ASSIGNMENT-1,2,3

OF
NETWORK OPERATING
SYSTEM.

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY-

DR.ANUJ BHARDWAJ OWAISE

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 15BET5001

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY BE-IT

 ASSIGMENT NO-01

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

QUE-1. What is the Role of DHCP in networking and explain benefit of

DHCP.
ANS-- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automatically configures the necessary
settings when connecting a computer to the network. It allows you to more easily connect your
computer to any kind network from any participating location.

Benefits
 Portability
 No reconfiguration necessary – standard parameters are sent by the service to each PC
automatically
 Ease of use – PCs and Macs do not have to be rebooted for the DHCP addressing to be in
effect
 Simple to support – configuration for network administrators is standardized and flexible
to the needs of those using the service
 Support for any operating system that supports DHCP, with client support focused on PC
and Mac
 Capability, where required, to allocate reserved DHCP addresses for special needs
devices

QUE-2. Explain distributed and cluster OS with example.

ANS-- Distributed OS: They use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-time
applications and multiple users. Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors
accordingly.
The processors communicate with one another through various communication lines (such as
high-speed buses or telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed
systems. Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function.
Eg- Plan 9 and Inferno

Cluster OS: A computer cluster is a single logical unit consisting of multiple computers that are
linked through a LAN. The networked computers essentially act as a single, much more powerful
machine. A computer cluster provides much faster processing speed, larger storage capacity,
better data integrity, superior reliability and wider availability of resources.
Computer clusters are, however, much more costly to implement and maintain. This result in
much higher running overhead compared to a single computer.

QUE-3. Explain client server architecture and difference b/w workgroup and
domain.

ANS-- Client/server architecture is a computing model in which the server hosts, delivers and
manages most of the resources and services to be consumed by the client. This type of
architecture has one or more client computers connected to a central server over a network or
internet connection. This system shares computing resources.
Client/server architecture is also known as a networking computing model or client/server
network because all the requests and services are delivered over a network.

Difference b/w workgroup and domain

Workgroup:
 All computers are peers; no computer has control over another computer.
 Each computer has a set of user accounts. To use any computer in the workgroup, you
must have an account on that computer.
 There are typically no more than ten to twenty computers.
 All computers must be on the same local network or subnet.

Domain:
 One or more computers are servers. Network administrators use servers to control the
security and permissions for all computers on the domain. This makes it easy to make
changes because the changes are automatically made to all computers.
 If you have a user account on the domain, you can log on to any computer on the domain
without needing an account on that computer.
 There can be hundreds or thousands of computers.
 The computers can be on different local networks.
 ASSIGNMENT NO-02

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

QUE 1-- Explain various topologies used in computer network?

ANS-- Network Topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting

various nodes(sender and receiver) through lines of connection.

Types of Topologies are:

o Bus Topology
o Star Topology
o Ring Topology
o Mesh Topology
o Tree Topology
o Hybrid Topology

o Bus Topology: Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network
device is connected to single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called
Linear Bus topology

Features of Bus Topology:

1. It transmits data only in one direction.
2. Every device is connected to a single cable

o Ring Topology: It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is
connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two
neighbours for each device.
Features of Ring Topology

1. A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if
someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes,
then the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to
prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network.
2. The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2
connections between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.
3. Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to pass
through each node of the network, till the destination node.

o Star Topology: In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub
through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the
central node.

Features of Star Topology:

1. Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
2. Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
3. Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.
 o Mesh Topology: The mesh network topology employs either of two schemes, called full
mesh and partial mesh. In the full mesh topology, each workstation is connected directly
to each of the others. In the partial mesh topology, some workstations are connected to all
the others, and some are connected only to those other nodes with which they exchange
the most data.

Features of Mesh Topology:

1. Fully connected.
2. Robust.
3. Not flexible
 o Tree Topology: It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a
hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the
hierarchy.

Features of Tree Topology:

1. Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
2. Used in Wide Area Network.

o Hybrid Topology: It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or

more topologies. For example if in an office in one department ring topology is used and
in another star topology is used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid
Topology (ring topology and star topology).

Features of Hybrid Topology:

1. It is a combination of two or topologies
2. Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included
QUE 2. Explain TCP/IP reference model and how it is different from OSI model ?

