TYPES OF SIGNAL SYSTEM

1. INTERCOM An intercom system is a two-way communication electronic device that contains circuitry
for the purpose of transmitting and receiving audio and/or video transmissions. With the advent of
cellular communication, digital telephone systems, and other communication devices, the use of
intercoms has declined. However, there are still lots of applications where these devices still work
better than anything else. There are a very wide variety of systems available as defined below:

a) MASTER STATION These are units that can control the system, i.e., initiate a call with any of the
stations and make announcements over the whole system. The Master Station gives you control
over the system intercom and music capabilities. The Master Station has switches that determine
how the Master Station and each intercom station functions in the system. Each room can be set to
Intercom Only, Radio and Intercom, Off, or Monitor. The system can also provide optional electric
door control, home security, or home automation features if integrated by your installer.

b) SUB-STATION/ SLAVE UNITS Units that are capable of only initiating a call with a Master Station but
not capable of initiating calls with any other stations.
c) DOOR STATIONS- Like sub-stations, these units are only capable of initiating a call to a Master
Station. They are typically weather-proof. The Door Station is an exterior intercom speaker and
doorbell installed at home entrances. The dmc1 system supports up to three door stations. The
door station allows for communications from within the house to visitors at the door. Any station
with its Intercom Selector Switches set to INTERCOM or RADIO/INT can communicate with the
Door Station.

d) POWER SUPPLY - Used to feed power to all units. Often incorporated into the design of the base
station.
 e) WIRING INTERCOMS While every intercom product line is different, most analogue intercom systems
have much in common. Voice signals of about a volt or two are carried stop a direct current power
rail of 12, 30 or 48 volts which uses a pair of conductors. Signal light indications between stations
can be accomplished through the use of additional conductors or can be carried on the main voice
pair via tone frequencies sent above or below the speech frequency range. Multiple channels of
simultaneous conversations can be carried over additional conductors within a cable or
by frequency- or time-division multiplexing in the analogue domain. Multiple channels can easily
be carried by packet-switched digital intercom signals.

2) FIRE ALARM SYSTEM are used to notify people to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, to
request such civil defense as fire brigades emergency services, and to send digital signals to associate
systems interface to control the spread of fire and smoke. Fire Alarm Systems are classified as either
Conventional or Analogue Addressable.

conventional
a) INITIATING DEVICES MANUALLY ACTUATED DEVICES; also known as fire alarm boxes, manual pull
stations, or simply pull stations, break glass stations, and (in Europe) call points. Devices
for manual fire alarm activation are installed to be readily located (near the exits), identified, and
operated. They are usually actuated by means of physical interaction, such as pulling a lever or
breaking glass. Automatically actuated devices can take many forms intended to respond to any
number of detectable physical changes associated with fire: convected thermal energy; heat
detector, products of combustion; smoke detector, radiant energy; flame detector, combustion
gasses; fire gas detector, and release of extinguishing agents; water-flow detector. The newest
innovations can use cameras and computer algorithms to analyze the visible effects of fire and
movement in applications inappropriate for or hostile to other detection methods, such as the Fike
Corporation's Signifire system,
Manually actuated devices; Break glass stations, Buttons and manual pull station are constructed
to be readily located (near the exits), identified, and operated.
 AUTOMATICALLY ACTUATED DEVICES can take many forms intended to respond to any number
of detectable physical changes associated with fire. A wide range of detectors exist using varying
mechanism to detect the presence of fire, detecting the presence of smoke, convected thermal
energy, radiant energy or excess levels of gas. Each type has its own benefits and installation
requirements. The most commonly used detectors include Smoke Detectors and Heat Detectors.
Other specialised detectors include Beam, Flame, Duct, Cable and many others.

b) NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES: This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm system or
other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to take action, usually to
evacuate. This is done by means of a pulsing incandescent light, flashing strobe light,
electromechanical horn, electronic horn, chime, bell, speaker, or a combination of these devices.
Strobes are either made of a xenon tube (most common) or recently LEDs.
c) SMOKE DETECTOR A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.
Commercial, industrial, and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system, while
household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible and/ or visual alarm
from the detector itself.

