª+)) al61) p>]%_b6 ngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]ehZ]!dG(f"ng]^k_bk^\hg]bmbhgl'
Z ,. +. *.a +. *.a *)a Z 6*)a 6 n_bp>]
K>B2) [fbg *+) */) ª+.) *+) */) ª+.) al6*))
n_b 6 k^]n\mbhg_Z\mhk!l^^Â\hf[bgZmbhglh_Z\mbhglÃl^\mbhg
Z
hgiZ`^+"
-. -) ,) ,. +. *.a Z 6*.a
p>] 6 ngb_hkfer]blmkb[nm^]ehZ]!dG(f"ng]^kZf[b^gm
K>B*+) [fbg */) *2) ª,)) */) *2) ª,)) al6*+)
\hg]bmbhgl
Z /) .. -) -. -) ,) Z 6+)
e^__ 6 ^__^\mbo^e^g`mah_[^ZfhkleZ[
K>B*1) [fbg ++) +/) ª-*) ,*) /)) al6*.)
Z 0. 0) /) /) .) Z 6,) =^m^kfbgZmbhgh_ma^]^lb`gk^lblmZg\^Zg]hma^k\a^\dl]^i^g]hg
K>B+-) [fbg +1) ,.) ª.)) -.) 0)) al6*0. pa^ma^kma^f^f[^kbllbfierlniihkm^]hk\hgmbgnhnl':_ehp\aZkm
Z 2) 0. 0) 0) /) Z 6-) h_ma^]^lb`gikh\^llblik^l^gm^]bg?b`nk^**'
Key
aGhkfZeerma^\ho^kk^jnbk^][r;L>G*22+**pbee\hgmkhe'
Simply supported members
Notes
Ma^]^lb`gk^lblmZg\^ng]^k_bk^ehZ]bg`bl]^m^kfbg^]_khfma^
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106
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Continuous members
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a^Zm%b'^'pbmabgma^.))<blhma^kf%bl]^m^kfbg^]mh`bo^Zk^]n\^]
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<_]kh['(
Start
H[\[h[dY[Ykhl[i\ehYh_j_YWbj[cf[hWjkh[e\h[_d\ehY_d]WdZfh[ijh[ii_d]
ij[[b\ehki[m_j^jWXkbWhc[j^eZWdZ7dd[n;
Calculate MEd, fi.
Reinforcing steel
Yes 0.6
Is the element a Is MEd, fi. ≤ MRd, fi? Yes
simply supported?
Prestressing steel (bars)
No No 0.4
Calculate the support design Redesign section or use
moment of resistance, alternative methods
MRd, fi, support Prestressing steel
Yes 0.2 (wires and strands)
‘Fit’ the ‘free’ bending Are the support
moment so that MEd,fi = MRd,fi moments exceeded?
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12
No
o
Finish Temperature, y ( C)
107
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
500oC 240
Distance from bottom left corner of element (mm)
h fi h
220
200
b fi
b 180
100
c) Fire exposure on four sides (beam or column) 160
140
<_]kh['+
Ijh[iiZ_ijh_Xkj_edWjkbj_cWj[b_c_jijWj[\ehWh[YjWd]kbWhYedYh[j[ 200
120
cross-section with compression reinforcement.
100 300
n f cd, 1(20)
80 400
Fs = As1f scd,fi (ym)
l xb n fcd, 1(20) 500
x lx 60
600
A s1 700
z’ Mu2 40
z’ d1 z Mu1 800
20 900
As As1 fsd,fi (ym)
0
b1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Distance from bottom left corner of element (mm)
108
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Calculation methods for shear and torsion
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ik^l^gm^]%ma^ikbg\bie^lbg>nkh\h]^+%IZkm**fZr[^Ziieb^]mhZ
k^]n\^]\khll&l^\mbhgZl]^m^kfbg^]_khfZgrh_ma^\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]l
Start eblm^]Z[ho^'Ahp^o^k%_hkZmrib\Zel^\mbhgl%ln\aZlmahl^pbmamabgp^[l
pa^k^p^[_Zbenk^fZr`ho^kg%ma^l^f^mah]llahne][^nl^]pbma\Zk^'
Calculate MEd, fi (see simplified calculation method for beams and slabs)
<_]kh['.
Is MEd,fi ≤ MRd,fi?
