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Manual Pipe Phase
Manual Pipe Phase
Manual Pipe Phase
PIPEPHASE
Introduction to PIPEPHASE The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement
Workbook and may be used only in accordance with the terms of that agreement. Information
in this document is subject to change without notice. Simulation Sciences Inc.
assumes no liability for any damage to any hardware or software component or any
loss of data that may occur as a result of the use of the information contained in this
document.
Copyright Notice Copyright © 2001 Simulation Sciences Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this
publication may be copied and/or distributed without the express written permis-
sion of Simulation Sciences Inc., 601 Valencia Ave., Brea, CA 92823-6346.
Trademarks PIPEPHASE, NETOPT,TACITE, and SIMSCI are registered marks and/or trademarks
of Simulation Sciences Inc.
Windows, Excel, and MS-DOS are registered marks and/or trademarks of Microsoft
Corporation.
All other products are trademarks or registered marks of their respective compa-
nies.
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Defining Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Introduction to PIPEPHASE i
Introduction
PIPEPHASE is a steady-state multiphase fluid flow network simulator
used for the rigorous modeling of oil and gas gathering and transporta-
tion systems. PIPEPHASE provides integrated solutions to network
problems. It can perform distinct analyses of individual nodes separately
and it is also able to incorporate the parameters of interrelated nodes into
the total solution. The applications of PIPEPHASE range from the sensi-
tivity analysis of key parameters in a single well, to a multi-year facili-
ties planning study for an entire field. This program also combines an
efficient multiphase network solution algorithm with modern oil and gas
production analysis techniques to create a unique field design and plan-
ning tool. This is coupled with an extensive physical property databank,
and integrated with an intuitive Windows-based user interface.
PIPEPHASE also comes with two add-on modules, NETOPT and TAC-
ITE, which can be installed at the same time as PIPEPHASE provided
you have obtained the appropriate security. Contact your sales represen-
tative for more information.
NETOPT
NETOPT provides you with optimization capabilities that allows you to
optimize network performance by defining specific operating objectives
while satisfying both physical and user-imposed constraints. For exam-
ple, you can use NETOPT to maximize the oil production from a system
of wells operating under injection-limited gaslift, or minimize capital
costs for a new pipeline system.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 1
TACITE
The TACITE code, developed by IFP, Elf Aquitaine and TOTAL, is a
compositional transient multiphase flow simulation tool, for the design
and control of oil and gas production pipelines and wells. The program
simulates the transient behavior of a fluid flowing through a single-link
flow system. The source flowrate and sink pressure are specified as time-
dependent boundary conditions.
Figure 1:
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE Calculation
Components Database Calculation
PIPEPHASE Database Module
PIPEPHASE Module
Graphical
GraphicalUser
User
Interface
Interface
PFE
PFEText
Text
Editor
Editor
PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE PIPEPHASE
PIPEPHASE
Keyword
KeywordFile
File RAS
RAS Report
ReportFile
File
2 Introduction
Where to Find Additional Help
Documents User manuals are shipped with your copy of PIPEPHASE. A complete
set of documents is provided on the CD in the form of .PDF files that are
most conveniently viewed using Adobe Acrobat Reader, supplied on the
installation CD. If you required additional manuals, contact your sales
representative.
Online Help PIPEPHASE comes with online Help, a comprehensive online reference
tool that accesses information quickly. In Help, commands, features, and
data fields are explained in easy steps. Answers are available instantly,
online, while you work. You can access the electronic contents for Help
by selecting Help/Contents from the menu bar.
SIMSCI offers technical support for PIPEPHASE for all questions sent
by fax, E-mail or regular mail. In North America, call our hotline sup-
port at 1-800-SIMSCI1. When contacting Technical Support, please
include the following in your correspondence:
■ Name and company, phone and fax numbers
■ Product version number
■ Problem description, including any error messages that you received
and the steps necessary to duplicate the problem
■ If you are e-mailing your problem, please include an electronic copy
of the .INP or .PP0 and .PP1 files.
■ When calling in a request, please have this workbook available and
be near your computer to be able to walk through any difficulties.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 3
About This Workbook
This workbook complements SIMSCI's Introduction to PIPEPHASE
training course. Since much of the course time is dedicated to hands-on
examples, you will not necessarily go through the document page by
page. The workbook does, however, follow the course sequence and you
may want to jot notes in the margin. We strongly recommend that you
read this workbook from cover to cover once and then use it to refresh
your memory later on.
Conventions Before you begin this workbook, you should be aware of several conven-
tions. These include:
■ Italicized text denotes menu items, dialog box names and fields, and
lists. For example, File, Save As..., the Source Data dialog box, and
Composition Defined.
■ Buttons within dialog boxes are represented as gray-filled boxes
with white overlaid text, such as OK , Status , and . Add ->
■ “...” Ellipses indicate items that, when selected, bring up a windo
or dialog box, for example, Modify... and Enter Data... .
■ Text in < > brackets indicates keyboard strokes.
■ The , icon indicates a cautionary note or a useful tip.
■ Click, Highlight or Select: Place the pointer on the item and press the
left mouse button.
■ Double-click: Same as click except you press the left mouse button
twice with only a very short pause between clicks.
■ Open: To open a dialog box or object, place the pointer on the object
and click or double-click the mouse.
■ Drag: Move the mouse while holding the left button down
4 Introduction
Exploring the PIPEPHASE Desktop
The visual engineering of PIPEPHASE makes building a simulation
easy. Functional colors, menu-graphics and picture icons guide you
every step of the way. On-line references refresh your memory on equa-
tions and guidelines. And if you encounter trouble, Help is available
when you need it.
You will use all the familiar Windows features such as toolbar buttons,
menus, dialog boxes, and drop-down lists.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 5
Figure 2:
PIPEPHASE
Main Window
Menu Bar Directly below the title bar of the main PIPEPHASE window you will
find the main menu bar. It gives you easy access to the command menus.
Toolbar The toolbar appears just below the menu bar on the main PIPEPHASE
window. Using the mouse, you can initiate many actions by clicking the
buttons on the toolbar.
Data Entry PIPEPHASE provides dialog boxes that allow you to enter data in a log-
Windows ical manner. Throughout this workbook, you will see examples of data
entry windows. Within these dialog boxes, there are many different types
of data entry devices including check boxes, radio buttons, drop-down
lists, and buttons.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 7
Color Cues PIPEPHASE uses color cues to inform you of the status of your simula-
tion. The significance of the colors you will encounter while working
with PIPEPHASE are summarized below.
Editing and You can use the options on the Edit menu to modify the placement of
Viewing the objects on your flowsheet diagram.
Flowsheet
Table 7: Edit Menu Options
Option Function
Copy Node... Copy an existing node to a new node at coordinates X, Y
Copy Link... Copy an existing link to a new link
Edit Node... Sort, edit, delete, and copy existing nodes or add a new node to the flowsheet
Edit Link... Sort, edit, delete, copy, or change the flow direction of existing links
Move Node... Move the highlighted node around the flowsheet using the arrow keys
Draw... Add text, a line, a rectangle, or an oval to the flowsheet.
You can use the options on the View menu to modify the data displayed
on your flowsheet diagram.
Figure 3:
Link Device Window
This window is broken up into four sections. Starting from the top left-
hand-side, these include:
■ Access buttons—enter and exit link device view, and open online
help.
■ Edit link functions—edit, delete, reverse, copy and paste functions.
■ Calculation data—enter link data, nodal analysis data, line sizing data,
or TACITE transient data.
■ Devices palette—use this toolbar to add devices to the active link; the
description for each unit is provided in the status line above the tool-
bar, for example, Pipe.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 9
Defining the Simulation
This chapter describes the objectives, applications, and capabilities of
PIPEPHASE. It introduces the concepts involved in pipeline, well, and
network analysis and describes how PIPEPHASE tackles them. The
numerous simulation and fluid types available in PIPEPHASE are also
discussed.
Single Pipe PIPEPHASE is a sophisticated tool for the design and analysis of single-
Analysis phase and multiphase pipelines. The main features of PIPEPHASE
involve capacity calculations, condensate drop-out problems, CO 2/
Steam/N2 injection networks, and heated oil pipelines. The rigorous
energy balance and detailed heat transfer model enable the accurate sim-
ulation of viscous fluids in insulated and/or heated oil pipelines as well
as steam injection systems.
Figure 4:
C`USYVYUTð C`USYVYUTð
Capacity Calculations
^\Udð@bUccebU ?ed\Udð@bUccebU
@e]`ðC`USYVYSQdY_^c
Figure 5: @81C5ð5>F5<?@5ð@8!ð
Phase Envelope 200
CQdebQdUTðFQ`_b
3bYdYSQ\ð@_Y^d
160
CQdebQdUTð<YaeYT
@bUccebUäð@C91 120
800
400
CQdebQdUT
!%ëð<Yaâ ! ëð<Yaâ %ëð<Yaâ ðFQ`_b
0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100
DU]`UbQdebUäð6
In the example shown in Figure 6, given 600 psia steam at the inlet,
PIPEPHASE can calculate the flowing bottomhole pressure.
C_ebSU
@ð/
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 11
Heated Oil Pipelines
For heated oil pipelines, PIPEPHASE allows for the variation of node
parameters (i.e., insulation thickness, heaters, pumps) to meet the pipe
specifications. Viscosity characteristics are always taken into account,
and the flow characteristics of the fluid can be analyzed exactly. PIPEP-
HASE can perform accurate calculations in both laminar and turbulent
flow regions, as well as analyze the transition region with equal preci-
sion. In the event of sludge formation, especially in heated oil pipelines,
PIPEPHASE employs a sphering or pigging model to estimate slug char-
acteristics for the design of downstream slug catchers.
Figure 7: @b_TeSdY_^ð6\eYT
Wellbore Analysis è_Y\ágQdUbáWQcç
CebVQSU
BUcUbf_Yb
Figure 8:
Wellbore Calculations 94ð-ð"ð!á"î
- Varying Pipe Sizes
94ð-ð#î
6\_gY^Wð2_dd_]X_\U
@bUccebU
94ð-ð#ð!á"î
94ð-ð$î
BUcUbf_Ybð
@UbV_b]Q^SU
6\_gðBQdU
Figure 9:
Wellbore Analysis -
ð -ð #
Varying Well-head
ð -ð "
Pressure
G8 @
ð -ð !
G8 @
G8 @
6\_gY^Wð2_dd_]X_\U
ðð
@bUccebU
BUcUbf_Ybð
@UbV_b]Q^SU
6\_gðBQdU
PIPEPHASE also models artificial lift methods. The two methods avail-
able to the program are continuous gas lift for enhanced fluid recovery
and electrical submersible pump analyses.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 13
Gas Lift Analysis
In a gaslift analysis, separator gas available from the oil well or from an
outside source can be used to increase production. The production fluid
is considered to be in the tubing and the lift gas in the annulus around it.
Using PIPEPHASE, you can investigate the feasibility of injecting gas
for continuous gaslift. PIPEPHASE has four gaslift options:
■ With specified oil production and lift gas rate, PIPEPHASE gener-
ates pressure profiles in the production and injection strings of the
well.
■ With specified tubinghead pressure, PIPEPHASE generates table of
oil production rate vs. specified lift gas rate.
■ With a specified range of gas injection valve locations for fixed oil
production and lift gas injection rates, PIPEPHASE calculates corre-
sponding production string pressure, and determines the injection
location which is closest to the target outlet pressure.
■ With a specified range of gas injection valve locations for fixed oil
production and lift gas injection rates, PIPEPHASE calculates corre-
sponding injection string pressures and determines the location
which is closest to the target outlet pressure.
7Qcð<YVdðFQ\fU
BUcUbf_Ybð3_^TYdY_^c
Að/ @-"! ð`cYW
D-!("ð6
PIPEPHASE can generate plots of the liquid and oil production versus
gas injection rate, as shown in Figure 11, to indicate the optimum gas
injection rate required (trial injection rates are used as input to this simu-
lation to generate the desired graph).
Figure 11:
Finding the Optimum
Gas Injection Rate
A <ðè=Qhâç
A<
A 7ðè?`dY]e]ç
A7
Field Wide The network simulation capability in PIPEPHASE can be used to model
Simulation the interaction between the various elements of a complete oil or gas
field, including all of the wells, gathering and injection lines, surface
facilities, and contract delivery points. PIPEPHASE also allows the
grouping of production from the same zones for simulating time-depen-
dent reservoir pressure decline, and changing well production conditions
(increasing GOR and water cut). These capabilities have been linked
with the ability to simulate production contracts and changing facilities
to create a field planning tool.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 15
In a field of interconnected wells, the parameters in each individual well
are interconnected. (i.e. changes in the pressure of well 1 may affect well
2). Consider Figure 12 where Well 2 has varying gas lift injection rate,
and the resulting back pressure affects the performance of Well 1. Simi-
larly, all of the surface facilities are also interdependent. PIPEPHASE
incorporates these effects in performing an overall field calculation.
Figure 12:
Field Wide Simulation
GU\\ð! GU\\ð"
ègYdXðWQc\YVdç
Another feature allows you to model changing facilities. The case study
feature simulates changing operation setpoints, facilities and delivery
contracts over multiple time periods. For instance, the field may require
more power (e.g. in pumps) with time, and increasing the horsepower of
the pumps affects overall field performance and costs.
When creating a new simulation, by clicking the New button on the tool-
bar or by selecting File/New from the menu bar, the Simulation Defini-
tion dialog box will be opened automatically. If you need to access this
dialog box at any time, select General/Simulation Definition from the
menu bar.
Figure 13:
Simulation Definition
Dialog Box
Check the box beside Input Check Only when you want PIPEPHASE to
perform a thorough check on your input before performing any calcula-
tions. If errors are found, it will not carry out the simulation.
Simulation The simulation type indicates which solution algorithm will be used to
Type solve the simulation. The options are:
■ Network Model
■ Gas Lift Analysis
■ PVT Table Generation
Select Gas Lift Analysis if you wish to to perform individual well gas lift
analyses. This option is for blackoil fluids only.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 17
Fluid Models A fluid model is non-compositional when it can be defined with average
gravities at stock tank conditions. A fluid model is compositional when
it can be defined in terms of its individual components either directly or
via an assay curve. There are seven types of fluid modeled in PIPE-
PHASE:
■ Compositional
■ Black oil
■ Gas Condensate
■ Gas
■ Liquid
■ Steam
■ Compositional/Blackoil
The fluid type controls how the program is able to obtain the physical
properties necessary for pressure drop and heat transfer calculations —
either from the PIPEPHASE databank, from built-in empirical correla-
tions, or from user-supplied input. Steam is a special case of a non-com-
positional fluid, for which PIPEPHASE uses the GPSA steam tables.
Non-Compositional Models
A non-compositional fluid model must be defined as black oil, gas con-
densate, liquid, gas, or steam. Black oil and gas condensate are two-
phase, with one phase dominant. Gas and liquid fluid models are single-
phase. Steam can be single or two-phase.
Steam Model
Steam is a non-compositional fluid that is allowed to exist in two phases.
You cannot override the steam table data contained within PIPE-
PHASE’s data libraries. However, all pressure drop correlations which
are available to compositional fluids are also available to the steam
model.
Compositional Model
There are three methods for defining components in PIPEPHASE:
■ Selecting individual components from the PIPEPHASE library.
■ Defining individual components as petroleum pseudocomponents.
■ Defining an assay curve and having PIPEPHASE divide it into
petroleum cuts.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 19
A compositional fluid can be defined in terms of any combination of
these options. You can have different compositions at each source.
Petroleum Components
PIPEPHASE allows you to enter individual petroleum components,
which are represented as cuts or sections of a hydrocarbon stream with
defined average boiling points, specific gravities, and other thermophys-
ical properties. You can define individual components as petroleum com-
ponents by specifying at least two of the following three properties for
each component:
■ Normal boiling point
■ Gravity
■ Molecular weight.
PIPEPHASE will predict the third property if you omit it. PIPEPHASE
uses industry-standard characterization methods to predict all fixed and
temperature-dependent property data for each pseudocomponent. You
can select the method most suitable for your own mixture.
To construct the assay curve, along with the boiling point curve, you
must supply average density, and you can also supply density curve data
or molecular weight data.