ANS-- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the language a computer

uses to access the internet. It consists of a suite of protocols designed to establish a network of
networks to provide a host with access to the internet.
TCP/IP is responsible for full-fledged data connectivity and transmitting the data end to end by
providing other functions, including addressing, mapping and acknowledgment. TCP/IP contains
four layers

Difference b/w TCP/IP and OSI Model

 1. It is a 4 layer Model
1.It is a 7 layer Model
2. In TCP/IP model the transport layer does not
2. In OSI model the transport layer
guarantees delivery of packets. Still the TCP/IP model
guarantees the delivery of packets.
is more reliable.
3. Follows vertical approach. 3. Follows horizontal approach.
4. OSI model has a separate Presentation 4. TCP/IP does not have a separate Presentation layer
layer and Session layer. or Session layer.
5. Transport Layer is both Connection Oriented and
5. Transport Layer is Connection Oriented.
Connection less.
6. Network Layer is both Connection
6. Network Layer is Connection less.
Oriented and Connection less.
7. OSI is a reference model around which the
7. TCP/IP model is, in a way implementation of the
networks are built. Generally it is used as a
OSI model.
guidance tool.
8. Network layer of OSI model provides both
8. The Network layer in TCP/IP model provides
connection oriented and connectionless
connectionless service.
service.
9. Protocols are hidden in OSI model and are
9. In TCP/IP replacing protocol is not easy.
easily replaced as the technology changes.
 ASSIGNMENT NO-03

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

QUE.1-- Explain is the role of an AD DS Server?

ANS-- Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) is a server role in Active Directory that
allows admins to manage and store information about resources from a network, as well as
application data, in a distributed database. AD DS can also help admins manage a network's
elements (computers and end users) and reorder them into a custom hierarchy.

Currently in Windows there are five FSMO roles:

 Schema master.

 Domain naming master.

 RID master.

 PDC emulator.

 Infrastructure master.

QUE.2--Explain Common Terminologies and Active Directory Concepts- forest, Domain,

Domain Controller etc.

ANS-- A forest is a security boundary. Objects in separate forests are not able to interact with
each other, unless the administrators of each separate forest create a trust between them. For
example, an Enterprise Administrator account for domain1.com, which is normally the most
privileged account of a forest, will have, no permissions at all in a second forest
named domain2.com, even if those forests exist within the same LAN, unless there is a trust in
place.

If you have multiple disjoint business units or have the need for separate security boundaries,
you need multiple forests.

A domain is a management boundary. Domains are part of a forest. The first domain in a forest is
known as the forest root domain. In many small and medium organizations (and even some large
ones), you will only find a single domain in a single forest. The forest root domain defines the
default namespace for the forest. For example, if the first domain in a new forest is
named domain1.com, then that is the forest root domain. If you have a business need for a child
domain, for example - a branch office in Chicago, you might name the child domain chi.
The FQDN of the child domain would be chi.domain1.com. You can see that the child domain's
name was prepended forest root domain's name. This is typically how it works. You can have
disjoint namespaces in the same forest, but that's a whole separate can of worms for a different
time.

In most cases, you'll want to try and do everything possible to have a single AD domain. It
simplifies management, and modern versions of AD make it very easy to delegate control based
on OU, which lessens the need for child domains.

A server that responds to authentication or authorization requests is a Domain Controller (DC).

In most cases, a Domain Controller will hold a copy of the Global Catalog. A Global Catalog
(GC) is a partial set of objects in all domains in a forest. It is directly searchable, which means
that cross-domain queries can usually be performed on a GC without needing a referral to a DC
in the target domain. If a DC is queried on port 3268 (3269 if using SSL), then the GC is being
queried. If port 389 (636 if using SSL) is queried, then a standard LDAP query is being used and
objects existing in other domains may require a referral.

QUE.3-- Active Directory Objects.

ANS-- Active Directory objects represent the physical entities that make up a network. An object
is an instance of storage of a class. A class is defined in the Active Directory schema as a
specific set of mandatory and optional attributes — that is, an attribute can be present in an
object in Active Directory only when that attribute is permitted by the object's class. Classes also
contain rules that determine which classes of objects can be superior to (parents of) a particular
object of the class. Each attribute is also defined in the directory schema. The attribute
definitions determine the syntax for the values the attribute can have.

When you create an object in Active Directory, you provide values for the attributes of the object
in its particular class, and you do so according to the rules of the directory schema. For example,
when you create a user object, you provide alphanumeric values for the user's first and last
names, the logon identifier, and perhaps other values, such as telephone number and address.
You cannot create the user object successfully without providing acceptable values for the user
name and logon name because these attributes are mandatory, according to the directory schema.

