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ACI 311-07 SP-2 (07) - Manual of Concrete Inspection Contents - MyCivil - Ir
ACI 311-07 SP-2 (07) - Manual of Concrete Inspection Contents - MyCivil - Ir
CONCRETE
INSPECTION
Reported by ACICommittee 311
SP-2(07)
Q] nb:m A. AtI~oo l ui,. Y. G rubol- V iJllk i!h.':l,...; S. 1.) 'l.!r ' V"Mxli.ml L. vtJgI
JiJ ~l! p"h ro. J\ lI't llJiB l immr.: Do HnnJ'li'ltT'i.i!.l l, I r. Clm:de It. J:l~\OO:t Rortnll<ll!. W.in ""-'!
arlo R. DJ.. Roben L. J:lOIII)' RoOM S. knkl :\1I011cU. L. " 'iL
Dur. a:h.I E. Di:uJIJ C iirh::s L Hoo klnuIl &ogw D. T~I " RtJ.~i:r E. Wi ~oo
PiREFACiE. ,,,!pi.a1.l 0/ III.. ,"«no • "", ..."Ar.J J' <l.IPOO Q{ • ~",I<J~ .od
l hii r....:unrul rj in/m:kd fu J;1fi4t, cmL-t, anrlliniina:r (;(lRi:re~ ifUJ.~run (.YJ '1J.rtlfffit-n. For "" ,rher' ilquf'mllriOf~ ~ butd t'Vm~rrl4.~JjOJi prtlt'Jr(.~ f~r'~
an~ C?(Mn .f'/.tgn·· d t aNJI..'ll!W c.(;ft5J'rr~:b[M r.w k..!.rt~, i'1dr«1ir. · /U!JJi u dt~
a re ofIiCOOrogf'.a lrJ rt{.r t_ ACJ Mar.:aal ofCoficrCIe l'faclJC(:.
cng"~s,. crmsfra.r:lICNl .s.upai.-"1lerrdcr:u. :srqxn.·~. friboro.kl7)' rurd fldd Jj~mwc the CfNJlml of t.i1ir rnul'UY:rJ r.1 .p-1l-t"mI and brorrd illl m:.ll'ttre" I'W
t&'lvllawU', .and orws... lNJig~rl fr.Uy.::roo fir;:d rhr mt':f.U(:tI' to bre' t.I wl'rtab:{e- pan .o{ the "l:::m.lIru .l.-i1 ()J4id be tlli:.i:..dm by rqUt!1iU in amfflJct dfJGU1'I':E&ts..
rr:fo.rt!JlC,r. by 1!".rilIS' m~ mtomJtJtWn w Dct'oLr adapt .!hI!I, dc.n'8'1f to t~ iralit.it',S ,.1.ppl'iclJbIt! j ....~rNJ nq.:.lin'JlICl'ltt fo ~ cGCh project Inmi{t! ,~ ~ ~crmir&
tJj ftdd ro.rJ.UIlfi"..rTmL 11«.mw! IJf .!fit: .m.'t!7~ pDSAilU 4t"il':." of t~ ....~rttll arrti rll f;.r.dt!d iN ~ spccijif;l.1tirmor.