You should try to define the temperatures such that they encompass the
TBP ranges for all stream assay data. Several correlations are available
for calculating critical constants, molecular weights, and gravities.
Phase If you believe that the phase of your compositional fluid will not change
Designation throughout the simulation, you can specify that phase (liquid or gas).
PIPEPHASE will bypass the flash calculations to increase the speed of
your simulation.
You must be sure that the fluid remains in the phase which you specify
for the entirety of the simulation, since any liquid dropout or vaporiza-
tion which may occur in reality will be missed, and results will then be
erroneous.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 21
Setting the Input Units of Measure
Almost every item of data you will enter in PIPEPHASEwill have units
of measure. For simplicity, units of measure in PIPEPHASE have been
arranged into four standard pre-defined sets: Petroleum, English, Metric
and SI. You select the set that nearest matches the needs of your simula-
tion and then override the pre-defined units for individual quantities. For
example, you can select the Metric Set and override the Celsius tempera-
ture unit with Kelvin.
To change the default units of measure set for a simulation, click the
Units of Measure button on the toolbar or select General/Input Units of
Measure to open the Input Dimensions dialog box. This dialog box (Fig-
ure 14) automatically appears when you define a new simulation.
Figure 14:
Input Dimensions
Dialog Box
By default, the standard Petroleum set is the global default used to start
each simulation.
➤ To change the default set, select a set from the System list.
➤ Make any changes to individual units, as desired and click OK
when finished.
Output Units Normally, the output report is in the same units as the input set. How-
of Measure ever, you can define a different set of units for the output. If you do want
output in a different set of units it is good practice to get it in the input
unit set as well, so that you can check the correctness of your input data.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 23
Entering Thermodynamic or PVT Data
The thermodynamic or PVT data required for the simulation depends on
the fluid type defined as the simulation definition. For any non-composi-
tional simulation, you can enter up to 99 property sets. The required data
entry for each fluid type is described below.
When creating a new simulation, the PVT Data dialog box will be
opened automatically. If you need to access this dialog box at any time,
click the Thermodynamic Data button on the toolbar or select General/
Thermodynamic Data... from the menu bar.
Figure 15:
Blackoil/
Compositional PVT
Data Dialog Box
You can enter a mole percentage for any or all of the listed contaminants
(nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide). Entry of data here will
effect a change in the compressibility factor for the gas phase according
to built-in correlated curve relationships.
Regarding Antoine viscosity data, you can enter one temperature and
one viscosity to define a constant viscosity of the dead oil, or enter tw
points for regression onto a two-point Antoine curve. The viscosities are
interpolated and extrapolated on a log-scale for all other temperature
conditions. If multiple sets of two-point viscosity data are supplied, then
the two temperature points must be identical for each set.
You can define the method that PIPEPHASE uses to predict a non-com-
positional compressibility factor. The available correlations are the
Standing-Katz, Hall-Yarborough wet gas, and Hall-Yarborough dry gas
methods.
You can also define the methods that PIPEPHASE uses to calculate For-
mation Volume Factor (FVF) and Solution Gas Oil Ratio (SGOR). For
the FVF, you can choose the TUFFP Vazquez/Beggs, Standing, or Glaso
methods. To calculate SGOR, you can define the TUFFP Vazquez/
Beggs, Lasater, Standing, or Glaso correlations.
There are numerous viscosity correlations available for each phase. For
oil, there are the TUFFP Vazquez/Beggs, Beal-Standing/Chew-Conally
and Glaso correlations. For the viscosity of gas, the Lee, et. al., and Katz,
Carr, et. al. methods can be used.
If you want to specify a specific correlation for mixing, you can choose
one of three methods: Volumetric averaging, API Procedure 14b, and
Woelflin (loose, medium, or tight). You can adjust the Woelflin Oil/
Water mixing correlations by entering your own data.
Gas As for the blackoil model, you must enter are the gravities (or densities)
Condensate for each of the three potential phases of the fluid, while all other data are
and Gas optional. Enter the contamination concentrations as you did for a black-
oil fluid.
Models
You must supply specific gravity data for gas, liquid and water phases,
even if you do not expect them all to be present. You can define the
amount of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide in the well
which adjusts the compressibility factor calculations. You can also spec-
ify a gas specific heat ratio (c p/cv) to override the internal value set as a
default.
You can also specify which correlation is to be used. The available corre-
lations for gas viscosity are the Lee and the Katz-Carr methods. For the
z-factor, you can use the Standing-Katz, theHall-Yarborough wet gas, or
the Hall-Yarborough dry gas model.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 25
as opposed to black oil calculations, you cannot adjust the Standing cor-
relation to match any available data.
Figure 16:
Gas Condensate PVT
Data
The PVT dialog box for a single phase gas is similar to Figure 16 except
that the data entry field, Condensate, is not an option.
Figure 17:
Single Phase Liquid
PVT Data
You can supply liquid viscosity data to override the internally predicted
data. You can do this by either defining the viscosity as a single value or
as a two-point viscosity curve. Similarly, you can supply a single con-
stant value for liquid specific heat to override the internally predicted
data.
You can specify the correlation used to calculate oil or water viscosity.
The options for viscosity correlations are: for oil, Vazquez, Standing,
and GLASO; for water, Beal and ASME Steam tables. However, unlike
black oil, you cannot adjust the Standing correlation to match any avail-
able laboratory data.
Steam Model Enter the gravity, or density, of the water to represent the amount of dis-
solved salt present in the water, which becomes important if large eleva-
tion changes are present.
When using steam, you can specify the gravity of the condensed water to
be more than 1.0 to take into account dissolved solids. You can also
specify steam quality if the steam is saturated. If the steam is super-
heated or the water is subcooled, you must specify both the temperature
and the quality.
Figure 18:
Steam PVT Data
Note that the steam (or any single component fluid) model is based on an
enthalpy balance.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 27
Compositional For compositional models, PIPEPHASE can use a generalized correla-
Model tion, an equation of state, or a liquid activity method to calculate thermo-
dynamic properties at the flowing conditions and hence to predict the
split between the liquid and vapor phases. The choice of the thermody-
namic property calculation method depends on the components in the
fluid and the prevailing temperatures and pressures. PIPEPHASE also
provides a number of methods that can rigorously calculate vapor-liquid-
liquid equilibrium and solid-liquid equilibrium.
Figure 19:
Thermodynamic
Methods for
Compositional
Sources
If you have water in a hydrocarbon system, you can select a method for
calculating aqueous liquid and vapor enthalpies either by a simplified
method which assumes that the steam is at its saturation point, or by a
rigorous method which takes into account the degree of superheat of the
vapor, if any.
Transport The SIMSCI databank contains pure component data for the thermal
Methods conductivity, surface tension, and viscosity of liquids and vapors as func-
tions of temperature. You can choose to use these data and simple mix-
ing rules to predict the flowing properties of the fluid.
Alternatively you can choose to use the API Data Book property predic-
tion methods and mixing rules for mixed hydrocarbons.
Some 60 of the bank components have data for viscosity and thermal
conductivity from the GPA TRAPP program. If you choose to use the
TRAPP data, all of your components must be TRAPP components and
you cannot have any pseudocomponents or assay data.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 29
In the case of oil and water mixing, you can use the same correlations
available to the black oil case: Volumetric averaging, API procedure
14B, and the three variations of the Woelflin emulsion procedure.
Figure 20:
Global Defaults Dialog
Box
Flow You must specify the Pressure Drop flow correlation to be used to calcu-
Correlation late pressure drops along lengths of the pipes, risers, tubings, and annuli.
Defaults The default is Moody. The correlations available depend on the fluid
type: gas, liquid, compositional, blackoil, gas condensate or steam. The
selected correlation will be used for all units of like type in the simula-
tion unless you specify a different correlation on an individual device.
You can also enter user-defined correlations supported by PIPEPHASE.
Palmer Palmer corrections are factors which can be used with any non-mecha-
Corrections nistic pressure drop correlation except Orkiszewski and Beggs & Brill
No-Slip, in order to adjust for uphill and downhill multiphase flow pres-
sure drops. The defaults are those recommended for Beggs & Brill and
Beggs, Brill & Moody correlations: 0.924 for uphill, and 0.685 for
downhill.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 31
These data will be used for all units of like type in the simulation unless
you specify different data for an individual link device.
Inside You can specify default sizes for each of the riser, pipe, annulus and tub-
Diameter ing devices. These data will be used for all devices in the simulation
Defaults unless you specify different data for individual devices.
The inside diameter can be specified on the basis of the actual inside
diameter of the device or (except for annulus) as a nominal diameter. The
relationship between nominal and inside diameter is determined by the
schedule and is defined in the Flow Device Size database.
Thermal PIPEPHASE allows you to select the heat transfer default method for
Defaults calculating heat transfer for all pipes, tubing devices, risers and annuli in
the simulation. As well, you can enter the default ambient temperature
for the medium surrounding all pipes, and the default geothermal tem-
perature gradient for all well tubing heat transfer calculations.
➤ Click Heat Transfer Defaults... to select the default method for cal-
culating heat transfer for all flow devices in the simulation.
➤ Click Heat Transfer Coefficients... to enter default heat transfer coef-
ficients for all pipes, tubing devices, risers and annuli in the simula-
tion.
➤ Click the appropriate button to set the defaults for the medium sur-
rounding the pipes in the simulation. You can set heat transfer
defaults for soil, water, air, and pipe insulation.
Miscellaneous PIPEPHASE also allows you to set the flow device inside roughness for
Defaults all devices, flow efficiency, transitional Reynold’s number, and when
the Hazen-Williams equation for single phase liquids has been enabled,
the HW coefficient.
Flowsheet The flowsheet consists of nodes and links. Nodes are connected by
Terminology Links. Each link starts at a node and ends at another node.
Each link consists of a series of flow devices: pipes, fittings, and process
equipment and unit operations. The direction of flow is indicated by
arrows on the flowsheet. If the fluid flows in a direction opposite to the
arrows, then the results will indicate a negative flowrate.
Types of There are two basic types of networks —tree networks and looped net-
Networks works.
Tree Networks
Tree networks are those which
involve the distribution of a large
amount of fluid to a number of
different sinks, or the gathering
of a particular fluid from a num-
ber of sources. The latter is espe-
cially common in offshore black
oil gathering systems.
When all sink flowrates (q) are fixed, and the source pressure P is
known, the network is called a spur network. In the case of the second
figure above, the sum of the flow rates of nodes B through H equals the
flow rate at the source P (node A). All the flow rates are known, and
from these values, you can find the pressure at junction H through simple
single link calculations. Since cumulative rates are known along with the
starting pressure for every sub-branch of the network, the entire network
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 33
can be solved by simply “marching” towards each sink. Therefore, in the
case of spur networks, different links need not be solved simultaneously.
In some cases, only a few links in a network may be spur links. PIPEP-
HASE identifies these links and solves the remainder of the network
first, using the PBAL algorithm to perform a simultaneous solution.
Once it reaches this solution, PIPEPHASE continues to solve the
remaining spur links. There may be some cases in which PIPEPHASE is
able to solve the “main body” of the network, but may fail in solving the
spur links.
Looped Networks
PIPEPHASE solves networks iteratively. Whichever algorithm you use,
PIPEPHASE starts with an initial estimate of flowrates in all links and
pressures at all nodes. It adjusts these values until it has reached a con-
verged solution within a predefined tolerance. Because of the comple
nature of some networks, PIPEPHASE allows you to make adjustments
to a large number of parameters that it uses during the solution proce-
dure.
Networks which include loops fall into two basic categories -- those in
which all link flow directions are known, and those in which one or more
link flow directions are unknown. The former networks are described as
simple loops while the latter are known as complex loops.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 35
Entering Source and Sink Data
The most simplest flowsheet in PIPEPHASE is comprised of a source
connected by a link to a junction or to a sink. The source, junction, and
sink names must be unique, 4-letter alphanumeric names. For a network,
the first source name defaults to S001 and the source number is automat-
ically incremented as new sources are created. Then similarly, the first
junction begins with J002, and the first sink begins with D003.
For a single link, you must specify two of the following variables:
■ source flowrate (which is also the sink flowrate),
■ source pressure, and
■ sink pressure.
Inactivating Units
You can inactivate any source, junction, or sink on the flowsheet by
checking the box in the appropriate unit dialog box thus removing it
from the calculations.
You must also define the total flowrate and pressure at the source. If
these values are to be set operating conditions, then you can indicate that
they are fixed values. If these are allowed to vary to meet specified pro-
duction values, then they can be entered as estimated values. If the pres-
sure is estimated, the inputted value will be used as an initial guess and
PIPEPHASE will calculate the correct source pressure. Note that the
choice of fixed or estimated may be limited by the boundary conditions
of the simulation. Similarly, the source flowrate must be either fixed or
estimated (default).
Figure 21:
Black Oil Source
When working with downhole nodes, you can specify the temperature at
a node if it is available (e.g. reservoir temperature).
Compositional Sources
Compositional sources are used to introduce fluid into the flowsheet for
the compositional fluid type. Besides the source name, the enthalpy,
pressure, flowrate and composition are required. The pressure and flow-
rate are the boundary conditions for the simulation and can be either
fixed or estimated. Any parameter that is estimated will be solved for by
PIPEPHASE.
The PVT property set refers to the two-point viscosity PVT data which
can be input and made available to any compositional fluid source.
Therefore, if appropriate, select the set associated with the source fluid.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 37
Figure 22:
Compositional Source
Junctions A junction is a point at which at least three links enter and exit. If there is
just one link going in and one link coming out, then the junction is not
necessary and the link devices may be put on the same link. The net
flowrate in the junction is zero, since the flow in must equal the flow out.
PIPEPHASE allows a maximum of twenty sources linked to a given
junction. If you want to attach more than twenty sources, you should
enter them in sets of twenty into two separate junctions, and link the two
junctions together with a very short, large diameter pipe.
You can enter the temperature of the rock formation at this junction,
which is used when the junction is subsurface.
Sinks Sinks are used to remove fluid from the flowsheet. The sink node
requires two parameters to be specified—pressure and flowrate. If these
are desired set points, then they can be entered as fixed values. However,
if they are to be calculated, you need to provide an initial estimate and
PIPEPHASE will calculate the final values. Again, note that the choice
of fixed or estimated may be limited by the boundary conditions of the
simulation.
Figure 23:
Sink
The sink temperature is generally calculated and is not available for data
entry. However, the sink temperature is required for gas lift simulations
when option 4, locate gas lift valve to match desired casing head, is used.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 39
PIPEPHASE also provides you with two other units that you can add to
the flowsheet—hydrates and the calculator. These are described below.
Hydrates The Hydrates unit predicts the pressure and temperature regime in which
the fluid at a node (source, sink, or junction) is vulnerable to hydrate for-
mation. Different ranges of temperature and pressure can be examined.
Calculations assume the presence of free water for hydrates to form.
Hydrate calculations are available only for compositional fluid types.
You can also study the effect of NaCl, methanol, ethylene glycol, di-eth-
ylene glycol and tri-ethylene glycol hydrate inhibitors.
You can associate a hydrate unit with any source, sink, or junction; how-
ever, you cannot associate a hydrate unit with a link.
Calculator The calculator is a versatile utility module that allows you to perform
FORTRAN-like calculations on information from the flowsheet and to
transfer the results to other unit operations. The calculator interacts with,
and is calculated along with other flowsheet modules. Therefore, place-
ment is important for proper execution.
You can associate a calculator with any source, sink, or junction; how-
ever, you cannot associate a calculator with a link.
The calculator dialog box has two sections: the upper section for setup
(assignment of unit parameters to be retrieved from the flowsheet, ini-
tialization of constants, descriptive labeling of results, and sizing of
arrays); and the lower section for the procedure statements which per-
form the actual FORTRAN calculations.
Figure 24:
Simple Link
CU`QbQd_b
3X_[U
#îðDeRY^W
&îð@Y`U CY^[
@e]`
?`U^ãX_\Uð
3_]`\UdY_^
C_ebSU
Each link consists of a series of flow devices. Each flow device, in turn,
is characterized by its structure, pressure drop, and heat transfer parame-
ters. A pipe, riser, annulus, tubing, and Inflow Performance Relationship
model are all flow devices. All but the latter have length, may be hori-
zontal or vertical with an accompanying elevation change, and have
defined diameters.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 41
Pipe Pipes are flow devices through which fluid flows from one point to
another. Pipes can have any orientation (horizontal, vertical, or inclined).
