168

APPEFNDIX 1

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE TEST ENGINE

Make and Model : Kirloskar, TV1 Make

General details : Four stroke, compression ignition, Constant

speed vertical, Water cooled, Direct injection,
Variable compression ratio

Number of cylinders : One

Bore X Stroke : 87.5 mm X 110 mm

Swept volume : 661 cc

Clearance volume : 38.35 cc

Rated output : 5.2 kW

Compression ratio : 17.5: 1 (Standard engine) & 15:1 – 18:1(VCR)

Rated speed : 1500 rpm

Nozzle opening pressure : 210 bar

Fuel injection timing : 23 0 CA bTDC

Type of combustion chamber : Hemispherical open combustion chamber

Fuel and cycle : Diesel & Diesel

Lubricating oil : SAE 40

Connecting rod length : 238 mm

Valve diameter : 34.2 mm

Maximum valve lift : 10.1 mm

Fuel injection pump : MICO inline, with mechanical governor and

Flange mounted.
 169

APPENDIX 2

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE DYNAMOMETER

Make : SAJ Test Plant pvt. Ltd.,

Type : Eddy current

Model : AG-20
Power : Max. 20 kW @ 2450 rpm

Speed : 10000 rpm

Effective radius of arm : 0.195 m
 170

APPENDIX 3

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE COMBUSTION ANALYSER

Make : AVL Combustion Analyser

Type : 619 Indimeter Hardware

Indwin – Software version 2.2

TECHNICAL DATA

General

For indoor use

Soiling level 2

Mains connection : 85 – 265 V, 50 – 60 Hz, 60 VA

1 fuse 3.15 A slow-blow, Fuse holder on rear panel

The internal power supply unit fuse may only be replaced

by a service engineer.

Temperature range: + 5 C to + C, once the system

reaches its operating temperature after a initial warm-up
period, it can be used at temperatures down to – 10 C.

Maximum relative humidity 80 % for temperatures up to

31 C, following a linear decrease to 50 % relative
humidity at 40 C, non-condensing

Dimensions: Approx. 442 mm 58mm 370 mm depth

incl. cable, Connectors : 500 mm

Weight: approx. 8 kg
 171

Analog Part

4 (Standard), 6 or 8 differential voltage inputs 10 V,

input resistance

100

Input low-pass filter fg = 100 kHz

Simultaneous sample & hold input
ADC 12 bit

Digital Part

Digital signal processor

RAM 8 MB
Measurement resolution: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 degree CA
Input CDM, Trigger: TTL – signal (necessary input for
LOW approx. 27 mA)
Entire data transfer rate: Max. 1 MHz
PC interface: parallel port, Link interface (option)
 172

Charge Amplifier Data

Input type Unbalanced, high insulation (approx. 10 14 ) for

: connection of piezoelectric measurement
transducers
Input insulation
impedance : 1014
Connector : BNC sockets at front and rear (parallel
connection)
Overload protection : Input protected against excessive electrostatic
voltages or charges occurring during operation or
handling.
Output type Unbalanced, output ground electrically isolated
: from protective ground and input ground via a
differential amplifier Ground loop problems are
appreciable reduced due to the use of two
electrically isolated 15 V sources.
Connection : 13 a to 13 c on the 64-pin connector
Voltage : 0 10 V at load 0.5 k
Current : Max 18 mA
Output impedance : < 0.01
Quiescent potential : Zero or + 1 V, selectable by slide switch
(RESET state) adjustable by 0.7 V with
potentiometer ZERO
Temperature drift : RESET, TRANSSENS. (10.00PC/bar): 1
mV/ C
 173

APPENDIX 4

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE SMOKE METER

Make : AVL 437 Smoke meter

Type : IP 52

Accuracy and reproducibility : 1 % full scale reading

Measuring range : 0 to 100 opacity in %
0 to 99.99 absorption m -1

Measurement chamber : Effective length 0.430 m

0.005m

Heating time : 220 V approximately 20 min.