dlld ~ Iii w l rftf:d lJn.(OkK~-f of ~ T~J7'i, 'J i~('s rIY- ;r.ra~""i':.illg btIIind
J~ J't(:/tl.!i'.;aI " I;f"~('ri(tru ,
Chapter 1---<1nspection and the inspector, p. 6
The J tid 0/ . " <tN. ' .....·1/0.1 "us·
expor.dtd d'M".r~11y 0."" ,~. I. l - IIlSpcctiQII P ~QCC SSiCS
'earJ. ru reflt:tr rhe 1'1.:31, ~fNC.f'l fnr.'l hu 'i~ tdj},rll ptdl~e i,.. rht: CW1tn'~1I
irrdlrslr>'. AUOOII 'n' m.!1R)' Q/II;~ l(ndW1lt!_Fl l~l/:s prneIJrcd
ilil P'fln'irlUS ~iJimu
lo l.I- Why inspection j needed
tJ/lkis IJI:tt.UfW TClJmi rr I?f~. T.mr and r«hniL"aIJy cUTred, rhi'1 !ertlir cditjUfJ 1.1.2-PutpQres of inspecLluo
irrctJrrJl.lrar~.1 ru! mutll!!"i::rJ W tJlidras tha~ .m:!...aIt'l.?.1 til t«hfWloSY. •4 ii~J 1. 1 .3--0 nc-T ami contractor ilL<pccti on~
of oof)' ti fo q iu 7«m.t d~Y!itJP'"'...ell t~ in ff:itJ t~n·(1I.s. ftj lriprr:cn.f, £Irrti l . 2.-JnSpec\Qf
io rm:L"fu.f iJl(;tu:hs.:
1.2. 1- Dutie;;
17JJtJ:o.~ t·('..Offlllf-tt.Wi! r .1l ('t'i'nt~Jr •
t IMftW"td ,N ~ ()/ ~lIppJtJT1tr.J'('J." CfJT1't r.JiJiGi U ITItMtOOH ( ~ );
1.2.2-f'.du 'llti" "llmi ccrt'ficati""
;. pot}mi:r.muJifred n'iLtrLllrtf; lo2.3- Autbo ·cy
• Sd/·ccruwi(/ufUIg (.YJJI Cf~}.ts; 12 .4--Rel:aOOl:IS jdI CootmctOrs., sUf"'rYiror.; illId OJkm
• 1t.'~ und r¢nm a.!iMiThu:t!.f; 1.2. Safety
• Fi~T-n:irifGn;m t;ffl1i;l"f:: t.c'; l.J- Jmportauce of clear specillcatiOtlS
• EpOX)' ~tf, I '!S,'
Hili-~· {JIfCiJ}' and .'''''''J/lud <tN, ''*
I'roriMrrklw, <lp/l.\'"'' Chapter 2--sta1i stical conce;pts for quality
H rifr-~ifol'WolaJ'il.·~ loIrrd irigh·stnrr ·rk r:mx:n..t~; .:md
EptJ.l:,v. -£O:T~iYi w id .JtaiJ1ic.IS st«lreIGd rmfcm:~m.:nt.
assurance,p.1 1l
Th ~ "" e.cd l~ cmY!7 nI! r.'C't!.Il'!.J" .trjJcdi n ' uupll!!ditm is ~ "'~JJ1 ,·t e l
2. 1 ualiry·control and qualicy-acceptallce ~tlSpec ~io.D
CtltTIR!itJr.c .111 coowlfa'j tn n:Io--UCJ~ ACI M.M11!:ll 01 Cam.:r:l:'lc In.spel:bon. 2, 2-Tn!lililioilill quality assurance
JIl p 7~"'ns mi-r ¢djr~ "1 thr l'lJ.:]r:JoI J,. al' irk p~Io-in lf" rmiti ml.f, tllil 2. 3-SLat' stical concept< and procedures
fIlH1mJ~rICt': '.f • rl:[ JO In'!{lrpl1'!r Jlrl' pm,r't;. fj TI'i! jt).rJI hy mJJ ,. ~ ~rlJ(t,i'lf{1
2.<l-Ba ic l.alisticai roncep
00JI't'; mrk.t r}J.:lJt J'Q mQke poiuy ,oft ('r)JI,JJTlI c rJ(.'o'J "mcrius, 11le ~
2A . l- Defini!io[js
2 4 .2- ' onnal distrihu ti on curve'
ACl Comrniuee Roports, G~id M,muul" S't<mdurd 2.4. Applying D.ormal di [l'i blltion cu 10 concrele
P= Ii:t;cs, iUld CoIJlilJlOBtan"" "'" iot"".dl.'d for gU,dillll<::e in
plwmi"g. d ' ignillg . .. o<uliog. and in>jX'wng wru;tru ctioo. ,oompres i "e stre ngth
Thi" dOC<Jment LS intended for Ll>c u'"' or iodivi d.a.I. bo are 2S- Statbtical too ls
compet"'" to evaluiltc the ,igIriJlcillll<::e illlld IimjtilHu ", of it 2. 5 . 1 -freq~teuc disttibu ~jo!lS
cooloot WId ","omm,md' lioos <m<I bo ill <WGept
I poo. ib.ility fur Ll>c awl' ·aUo" of UJ milt ' . il '".,1';0• . 2 5.2-CortCrol charts
Tho Amen"",, CoJI<:= 1o, liM d' sdaims
, poo,ib.illt~· for lbo s1a lod priodpl l b . slit"to ,bal l oot
,md , L lUl,
1>0 liable fur · y Iu or damil~" .m ;rng Uwrefrum.