The elevation change is defined on a relative basis, and the ambient tem-
perature is dependent upon the medium: air, water, or soil. Pipes can also
be insulated or left bare.
The heat transfer from the pipe is calculated at the same time as the pres-
sure drop. The heat transfer can either be turned off (isothermal), set b
an overall heat transfer coefficient or calculated from the specified sur-
roundings. The pipe, insulation and ambient conditions can all be set by
selecting the appropriate heat transfer option.
Initial default values for the Pipe Inside Diameter, Pipe Roughness, Heat
Transfer and Pressure Drop Method can all be set through the Global
Defaults dialog box, which can be accessed by clicking the correspond-
ing button on the toolbar:
Riser Risers are vertical or near-vertical with flow in an upward direction only.
Elevation is measured in an absolute basis, and there is usually an ambi-
ent temperature gradient with varying elevation. Heat loss is simulated
using an overall heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and ambient
conditions.
To specify a downcomer, you can use a pipe
with a negative elevation change. For oil or
gas well applications, tubing should be
5 \UfQ dY_^ used.
3XQ ^WU
42 Defining Links
Tubing and Tubing and annuli have vertical or
Annulus inclined flow. Wireline length is defined
as the length from the surface to the pipe
end. Depth is the actual vertical depth
taken from the surface. Heat loss for tub- 4U`dX
ing and annuli is simulated using an over-
all heat transfer coefficient and <U^WdX
geothermal gradient.
Reservoir The Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) device models the relation-
Inflow ship between flowrate and reservoir pressure draw-down or pressure
Performance drop at the sand face in a well. Several IPR models are supplied in
PIPEPHASE. You can select from five standard models or you can write
Relationship your own subroutine and use it to model the inflow performance rela-
(IPR) tionship.
The Productivity Index (PI) model is used for single-phase liquid sys-
tems. The Vogel coefficient model is more suitable for multiphase, liq-
uid-dominated systems, while the gas flow model is best for multiphase,
gas-dominated systems. Alternatively, user-defined IPR models may be
linked to PIPEPHASE and data for them entered through the IPR device.
You can enter curves that correlate reservoir pressure or cumulative pro-
duction with flowing bottomhole pressure and flowrate. These data are
then regressed onto one of the standard models.
For an IPR with a gas basis, you can specify a drawdown formulation.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 43
Figure 25:
Flow Well Pressure
3e]â@b_T^äð>
Curves @
6\_gY^WðGU\\ð@bUccebUäð @gV
?B
BUcâ@bUccebUäð@b
@b_TeSdY_^ðBQdUäðA
The Linear Productivity Index equation shown above is valid only for
single-phase flow above Boiling Point Pressure (BPP). Q o denotes the
production rate, and PI the productivity index. This equation is derived
from the pseudo-steady state equation from Darcy’s Law.
Q o = PI ⋅ ( P r – Pwf ) (1)
Darcy’s Law applied to an oil well in the center of a reservoir is given as:
kh ( P r – P wf )
Q o = C ⋅ --------------------------------------------------- (2)
B o µ o ( ln x – 0.75 + S )
where:
k = effective permeability
h = thickness
Bo = oil formation volume factor
µg = viscosity
x = shape factor
S = skin factor
D = non-Darcy flow constant
It is important to specify the basis for the Productivity Index model. The
default basis in PIPEPHASE is oil.
44 Defining Links
Solution Gas-Drive Reservoir
The Linear PI model is not valid for flow below the bubble point, in
which multi-phase flow may occur. This is the case with Solution Gas-
Drive Reservoirs. The IPR curve varies with cumulative production.
Vogel (1968) modeled this variation by deriving the following equation:
Qo P wf P wf 2
- = 1.0 – 0.2 -------- – 0.8 --------
----------- (4)
Q max Pr Pr
Figure 26:
@ bY
Inflow Performance
Curves; Vogel’s Curve @ gV > @ð-ð @ gV
Below Bubble Point @b
> @ ðáð>
A_ A _áA ]Qh
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 45
Figure 27:
Three-Point h
Isochronal
Test for Gas Flow C\_`Uð-ð^
Coefficients
\_WðA 7 h
9^dUbSU`dð-ð\_Wð3 @
\_Wðè@b"ðãð@gV" ç
Horizontal Wells
Typically, one observes 3-10 times productivity increase in horizontal
wells. The key simulation issues in these cases are:
■ IPR segmentation for increasing velocity
■ Velocity gradient component of pressure drop
■ Coning
PIPEPHASE uses the Jones model for gravel-packed completion and the
McLeod model for open-perforated completions. The McLeod equations
are based on radial flow, while the Jones equations are based on linear
flow.
SU]U^d 3becXUTðj_^U
cQ^TðcSbUU^
3U^dUb\Y^U
@UbVðTYQ]UdUb @UbVðTYQ]UdUb
@U^UdbQdY_^ðTU`dX
de^^U\ð\U^WdX
TbY\\ðX_\UðbQTYec
46 Defining Links
Equipment This section describes link devices available in PIPEPHASE that have
Devices not yet been described in this chapter.
A check valve prevents flow reversal in a given link. You must specify a
check valve diameter when implementing this device. You can change
the check valve discharge coefficient. This device is especially useful in
network calculations.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 47
The gas lift valve injects a gas stream into the production tubing, to
enhance fluid recovery. You must specify gas flowrate, and you can
change gas solubility in oil. This device can be used only for blackoil
fluids, and gaslift problems. A separate liftgas PVT data set is required
in order to properly describe the gas used.
A choke restricts flowrate and creates a pressure drop. This device intro-
duces a discontinuity into the defined network structure. The balance
between the parts of the network upstream and downstream of this
device is solved by PIPEPHASE’s subnetworking algorithm, which sizes
the choke. You must specify the choke diameter, and you can vary the
choke discharge coefficient, as well as the heat capacity ratio.
Pipe tees are fitting devices used to merge two pipes into one or split one
pipe into two directions. To be consistent, the tee should be the last
device in a link going to a junction The junction node should have two
other links either entering or exiting. Any other arrangement of a tee will
be modeled as if the third end of the tee is capped off. Pipe bends are fit-
ting devices used to change the direction of the flow.
48 Defining Links
Setting up a Case Study
The Case Study option provides the facility to perform parametric stud-
ies and to print multiple problem solutions in a single computer run.
Case studies are always performed after the base case problem has been
solved. If the base case problem cannot be solved for any reason, then no
case studies are performed. Each case study analysis is performed based
on the cumulative changes to the flowsheet up to that time.
Since the case studies are performed sequentially in the order you input,
it is best to make changes in an orderly manner, proceeding from high
values to low values or low values to high values, but not in random
order. This enhances convergence and minimizes total computer time.
Entering You can enter case study data before you run the base case. When the
Case Study program runs, the base case will be executed first and the case studies
Data will be executed afterwards. Alternatively, you can run the base case
first, then enter case study data and execute the case studies. You can
open an already solved flowsheet, add case study data to it and then exe-
cute the case studies.
You must specify which parameters are to be changed. For each parame-
ter you must supply the:
■ Change Variable Names—select a source node, sink node, link device,
constraint, or network convergence parameter on which the case
study is based.
■ Data Source—set data to a specified value or have a calculator set the
values for you.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 49
■ Parameter—list box displays all the parameters that can be changed
for that particular item. These are explained in greater detail later in
this chapter.
■ Change Variable To—the value for the parameter being changed.
Figure 29:
Example Case Study
Parameter
Global Changes —You can change one parameter in the entire problem
using a global command. You do this by supplying the type of parameter
you want to change, its old value, and the new value. Only those speci-
fied parameters with that old value will then be changed.
Although there are few variables one can vary in the sink, these are of
prime importance in the design of production fields. The desired flow-
rate (production) at the sink often determines the efficiency or feasibility
of a given design. Thus, the flow rate is one of the allowable case study
variables for the sink, as well as the pressure and the injectivity index.
Pipe Variables
In many wells, the inlet (reservoir) and outlet (wellhead) parameters are
usually desired or fixed values, and the equipment linking the two are
subject to adjustments to meet specific production goals. Such equip-
ment includes the connections in the system, such as pipes, tubing,
annuli, and risers.
Device Variables
Variation of device variables is especially useful when you are modeling
an existing system. It would be impractical to change the connections,
such as the pipes or tubing, and so if performance specifications are not
being met, the easiest parameters to vary are found in these devices.
For pumps and compressor, you can change the power, pressure, and
efficiency. You can also vary the number of stages (i.e. single stage or
multistage compressor/pump), and certain parameters such as curves and
efficiencies can be varied for different stages.
In heat exchange networks, you can vary the duty, outlet temperature and
pressure drops of any heaters or coolers present.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 51
Executing Click the Run button to execute the simulation. By default, the Base
the Case Case and all case study cycles will be executed. You can restrict this
Study using the Execution Options list option in Case Study Parameters and
Results dialog box.
A Case Summary report is always produced at the end of the output file.
It shows the node pressures, temperatures, and flowrates for each case.
You can import existing keyword files into the GUI using the Import...
option from the File menu.
Keyword files are easy to read and understand and data are entered in the
following order:
GENERAL DATA
COMPONENT DATA
NETWORK DATA
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
PVT DATA
STRUCTURE DATA
UNIT OPERATIONS DATA
CASE STUDY DATA
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 53
Running the Simulation
The PIPEPHASE solution algorithm can be used to solve any type of
pipeline network, from complex, multiphase looped systems to single-
phase gas transmission lines. This chapter describes network calculation
methods, techniques for achieving better convergence, and the run
options available in PIPEPHASE.
From a network flow balance, the PBAL algorithm first identifies the set
of starting link flows which is the minimum set of link flow rates that
completely define the network flow distribution. Spur links, which are
flowrate-specified isolated sections that do not affect the rest of the solu-
tion, are identified and solved, independently of the general network
solution. The primary variables for the solution matrix are the starting
link flowrates and all unknown pressure values at source boundaries.
Pressure imbalances are computed at all fixed pressure sink junction
node boundaries, as well as at nodes with two or more incoming flows.
Forward The calculation segment and pressure drop and temperature change
Traverse equations are the heart of PIPEPHASE’s calculational capability. For
flow devices, the calculation segments are strung together and the solu-
tion procedure is sequential. Calculation begins at the inlet where the
conditions are known. The heat and momentum balance equations are
solved, in an iterative fashion for this first segment and the conditions at
the other end are found. These calculated conditions become the known
conditions for the inlet to the next segment. Calculations progress
sequentially until the end of the device is reached. Further flow devices
are calculated in the same way until the end of the link is reached. This
calculational method is a forward traverse method, which means that the
calculation proceeds in the direction of the flow.
@1fWäD1fW ð1^W\U
@9^äD9^
6\eYTðêð8UQdð9^
Separate segment sizes can be specified for all horizontal (pipe) and ver-
tical (tubing, annulus, riser) flow devices, either as segment length or the
number of segments per device, through the Network Calculation Meth-
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 55
ods dialog box. These options should be considered prior to any simula-
tion involving significant changes in fluid density. Almost all multiphase
and single-phase gas applications, as well as single-phase liquid models
with sharp thermal gradients fall under this classification.
A shorter segment size will increase the accuracy of the simulation at the
expense of computation time. If you are unsure of an optimal segment
size, the simulation should be run first with default segmenting. In sub-
sequent runs, you should adjust segment sizes on the basis of the results
of the prior simulations until the optimal point is defined.
Solution Figure 31 outlines the segment calculation procedure for every pipe, tub-
Algorithm ing, annulus, and riser for compositional and steam systems.
Dð-ðD!ðåð∆Dá"
@"ð-ð@!ðåð∆@5CD
31<3E<1D5#∆85CD
D"ð-ðD!ðå#∆D
EC9>7ð851Dð21<1
Y^^Ubð\__`
31<3E<1D5ð8"
@ð-ð@!ðåð∆@á" ∆8ð-ð8"ðãð8!
∆@ð-ð∆@5CD
31<3ð6<E94ð@B?@Câ
31<3ð∆@5CD >? ∆D-∆D∆8á∆8?<4
_∆85CDð0#∆8_?#ε8
∆@-∆@5CD
>? I5C
_∆@5CD#0#∆@_?#ε3
CD?@
For black oil or single-phase fluids where there are no enthalpy calcula-
tions, the segment calculation procedure reduces to a single iteration
loop.
With a fixed source pressure and sink pressure, PIPEPHASE sizes all
flow devices to the same diameter. With a fixed source or sink pressure
and maximum velocity, PIPEPHASE sizes each device separately.
You can select all flow devices to be sized or you can select only particu-
lar ones for sizing. You can also supply a set of maximum velocities and
a corresponding set of diameters or slip densities.
During the sizing run, PIPEPHASE checks to see if a device size is such
that a maximum velocity is not exceeded. If this specified or calculated
maximum velocity is exceeded, then PIPEPHASE will select the next
higher line size. Recall that if a range of line sizes is not specified,
PIPEPHASE defaults to the schedule 40 inside diameters. You can over-
ride this list by specifying your own preferred line sizes. Note that the
line sizing option does not result in a decrease of the device diameter.
You can change the value of the erosional velocity constant, which is
100 above. You can also enter values for the two-phase slip densities cor-
responding to the set of maximum velocities.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 57
Figure 32:
Normal Two-Phase 6\_g
Flow (Stratified)
The pig is launched after steady state flow has been reached. After the
pig has been launched four distinct zones of flow occurs in the pipeline -
the re-established two phase flow zone, the gas flow zone, the liquid slug
flow zone and the undisturbed two-phase flow zone. The model assumes
that the inlet flow rate remains constant at the steady state rate after the
pig has been launched.
Figure 33:
Two-Phase Pipeline 6\_g
Flow with Spheres
PIPEPHASE predicts the pressure profile, length of each zone and the
position of the sphere as a function of time. In addition, when the liquid
slug reaches the end of the pipeline a special slug delivery model is used
to model the slug delivery when the liquid slug accelerates. Next calcula-
tion continues after slug delivery is completed to calculate the time it
takes for steady state flow to be re-established in the pipeline.
The first sphere must be launched at the inlet of the first pipe. Subse-
quent pigs may be launched from downstream pig launching stations
when the upstream pig(s) reach the downstream pig launching station.
To model the pigging process the pig diameter must be specified in the
first pipe. To specify downstream pig launching stations, specify the pig
diameter for the corresponding pipe. The program interprets the launch-
ing station to be the inlet of the pipe.
Setting the For networks that require iterative calculations, you can set the pressure
Calculation convergence tolerance for the solution. For instance, if you do not spec-
Tolerances ify a tolerance pressure value, PIPEPHASE allows for a tolerance of 2
psi. It will then perform the required iterations until it reaches a pressure
that is within 2 psi of the desired value. Setting tighter tolerances results
in more accurate solutions, at the expense of more calculation time. The
Getting The best way to ensure that PIPEPHASE calculations converge for a par-
Better ticular network is to make sure that the problem is structured properly
Convergence before running the simulation. The following are a few general recom-
mendations on how to set-up networks to avoid the majority of problems
during the solution procedures. These recommendations are preventive
measures rather than actual troubleshooting guides for non-converging
simulations. Such simulations may require greater attention, depending
on the severity of the error.
2. Every internal node (junction) must have at least one outflowing link and
at least one inflowing link. The junction node should only be used in two
circumstances:
■ The network structure dictates that one or more links are joining
together or splitting apart.
■ You require the generation of a phase envelope or two-phase flo
map or flash report (compositional runs only) at a particular point in
the network which is not described by any other node.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 59
3. There are no other reasons for using junction nodes other than the two
previously given. Adding unnecessary nodes only serves to increase the
size of the matrix and so increase computing time. Therefore, while
there is a tendency for neatness in input by splitting long links into
smaller links using junctions, you should bear in mind the possible detri-
mental effect on the simulation solution procedure.