Applications that create or modify objects in Active Directory use the directory schema to
determine what attributes the object must and might have, and what those attributes can look like
in terms of data structures and syntax constraints. For this reason, the directory schema is
maintained forest-wide so that all objects created in the directory conform to the same rules.
Objects are either container objects or leaf objects. A container object stores other objects, and,
as such, it occupies a specific level in a subtree hierarchy. An object class is a container if at least
one other class specifies it as a possible superior; thus, any object class defined in the schema can
become a container. A leaf object does not store other objects, and, as such, it occupies the
endpoint of a subtree.

QUE.4-- Active Directory Structure and Storage components.

ANS-- Logical Structure of Active Directory

Active Directory provides the flexibility in designing a business structure for an organization’s
current and future needs. Understanding Active Directory is key when designing your
organization’s Directory structure. In Active Directory all resources are organized in a logical
structure which enables any resource to be located by name rather than physical location.

In Active Directory there are different type of resources and objects that define the logical
structure:

User, computer, group, printer, and network share objects

Organizational Units

Domains – Logical boundaries for objects

Trees – Logical boundary for multiple domains

Forests – Logical boundary for multiple trees

All these Active Directory components work together in defining your logical structure. By the
way, a Forest defines the logical boundary for one or more Trees, and a Tree defines the logical
boundary for one or more domains.

Physical Structure of Active Directory

The physical structure of Active Directory consists of a database that is replicated to all domain
controllers in a Forest. The Data Store is what handles all access to the database and consists of
services and physical files that make the directory available. The storage architecture of Active
Directory has four different parts.

Forests, Domains, and Organizational Units are the core elements

DNS provides name resolution for domain controllers

The Schema provides the object definitions stored in the directory

The Data Store manages storage and retrieval of data

Another main aspect of Active Directory is Sites. Sites are used for communication between
domain controllers located in the same site, and we can use sites to optimize bandwidth between
domain controllers that are in different physical locations. All IP subnets that share the same
local area network are part of the same site.

QUE.5-- DNS Support for Active Directory.

ANS-- Active Directory uses DNS as its domain controller location mechanism and leverages the
namespace design of DNS in the design of Active Directory domain names. As a result, DNS is positioned
within the discoverability and logical structure components of Active Directory technology components.

Typically, a Windows Server 2003 DNS namespace is deployed to mirror an Active Directory
forest and domain infrastructure. In such a deployment, a partition of the DNS namespace is set
aside for Active Directory, where a DNS domain name such as corp.contoso.com is used support
the Active Directory forest root domain, and then subdomains of this name are created to suit
additional Active Directory domains as needed.

DNS Support for Active Directory Architecture

Active Directory is dependent on DNS as a domain controller location mechanism and uses DNS
domain naming conventions in the architecture of Active Directory domains. There are three
components in the dependency of Active Directory on DNS:

 Domain controller locator (Locator)

 Active Directory domain names in DNS

 Active Directory DNS objects

DNS Support for Active Directory Components

Component Description

Domain The Windows Server 2003 domain controller locator, implemented in the
controller Net Logon service, enables a client to locate a domain controller. The
locator (Locator) component contains the DNS–compatible and the Windows NT 4.0–
compatible locators that provide interoperability in a mixed Windows
 Server 2003– and Windows NT 4.0–based environment.

Active Directory Every Windows Server 2003 Active Directory domain has a DNS domain
domain names in name (for example, contoso.com), and every Windows Server 2003–based
DNS computer has a DNS name (for example, win2kserver.contoso.com).
Architecturally, domains and computers are represented both as objects in
Active Directory and as nodes in DNS.

Because DNS domains and Active Directory domains share identical domain
names, it is easy to confuse their roles. The two namespaces, although
typically sharing an identical domain structure, store different data and,
therefore, manage different objects:

 DNS stores zones and resource records, and Active Directory stores
domains and domain objects. Both systems use a database to resolve
names.

 DNS resolves domain names and computer names to resource records

through requests received by DNS servers as DNS queries to the
DNS database.

 Active Directory resolves domain object names to object records

through requests that are received by domain controllers either as
LDAP search requests or as modify requests to the Active Directory
database.

Thus, the Active Directory domain computer account object is in a different

namespace from the DNS host record that represents the same computer in
the DNS zone.

Active Directory When DNS data is stored in Active Directory, each DNS zone is an Active
DNS objects Directory container object (class dnsZone). The dnsZone object contains a
DNS node object (class dnsNode) for every unique name within that zone.
These unique names include the variations assigned to a specific host
computer when it functions, for example, as a primary domain controller or
as a global catalog server. The dnsNode object has a dnsRecord multivalue
attribute that contains a value for every resource record that is associated
with an object’s name.