Rd""m ... to Lhi.o do... 0.""\ ,;bull no4 b" mild. in coolr""t
<l<" ",ruoot· . jf ilom . found io Ita> dOCU1lJlODt lll' d" irro by lb •
• llu:clfffngim,er Co tI. a part or lh. <oorr"",t d ocum ' IS, !hoy
shaU 1>0 re 'l<IlO<l in = dillory l<lt1g""go rOf in<;orp<J<<llion by
!he , ·bilo.vJiogl"" ...
1
2 ACI CO MI1'TE1E AEPOFIT
C 1I 7 conditi "n~
AS.4--Clay lumps and friable particles tn illilgre.g ales: 6.5, I- Paste quality
ASTM CI 42 6.5.2_Requlred air enlJaiOllTIeu t
AS S - Org uic impuri lies 00 fioe aggregate: ASTM oro 6.S,3- Aggregale proportions
A5.6--Spccific gra\'i~y and sbsorplion of conr . aggregate: 6.5.4- Pruportionin!l by ab,61ute ,'olume
ASTMC l2i 6.5.S- Computing ab olme \'olume and percelltage of
AS.7-Sp<,d !c. gm vily and absorption of Ii ne aggrnga1e: '"lids
ASTMC128 6.5.6- xample of proportioning DYab olute volume
AS .S--ToLal moisUlT<: conle nt of agl$fe~ by dryins;: 6 . 6-Co n!ru ~ of concrule pro rntion.
7 .1.2-Weit>hin~ e.q uipme-nL Chapter 10- Form removal, reshoring, cu ring, and
7 .1 . 3-B~ldd.n !: equipmen! IProtection, IP . 81
10 . - Rem",·. 1 of fo rm. IIJld SouppnTt!
7 . L 4--Measurin~ afer
7. L 5>-M~~uring aom,xtllrcs lO.I . l - TIme of removal
7.2-Mi" illg 'operdtiO[lS 10. !.2-Multistory ork
7.2.I-Cc-ntml or site mixing lO.2- Proteetion from d~IIk'\ge
7.:U-Re~dy mixed concrete 1O.21- BiJ:d :f,lIii\j;
7 .2.l-Volumetric bale"'ng and mixin. ' 10 . ----Curing
7.J- Plan! in pection lO.3.l - Mol L curillg
7.3. l-Conlrnl of rue..- runLen! 1O.J .2-Me.mbrnn.e curing
7.• .2 o!1ij[ol of;jir oonteJ]( 1O.3.3-hnpt;;rmeabtc heets
7.3.3-Co.oAtol of L.emperaLUte 103 . Acceleraled c utiilJl,
10 .4-(.uring and PrQtcction during ealh"r extreme,
7 PI ~ciDg in pection
7.4.1-Conlrnl of !<i UIII!, loss 1O.4.l -Cold emh.er
1O.4.2- Hot ~"'Lh er
7.4 .2 O!1ij[ol of cO!JS i stc n ~y
7.4 .l - 1easuring 00 ilCrete quaiLtiL)'
Chapter 11- Postoonstruction inspection of
concrete, p. 86
ella,p ler a---.