Note: Outside of their uses that have been previously indicated, junc-
tions must be viewed as simulation devices only, and should
not be confused with any physical representation of the plant.
4. The first two primary guidelines for good simulation practice when set-
ting up any network simulation in PIPEPHASE are:
■ There should be only one link to a sink node.
■ There should be only one link from a source node.
2UddUb
CX_bdð@Y`U
CX_bdð@Y`U
<QbWUð94
<QbWUð94
Interactive To run your PIPEPHASE simulation interactively, click the Run button
Run on the toolbar, or select File/Run from the menu bar. The Run Simulation
Capabilities and View Results dialog box appears. From this dialog box, you can
check simulation data, run simulations, stop and restart simulations, and
link to the Results Access System (RAS) programs.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 61
Figure 34:
Run Simulation and
View Results Dialog
Box
➤ Click Run Other... within the Run Simulation and View Results dia-
log box.
➤ Select Properties... to configure the application. This allows you to
name the application and specify the commands used to invoke the
application.
➤ Use Browse... to find an executable application.
Run Remote PIPEPHASE gives you the ability to create a simulation on your PC and
run it on a remote UNIX machine. When you install PIPEPHASE, a
batch file named XXREMOTE.BAT will be added to your GUI directory,
typically \PIPEPHASE\GUI. This file will allow you to access the remote
batch capabilities of PIPEPHASE, assuming that you have the PIPEP-
HASE calculation engine on a networked UNIX machine. Normally, you
should not need to modify this file. In order to use the Run Remote fea-
ture, you must define the settings for your configuration.
➤ Select either the TELNET or RSH option for communicating with the
remote host.
➤ For the TELNET option, you must also supply a user password.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 63
Viewing the Results
In addition to the standard output report format, you can generate and
view plots, tables, and flowsheet diagrams from PIPEPHASE. This
chapter describes how to view these simulation results through the flow-
sheet, output file, and the Results Access System, and how to integrate
them into accurate, professional reports.
Interactive You can interactively view summary results for sources, junctions, and
Output sinks in two ways:
■ Select View Output from the menu bar, and make your selections
from the View menu. According to your selection, the node and link
labels, pressures, temperatures, and flowrates are displayed directly
on the flowsheet.
Note: To view these plots, select Device Detail as Part, and Plots as
Part under Print Options from the General menu before run-
ning the simulation.
Figure 35:
Pressure vs. Distance
Plot
Output You can examine most of your simulation results through the output
Report report (.OUT) file. PIPEPHASE contains a wide variety of report options
for customizing your output format. In the Print Options dialog box, you
can choose, amongst other things, which portions of the input data you
would like reported. The default print options are given in Table 10
below.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 65
File Editor, provided by PIPEPHASE. PIPEPHASE appends the .OUT
extension to your file name and saves the output file in the same direc-
tory that you saved your simulation files. The default directory is C:\SIM-
SCI\PPHASE\USER.
A reprint of your keyword input data file is always created for each out-
put file. PIPEPHASE cross-checks the data for logic and consistency. By
default, it also prints out the full set of input data which shows all the
default values used, as well as the user-supplied data. All, or part, of this
full input data reprint can be suppressed if desired via the Print Options
dialog box.
If well test data have been specified, the inflow performance coefficient
is calculated before the solution calculations and the report appears in
the intermediate output.
Link Summary The link summary is produced by default for all PIPEPHASE simula-
tions and shows the flowrates, pressure, temperature, and holdups for
each link in a tabular format. The flowrates displayed are the volumetric
rates at actual flowing conditions for each phase. A negative flowrate
indicates that the fluid flow is opposite to the way it is drawn on the
flowsheet.
Node Summary The node summary is produced by default and shows the flowrates, pres-
sure, and temperature at each node in a tabular format. The flowrate is
shown for each phase, but the flow basis depends on the fluid type. For a
single-phase liquid or gas, standard volumetric rates are shown. For a
compositional fluid, weight flowrates and gravity are also given.
Device The device summary is produced by default and summarizes each device
Summary (pipe, fitting, or item of process equipment) in the order in which they
were defined in the link. The table in the report shows the correlation
used, inside diameter, length, elevation change, liquid holdup, and the
outlet temperature, pressure and liquid fraction. For compositional flu-
ids, a phase envelope and its data points are shown. The Taitel-Dukler
Flow Regime map is produced for two-phase flow.
To prepare data for RAS, your run must contain the command to create a
database in order to use the RAS. This command is found in the Print
Options dialog box. The database is not required for Sensitivity Analysis
and Gas Lift simulations as the RAS produces customized plots to view
these results.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 67
Figure 36 shows the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box.
Figure 36:
Results Access
System
The options within the X-Variable list box are Total Length, Horizontal
Length, Device Length, Pressure, and Temperature.
Table data options depend on the simulation type and device link data.
➤ Make your Device and Variable selections from the list boxes and
click Add Selection when complete.
Figure 38:
RAS Table
➤ To create a plot, click View/Edit... for Plot Options from the SIM-
SCI PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box (Figure 36). The RAS Plot Options
dialog box appears.
The options within the X-Variable list box are Total Length, Horizontal
Length, Device Length, Pressure, and Temperature. Plot labels are
optional and will be defaulted if left blank.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 69
➤ Click Add to specify the plot variables from selections in the RAS
Plot Data Options dialog box.
Note that this dialog box is essential identical to the Table Data Options
dialog box (Figure 37). Plot data options depend on the simulation type
and device link data.
➤ Make your Device and Y-Variable selection from the list boxes and
click Add Selection when complete.
➤ When you’ve added all your selections, click Done to return to the
RAS Plot Options dialog box.
➤ Click View to display the plot.
Figure 39:
RAS Plot
Plot Viewer
You have a choice of viewing these plots in either the SIMSCI Plot
Viewer or Microsoft Excel 5.0/7.0 Plotter. Plotting graphs in the Plot
Viewer is convenient in saving CPU time and conserving RAM. How-
ever, you cannot edit the format or display of the graph in this Plot
Viewer. If you want to edit the presentation of the graph, such as format
the axes labels, change the legend, or use different fonts for the title, etc.,
you should use Microsoft Excel.
The answer lies in the practical and economical concerns in the con-
struction of piping networks. Multiphase flow is especially economical
in an offshore environment. Building large separation equipment at the
wellhead would be difficult and expensive, due to the high cost of off-
shore platform space. Another concern regards safety issues. Bulky
equipment offshore introduces greater fire hazards and requires more
maintenance. Furthermore, it is easier to build and maintain a few sepa-
rators in one site than to support a number of separators spread out
across a large field. The most practical and economical design, therefore,
would be to take the multiphase fluid at the source, transport it through
pipes to the onshore facility, and perform the separations onshore.
Single- The theoretical basis for fluid flow equations is the general energy equa-
Phase Flow tion, which expresses the balance or conservation of energy between two
points in a system. The energy equation can be modified, using thermo-
dynamic principles, to form a pressure gradient equation, as shown in
equation (9). This equation describes the pressure variation in a pipe
inclined at some angle θ to the horizontal.
The friction loss term applies to any flow at any pipe angle. It always
causes a pressure drop in the direction of the flow. In laminar flow, fric-
tion losses are linearly proportional to fluid velocity. In turbulent flow,
these losses are proportional to vn, where 1.7 ≤ n ≤ 2. The friction factor,
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 71
f, in the frictional losses term, is a function of the Reynolds number and
pipe roughness.
The acceleration term is zero for constant area, incompressible flow. For
any flow condition in which a velocity change occurs, as in the case of
compressible flow, pressure drops in the direction of increasing velocity.
Friction The friction factor, f, is a ratio of the pipe wall shear stress to the kinetic
Factor energy per unit volume. It is a function of the absolute roughness of the
pipe divided by the inside diameter. It is also dependent upon the Rey-
nolds number, which is the ratio of inertial forces to the viscous forces
acting on the fluid. When the Reynolds number is small (Re < 3000) vis-
cous forces are dominant, and the flow is said to be in the laminar flow
region. Higher Reynolds numbers indicate dominant inertial forces, and
this region is called turbulent flow. Laminar flow is characterized by a
parabolic velocity profile, while a flat velocity profile is observed in tur-
bulent flow.
ε ρνd
f = function ---, Re , where Re = ---------- (10)
d µ
@QbQR_\YSð@b_VY\U 6\Qdð@b_VY\U
Multiphase In the past (and in some cases, even today), it was common practice to
Flow use the simplistic correlations used for single-phase flow, and to extrapo-
late them to describe multiphase flow. If pure liquid flow had some given
flow characteristics, and pure gas flow had another, then logically, two-
phase flow should be a composite of these two flow regimes. Not only is
this not the case, but the pressure drop between the two cases differs b
at least one order of magnitude. As we shall see, the simple definitions
that we have applied to parameters such as the friction factor, are subject
to more rigorous analysis in the case of multiphase flow.
Equation (10) below is of an identical form as that for single phase flow,
but one should note that the subscript m (for multiphase) denotes that
these parameters are not set values, but can be dependent on the flow
conditions. In particular, they are dependent on the relative distribution
of the gas and liquid phases.
Liquid Holdup Liquid holdup is defined as the ratio of the volume of a pipe segment
occupied by liquid to the volume of the pipe segment. That is,
AG volume of liquid in a pipe segmen AL
H L = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------ (12)
AL volume of pipe segment AL + Ag
The value of HL varies from zero, for single-phase gas flow, to one, for
all liquid flow. The most common method of measuring liquid holdup is
done by isolating a segment of a flow stream between two quick-closing
valves, and then measuring the amount of liquid trapped. The remaining
space is occupied by gas, and this space is referred to as gas holdup or
gas void fraction. This is denoted by Hg and is related to HL by:
Hg = 1 - HL
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 73
This ratio is calculated from the measured gas and liquid flowrates by
the equation:
qL
H LNS = ----------------
- (13)
qL + qg
where qL and qg denote the in-situ liquid and gas flow rates, respectively.
Note that the liquid holdup HL is not equal to the no-slip liquid holdup
HLNS.
f7 f7
f< f<
VL < VG VL ≥ VG
In the case of uphill and horizontal flow, the gas flows more quickly than
the liquid. This is due to the greater influence of gravitational forces
upon the liquid than the gas. Also, the less dense gas phase is much more
buoyant, or lighter, than the liquid, and flows upward more easily. There-
fore, since Vg (velocity of gas) is greater than VL (velocity of the liquid),
then from the previous equations describing HL and HLNS, we can see
that HL > HLNS. Mathematically,
AL qL AL VL
H L = ------------------ > H LNS > ----------------- = ------------------------------------
- (14)
AL + Ag q L + qg ( AL V L + A g V g )
CdbQdYVYUT
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 75
sound actually travels an order of magnitude slower in two-phase
systems than in either liquid or gas mediums.
■ Finally, from an engineering perspective, the addition of an extra
phase gives rise to flow patterns, of which the slug flow pattern,
illustrated in Figure 44, is the most troublesome and complex to deal
with. In single phase flow, the goal was to maximize the capacity of
the flow system. In multiphase flow, the goal invariably is to predict,
minimize or even eliminate slug flow.
The prediction of flow patterns for horizontal flow is more difficult than
for vertical flow. In horizontal flow, the phases tend to separate due to
differences in density, causing a form of stratified flow to be very com-
mon. When a pipe is inclined at some angle other than vertical or hori-
zontal, the flow patterns take other forms. For inclined upward flow, the
pattern is almost always slug or mist. The effect of gravity on the liquid
precludes stratification. For inclined downward flow the pattern is usu-
ally stratified or annular.
Flow Regime Recall that the general pressure gradient equation was composed of three
Correlations terms: an elevation term, a frictional term, and an acceleration term. The
elevation term depends on the density of the two-phase mixture and is
usually calculated using a liquid holdup value. The friction term requires
the evaluation of a two-phase friction factor (recall Moody diagram in
single phase calculations). The acceleration term is usually negligible
unless dealing with cases of high flow velocities.
Figure 45:
Mandhane Flow =Ycd C\eW
Regime Map " â
!â
2eRR\U 1^^e\Qb
fC<
â!
â !
â! !â ! â ! #
fC7
CdbQdYVYUT GQfi
To illustrate the use of the Mandhane map, consider the following exam-
ple: given the following data for a wet gas pipeline, calculate the flow
regime:
Gas flowrate = qg = 18.0 ft3/sec
Liquid flowrate = qL = 0.77 ft3/sec
Pipe diameter = 16.0 in. = 1.33 ft
Calculating the superficial velocities yields values of 12.9 ft/sec and 0.55
ft/sec for the gas and the liquid, respectively. Using the Mandhane map,
we see that this falls within the slug flow region. In fact, many of the
problems encountered in industry reveal pipelines that flow in the slug
flow regime.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 77
Taitel-Dukler-Barnea Flow Regime Map
In 1976, Y. Taitel and A. Dukler extended the Mandhane study to
account for variations in pipe inclination. The Taitel-Dukler Map is an
excellent model which gives a mechanistic analysis of flow regime
boundaries for horizontal and near-horizontal flow. (Barnea later
extended this analysis to the range of inclination angles.) The basis for
this model is that the most common flow regime for horizontal flow is
stratified liquid. To consider other flow regimes, they examined the
mechanism by which a change from stratified flow could be expected to
occur.
Figure 46:
Taitel-Dukler Flow '%â
2eRR\i
Regime Map
! â
9^dUb]YddU^d
fC<ðèVdácUSç
!â 1^^e\Qb
â! CdbQdYVYUT
CdbQdYVYUTð
GQfi
C]__dX
â !
â! !â ! â ! â ) â
fC7ðèVdácUSç
Taitel and Dukler presented criteria for the following changes of flow
regimes:
■ Stratified to Intermittent
■ Stratified to Annular
■ Intermittent to Dispersed Bubble
■ Stratified Smooth to Stratified Wavy
■ Annular to Intermittent or Dispersed Bubble
They used this criteria to predict the flow regime for both horizontal and
near-horizontal flow. They did not state an inclination angle at which
their flow regime boundaries are no longer valid. They superimposed
their criteria upon the existing Mandhane map to generate the flow
regime shown in Figure 46, which shows the effect of inclination on
transition boundaries.
Figure 47:
! "
Duns and Ros Flow
Regime Map
! BUWY_^ð9 6b_dXð6\_gð
><F
@\eW BUWY_^ð99
6\_g BUWY_^ð999
!
^
cYdY_
2eRR\U
6\_g
DbQ^
C\eWð6\_gð
! ã! =Ycdð6\_g
ã! ! ! ! " ! #
!
>7F
Region 1: Bubble Flow Region.The pipe is almost completely filled with liq-
uid and the free gas phase is present in small bubbles. The bubbles move
at different velocities and except for density, have little effect on the
pressure gradient. The liquid phase is always in contact with the pipe
wall.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 79
Region 3: Mist Flow Region. Thegas phase is continuous and the bulk of the
liquid is entrained as droplets in the gas phase. The pipe wall is coated
with a liquid film, but the gas phase predominantly controls the pressure
gradient.
Figure 48:
Ansari Flow Pattern
4Yc`UbcUTð2eRR\U
Map
" 3
Ce`UbVYSYQ\ð<YaeYTðFU\_SYdiðè]ácç
!
1
2eRR\i
!
2Qb^UQ
DbQ^cYdY_^
2
! C\eWð?bð3Xeb^ 1^^e\Qb
4 4
ã!
!
! ã! ! ! "
!
Ce`UbVYSYQ\ð7QcðFU\_SYdi
The second step is the development of physical models for the flow
behavior in each flow pattern. This results in distinct models for bubble,
slug, and annular flow. Due to the complexity of churn flow, it is not
modeled separately, but is treated as part of slug flow.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 81
try, one may observe sporadic, irregular fluid flow (i.e., alternating
between no flow to sudden spurts of fluid flow).
Figure 49:
Modeling Vertical 6bYSdY_^ð4_]Y^QdUT
Upward Flow Dg_ã@XQcUð6\_g ∆@VbYSdY_^
∆@
5\UfQdY_^ðT_]Y^QdUT
E^cdQR\Uð CdQR\Uð6\_g ∆@U\UfQdY_^
6\_g
ðaèWQcç
Terrain-Induced Slugging
. . . .