Light source : Halogen bulb 12 V / 5W

Maximum smoke temperature : 250 C

Power supply : 190 – 240 V AC, 50 Hz, 2.5 A

Dimensions : 570mm 500mm 1250mm

 174

APPENDIX 5

SPECIFICATIONS OF AVL DI-GAS ANALYSER

Make : AVL

Type : AVL Di-Gas 444

Power supply : 11.2 voltage 25 W
Warm up time : 7 min.
Connector gas in : 180 I/h, max. overpressure 450
hPa

Response time : T95 15s

Operating temperature : 5 - 45 C
Storage temperature : 0 to 50 C
Relative humidity : 95%, non-condensing
Inclination : 0 - 90
Dimension (w x d x h) : 270 mm x 320 mm x 85 mm
Weight : 4.5 kg net weight without
accessories

Interfaces : RS 232 C, Pick up, Oil

temperature probe.
 175

APPENDIX – 6

ERROR ANALYSIS AND UNCERTAINITY ANANLYSIS

The physical quantities of the equipment are subject to

uncertainties. Hence the uncertainly analysis is needed to prove the accuracy
of the experiments. In order to have reasonable limits of uncertainly for a
computed value an expression is derived which is as follows:

Let ‘R’ be the computed result function of the independent

measured variables x1, x2, x3, ……….. xn, as per the relation.

R = f x1 , x2 ,......................................xn (A6.1)

and let error limits for the measured variables or parameters be

x1 , n1 , n2 ,........................., xa xa (A6.2)

And the error limits for the computed result be R R

Hence to get the realistic error limits for the computed result, the
principle of root-mean square method is used to get the magnitude of error
given by Holman (1973) as

1/ 2
2 2 2
R R R
R x1 x2 ................. xn (A6.3)
x1 x2 xn
 176

Using equation (A6.3) the uncertainty in the compound values

such as brake thermal efficiency and fuel flow measurements were estimated.
The measured values such as speed, fuel time, voltage and current are
estimated from their respective uncertainties based on the Gaussian
distribution. For fuel time ( tr) and fuel volume ( t), the uncertainties are
takes as 0.2 sec and 0.1 sec respectively.

A sample calculation is given below.

Example:
Speed N = 1500rpm
Fuel volume fx = 10cc
Brake power BP = 5.2Kw

1. Total fuel consumption (TFC)

10 3600 0.83
TFC =
t 1000
10 3600 0.83
TFC = = 1.237 kg / h
24.15 1000
TFC = f(t)
tfc 10 3600 0.83
T t 2 1000
tfc 10 3600 0.83
2
= - 0.0512 kg/h
T 24.15 1000

TFC 2
TFC = t1 (A6.4)
t
2
= 0.04949 0.2

= 0.0102 kg/h.
 177

The uncertainty in the TFC from equation (A6.4) 0.0102 kg/h and
the limits of uncertainty are (1.237) (0.0102) kg/h.

2. Brake thermal efficiency ( )

BP 3600 100
=
TFC CV
= f (BP,TFC)
5.2 3600 100
= = 34.25%
1.28 42700

3600 100
BP TFC 42700
3600 100
= = 6.85
1.28 42700

BP 3600 100
2
TFC TFC 42700
5.2 3600 100
= 2
1.28 42700
= 26.75%

= p C (A6.5)
BP TFC
2
= 6.85 * 0.1929 2
22.64 * 0.0104

= 1.24 %

The uncertainty in the brake thermal efficiency from

equation (A6.5) is 1. 24 % and the limits of uncertainty are 34.25
1.24%.
 178

3. Temperature Measurements

Uncertainty in temperature is 1% (T 150 C)

2% (150 C T 250 C)
3% (T 250 C)

4. Percentage of uncertainty for the measurements of speed,

mass flow rate, NOx, Hydrocarbon, Smoke and pressure
are given below:

(i) Speed : 1.2

(ii) Mass flow rate of air : 1.3
(iii) Mass flow rate of diesel : 1.3
(iv) NOX : 2.4
(v) Hydrocarbon : 2.3
(vi) Smoke : 2.1
(vii) Pressure : 1.0