CONTENTS

PART A - IRONMAKING ...........................................................................................

1
HOW TO STUDY ..........................................................................................................
2
1. PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON IN A BLAST FURNACE ................................... 4
2. OXIDATION ZONES OF A BLAST FURNACE .............................................. 17
3. COUNTER FLOW OF A CHARGE AND GAS IN A BLAST FURNACE ...... 20
4. HEAT EXCHANGE IN A BLAST FURNACE .................................................. 26
5. REDUCTION OF IRON OXIDES IN A BLAST FURNACE ........................... 29
6. REDUCTION OF IRON OXIDES BY CARBON .............................................. 34
7. REDUCTION OF IRON OXIDES BY HYDROGEN ........................................ 38
8. EFFECT OF A SHARE OF DIRECT REDUCTION ON THE SPECIFIC
CONSUMPTION OF COKE ............................................................................... 41
9. REDUCTION OF OTHER ELEMENTS IN A BLAST FURNACE .................. 44
10. BLAST FURNACE SLAG .................................................................................. 54
11. DESULFURIZATION IN A BLAST FURNACE .............................................. 58
12. TYPES OF PIG IRONS ....................................................................................... 63
PART B - STEELMAKING ......................................................................................
67
HOW TO STUDY ........................................................................................................
68
13. DESCRIPTION OF STEEL ................................................................................. 70
14. THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF STEELMAKING ............................. 72
15. REFRACTORIES ................................................................................................ 80
16. FUNDAMENTALS OF STEELMAKING TECHNOLOGY IN OXYGEN
CONVERTERS .................................................................................................... 84
17. FUNDAMENTALS OF STEELMAKING TECHNOLOGY IN TANDEM
FURNACES ......................................................................................................... 94
18. FUNDAMENTALS OF STEELMAKING TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRIC ARC
FURNACES .............................................................................................. 102
19. DEOXIDATION OF THE STEEL AND ALLOYING ..................................... 107
20. SECONDARY METALLURGY OF STEEL .................................................... 112
21. STEEL CASTING ............................................................................................. 119
LITERATURE ............................................................................................................
135 Part A
1
PART A
IRONMAKING
How to study – steel production
Production of pig iron in a blast furnace
Oxidation zones of a blast furnace
Counter flow of a chargé and gas in a blast furnace
Heat exchange in a blast furnace
Reduction of iron oxides in a blast furnace
Reduction of iron oxides by carbon
Reduction of iron oxides by hydrogen
Effect of a share of direct reduction on the specific consumption of coke
Reduction of other elements in a blast furnace
Blast furnace slag
Desulphurization in a blast furnace
Types of pig irons
How study – Iron production
2
HOW TO STUDY
Course name:
IRONMAKING
You have received a study package designed to guide you through the 1st semester of Master's
degree program in Economics and Management of Industrial Systems. Study package contains an
integrated study textbook Part I – Ironmaking for the combined studies, including a study guide.
Prerequisites:
This course assumes previous completion of the course Theory of Technological Processes.
SUBJECT GOAL AND STUDY OUTCOMES
Objective:
To provide students with wider theoretical knowledge of the theory and the technology of
production of pig iron with a focus on chargé materials and their treatment, technological
principles of production and basic chemical, thermal and physical phenomena and processes in
the prodution of pig iron.
Study outcomes:
Acquired knowledge:
o The student will be able to formulate physical – chemical processes occuring in production of
pig iron.

Acquired skills:
o The student will be able to use basic theoretical knowledge and technological principles in pig
iron production.
o The student will be able to apply pig iron production knowledge under the operational
conditions.
How study – Iron production
3
Who is this subject intended for
The subject is integrated into the master's degree program in Economics and Management of
Industrial Systems, but the subject can also take an interested part from any other field of study, if
the required prerequisites are met.
Used and recommended literature is listed at the end of each section.
The way of communication with tutors
During the study are expected:
o A semester project on a given topic from the field: charge materials, technology of iron
making, physical-chemical processes taking place in sintering of ores and iron production,
o The project will be monitored by the teacher within 14 days after submission and the results
will be emailed to students through the IS,
o Completion of the credit test and test results will be communicated to students after its
completion.

Questions about an assigned topic is possible to consult with tutor (Doc. Ing. Ján KRET, CSc.):
o On the telephone number 597 324 464
o Via e-mail: jan.kret@vsb.cz
Production of pig iron in a blast furnace
4
1. PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON IN A BLAST FURNACE
CHAPTER DIVISION
✓ Basic terms
✓ Description of a blast furnace plant
✓ Main parts of a blast furnace, description and function
✓ Composition of a charge in the production of pig iron in a blast furnace
✓ Agglomeration and pelletization of iron ores
✓ Requirements to individual components of a blast furnace charge
Time for the study: 120
mins