This phenomena is very common when liquid flows at a very slow veloc-
. .. .. . .
. . . . .. .. .
.. .... .
. . . .. . . .
. . ....
...
. . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .
. . .. . . .... . .. . . .
. . . . . .. . .
.. . .
.
..
. . ..
ity in a downward direction, then has to climb after a certain point. Low
liquid velocity makes it very difficult for the fluid to ascend the pipe, and
thus, liquid tends to settle down at the valley between the two pipes. Liq-
uid builds up until the flow space is completely occupied, blocking any
gas from passing through. At this point, pressure builds up constantly
until it is large enough to actually force the liquid to flow upwards along
the pipe. This type of flow falls in the slug flow regime, and gives rise to
the term, “terrain induced slugging.”
Flow Patterns
As demonstrated in the Taitel-Dukler-Barnea map, flow patterns are
strongly influenced by pipe inclination. This is especially significant
because one almost always has slight inclination in even horizontal
pipes. Angles of 1° can produce dramatic differences in flow regimes.
For non-compositional gas or liquid fluid models, you can suppress heat
transfer calculations for individual flow devices, by specifying isother-
mal calculations in the general gata list.
PIPEPHASE uses a default value for the overall heat transfer coefficient,
U, of 1.0 BTU/hr-ft2°F. You can also specify different U values either
globally or for individual components.
For a pipe or tubing, you can supply an overall coefficient or you can
request detailed heat transfer calculations. Detailed heat transfer calcula-
tions are invoked when you input any one of the parameters required to
carry out the calculations. You also supply data for ambient temperature
and geothermal gradient.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 83
PIPEPHASE uses the Churchill correlation to model heat transfer in the
different flow conditions in a pipe—laminar, turbulent, and the transition
region between laminar and turbulent flow
For many pipelines, a balance must be reached between the retention and
addition of heat. Heavy crudes usually have such high viscosities and
sensitive temperature-viscosity functions that it is important to keep the
flowing temperature as high as possible. Waterflood lines in cold envi-
ronments must be kept above the freezing point. Liquid dropout and
hydrate formation in gas and gas/condensate lines can be limited by
maintaining or increasing the flowing temperature. There are two ways
of doing this —insulate the line or install heaters along the line. PIPEP-
HASE allows up to five layers of insulation for pipes, with user-specified
or default conductivities. For onshore pipelines, burying the line or cov-
ering it with earth is sometimes an effective means of retarding heat loss.
For offshore pipelines, burying the pipe prevents damage by protecting it
from anchors or offshore construction material. Generally, some combi-
nation of heaters, insulation, and burial constitutes an optimum or nearly
optimum operation. Arctic environments usually disallow the burial
option because of damage to the permafrost layer.
1
U = ----------------------------------- (16)
∑ Resistances
PIPEPHASE calculates heat loss in pipes to determine the temperature
changes. Equation 15 shows the basic function for calculating heat loss,
Q, over a segment of length L. T f and TA are the temperatures of the
fluid and ambient medium, respectively. The pipe diameter is given by d,
and U represents the overall heat transfer coefficient.
The U-value for a pipe is calculated from equation (16) above. Overall
resistance is given by:
Σ Resistances = Rinside, film, + Rpipe + Rinsulation + Rsurr + Rinside + Rout-
side + Rrad
Resistance Due T
RInside, Film Boundary layer on the inside of the pipe
RPipe Material from which the pipe is made
RInsulation Insulation (up to five concentric layers)
RSurr Surroundings (soil, air, water)
RInside An additional fluid resistance inside the pipe (user-defined)
ROutside An additional ambient fluid resistance on the outside of the pipe (user-
defined)
RRad Radiation
The last three terms, additional resistance inside the pipe, additional
resistance outside the pipe, and radiation, are optional entries.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 85
PIPEPHASE performs more rigorous enthalpy calculations for the com-
positional model (to satisfy the enthalpy balance), and the resulting tem-
perature profile for this case more accurately simulates that produced b
a non-compositional model. A graphical comparison of the composi-
tional and non-compositional model are shown in Figure 52.
Figure 52:
Rigorous Heat
Transfer
3_]`_cYdY_^Q\ð6\eYT
D
:_e\UãDX_]`c_^ðS__\Y^W 1]RYU^dð
DU]`UbQdebU
>_^ã3_]`_cYdY_^Q\ð6\eYT
4YcdQ^SU
Gas lines coming down mountains often exhibit the behavior shown by
the compositional model in Figure 52. This model incorporates the heat-
ing effects due to the change in elevation. Note that the fluid temperature
does not drop to the level of the ambient temperature.
Gas lift analysis is used to investigate the effects of lift gas on well pro-
duction. Another common method of artificial lift is the electrical sub-
mersible pump (ESP) . These pumps improve the productivity of wells
with flow rates ranging from a few hundred barrels to tens of thousands
of barrels per day.
Gas Lift Problem—The bottom hole pressure is too low to support the fluid column
Analysis in the well.
Remedy—Reduce the density of the fluid column by injecting gas into the
tubing.
In gas lift, the object is to introduce gas near the bottom of the tubing
string. This injected gas “lightens” the fluid between the injection point
and the wellhead. Thus, the available bottom hole pressure becomes suf-
ficient to lift this column of aerated fluid to the top. Gas can be injected
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 87
continuously (continuous gas lift) or in spurts (intermittent gas lift).
PIPEPHASE allows you to model a continuous gas lift analysis, in
which you can specify the fluid properties of the gas, specify valve loca-
tions, as well as other parameters.
Figure 53 shows a typical gas lift installation where gas is injected down
a packed annulus and oil and gas are produced through the tubing.
Although the reverse case is sometimes possible (though very unusual),
it is not presently supported by PIPEPHASE.
E^\_QTY^Wð7Qcð<YVd
ðFQ\fUc " ðVdâ
# ðVdâ
?`UbQdY^Wð
9^ZUSdY_^ð
7Qcð<YVdðFQ\fU
4U`dXð
In this case, we assume that the static fluid level is somewhere between
the topmost valve and the wellhead. Once gas is injected through the
annulus, the topmost valve is designed to open first. This “lightens” the
fluid above the topmost valve, causing a reduced pressure on the valve
second from the top. The second valve then opens, injecting more gas
into the tubing. This process repeats as more and more valves keep open-
ing. Once a lower valve opens, the upper valves are normally designed to
close. You will see that the gaslift effects generally increase with depth.
Only the bottom most valve allows gas passage into the tubing. This is
called the operating valve . The valves above this one merely help in
bringing the well into production (i.e. unloading the well). They are
therefore called unloading valves. In steady-state operation, PIPEP-
HASE can calculate the depth of the operating valve.
Designing a The main problems faced by the engineer in gaslift design include:
Gas Lift
System ■ How much gas should be injected?
■ At what depth should gas be injected?
■ What is the casing head pressure limit?
This dialog box appears as part of the simulation definition, and there-
fore you must enter data into one of these options before continuing on
to the next dialog box. You can access these options again anytime by
selecting Special Features/Gas Lift... from the menu bar.
Gaslift analysis is limited to single link, black oil, continuous gaslift sys-
tems. You must follow certain basic rules when setting up gaslift prob-
lems, such as:
1. PVT data sets must be available for both the produced reservoir fluid
and the injected gas.
2. The production string is automatically named PROD and the gas
injection string (annulus) is named GASL.
3. Gas injection rates are user-specified.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 89
Figure 54:
Option 1: Pressure
Profile
6YhUTðBQdUðQ^Tð
@bUccebUðV_b
ð<YVdð7Qc
6YhUTð7á<ðFQ\fUð4U`dX
6YhUTðBQdUð6_bðBUcUbf_Ybð6\eYT
Since you know the injection rate along the well depth, obtaining the
annulus pressure profile is relatively simple. Pressure profile calcula-
tions in the tubing are done as follows:
1. As oil rate is fixed (calculated from the injection rate), the bottom-
hole flowing pressure is known, then
2. Use formation GOR to calculate the pressure gradient from the bot-
tomhole to the operating valve,
3. Use total GOR (formation = injection) to calculate the pressure
traverse from the operating valve to the wellhead.
For each gas injection rate, there will be an oil flow rate that satisfies the
system constraints. At lower gas injection rates, increasing the rate light-
ens the well fluid and therefore causes a production increase. However,
at higher injection rates, the frictional losses in the tubing may be so high
that this trend is reversed. There is, therefore, an optimal injection rate,
as shown in Figure 56.
BQ^WUð_Vð6YhUTð
<YVdð7 QcðBQdUc
6YhUTð7 á<ðFQ\fU
4U`dX
Figure 56:
Example Gas
Injection Curve
@b_TeSdY_^ðBQdU
<YVdð7QcðBQdU
Note that continuously increasing lift gas rate does not necessarily result
in increased production rate. When frictional forces dominate, higher
injection rates actually decrease production. The optimal gas injection
rate and the corresponding oil production achievable are indicated by the
arrows.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 91
Figure 57:
Option 3: Valve 6YhUTðBQdUðQ^Tð@bUccebU
Location - 6_bð<YVdð7Qcð
Fixed THP
BQ^WUð_Vð6YhUT
4U`dX
FQ\fUð4U`dXc
GU\\XUQTð@bUccebU
6YhUTðBUcUbf_Ybð@bUccebUäð
@9äðQ^Tð6\_gbQdU
Figure 58:
6YhUTðBQdUðQ^Tð@bUccebU
Option 4: Valve
Location - 6_bð<YVdð7Qcð
Fixed CHP
BQ^WUð_Vð6YhUT
FQ\fUð4U`dXc
6YhUTðBUcUbf_Ybð@bUccebUäð
@9äðQ^Tð6\_gbQdU
Clicking the ESP button in the Link Device Data window brings up the
Electrical Submersible Pump dialog box, shown in Figure 59. This is the
original Pump dialog box with an additional button for the entry of ESP-
specific data.
Figure 59:
Electrical
Submersible Pump
Dialog Box
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 93
There are two categories of data entry under the Electrical Submersible
Pump dialog box. The first category is for data specific to the pump, and
the second for data specific to a downhole separator located immediately
upstream of the pump (to reduce the gas ingestion). Pump-specific data
include auxiliary power, submergence depth, casing head pressure, and
the vertical pressure gradient. A check box for the Riling correction fac-
tor is provided for viscosity-related corrections to the pump performance
curves. The Head Degradation Curve (maximum of 5 points) allows the
specification of degradation as a function of gas fraction. When a down-
hole separator exists, you are prompted for the separator name, and
either the gas ingestion percent (GIP) rate for the pump, or the pump OD
and casing ID, to calculate the GIP internally.
Under the Electrical Submersible Pump Curve dialog box, you have a
choice of entering up to ten data points or the three constants in each of
the quadratic equations representing the head, efficiency and horsepower
in terms of the in situ volumetric flow rate.
Well Grouping Each of the well completion zones in a gathering network from a specific
formation or reservoir. The decline in the reservoir pressure with time
and the changes in the characteristics of the fluid produced are a function
of the total fluid volume produced form the reservoir. For the purposes of
these claculations, a well completion is associated with a reservoir
group. A reservoir group includes all of the producing zones that con-
tribute to its depletion.
Figure 60:
Reservoir Pressure
Over Time
@b
ASe]
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 95
Well Production Rate
Depletion The reservoir pressure declines by an amount calculated from the
grouped wells. This affects the IPR equation or the tabular data for the
IPR, since the reservoir pressure, Pr, is the common variable in most IPR
equations. Figure 61 illustrates the dependence of production rate upon
wellhead pressure and reservoir pressure. As the reservoir pressure
declines, so does cumulative production.
Figure 61:
Wellhead Pressure as
a Function of @b
Production Rate
@gV
ègU\\XUQTð
`bUccebUç
A_
Fluid Characteristics
For an active water drive reservoir, the water cut, fw, will increase signif-
icantly with increasing production. The data for the f w decline curve can
be input in the IPR Decline Data dialog box. However, you must also
specify an initial value for fw in the input dialog box for the Source node.
Therefore, an ambiguity may exist between the IPR calculated value for
initial f w and that entered into the source data. To resolve any discrep-
ancy, PIPEPHASE will use the value calculated from the IPR curve.
This data is well specific, and therefore, gives a more reliable value than
that input into the source node, which may be an average value.
Figure 62:
Water Cut and GOR Vg
as a Function of
Production Rate
Vg 7?B
_b
7?B
A Se]
Similarly, for a Solution Gas Drive Reservoir, the Gas:Oil Ratio (GOR)
varies with increasing production. To properly model this time-depen-
dent variation, PIPEPHASE uses the values from the IPR decline curve
i=1 i=1
If water is injected into an oil reservoir, a given volume of water will not
have the same pressure as an equivalent volume of oil. Therefore,
PIPEPHASE allows you to enter a Formation Volume Factor (FVF),
which takes into account the fluid properties. The FVF is represented by
B in the equation above. PIPEPHASE also allows you to specify a deliv-
erability basis for the calculations. The default basis is oil, and this is
indicated by the Bo in the denominator within the summation above.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 97
Executing a Sensitivity (or Nodal) Analysis
Sensitivity or Nodal analysis allows you to graphically represent the
flow and pressure behavior of wells, pipelines and other single link sys-
tems when input parameter(s) are varied over a range of values. The sin-
gle link option must be chosen to activate nodal analysis/sensitivity
analysis.
Dividing the The link is divided into two sections at any point on the link. This point
Link is called the Solution Node which you can specify. The section upstream
of the solution node is called the Inflow Section. The section downstream
of the solution node is called the Outflow Section. Figure 63 shows the
solution node at the wellhead. The well is in the inflow section and the
surface flow line is in the outflow section.
Figure 63:
C_\edY_^ð>_TU
Dividing the Link @"
Concept
6\_gð<Y^U
GU\\
@!
A
The Inflow Performance curve is the plot of the solution node pressure
PSN as the flow rate is varied in the Outflow section keeping the sink
pressure constant. Note that PSN increases with flow rate.
Figure 64:
Performance Curves h @!ð6YhUT @"ð6YhUT h
h
h h
@c^ h
h @c^
h
h h
A A
9^V\_g
@!
A
Figure 66:
h @"ð6YhUT
Inflow and Outflow
h
Performance Curves
h h
@C> h ?`UbQdY^Wð@_Y^dð_VðdXUð"ð@Y`UðCicdU]
h h
h @!ð6YhUT
h
A
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 99
Figure 67:
Demonstrating the @ _ed ð-ð! â ð`cYQ @ _edð-ð" â ð`cYQ
Relevance of @ _edð-ð! â ð`cYQ
Intersections of
Performance Curves
@ C>
Compound Parameter
Typically, we choose one parameter. In PIPEPHASE, several parameters
can be compounded into one parameter. Such a parameter is called a
compound paramete . A compound parameter may be the ID of a tubing
and its corresponding roughness. It may be a combination of parameters
from different devices. For example, one set of values of the pump
power, pipe ID and heater duty can be compounded as one compound
parameter value.
To generate a nodal analysis plot you must select an Inflow and an Out-
flow parameter and the range of values you want to use for each parame-
ter. All the parameters are divided into 7 categories. Compounding of
parameters is allowed within each data category only with the exception
of source/sink parameters and corresponding new IPR Device parame-
ters. These two sets of parameters may be compounded even though the
belong to different categories.
Figure 68:
Nodal Pressure Plot
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Features PIPEPHASE offers many nodal analysis technical features not com-
Unique to the monly found in standard nodal analysis packages. The compositional
PIPEPHASE capability with the extensive SIMSCI component library is one example
of these features. This allows rigorous simulation of phase behavior and
heat transfer that is not possible with black oil type approaches. Other
fluids that can be used include steam, black oil, liquid, gas and gas con-
densate models.
PIPEPHASE solves the total energy balance equations. This enables the
calculation of both pressure and temperature profiles in the link. Also,
you have the option of conveniently defining the location of the solution
node. The best choice of the solution node location changes from prob-
lem to problem and where field data may be available for comparison.
As you have seen earlier, you can use all standard PIPEPHASE equip-
ment devices in the sensitivity analysis. A number of parameters for each
device are available for you to vary, in order to fully study the effects of
specific parameters on the overall system performance. In addition to
devices which affect pressure drop, PIPEPHASE allows the study of
temperature change devices (heater/cooler capacity).