d) FIRE SPRINKLER A fire sprinkler or sprinkler head is the component of a fire sprinkler system that
discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected, such as when a predetermined
temperature has been exceeded. Fire sprinklers are extensively used worldwide, with over 40
million sprinkler heads fitted each year. In buildings protected by properly designed and
maintained fire sprinklers, over 99% of fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone.
e) FIRE EXTINGUISHER A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or
control small fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control
fire, such as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke,
explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire department. Typically, a fire
extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can be
discharged to extinguish a fire. Fire extinguishers manufactured with non-cylindrical pressure
vessels also exist, but are less common.

i) FIRE EXTINGUISHER (Water)- water is the common chemical used as a defense on a CLASS A fire.
Most water based extinguishers also have a chemical to prevent the inside of it from rusting.
LABEL COLOR: Bright Red

 WATER SPRAY EXTINGUISHER- Water spray extinguishers are equipped with a spray
nozzle, rather than a jet nozzle, meaning a greater surface area can be covered more
quickly and the fire put out more rapidly.
  WATER MIST EXTINGUISHER- Water mist extinguishers have a different type of nozzle
again which releases microscopic water particles. These particles ‘suffocate’ the fire and
also create a wall of mist between the fire and the person using the extinguisher, reducing
the feeling of heat.

ii) FIRE EXTINGUISHER (Foams)- are usually used to fight CLASS B fires. These extinguisher are
mainly water base but have a foaming agent so that the foam will sit on top of the liquid
depriving it from the needed oxygen. Common foams are meant to only work on nonpolar
flammable liquids such as petrol, but breakdown too fast to work on polar liquids like alcohol.
Polar liquids have another foam called alcohol foams .
LABEL COLOR: Cream
iii) FIRE EXTINGUISHER (Dry Powder "Dry Chemical")- are used for CLASS B and C fires. This powder is a
mixture of sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate made into a fine powder. It is propelled
by carbon dioxide or nitrogen. When this is sprayed onto a fire it interfere with the chemical
process of fire. Along with some cooling and exclusion of oxygen. These extinguisher are good
for knocking down big CLASS B flames but will not keep the fire suppressed. Many times dry
powder will be used with foam extinguishers for attacking large CLASS B fires.
LABEL COLOR: Blue

iv) FIRE EXTINGUISHER (Wet Potassium Salts "Wet Chemical")- these extinguishers are used for CLASS
K fires. Mainly containing potassium acetate, sprayed out in fine mist. These mist cools the
flame front, and the potassium salts saponify the burning oils making a layer of foam over the
surface. This chemical is only used for animal fats or vegetable oils so it is not affective on a
CLASS B fire.
LABEL COLOR: Yellow
v) FIRE EXTINGUISHER (Carbon Dioxide)- Co2 works on CLASS B and C fires by displacing less dense
oxygen. This is very toxic chemical when in high concentration. It is very commonly used on
electrical fires because it being a gas does not leave any residue harming the equipment.
LABEL COLOR: Black
vi) FIRE EXTINGUISHER (Halons)- Halon fire extinguisher are a specialty type of fire extinguisher that
contain a gas that interrupts the chemical reaction that takes place when fuels burn. This type
of fire extinguisher is often used to protect valuable electrical equipment since they leave no
residue. Halons are in almost universal use in aircraft fire extinguishers.. They exist in two
forms:
 HALON 1211 is used only in portable extinguishers and is a streaming agent. A halon
fire extinguisher has a limited range, usually 4 to 6 feet.
 HALON 1301 is used only in fixed extinguisher installations and is a total flooding
agent. This type of extinguisher is commonly found in computer server rooms and clean
rooms.
LABEL COLOR: Green
vii)FIRE EXTINGUISHER (Phosphorus Tribromide)- it interferes with the chemical reaction of the flame,
marketed under the brand name PhostrEx. PhostrEx is a liquid which needs a propellant, such
as compressed nitrogen and/or helium, to disperse onto a fire. PhostrEx reacts quickly with
atmospheric moisture to break down into phosphorus acid and hydrogen bromide, neither of
which harms the earth’s ozone layer.