Inspection before COncreti ng, 11. - Accepmnoc in' pectinn
p..64
S. I- Pre lim;.t:r,), SWdy 1l.2- Vi \lal inspeCLion (ooMi!ion uI\'ey)
113 -Onher roles and respons iDi.I.ilie s
8.2-S1ii:g.es of prep:;r-dtor)' ori
I I .3. I- NondCSlrllc. i YC c~'aluali()11 (!'IDE)
8.3-Fi...xQ<\'.tlon. and fQlrnda:tions
11.3.2-~truClive Ie tiJJg
8.J .l- Buildjllg lab on-ground
11.3.3-Summ:ary
8.3.2-Building fOUDll"tlons
11. O · er'o'3LioD leadiiDg to rep :ili/reh~bilitatio n
8.3. Uodenuer placemem
11.4. 1-Minor defeclS
B.3.4--Pile fO ulld<ltions
11. .4.2 tllJctural dofcas
8 F~= for buildings
8A . I- FDm' tig" Ln ",., I1ml alignment
Chapter 12.....Slabs for build ings, p. 92
M .2- Snoring 12. D- I'ositio nin g of n;:infoTCCment
B.4 .l-Pre'ye[lling bulgi'\j; and seLllemellt 12. lvii lUre requifemeJll
8.4 .4--<:oating for rcl ~a,c 1 2 .3~<; labs-on- ·rmmd
8 .5- F01IIl reuse and maintenance 12.3.1 Ilbgm de and ubbase
8.5 Reiruorcemem I 23.2-PLacing alld ccmsolidatio" of CODCr·e le
8.5. I-Cutt,ng und bending 12. .3- Fini. h illS
8.5 .2- Storage and tlandling 12.3 Hardened utfaces
8.6--lns!all. !ion 12..3.5- o·cou",,,· ennstrueti.", and special toppinSl'
8.6.1 over deptb 12.3.6-Cl1ring and pr·~ecfjo n
8.6.2-Splicillg. elding. and andiori'\j; 12.4-Stru.t 'Loral 'l.bs
8 . 6.3-Conge.~ion 12.j - Joint constn.tct·(m
8.6. Suppon
S.7- Embedded fi [\lIe Chapter 13-Pavement s labs and b:ri dge decks,
8.S_ Join!s 1P· 96
8,9- fiD ~1 in ~.j O[l before pta ing 13. U-FoulldlltiOOJ (su bg!'ll.dc and ~ubba:;t; COll f c)
8. 1O- 0leckfua 13. U-Fine grading
I . 1.2~~1Jib i1i l£<I base
Cllapter e---.Co ncre1lng ope~a1llo ns , p. 71 13.2 Form;
9. ] - PL• .ing c<l nrliuon. 1 ..2. 1 -Ke}'~)' fom hS
9.2-Handliug of concrete 13.3 .' tec] rc Lni OTCC!l!.t1lli
9.2.1--Conve)·jng 13.3. 1 l()age
9.2.2- !'lacung I .3.2- inst. lI. tion methods
9.3--Cnn s() ~ldation 13. Concrete
9.3.l- VibrnliOll I .4. I-Maten als
9A-Floi:iliing 13.4.2- Mixture propo orring
9.4.j-UnfoJ1DCd sttrfaccs 13.4.3- Bald llJlg and mi.>.i'\j;
9.4.2-Fotmed s\lt[aces I. .5-~ving op",raIlon.