106 Index
opening Link Device Data window 9 Node summary 67 inflow/outflow parameters 102
toolbar 7 Non-compositional fluid models link profiles 64
workspace 5 define 18 nodal temperature 102
Mandhane flow regime map 77 source requirements 37 pressure vs. distance 65
Maps, flow regime No-slip liquid holdup 73 print options 64
Ansari 80 production vs. gas injection rate 15
Duns and Ros 79 RAS example 70
Mandhane 77 O Pressure balance method 54, 59
Taitel-Dukler-Barnea 78 Pressure drop function 73
Online help 3
Mass balance method 54 Pressure loss correlations 75
Optimization 1
McLeod open-perforated completion 46 Pressure profile, option 1 89
Optimum gas injection rate 15
Menu Print options 64
edit 8 Output
Production rate 96
file 5 link profiles 64
Pumps 47
view 8 nodal analysis 102
node and link labels 64 PVT data
Menu bar 6 blackoil model 24
node simulation results 64
Multiphase flow condensate gas 25
Output format changes 68
downward stratified flow 83 gas fluids 25
horizontal flow patterns 75 Output report
liquid model 26
liquid holdup 73 sections 66
steam model 27
modeling 72 See Also Report
PVT table generation 17
pressure drop 73 units of measure 23
problems unique to 81 Overall heat transfer coefficient 41, 83
sphering (pigging) 58 Q
terrain-induced slugging 82
vertical flow patterns 79
P Quality 37
vertical upward flow 81
Palmer corrections 31
Multi-stage compressor 47
Parameters R
case study 50
N compound 100 Reference source 36
sensitivity 100 Regulator 48
NETOPT 1 Performance curves 98 Report
Network model 17 Petroleum components 20 device summary 67
Networks Phase envelope 10 flash 67
looped 34 Phase type 21 link summary 67
running 62 options 68
Pipelines, heated 12
tree 33 summary 67
PIPEPHASE
types 33 Reservoir decline option 16
applications 10
New file 5 Reservoir depletion 95
components 2
Nodal analysis GUI 2 Reservoir performance curve 13
application 98 launching 5 Reservoir pressure 96
calculations 101 main window 5 Reservoir, solution gas-drive 45
compound parameter 100 NETOPT add-on 1 Results
dividing the link 98 simulating networks in 17 link profiles 64
entering data 9 TACITE add-on 2 nodal analysis 102
features unique to PIPEPHASE 103 technology 1 node 64
inflow/outflow curves 98 window components 6
output 102 Results Access System (RAS)
Pipes 42 output format 68
running 62
Plot viewer 70 plot viewer 70
sensitivity parameters 100
terminology 100 Plots plots 69
wellbore applications 12 creating in RAS 69 report options 68
108 Index
Contents
Compositional Pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Gas Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Pipeline Sphering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ridge Pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Introduction to PIPEPHASE i
Black Oil Pipeline
# TASK Black oil flows through a pipeline with an inner diameter of 10 inches
and a pipe roughness of 0.002 inches. The pipeline drops 1,000 feet over
its 20,000 foot length. The fluid properties at the source are listed in
Table 1.
Figure 1: 2\QS[ð?Y\
Black Oil Pipeline
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ä
ðVd
! ðVd
Part A Create a new simulation BLKOIL. The SOURCE pressure is 1000 psig and
the SINK pressure is 500 psig. Use 100000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate
estimate for both the source and the sink.
Part B In a second run, keep the source pressure at 1000 psig, but use a fixed
flowrate of 100,000 bbl/day of oil. As for initial sink estimates, use
100,000 bbl/day for flowrate and 500 psig for pressure. Note that for
blackoil problems, the source flowrate is based on the oil flowrate, not
the total flowrate.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 1
@ SOLUTION
➤ Enter the Problem, Site, and User information along with the prob-
lem description in this dialog box.
These entries are optional and you can access this dialog box later by
selecting Simulation Description from the General menu.
You can access this dialog box later by selecting Input Units of Measur
from the General menu, or by clicking the Input Dimensions button on
the toolbar.
You can make edits to the PVT data at any time by selecting PVT Data
from the General menu or by clicking the PVT button on the toolbar.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 3
➤ Enter the Length, Elevation Change, Inside Diameter, and Pipe
Roughness data from Table 1.
, Note: Elevation Change is positive for uphill flow and negative for
downhill flow.
➤ When complete, click OK to save the entries and return to the Link
Device Data window.
➤ Click OK to save the LINK device data and return to the main flow-
sheet.
➤ Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
➤ Click Run to solve the network.
➤ To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
From the Node Summary, you can see that the standard oil flowrate is
107,571 bbl/day and the standard water flowrate is 11,952 bbl/day.
, Note: Your results may vary slightly due to the initial estimates and
the specified convergence tolerances (± 2 psi for the pressure).
To return to the flowsheet, close the editor. To access the output file
again, select View Output File from the File menu or click the View Out-
put File button on the toolbar.
➤ To view the node output on the flowsheet, select View Output from
the View menu, and double-click on a unit.
The temperature, pressure, and total liquid flowrate (oil + water) for that
node in Blackoil type simulations is displayed. For example, if you dou-
ble-click on the SINK, the dialog box shown in Figure 2 appears.
Part B Under the File menu, choose Save As and save this problem as BLKOILB.
To find the SINK pressure with a fixed SOURCE oil flowrate of 100,000
bbl/day and a 1,000 psig SOURCE pressure, perform the following tasks:
➤ Select the View Output option from the View menu to return to the
edit input mode.
➤ Double-click on the SOURCE, activate the Fixed radio button for the
oil flowrate, and enter a value of 100,000 bbl/day.
➤ Double-click on the SINK, activate the Estimated radio button for the
pressure, and enter a value of 500 psig, so that the pressure is calcu-
lated by PIPEPHASE.
➤ Rerun the simulation and view your results.
From the Node Summary, you will find that the SINK pressure is now
calculated to be 678 psig.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 5
Black Oil Flowline with Devices
# TASK The flowrate through an oil well is controlled using a choke at the well-
head. For a 1 inch diameter choke, the desired wellhead pressure is 200
psig. Because the reservoir is unconsolidated sandstone, a gravel-packed
completion has been used.
Figure 3:
Oil Well
## ðVd
$% ðVd
The upper portion of the tubing string is 2.441 inches in diameter. The
lower portion is 1.995 inches in diameter. The reservoir pressure is 3,000
psig and the reservoir temperature is 190°F. The temperature gradient in
the earth at this location is 2°F/100 feet. Assume an average overall heat
transfer coefficient (U) of 10.0 Btu/hr-ft2-°F.
Part A Create a new simulation named OILFLW. Use 500 bbl/day as the initial
flowrate estimate for both the source and the sink.
Figure 4:
Transportation
!%ä ðVd
Pipeline " ð`cYW
" ðVd
6b_]
GU\\XUQT
As for initial sink estimates, use the value calculated in Part A for flow-
rate and supply 200 psig for the sink pressure.
@ SOLUTION
Part A Create a new simulation by selecting New from the File menu and name
the simulation OILFLW.
In the Input Dimensions dialog box, keep the units of measure as Petro-
leum.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 7
Step 4 Build the Flowsheet
➤ Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a
link.
Sink Data
➤ Double-click on the SINK icon to open up the Sink dialog box.
➤ Enter the SINK pressure. Again, by default the flowrate Estimated
radio button is activated indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate
the flowrate.
➤ Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate. By default, the Oil
Flowrate Estimated radio button is activated, indicating that PIPE-
PHASE will calculate this flowrate.
For a LINK with multiple sections, the order in which you list the devices
is critical. You must enter the section of tubing farthest from the surface
first. In this case, the bottom section of the tubing string is entered first.
For the lower section, the measured wireline depth is 8,000 feet (= 4,500
+ 3,500); and the true vertical depth is 6,500 feet (= 3,200 + 3,300).
➤ Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
➤ Click Run to solve the network.
➤ To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 9
From the Node Summary, you can see that the standard oil flowrate is
2,471 bbl/day, the standard water flowrate is 618 bbl/day, and the stan-
dard gas flowrate is 0.7412 MM ft3/day.
To return to the flowsheet, close the editor. To access the output file
again, select View Output File from the File menu or click the View Out-
put File button on the toolbar.
Part B Under the File menu, choose Save As and save this problem as OILFLWB.
To find the SINK pressure for a fixed SOURCE oil flowrate of 2,471 bbl/
day, perform the following tasks:
➤ In the Black Oil Source dialog box, click the Fixed radio button for
the oil flowrate and enter a value 2,471.
➤ In the Sink dialog box, click the Estimated radio button for the SINK
pressure. Enter an initial estimate for the oil flowrate.
➤ In the Link Device Data window, click once on the CHOKE device so
that the additional devices are added after it. Add the SEPARATOR,
PUMP, and PIPE devices to the LINK and input the supplied data for
each.
➤ Change the Device Detail to Part or Full in the Print Options dialog
box, accessed by selecting Print Options from the General menu.
➤ Rerun the program and view your results.
From the Node Summary, you can see that the SINK pressure is 163 psig.
From the Link Device Detail Report, you can see that the amount of gas
removed is 0.670 MM ft3/day and the required pump power is 32.2 hp.
# TASK A 24-inch diameter pipeline transports crude oil 200 kilometers, over an
elevation increase of 400 meters. The desired sink pressure is 10 bar and
the ambient temperature is 20°C.
Figure 5:
" ð[]
Crude Oil Pipeline
$ ð]
3beTUð?Y\
Use 500,000 kg/hr as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
Part A Use metric dimensions for everything except the fine length, which is in
inches. Set the Print Options for link plots to Full. Table 3 gives the com-
position and conditions of the source fluid. Table 4 gives data for the
higher-boiling components.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 11
What is the flowrate?
Part B Generate a PVT table for the flash calculations and run the simulation
again.
Part C Convert the simulation to a black oil fluid and run it again.
@ SOLUTION Create a new simulation by selecting New from the File menu and name
the simulation CPIPE.
Part A
12 Compositional Pipeline
, Note: If you change the basis after you enter the flowrate data, the
flowrate value is not converted to the corresponding value in
the new units, only the units are changed.
➤ Select the library components listed in Table 3, and then click the
Add Components to place them in the Add these Library Compo-
nents to the Component List box. Alternatively, you can double-click
on the components to add them into this list immediately.
➤ Clicking OK saves this list and returns you to the Component Data
dialog box.
➤ Click Add... in the Petroleum Fractions area, enter the petroleum
components listed in Table 4, and click OK to save the entries.
You can access the Component Data dialog box later by clicking on the
Component Data button on the toolbar
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 13
Step 5 Enter Link Data
Double-click on the LINK to open up the Link Device Data window.
➤ Click on the PIPE button and enter the Length, Elevation Change ,
and Inside Diameter data.
➤ Select the U-Value method from the Heat Transfer drop-down list
and enter the Ambient Temperature in the activated field. This over-
ides the global default.
, Tip: Make sure to select Full for Device Detail, Plots and RAS
Database options (select Print Options under the General
menu) so that you can generate a Phase Envelope plot by click-
ing Special Plots... in the Results Access System (RAS).
➤ Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button. The Run Sim-
ulation and View Results dialog box appears.
➤ Click Run to solve the network.
➤ To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list and click View .
From the Node Summary, you can see that the total flowrate is 1,180,910
kg/hr.
➤ To view the NODE results and the LINK plots, select View Output
from the View menu.
➤ Double-click on a NODE to see its pressure, temperature, and flow-
rate.
➤ Double-click on the LINK to bring up the Link Plot Selection dialog
box and click Temperature vs. Distance .
The temperature plot in Figure 6 shows that the fluid temperature never
drops below the ambient temperature. Since the gas phase is just devel-
oping, the Joule-Thompson effect is weak.
14 Compositional Pipeline
Figure 6:
Temperature vs.
Distance Plot
➤ Click Run Results Access System within the Run Simulation and
View Results dialog box to access the Results Access System (RAS).
➤ To activate the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box, select File/New to cre-
ate a new RAS database. Select CPIPE.ras (Figure 7).
Figure 7:
PIPEPHASE RAS
Dialog Box
This also shows the fluid state through the pipe's length with respect to
the phase envelope.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 15
Figure 8:
Phase Envelope
Part B Generate a PVT table to speed up the flash calculations. Before making
any changes, save the file as CPIPEB. Make the following changes:
➤ Select the PVT Data from the General menu or click the PVT Data
button on the toolbar.
➤ Click Edit... and check the box next to Generate PVT Table... .
Click the button to enter the data.
➤ Enter the Source Name and a range of pressures and temperatures
that spans the expected range. A reasonable range is 5-75°C and 5-
75 bar with 10 degree and 10 bar increments respectively.
➤ Run the simulation.
Runs using the PVT table to interpolate the physical properties are about
5-6 times faster than using the flash calculations.
From the Node Summary section of the output report, the fluid proper-
ties to simulate a black oil are:
Gas specific gravity = 1.47
Oil specific gravity = 0.88
Gas/Oil Flowrate Ratio = 97 m3/ m3
Oil Flowrate = 1083 m3/hr
16 Compositional Pipeline
, Note: Use PVT table generation when no SEPARATOR or INJECTION
(from a SEPARATOR) devices exist in the LINK or when all
SOURCEs have the same composition. The composition of the
fluid must remain the same throughout the system.
Part C Convert the simulation to a blackoil fluid to see how this non-composi-
tional approach affects the results. Before making any changes, save the
file by selecting Save As from the File menu. Name the new simulation
CPIPEC. Make the following changes:
You will find that the black oil flowrate is now 620 m 3/hr, significantly
lower than the compositional oil flowrate of 1,083 m 3/hr. This change is
caused by the different representations used for the fluid physical prop-
erties.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 17
Gas Well
# TASK A gas well is drilled in two stages: vertically for 1,067 meters, and then
at an angle for 935 meters (another 610 meters deep).
Figure 9:
Gas Well
! &'ð]
&! ð]
)#%ð]
The tubing string is 2.441 inches in diameter. Use metric dimensions for
everything except the fine length. Table 5 gives the composition and
source conditions of the inlet gas.
18 Gas Well
@ SOLUTION Create a new problem by selecting New from the File menu. Name the
simulation GWELL.
Part A
, Note: If you change the basis after you enter the flowrate data, the
flowrate value is not converted to the corresponding value in
the new units, only the units are changed.
➤ Change the Fine Length units to inches, since the TUBING diameter
is given in inches.
Note the warning that SINK flowrates must be specified in Weight units
for compositional fluids.
Under the Component Family List, Standard Production Set is the default
and the components of this set are listed in the Specific Components
Available for Selection section.
You can access the library components again by clicking the Component
Selection button.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 19
➤ Click Define Composition... and enter the composition for the pre-
viously selected components from Table 5. Select Save from the
Worksheet menu when complete.
Sink Data
➤ Double-click on the SINK to enter the Sink dialog box.
➤ Check the Estimated button for the pressure and provide an initial
estimate. By default, the Estimated button for the flowrate is acti-
vated, indicating that PIPEPHASE will calculate this value.
➤ Supply an initial estimate for the gas flowrate.
For a LINK with multiple devices, the order in which you list the devices
is critical. You must enter the section of tubing next to the SOURCE first.
In this case, the deviated section of the tubing string is entered first.
➤ Click on the TUBING button and enter the Measured Wireline Depth,
True Vertical Depth, and Inside Diameter data.
For the deviated section, the measured wireline depth is 2,002 meters (=
1,067 + 935); and the true vertical depth is 1,677 meters (= 1,067 + 610).
➤ To enter the vertical section of the tubing string, click the TUBING
button again and enter the data for this segment (measured wireline
depth is 1,067 m; true vertical depth is also 1,067 m).
20 Gas Well
Step 6 Run the Simulation and View the Results
, Tip: Make sure to select Full for Device Detail, Plots and RAS
Database options (select Print Options under the General
menu) so that you can generate a Phase Envelope plot by click-
ing Special Plots... in the Results Access System (RAS).
➤ Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button. The Run Sim-
ulation and View Results dialog box appears.
➤ Click Run to solve the network.