No Redesign section or use :[i_]d\bemY^Whj\ehi^[WhWdZjehi_edZ[i_]d
alternative methods
Yes Start
Finish
Determine the reduced cross-section using either 500°C
isotherm or zone methods
Calculate the shear resistance using the methods given for ambient
0.4 temperature design, see Chapter 4 Beams11
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 No
Calculate the torsion resistance
o Finish and interaction with shear using
Temperature, y ( C)
section 6.3 of Eurocode 2, Part 1–1
109
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Unbraced structures
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f^mah]%[kZ\^]lmkn\mnk^lhgerZk^\hglb]^k^]bgIZkm*+'MablblZelh mh;L>G*22+*lmZm^lmaZm%Zmma^]bl\k^mbhgh_ma^]^lb`g^k%ma^
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pab\abl]^l\kb[^]ZlZshg^f^mah]_hkma^ZgZerlblh_\henfglpbma \a^\d^]bgZ\\hk]Zg\^pbma^bma^kma^.))<blhma^kff^mah]hkma^
lb`gb_b\Zgml^\hg]hk]^k^__^\ml' shg^f^mah]'
Bg\Zl^lpa^k^ma^lmkn\mnk^blng[kZ\^]%hkmaZmihkmbhgh_ma^ Ln\aZgZiikhZ\aphne][^nglZ_^pa^k^ma^f^f[^klbgma^_bk^
lmkn\mnk^[^bg`\hglb]^k^]\Zgghm[^\hglb]^k^]Zl[kZ\^][rmaZm shg^ikhob]^ma^ik^]hfbgZgmf^Zglh_lmkn\mnkZelmZ[bebmrZg]bg
iZkmh_ma^lmkn\mnk^k^fhm^_khfma^_bk^ma^gma^_heehpbg`himbhgbl ln\a\Zl^lZ]oZg\^]\Ze\neZmbhgf^mah]lZg]li^\bZeblmZ]ob\^fZr[^
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<_]kh['/ <_]kh[(&
:[j[hc_dWj_ede\b_d[7¸7je[dWXb[[lWbkWj_ede\h[\[h[dY[ The reference temperature y pi^ekbZX[[lWbkWj[ZWbed]j^[b_d[7¸7\eh
temperature y p at point P the calculation of torsion resistance
x
e2 = 0
y p in links
d A A
h
A A
A
A
h c,ef A A
A
A c,eff e1
A
c,ef = MIN {2.5 ( ); (
References
' ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+*+%=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^llmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g';LB%+))-'
2 BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'@nb]^mhma^Z]oZg\^]_bk^lZ_^mr^g`bg^^kbg`h_lmkn\mnk^l'BLmkn\m>%+))0'
) ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'G:mh;L>G*22+*+%NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qmh>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^llmkn\mnkZe_bk^
]^lb`g';LB%+)).'
* ;:BE>R%<'DAHNKR%@'@nb]^mhma^i^k_hkfZg\^h_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lbg_bk^'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%]n^+))2'
+ ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22**+%>nkh\h]^*3:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZeZ\mbhgl:\mbhglhglmkn\mnk^l^qihl^]mh_bk^'
;LB%+))+'
6 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22)%>nkh\h]^3;Zlblh_lmkn\mnkZe]^lb`g';LB%+))+'
- G:K:R:G:G%KL;KHHD>K%HAhpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lmh>nkh\h]^+3Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l'Ma^<hg\k^m^<^gmk^%+)).'
. ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L>G*22+**%>nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l'@^g^kZekne^lZg]kne^l_hk[nbe]bg`l';LB%+))-'
9 ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG';L1**)%Ma^lmkn\mnkZenl^h_\hg\k^m^';LB%*220'
'& M A>BGLMBMNMBHGH?LMKN<MNK:E>G@BG>>KL'FZgnZe_hkma^]^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^lmh>nkh\h]^+'BLmkn\m>%+))/'
'' ;
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'( ;KBMBLALM:G=:K=LBGLMBMNMBHG'I=//10%;Z\d`khng]iZi^kmhma^NDGZmbhgZe:gg^qmh;L>G*22+**';LB%+))/
') ;
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110
Members of the Steering Group
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This publication brings together in one place “How to...” Dr Andrew BondblZND]^e^`Zm^hgma^<>G(M<+.)(L<0
guidance for the design, specification and detailing of a broad \hffbmm^^k^lihglb[e^_hk>nkh\h]^0%ma^`^hm^\agb\Ze>nkh\h]^%
range of concrete elements. Zg]blma^B<>Ãlk^ik^l^gmZmbo^hgma^GZmbhgZeLmkZm^`r<hffbmm^^
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Dr Andrew FraserblZL^gbhk>g`bg^^kpbma:kni:]oZg\^]
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Andrew HarrisblZ_hkf^k:llh\bZm^=^Zgh_Dbg`lmhgNgbo^klbmr
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ma^`^hm^\agb\Ze>nkh\h]^'
Dr Tony Jonesbl:llh\bZm^=bk^\mhkh_:]oZg\^]M^\agheh`rZg]
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