9.5 COll «\Jetton joints 13.5.l - Concrete p1~ oent
9 . 5 . 1 -PI~[med 13..5.2.- Vibrutioll
9.S.2-Unpl. "nncd 13.5.3 'UpfoJ1D pavin g
4 ACI CO MI1'TE1E AEPOFIT
21.i.S-Underatercon U'UCtiOD (Clw.pler 15) construction scb.edules ~nd sta ithin 'COSI ltmils often
2 U .9-Vao.lum dc1I.crinll (Ch!!ptcr 15) places too muon emp~is on pmductiun rdle·. . If speed
21.7 .1O-Pu<nped COnCrele (Chapter 15) ~mes a top priQlity, c01lSttu~tiOIi quality 100)' not reccive
;H .7.1I bot~me (ChllJ)ter 15) adequate attention jf /lot propetl. e. ecIIted. Ironically, co t
2].7 .12 tmctural lightcigllt·aggregate cODcre1e m~)' also uJTe,T. ecnni'lues ilial peed cuncrele placement
(Chapler 16) can actually add tQ mat<;:ria.1 cost~ or n:;cu l~ in the nr.x>d or
2 U . 1 3-'l.o·dcn :;jtyconc~t: (CMptcr ~ 6) expcMive repair
21.7 . 14-Hl~-den,ily COR<'J"ete (Chapler 16) Jaoob Fcl d., • n (lloQ j" VI;lStigalor of stn tcbLrnl fuillln:;S. listed
2].7 .15- Mas ~orrcrete {Cbapter 16) e.xrunpl in hi book, LeS.wnS from FaifrmJ:S Of Concre/iJ
21.7.1 brinkage.compensati:ogcoacrete (Chapter 16) Stille/UTes. sbo i.og th.at a hi~h ]y.mlC!(fJIlllge or fail ures of
2 Li .17-Pre, ues=l ooncrde (Chap!e r 17) Cl;)l1l!!rctc. stnlt'llrres that h e had invc.sligatcd en: C8l!L<;cd in
}.] .7 .18 routing under base plates (Cbapter 18) significant pan by poor con tM:Iion-in omer ords, poor
2 U. 1 9-'Prc5~ur" gront i. ng (Chapter I S) orlananship. He laled: "The one tl"UIlJl hid; these failures
21.7 .20-Mortarand lUCCO (Char>te.r I ) COItClusi"dy poinl to is tha t aU good ro nc",te construction
2] .7 .2 1- I 'e ts or concrete (Cbapte:r 19) sbould 00 subjoctcd to rigid illipecCioo .•. U is beliC\'oo mat only
21.i . 22-R~-.:.o rd~ and R'POrts (CbafMe·r 20) by tltis kitld of inspection is it possible [0 guard llgruillSl the
failure of C<>llClrelC strm:wres" (I'cld 1964).
ChapleT 22-References, p. 171 For every lIIonumemal "lruCHll'3l coUapse, illrLuttlernble
22.1-Refe.reliced 'liilidilin:!S arId reports instances of sm all fail ures occur. ThOs is partlCltll....rly lru"
22.2- CltGd lefererrce . ncn impommt concrete propc:nic. , ~llch as dl!ll1b'li~y a nd
at ert~gh tn • do lIot confoml to design requiremelll.s.
Appen dix A ~Gul de tor 'Concrete Inspection SupcnM ccmcrelc. slm::illres can be w i It at " ",asOOilbie. rust
(ACI 311.4R=OS), p. 177 if concrete producers am! ~ontr.lctor> are Yigi1!3111. As the
lale F. R Jo.fcMilJan said in Ibe fQreorcI to his famoos
AP{lendix B-~ ui de lor Gonc.rete Plant Inspection CQJJI:rete P,imer (McMillan and Tunhill .1 987): "Many 1m
and iesting ol IReady-Mixed Concrete (ACI 3U .S-04), nave been interestGd in the cau e of be~er oon~me h~ve
p.1 91 nO'ted th.e difficulty of miling allY reaJ prog:res ' until
som"""" in authority h.a:s b","n crmvinocd ilial good concm1.e
Index, p. 197
can t>c had, ~~t it sho\lld . c had. ~nd, h~Y in!! been so
CHAPTER 1-1NSPECIION AiND THE INSP,E CTOR COll iD.c ed, Ms ent OUI ~Ile ord that it must be had,"
1.1---'lnspectlon p'r,ocesses 1.L2 p",,!>,,",,,", a!illSpe"titm-T bc dClsim fDr 'lllilliry has
1.1.1 Why j""pt\('licm j",,,,eded- l1le pUi'JlOlSe of irlSpOCtioll led to' 1be use of inspecUoo pilI'SOlUlel [0 monilor and document
is t.Q verify that th.:; n:;qnircmcn(s ~nd in~cn~ Qf ~t; contract q;~~lily of Goo<.-rele ClIlm1ructiIJ[L Tim ru.'p()nsi bililie~ and
de'ign documen1s are frudlfully aocomplisbed. In COllcrete dutie<; of lnsp!'ctQ!s h~ve broacl<mcd Q \'~r !he. yt;.m;:. Today,
oo[lslruetion, lllspec:uon includes Dot <lruy visual ob,sen'ali<lr seve.rnl inspe<:riou lean mal' be u cd on one projea to
and field m = ",ment!;, but also .eld an d lal;Jorntm)' lestin g represent ttre inlerestS of !lie "ruiOIlS p;lrti invo~ved.