viii) FIRE EXTINGUISHER (Fluorocarbons)- it is the most effective fire extinguisher chemicals, but
they are also the most dangerous in the long run, because of the chlorine and bromine atoms
they contain, which pick up hydrogen molecules and eliminate chain reactions that facilitate
burning but also cause irreparable damage to the ozone layer as they gradually make their way
up into the atmosphere
ix) FIRE EXTINGUISHER (Specialized Materials for Class D)- Class D fires involve extremely high
temperatures and highly reactive fuels. Consequently there is no one type of extinguisher
agent that is approved for all class D fires rather there are several common types and a few
rarer ones.
– Class A fires – combustible materials: caused by flammable solids, such as wood, paper, and fabric
– Class B fires – flammable liquids: such as petrol, turpentine or paint
– Class C fires – flammable gases: like hydrogen, butane or methane
– Class D fires – combustible metals: chemicals such as magnesium, aluminum or potassium
– Electrical fires – electrical equipment: once the electrical item is removed, the fire changes class
– Class F fires – cooking oils: typically a chip-pan fire
3) SECURITY SYSTEMA hardware system that prevents unauthorized intrusion into a premises, and
reports such attempts

a) ACCESS CONTROL- is a security technique that can be used to regulate who or what can view or use
resources in a computing environment.
b) COMPUTER SECURITY- is the protection of computer systems from the theft and damage to
their hardware, software or information, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services
they provide.
c) IDENTIFICATION AND AUTHENTICATION (I&A)- is the process of determining whether someone or
something is, in fact, who or what it is declared to be.
d) AUTHORIZATION- is the process of giving someone permission to do or have something. In multi-user
computer systems, a system administrator defines for the system which users are
allowed access to the system and what privileges of use
e) ACCOUNTABILITY ACCESS CONTROL TECHNIQUES-
i) DISCRETIONARY ACCESS CONTROL- in which a user has complete control over all the programs it
owns and executes, and also determines the permissions other users have those those files and
programs. Because DAC requires permissions to be assigned to those who need access, DAC is
commonly called described as a "need-to-know" access model.
ii) MANDATORY ACCES CONTROL- in which only the administrator manages the access controls. The
administrator defines the usage and access policy, which cannot be modified or changed by
users, and the policy will indicate who has access to which programs and files. MAC is most
often used in systems where priority is placed on confidentiality.
f) SURVEILLANCE AND SECURITY DETECTORS
i) MAGNETCI DETECTOR- was an early form of radio detector used during the early 1900s. The
magnetic detector, or "Maggie" was found to be more reliable than the coherer, an earlier for of
detector for wireless signals. It indicates the presence of a metallic object by the disruption it
causes in an induced or natural magnetic field. These detectors may be active devices, as with
magnetometers, or passive devices, as with magnetic detectors

Refer to the diagram for a

simple (i.e. limited) explanation: A band of Iron wires move continuously around two ebonite pulleys. The wire
passes through the center of two concentric coils of wire. The first coil (the primary) is connected to the Antenna
and ground. The telephone earpiece is connected to the second coil (secondary). As the band passes under the
magnets, the iron atoms are aligned, producing a weak magnetic field. If there is no RF present, the field is
unchanged and no change in current is produced in the secondary winding. However, if a RF pulse is present at
the antenna, it is passed to the primary coil, producing a magnetic field, which changes the magnetic field on the
wire. This change is detected by the secondary coil and is heard as a "click" in the receiver 1.
ii) SHOCK DETECTOR- A shock detector or impact monitor is a device which indicates whether
a physical shock or impact has occurred. These usually have a binary output (go/no-go) and
are sometimes called shock overload devices. Shock detectors can be used on shipments of
fragile valuable items to indicate whether a potentially damaging drop or impact may have
occurred. They are also used in sports helmets to help determine if a dangerous impact may
have occurred.

iii) SCREEN DETECTOR-

iv) CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV)- A private television system involving one or more cameras
connected to one or more monitors for security, surveillance, law enforcement, and the general
purpose monitoring applications. Unlike public broadcast TV, CCTV is a closed system in
intended for private use.