1

CHAPTER 2
Power Computations

Power
Electronics
 2

Power & Energy

 Instantaneous power

p(t )  v(t )i(t ) Time-varying quantity

• PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

Absorbing Supplying
Power Power

p(t )  0 p(t )  0

 Energy
t2
W   p(t )dt
t1

Power
Electronics
 3

Power & Energy

 Average power (real power, active power)
Periodic voltage and current produce a periodic instantaneous power.

1 to T 1 to T
P  p(t )dt   v(t )i(t )dt
T t o T to Power generally
means average power.
W
P
T

Power
Electronics
 4

Inductors & Capacitors

 Inductors
iL(t) In the steady state, the
iL(t0+T) inductor current is periodic
iL(t0) iL (t0  T )  iL (t0 )
T
1 t 0 T
iL (t0  T )   vL (t )dt  iL (t0 )
L t0
t0 t0+T t0+2T

vL (t )dt  avgvL (t )  vL (t )  0
1 t0 T 1 t0 T
iL (t0  T )  iL (t0 )   vL (t )dt  0
L t0 T t 0

In the steady state, Inductor volt-second balance

- the average inductor voltage is zero.
- the net change of the inductor current during one switching period is zero.
1 2
- no net energy transfer, i.e. the average power of the inductor is zero (PL = 0) w(t )  Li (t )
2

Power
Electronics
 5

Inductors & Capacitors

diL
vL  L
dt
iL

vL

Increasing inductor current

 Inductor absorbs power
and energy from external
circuits

iL

• Volt-seconds over T equal zero.
vL
Decreasing inductor current
 Inductor supplies power
and energy to external
circuits

Power
Electronics
 6

Inductors & Capacitors

 Capacitors
vC(t)
In the steady state, the
vC(t0+T) capacitor voltage is periodic
vC(t0) vC (t0  T )  vC (t0 )
T
1 t0 T
vC (t0  T ) 
C t 0
iC (t )dt  vC (t0 )
t0 t0+T t0+2T

1 t0 T
iC (t )dt  avgiC (t )  iC (t )  0
1 t0 T
vC (t0  T )  vC (t0 )   iC (t )dt  0 
C t0 T t 0

In the steady state, Capacitor ampere-second balance

- the average capacitor current is zero.
- the net change of the capacitor voltage during one switching period is zero.
1
- no net energy transfer, i.e. the average power of the capacitor is zero (PC = 0) w(t )  Cv 2
2

Power
Electronics
 7

Inductors & Capacitors

dvC
iC  C
dt

Increasing capacitor
iC
voltage
vC
 Capacitor absorbs
power and energy
from external circuits
(charging)

Decreasing
iC capacitor voltage
vC  Capacitor
supplies power
and energy to
external circuits
• Amp-seconds over T equal zero.
(discharging)

Power
Electronics
 8

Energy Recovery
Inductors and capacitors must be energized and de-energized by switching
operations

freewheeling path
for induct current
continuity

Fuel injector solenoid in automobile

Power
Electronics
 9

Energy Recovery
 During Tr on (0 < t < t1)

freewheeling path
for induct current
continuity

Source supplies
power
(+)

vL  VCC is (t )  iL (t )
 Inductor current linearly
1 t 1 t VCCt increases.
L 0 L 0
iL (t )  v L (  ) d  i L ( 0)  VCC d  0 
L  Inductor stores energy inside 1 2
w(t )  Li (t )
diL itself. 2
• Reminding vL  L
dt
• Without freewheeling path, the Tr is damaged by the overvoltage when it turns off.
• Inductor current continuity must be provided by circuit design

Power
Electronics
 10

Energy Recovery
 During Tr off (t1 < t < T)

lossy element

diode turns on due to

the inductor current
continuity
Source supplies
power
(+)
VCC (t1 ) iS  0
iL (t1 )   L R
L
 Inductor current exponentially decreases.
( t t1 ) /  V t 
iL (t )  iL (t1 )e   CC 1 e (t t1 ) / t1  t  T
 L   Inductor releases its energy to resistor.

1 T  PR  PS 
VCCt1 
2

PS  VS I S  VCC   is (t )dt  () PL  0

T 0  2 LT
average power
1  V t  average power
2
t1 VCCt 1 T
supplied by
source
 VCC 
T
 0 L
dt   0dt   CC 1
T t1  2 LT
absorbed by
Heat
energy
Power
loss
resistor
Power
Electronics
 11

Energy Recovery

energy
storage
element
energy energy

reuse recover

store

Recycle energy
stored in elements

Power
Electronics
 12

Energy Recovery
 During Tr on (0 < t < t1)

vL  VCC is (t )  iL (t )

1 t 1 t VCCt
L 0 L 0
iL (t )  v L (  ) d  i L ( 0)  VCC d  0 
L

• Inductor current linearly increases.

• Inductor stores energy inside itself.

Power
Electronics
 13

Energy Recovery
 During Tr off (t1 < t < T)

Source supplies
power
(+)
(-)

Source absorbs
power
vL  VCC iS (t )  iL (t )

VCCt1  VCC 
1 t
    1 t
  2t1  t 
L t1 L t1
iL (t )  v L  d  i L t1   VCC d   t1  t  2t1
L  L 
• The inductor current linearly decreases.
• The energy stored in the inductor is recovered to the source & No power
the source is absorbing power. loss
Power
Electronics
 14

Effective value (RMS)

 Effective value (Root-Mean-Square value)
The effective value of a periodic voltage (current) delivers the same
average power to a resistor as dc voltage (current) does.

• For a dc voltage • For a ac voltage

2 2
V Veff
P  dc P
R R

1 T 1 T 1 T v 2 (t )
P   p(t ) dt   v(t )i (t )dt   dt
T 0 T 0 T 0 R
1 1 T 
   v 2 (t )dt 
R T 0 
Veff2

1 T 2 1 T 2
Veff  Vrms 
T 0
v (t )dt I rms 
T 0
i (t )dt

Power
Electronics
 15
Effective value (RMS)
A periodic voltage is the sum of two periodic voltages i.e. v(t )  v1 (t )  v2 (t )

Vrms 2 
1
T
T
0 v1  v 2 2
dt 
1
0 v1
2

T
 2v1v
T
2  v 2
2
dt 
1
0 v1
2
dt 
1
T 0
T
2v1v 2
T
dt 
T1
0 dt
v 2
2

T
T

The two periodic voltages, v1 and v2, are sinusoidal of different frequencies
 orthogonal 1 T
Note)

T  0
v1v2 dt  0
•Averaging sinusoids is zero.
•Averaging product of two
1 T 2 1 T 2
Vrms 2   v1 dt   v2 dt  V1,rms 2  V2,rms 2 sinusoids with different (multiple)
T 0 T 0 frequencies is zero.

N
Vrms  V 2
1, rms V 2
2, rms V 2
3, rms  ...  V
n 1
2
n , rms

N
I rms  I 2
1, rms I 2
2 , rms I 2
3, rms  ...  I
n 1
2
n , rms

If a voltage (current) is the sum of more than two periodic voltages (currents), all
orthogonal, its rms value is expressed as individual rms component of each frequency.

Power
Electronics