and me oon~ ' on jl![d evalUllliOli of t daia. In lJ1..1Jly ! nspect",.,. may be employed:
instatl.ce.s, inspectoo also ael as O;t are assisted b)' (be field • By projecl. olietS to provide q u~li lY assllrance fot lhe
lechnicians signed w perform the testing . ()rk;
O n~ i mporl~nl re' pon.sibillty of lh" concrete ' nspector • By gowrnment agencies and latg,e ittdu tries to assllIe
is t<J as. e s~ the '1u.aUt>, (If the m~tcri.l s used in the lit" quality;
corrCIete. lt i difficult , and II llally impo ible, [0 produce • By architects and ell&iaeers 10 verify and dOC11ment
specifi.e d conere.te f.om nonconforming ma lerials. Thus. compliance hh p rojl!\cl 'p"d.fic~!ions anti drnin~ ;
the nna l mated als e.nlC.n ng lhe concre[C. mix ture . ha llie! be • By contrwlor; to provide qU3.Ji~y;;ontrOl inspoction fOJ
of pecified Qual it)'. projects uOOe:r c~clion. This helps provi.c!e assurance
An imporuutl factor in quality oonSUUctlon h gpo:><l OIfk- to the cIJntmctnr thal th" finj,;b"u c.on'tru~1l{lJl ill
llul.!ll>hip in all 0~ra.ti0llS aud proce (Fig. 1.1). ITICCl ail requirement' of thc conlrl'.<:t docu ments and
ObserviJlg this aspect becomes an imp ·taI11 respclfIsibilil. Illu ill be accepted DY the O"ller;
of lbe [nspect"'. \'cn lien tXlncrc:te is mack: lLISing lti~
qU'iJ i ~y materials, p roportroncd oor:!Wlly, am.! batched
- By p ro ducers of conC'llt", material, and produ cts h o
need as manee that finished products in n1Ut the
oorrec(Jy, the re ulilllg caocrele structure can be wlsa~factoty requirenlerllS of the contracl di:lcumellls. Examples
if wnstruCtlcmurkmilru;hip is of poor qu~~ily. in ,i ud'e prod ucers of remcn t, aggregate. ",aciy mi xed
1anuru skiUs. technical knoledge, motiY3tioJl, and pride cOllcrete, and preCiJ;S1 prod~ts;
all ,contribu te to good rlTkm anship. Mo~t indh 'iduah • By [icen .-ing WId . uilding-permh j urisdictions c.harged
im'ol"cd ith OOJ1q"CIC 'desisn !1lld C(II15trwtion Illke prioc i.n im cnf=illg b\liJding coocs and othcr rcg\ l~tiolls" In
their effort and strive to 3llain uperior quality (Fig. 1.2). mi case, me illSpector ill be respollsible only for
NOl a1.l personnel.. hoover. ill r,e>reive !fl<' ne>ressill")' a, urin!; !hal lhe finis!tM trucluru. G{mfurrru; to
tm ining to dD th~i r 100s properl)'. The nccd 10 moot a,5HraD k rcqllil"emcnt.5 Qf the <;<)dcs (>r rcs" la!iQns ; or
ACI MAiNUAL OF CONCRETE IN.SPiE.C110 H 7