➤ To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list in the View Reports section of the dialog box and click View .
The Link Summary shows the pressure drop to the surface is 54.9 bar
and the actual flowrate at the SOURCE is 0.000148 MM m 3/hr. The spe-
cific gravity of the gas is found in the Node Summary section of the
report. You should get a value of 0.68.
➤ To view the NODE results and the LINK plots, select View Output
from the View menu and double-click on a NODE to see its Pressure,
Temperature, and Flowrate.
From the Link Summary, you should find that the pressure drop is now
60.1 bar. The actual flowrate at the source is 0.000146 MM m3/hr.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 21
Case Study of Black Oil Pipeline
# TASK Starting with the Black Oil Pipeline simulation, Part B as the Base Case,
run six cases to study the effects of the following parameters on the pres-
sure drop:
■ Inside diameter
■ Elevation change
■ Pipe roughness
■ Heat transfer coefficient
■ Flowrate at source
■ Pressure drop correlation
Use the Restore Base Case option in each case to set the changed param-
eters back to the original values.
Provide initial estimates for the sink: Pressure = 500 psig, Flowrate =
100,000 bbl/day.
Fill in Table 6 and answer the following questions. In the original Black
Oil Pipeline problem, Part B, the pressure drop was 323 psig.
Which three parameters have the largest effect on the pressure drop?
Which two parameters have the smallest effect on the pressure drop?
➤ Select Open from the File menu and choose BLKOILCS file. This is
the Base Case.
Because you are studying the effects of the six parameters on the pres-
sure drop, you must enter each change under a new case.
➤ For the first case, select the link L001 from the Link Name list.
You can select Pipe from the Device Type drop-down list to limit the
Device Name list on the following line to include the Pipe device names
only.
➤ From the drop-down lists, select the Device Name, Parameter, and
supply a value for the Inside Diameter in the data field labeled To:
● Link Name L001
● Device Type Pipe
● Device Name E001
● Parameter Inside Diameter
● To (the new ID value) 11
The completed dialog box for case one is shown below in Figure 10.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 23
Figure 10:
Case Study
Parameters for Case 1
Figure 11:
Case Study Changes
for Case 1
The Case Study Changes and the Define Case Study Parameter dialog
boxes can be reopened by clicking Edit... .
Case Two
➤ Click Add... to enter the second case.
➤ Check Restore Base Case to reset the parameters changed in the pre-
vious case back to the original values (i.e., the pipe ID is reset to
10").
The Case Study dialog box appears as Figure 12 when all six cases has
been entered.
Figure 12:
Completed Case
Study Dialog Box
The Case Study Summary appears at the end of the output file and is
reproduced in Figure 13. From the simulation, you can see that Case 1
(inside diameter), Case 5 (flowrate), and Case 6 (pressure drop correla-
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 25
tion) show the largest change in pressure drop, ∆(∆p) = 347 psi, -245 psi
and -274 psi, respectively. The heat transfer coefficient and the pipe
roughness have the smallest effect in this simulation.
CASE STUDY 01
CASE STUDY 02
CASE STUDY 03
CASE STUDY 04
CASE STUDY 05
CASE STUDY 06
Pipe 2 is buried on the ocean floor and Pipe 3 is buried on dry land. Both
are at a depth of 3 feet. Use a thermal conductivity of 0.3 BTU/hrft°F for
dry soil and 1.2 BTU/hrft°F for wet soil.
Determine how the seasonal variations in air temperature affect the pipe-
line's flow capacity. In the summer, air temperatures can reach 50°F, and
in the winter temperatures are as low as 5°F. Also evaluate the pipeline
for an air temperature of 30°F.
Figure 14:
Heavy Crude Pipeline
Use 80,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source
and the sink.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 27
Part A Perform case studies on the pipeline at the ambient air temperatures indi-
cated in Table 8. The ambient temperatures for Pipes 1 and 2 should
remain at 35°F. Use the Results Access System (RAS) to make a plot
showing a temperature profile for each of the cases.
@ SOLUTION Create a new problem by selecting New from the File menu. Name the
simulation HCRUDE.
➤ Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button. The Run Sim-
ulation and View Results dialog box appears.
➤ Click Run to solve the network.
Find the Case Study Summary at the end of the output file. Table 9
shows the results.
As you can see, the flowrate drops drastically during the winter. The low
temperature causes a large increase in viscosity, which in turn causes a
lower flowrate between the (constant pressure) SOURCE and SINK. The
lower flowrate means more heat loss, which leads to higher viscosity,
etc. The result is a flowrate that can be very sensitive to ambient temper-
ature.
Table 10 shows the results for the same Case Study set but with two
inches of insulation with a conductivity of 0.015 Btu/(hr-ft-°F) on Pipe
3. The winter flowrate has increased significantly, and the insulation is
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 29
probably a wise investment. To perform a more complete analysis, you
can investigate insulating the other pipes, different insulation thick-
nesses, the use of heaters, etc. With economic data, you can choose the
best scenario.
➤ To access this system, click Results Access System within the Run
Simulation and View Results dialog box.
➤ Select New from the File menu to create a new RAS database.
➤ Choose HCRUDE.ras and click OK . The PIPEPHASE RAS dialog
box appears (Figure 15).
Figure 15:
PIPEPHASE RAS
Dialog Box
➤ Click View/Edit... .
In this exercise, you want to plot the temperature for each case study on
a single graph. Leave the x-variable as Total Length.
Figure 16:
RAS Plot Data
Options
The RAS Plot Options dialog box should have three entries—one for the
base case and one for each case study, as shown in Figure 17.
Figure 17:
RAS Plot Options
Dialog Box
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 31
The results for the run with two inches of insulation on Pipe 3 are shown
in Figure 19. The discontinuities in the slope of the curves occur where
the different pipes meet. The steeper the curve, the higher the heat trans-
fer rate.
Figure 18:
Plot of Temperature
Versus Length
Figure 19:
Plot of Temperature
Versus Length. Pipe 3
has 2" of Insulation
Your job is to determine the quantity of liquid that will be removed from
the pipeline in order to size the slug catcher.
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Table 11 gives the composition and conditions of the source fluid. Table
12 provides data for the higher-boiling components.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 33
The pipe devices are summarized in Table 13. The pipe heat transfer
coefficient is 0.8 Btu/hr ft2°F. The ambient temperature is 65°F.
For initial sink estimates, use 1 lb/hr for flowrate and 10 psia for pres-
sure.
How long does it take for the slug to reach the end of the pipe?
@ SOLUTION Create a new simulation named SPHERE and enter a simulation descrip-
tion.
34 Pipeline Sphering
Step 3 Define the Simulation Defaults
➤ Enter the desired global defaults for the Ambient Temperature, Pipe
ID, and Pipe Heat Transfer Coefficient data by clicking the Global
Defaults button on the toolbar.
Step 5 Build the Flowsheet and Enter Unit and Link Data
➤ Add a source and a sink to the flowsheet. Connect the two with a
link.
➤ Enter the SOURCE and SINK data.
➤ Add eight PIPEs to the LINK and enter the data provided in Table 13.
Remember to input the Sphere Inside Diameter for pipes L1, L3, and L6.
➤ Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
➤ Click Run to solve the network.
➤ To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list and click View .
From the Sphering Report, you can see that the slug is 2,723.6 ft long
when it reaches the end of the pipe. Calculating by hand, the slug volume
is 2,137.9 ft3 (12 in. ID) which is delivered in 181.7 sec (just over 3 min-
utes). Steady state flow is re-established 31,092 sec (8.6 hours) after the
sphere is launched.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 35
Figure 21:
Slug Zone Report ----------------SLUG ZONE------------------
SLUG SLUG
SLUG SLUG EDGE PRESS: EDGE
TIME VELO: LENGTH PRESS: DROP DISTANCE
(SECS) (FPS) (FT) (PSIA) (PSIA) (FT)
------- ------- --------- ------- ------- ---------
1606.9 13.94 2445.6 252.2 21.0 38520.6
1625.4 13.86 2444.5 254.0 20.8 38662.8
1643.8 13.86 2473.0 253.6 21.0 38936.4
1662.3 13.87 2501.4 253.2 21.2 39210.3
1680.8 13.87 2530.2 252.9 21.5 39484.6
1699.3 13.87 2559.0 252.5 21.7 39759.3
1717.7 13.88 2588.0 252.2 21.9 40034.3
1736.2 13.88 2617.1 252.0 22.0 40309.6
1754.7 13.88 2646.3 251.8 22.1 40585.3
1773.1 13.81 2648.2 253.5 21.8 40728.9
1791.6 13.81 2677.6 253.3 21.9 41003.4
1810.1 13.81 2707.1 253.1 22.0 41278.2
1819.3 13.82 2721.8 253.0 22.0 41415.6
1820.5 13.82 2723.6 253.0 22.0 41432.8
Figure 22:
Delivery Report SLUG DELIVERY
-------------
PRESS:
SLUG SPHERE BEHIND
TIME VELOCITY VELOCITY SPHERE
(SECS) (FPS) (FPS) (PSIA)
------- -------- -------- -------
9.8 13.87 13.87 274.6
19.7 13.87 13.87 273.5
29.5 13.90 13.90 272.4
39.3 13.96 13.96 271.6
49.1 13.98 13.98 270.6
58.8 14.02 14.02 269.4
68.5 14.09 14.09 268.6
78.2 14.16 14.16 267.6
87.8 14.21 14.21 266.5
97.3 14.27 14.27 265.5
106.9 14.33 14.33 264.4
116.4 14.39 14.39 263.3
125.8 14.44 14.44 262.1
135.3 14.51 14.51 261.0
144.6 14.57 14.57 259.8
154.0 14.63 14.63 258.6
163.3 14.70 14.70 257.4
172.5 14.77 14.77 256.1
181.7 14.84 14.84 254.8
36 Pipeline Sphering
Looped Black Oil Network
# TASK A black oil gathering and distribution facility is shown below. Oil is col-
lected from four different fields and transported to two terminal points
(B and C). This system consists of loops and cross-over lines.
Figure 23:
Flowsheet for Looped 1"
Black Oil Network "ä% ðVd
:"
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You are required to determine the unknown boundary flows and pres-
sures, along with the flow distribution in the loops and crossovers. Find
the individual delivery rates for the two terminal points and locate any
potential bottlenecks in the system.
To locate bottlenecks, calculate the pressure drop per pipe length for
each link. A large value indicates high frictional losses which could be
alleviated by either increasing the pipe diameter or by adding a second,
parallel pipeline. All pipes are 12 inches in inside diameter
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 37
Table 15: Heat Transfer Data
Ambient Temperature, F 80
Overall U-coefficient, Btu/hr-ft2-F 2
As for sink initial estimates, use 20,000 BPD for first sink and 40,000
BPD for second.
(Remember that a positive flowrate indicates that the flow is in the direc-
tion the link is drawn and negative flow indicates that the flow is in the
opposite direction.)
➤ Leave the input dimensions as Petroleum, but change the Oil Density
units from API to specific gravity.
➤ Supply the Oil, Gas, and Water specific gravity data in the Blackoil
PVT Data dialog box.
➤ Click the Global Defaults button on the toolbar to open the Global
Defaults dialog box and change the default PIPE inside diameter to
12 inches, and the default PIPE heat transfer coefficient to 2 BTU/hr
ft2°F.
➤ Select Print Options from the General menu, and select Full for the
Device Detail report option list to get the Pressure Gradient reports.
Check the flowrate directions. You will find that the flow is from J0 to
J1, from J4 to J2 and from J6 to J5. The flowrate into terminal C is
121,430 bbl/day and into terminal B it is 71,306 bbl/day. The highest
pressure drop per pipe length is for the link between A0 and J0 at 0.01
psi/ft (see the Velocity Summary in the Output Report).
You can change the solution tolerances and algorithm options by click-
ing on the Calculation Methods button on the toolbar. Tighten the toler-
ance for pressure and rerun the network. Did your answers change?
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 39
Black Oil Gathering System
# TASK A black oil gathering system is shown in Figure 24. There are six wells
leading to an offshore platform, which then has a pipeline to an onshore
facility.
Figure 24:
Black Oil Gathering !
System "
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Given the following data in Tables 17 through 19, find the total flow of
fluid arriving at the onshore terminal (SINK “ONSH”).
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 41
Use 1,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for each source and
6,000 bbl/day for the sink.
@ SOLUTION Create a new simulation named BOGS and enter a simulation descrip-
tion.
➤ Enter the Blackoil PVT data through the Fluid Property Data dialog
box. Create two property sets, one for wells 1-3 and one for wells 4-
6 from the data in Table 1.
➤ Enter the desired global defaults for the LINK data using the Global
Defaults button on the toolbar.
Step 2 Build the Flowsheet and Enter Unit and Link Data
➤ Add six sources, one junction, and a single sink to the flowsheet.
Using Figure 24, reposition as needed and connect the appropriate
units.
➤ Fill in the data for each SOURCE and the SINK from the data in Table
18. Provide initial estimates for unmeasured flowrates and/or pres-
sures.
➤ For each LINK, enter the appropriate data for the LINK devices given
in Table 19 (i.e. IPR, TUBIN , CHOKE, PIPE, and RISER).
You can change the solution tolerances and algorithm options by click-
ing on the Network Calculation Methods button on the toolbar. Tighten
the tolerance for pressure and rerun the network. Did your answers
change?
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 43
Two Well Gas Lift Analysis
# TASK For a single well on gas lift, the increased back-pressure from the injec-
tion gas affects other wells that share a common flowline. If any of the
other wells are also on gas lift, it in turn contributes to an overall increase
in back pressure. As such, a single-well gas lift analysis performed in
isolation will over-predict production. The actual optimal injection rate
will be influenced by the interacting wells, and will be lower than that
predicted by single-well analysis. The problem therefore is to determine
the amount of gas to allocate to each of the wells under of gas lift in
order to maximize the total production rate from the field. In PIPE-
PHASE, this is determined by executing a case study.
Given the data in Tables 20 and 21, determine the optimal lift gas alloca-
tion between the two wells, based on the available gas being limited to 4
MM ft3/day, to achieve the maximum oil production.
For Pipe, use nominal diameter = 4", schedule 40. For Tubing, use nom-
inal diameter = 4", schedule TB01. Use a U-value of 1 Btu/hr ft 2°F for
both. The ambient temperature is 65°F.
Use 5,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for each source and
10,000 bbl/day as the initial estimate for the sink.
@ SOLUTION Create a new simulation named GASLIFT and enter a simulation descrip-
tion.
➤ Enter the Blackoil PVT data through the Fluid Property Data dialog
box.
➤ Enter the desired global defaults for the LINK device data by clicking
the Global Defaults button on the toolbar
Step 2 Build the Flowsheet and Enter Unit and Link Data
➤ Add two sources, a junction, and a single sink to the flowsheet.
➤ Fill in the data for each SOURCE and SINK in turn. Provide initial
estimates for unmeasured flowrates.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 45
➤ Enter the LINK device data provided in Table 22.
➤ Click the PVT Data toolbar button to reopen the Fluid Property Data
dialog box.
➤ Click Lift Gas Data and enter the specific gravity. This option was
not available earlier since a gas lift valve was not yet part of the net-
work.
➤ Click Add... again to supply the second parameter for the same
case (the Link Name is L002; the Device Name is E008). Change the
rate to 3.0.
For the five remaining cases, increase the rate to gas lift valve E003 from
1.5 to 3.5 while decreasing the rate to gas lift valve E008 from 2.5 to 0.5.
Use increments of 0.5 MMSCFD.
Note: A quick way to add multiple cases is to use the Copy function
in the Case Study dialog box.
➤ Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
➤ Click Run to solve the network.
➤ To check your results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list and click View .
Figure 25:
Case Summary BASE CASE
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 47
Plotting the sink data in Excel produces the graph shown in Figure 26.
Figure 26:
Oil Production as a 7000
Function of Case
Number 6750
6250
6000
5750
5500
5250
5000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Case Number
Figure 26 shows that the maximum oil production does occur some-
where close to the conditions of case 3, when the gas lift flowrate is 2.0
MMSCFD. Additional runs can be executed to determine more precise
operating conditions. Also, cases where the combined gas lift flowrate is
less than 4.0 MMSCFD should also be examined.
Figure 27:
Steam Injection Well
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Introduction to PIPEPHASE 49
The annulus between the tubing and casing is filled with brine (assume
default “liquid” properties). The injectivity has a value of 10 lb/hr/psi
(model as an IPR).
Use 1,000 lb/hr as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
Part A Calculate the quality, temperature and rate of fluid being injected into
the reservoir.
Part B What is the effect of burying the flowline 36" below the surface?
Restore the base case, then re-insulate the flowline with 0.125" thick
insulation of thermal conductivity 0.1 Btu/hr-ft-F. What is the effect of
this?
Restore the base case. Drain the brine from the annulus and seal off (i.e.
air filled annulus). What is the improvement?
Part C The results of the previous runs indicate that only hot water (no steam) is
being injected to the reservoir. What changes would you make to ensure
some steam is injected?
@ SOLUTION
Part A Create a new simulation named STMINJ and enter a simulation descrip-
tion.
Figure 28:
Node Summary for NODE SUMMARY
Part A STEAM TOTAL
NODE PRES. QUAL. RATE TEMP.
(PSIG) (LBHR) (F)
---- ------- ------ -------- -------
S001 1500.0 * 0.99 1423. 597.5
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -1423. 245.8
As you can see, only hot water (steam quality=0) is being injected into
the well. In the remaining runs, you will try to reduce the heat losses so
that some steam is actually injected.
Part B
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 51
Figure 29:
Node Summary for NODE SUMMARY
Part B STEAM TOTAL
NODE PRES. QUAL. RATE TEMP.
(PSIG) (LBHR) (F)
---- ------- ------ -------- -------
S001 1500.0 * 0.99 1159. 597.5
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -1159. 217.0
➤ Change the insulation thickness to 0.125 in. and the thermal conduc-
tivity to 0.1 Btu/hr-ft-°F in the Pipe Detailed Heat Transfer Data
dialog box.
➤ Run the simulation and compare your Node Summary to Figure 30.
Figure 30:
Node Summary for NODE SUMMARY
Part C STEAM TOTAL
NODE PRES. QUAL. RATE TEMP.
(PSIG) (LBHR) (F)
---- ------- ------ -------- -------
S001 1500.0 * 0.99 2609. 597.5
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -2609. 274.5
Figure 31:
Node Summary for NODE SUMMARY
Part D STEAM TOTAL
NODE PRES. QUAL. RATE TEMP.
(PSIG) (LBHR) (F)
---- ------- ------ -------- -------
S001 1500.0 * 0.99 1353. 597.5
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -1353. 291.0
Part C
To drive a gas into the well, we expect the source pressure to be at least
as high as the sink pressure, since a column of gas has a negligible head.
With this in mind, we will examine increasing the boiler pressure to at
least 2000 psig.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 53
Figure 32:
Node Summary for BASE CASE
Part C STEAM TOTAL
NODE PRES. QUAL. RATE TEMP.
(PSIG) (LBHR) (F)
---- ------- ------ -------- -------
S001 1500.0 * 0.99 1423. 597.5
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -1423. 245.8
CASE NO. 1
STEAM TOTAL
NODE PRES. QUAL. RATE TEMP.
(PSIG) (LBHR) (F)
---- ------- ------ -------- -------
S001 2000.0 * 0.99 3291. 636.6
D002 2000.0 * 0.00 -3291. 567.4
CASE NO. 2
STEAM TOTAL
NODE PRES. QUAL. RATE TEMP.
(PSIG) (LBHR) (F)
---- ------- ------ -------- -------
S001 2200.0 * 0.99 4443. 650.2
D002 2000.0 * 0.02 -4443. 636.4
CASE NO. 3
STEAM TOTAL
NODE PRES. QUAL. RATE TEMP.
(PSIG) (LBHR) (F)
---- ------- ------ -------- -------
S001 2400.0 * 0.99 5918. 663.0
D002 2000.0 * 0.20 -5918. 636.6
CASE NO. 4
STEAM TOTAL
NODE PRES. QUAL. RATE TEMP.
(PSIG) (LBHR) (F)
---- ------- ------ -------- -------
S001 2600.0 * 0.99 7874. 674.9
D002 2000.0 * 0.32 -7874. 636.6
CASE NO. 5
STEAM TOTAL
NODE PRES. QUAL. RATE TEMP.
(PSIG) (LBHR) (F)
---- ------- ------ -------- -------
S001 2800.0 * 0.99 9985. 686.3
D002 2000.0 * 0.38 -9985. 636.6
CASE NO. 6
STEAM TOTAL
NODE PRES. QUAL. RATE TEMP.
(PSIG) (LBHR) (F)
---- ------- ------ -------- -------
S001 3000.0 * 0.99 12476. 697.0
D002 2000.0 * 0.40 -12476. 636.6
# TASK The oil field shown in Figure 33 is being evaluated for possible introduc-
tion into an existing crude oil gathering network. The Planning Depart-
ment has asked you for an indication of the contribution from this field
during its first year of production.
Figure 33:
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Oil Field
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The well source data is given below and the well head pressure is fixed at
50 psig. From economic considerations, production may be achieved
using either 3" or 4" tubing. The well is expected to have a productivity
index (PI) of 2.4 bbl/day/psi, although experience has shown that for a
field of this nature, a PI as high as 4.8 is possible.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 55
Table 29: Well Source Data
Temperature, °F 150
Pressure, psig 4500
Gas/oil ratio, ft3/bbl 40
Water Cut, % 20
Use 3,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
➤ Check the Restore Base Case Solution box in the Case Study
Changes dialog box.
Case Two
➤ Using Figure 35 as a guide, enter data to perform an individual
change to the IPR device, with the Productivity Index as the parame-
ter.
Figure 35:
Parameters Dialog
Box for the Second
Case
➤ Check the Restore Base Case Solution box in the Case Study
Changes dialog box.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 57
Case Three
For the third case, change both parameters of the oil reservoir simulta-
neously. You must consider both global and individual changes for this
case. You can accomplish this in either of two ways:
■ You can restore the simulation to the Base Case and then vary both
parameters in the third case. This is done by adding the change
parameters within the same Case Study Changes dialog box, or
■ You can choose not to check the Restore Base Case Solution box and
change the parameter that was not already varied in the second case
(tubing ID).
At the end of the output report, you will find a summary of the case
study results as shown below in Figure 36. As you might expect, the
highest flowrate is achieved when the TUBIN inside diameter is set to 4
and the PI is at 4.8. Under these circumstances, the well would produce
6,599.4 bbl/day or 2.41x106 bbl/yr.
Figure 36:
Case Study Summar BASE CASE
CASE 01
CASE 02
CASE 03
# TASK Two wells, producing from a single reservoir, flow into a manifold
which has a pipeline connection to a processing facility. The production
in this system is to be analyzed based on a three year decline model.
Figure 37:
Two Well System @b_SUccY^W
from a Single
Reservoir
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Use the Results Access System to plot the pressure traverses for the well
links as a function of time. Also tabulate and plot the individual well oil
flowrates and the total oil flow rates as a function of time for three years.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 59
Table 32: Fluid Properties
Well 1 Well 2
Oil, API 35.2 Oil, API 35.4
Gas, specific gravity 0.704 Gas, specific gravity 0.710
Water, specific gravity 1.010 Water, specific gravity 1.012
L2 IPR 25
Tubing 1,631 2.875 1515
Choke 2.000
, Note: Tubing and Pipe diameters are nominal. The actual inside
diameters are as follows: for a 4 in. pipe (schedule 40), the
actual inside diameter is 4.028 in; for 2.875 in. (API) tubing,
the actual inside diameter is 2.441 in.
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Use 7,000 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for the first source,
11,000 bbl/day for the second, and 20,000 bbl/day for the sink.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 61
➤ Once completed, select Save from the Worksheet menu to save and
exit the worksheet.
➤ Following the same procedure as in L1, enter the link devices for the
links L2 and L3.
, Note: Pressure decline is specific to the reservoir; GOR and water cut
changes are specific for each well.
Time data is 365, 730, and 1,096 days for 3 years production planning.
➤ Select Run from the File menu or click the Run button on the toolbar.
The Run Simulation and View Results dialog box appears.
➤ Click Run to solve the network.
➤ To view the results, select Output File from the Report drop-down
list and click View .
➤ After the simulation is run, click Results Access System within the
Run Simulation and View Results dialog box.
➤ To activate the PIPEPHASE RAS dialog box, select New from the
File menu to create a new RAS database and choose TDPRODPL.ras.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 63
➤ Click Add... . The RAS Plot Data Options dialog box appears.
➤ Select the Link as L001, check the All Devices in the Link box to see
the change from the reservoir to the manifold, and select Pressure
from the State Variable list and click Add Selection .
➤ Add the other time step plots by changing the Case Study entry and
clicking Add Selection .
➤ After all four time step plots are added, click Done .
➤ Click View to generate the plot.
Compare how the pressure changes in the system as the production rates
change over the years. The graph is shown in Figure 40.
Figure 40:
Plot of Pressure as a
Function of Total
Length in Link L001
Figure 41:
Plot of Individual Well
and Total Oil
Flowrates as a
Function of Time
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 65
Ridge Pipeline
# TASK A new well is planned for a reservoir that lies under a steep ridge. Due to
the location of the reservoir, the well will be deviated as shown in Figure
42. The production of the well will be routed to a gas-oil separator oper-
ating at 100 psig, by way of a constant diameter flowline. This separator
is located on the other side of the ridge. The flowline may be built over
the ridge, or around it, as illustrated in Figure 43.
Figure 42:
Well Geometry
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Figure 43:
Topographical Layout
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Table 35 gives the Measured Wireline Depth and True Vertical Depth for
the well, which corresponds with Figure 42.
66 Ridge Pipeline
Table 35: Tubing Measurements
Location Measured Wireline True Vertical
Depth (ft) Depth (ft)
A 800 800
B 4500 4000
C 7500 6500
Use 2,500 bbl/day as the initial flowrate estimate for both the source and
the sink.
Part A Design the well and flowline to maximize total production. Use the
Beggs-Brill (with Moody Friction Factor) flow correlation (BBM),
Standing physical property correlations, and the information given in
Tables 36 through 39.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 67
Which design maximizes production, building the flowline over the
ridge or around it?
Part B After the well is drilled, a fluid analysis yields the data in Table 40.
Using the optimum design, found in Part A, what is the flowrate with the
adjusted Standing data?
Part C A portable separator test conducted at the wellhead yields the data in
Table 41.
@ SOLUTION
Part A Create a new simulation named RIDGE and enter a simulation descrip-
tion.
68 Ridge Pipeline
dialog box. Select Standing from the drop-down list for GOR, Oil
FV , Z-factor, and Oil Viscosit .
➤ Enter the desired global defaults for the Ambient Temperature, Geo-
thermal Gradient, and the TUBING and PIPE data using the Global
Defaults button on the toolbar.
You will have to build two separate flowsheets to simulate the flowline
over the ridge, and the flowline around the ridge.
➤ First, to simulate the flowline over the ridge, add four PIPEs to the
LINK and enter data as shown in Figure 43 (Pipe 1: length = 1,900,
elevation = 0 ft; Pipe 2: length = 1,050, elevation = 250 ft; Pipe 3:
length = 825, elevation = -250 ft; Pipe 4: length = 1,075, elevation =
0 ft).
➤ Use the Mukherjee-Brill (MB) pressure drop correlation for the third
PIPE in the link. This correlation provides an accurate model for
downhill flow.
➤ Save the flowsheet before proceeding.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 69
➤ Add two PIPEs and enter the data from Figure 43 (P1: length =
3,100, elevation = 50 ft; P2: length = 2,700, elevation = -50 ft). Use
the MB correlation for the downhill PIPE.
➤ Save this flowsheet as RIDGE2.
The results show that building the pipeline around the ridge yields a
more favorable result, with a standard oil flowrate of 2,398.7 bbl/day.
Building the pipeline over the ridge results in a standard oil flowrate of
2,361.9 bbl/day.
Part B For the second part of the problem, you are provided with fluid data to
improve the accuracy of your model. Use the optimum design (pipeline
around the ridge) for parts B and C. Before making any changes, save
the file as RIDGEB.
Figure 44:
Adjust Standing Data
Dialog Box
70 Ridge Pipeline
Step 7 Run the Simulation and View the Results
➤ Run the simulation again.
The flowrate with the adjusted Standing data is 2,378.3 bbl/day. The
adjusted Standing correlation provides a more accurate model for the
system. Although the difference is small, this discrepancy of about 20
bbl/day can compound itself over the course of a year, resulting in an
annual discrepancy of approximately 7,300 bbl. Generally, the Standing
Correlation is not used for oil with API greater than 15, unless adjusted
data is available. If no such data is provided, the Vasquez correlations
may yield more accurate results.
Part C Open the file named RIDGE2 and before making any changes save the
file as RIDGEC.
Figure 45:
Well Test Data Dialog
Box
➤ Delete the IPR device from the LINK. This enables PIPEPHASE to
calculate the actual PI value from the well test data provided.
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 71
Step 9 Run the Simulation and View the Results
➤ To obtain a detailed report for the link devices (including heat trans-
fer coefficients), select Device Detail = Part from the Print Options
dialog box.
➤ Run the simulation again.
➤ Scroll through the Output Report to find the calculated values for the
Productivity Index and the heat transfer coefficient for the TUBING.
The standard oil flowrate is 2,519.3 bbl/day. The calculated PI value is
1.802, and the heat transfer coefficient of the TUBIN is 1.923 BTU/hr-
ft2°F. These results are shown in Figure 46.
CALCULATED RESULTS
72 Ridge Pipeline
Appendix - Keyword Input Files
Black Oil Pipeline
Part A
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART , PLOT=PART
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=30, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.75, *
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.05
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1000, TEMP=120, *
RATE(ESTI)=1.0000e+005, GOR=200, WCUT=10, XCORD=38, YCORD=202
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=500, RATE(ESTI)=1.000e+005, *
XCORD=732, YCORD=200
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=20000, ECHG=-1000, ID=10, ROUGH(IN)=2.000e-003,*
U=1
$
END
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=PART , PLOT=PART
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=30, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.75, *
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.05
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1000, TEMP=120, *
RATE=1.0000e+005, GOR=200, WCUT=10, XCORD=38, YCORD=202
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=500, RATE(ESTI)=1.000e+005, *
XCORD=732, YCORD=200
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=20000, ECHG=-1000, ID=10, ROUGH(IN)=2.000e-003,*
U=1
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 73
Black Oil Flowline with Devices
Part A
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=35, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.71, *
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.02
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=3000, TEMP=190,*
RATE(ESTI)=500, GOR=300, WCUT=20, XCORD=155, YCORD=-1
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=200, RATE(ESTI)=500, XCORD=813, YCORD=-1
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
COMPLETION NAME=E001, JONES, TUNNEL=3, PERFD=0.39, SHOTS=8, LENGTH=30
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=8000, DEPTH=6500, ID=1.995, U=10, TGRAD=2
TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=3500, DEPTH=3200, ID=2.441, U=10, TGRAD=2
CHOKE NAME=E004, ID=1
$
END
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=35, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.71, *
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.02
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=3000, TEMP=190, RATE=2531, *
GOR=300, WCUT=20, XCORD=50, YCORD=333
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES(ESTI)=200, RATE(ESTI)=2531, XCORD=736, YCORD=327
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
COMPLETION NAME=E001, JONES, TUNNEL=3, PERFD=0.39, SHOTS=8, LENGTH=30
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=8000, DEPTH=6500, ID=1.995, U=10, TGRAD=2
TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=3500, DEPTH=3200, ID=2.441, U=10, TGRAD=2
CHOKE NAME=E004, ID=1
SEPARATOR NAME=E005, PERCENT(GAS)=100
PUMP NAME=E006, PRES=700, EFF=85
PIPE NAME=E007, LENGTH=15000, ECHG=200, ID=2.441, U=1
$
END
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric, LENGTH=M,IN
CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=FULL , PLOT=FULL , DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4
$
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID 1, H2S / 2, C1 / 3, C2 / 4, C3 / 5, IC4 / 6, NC4 / 7, IC5 / *
8, NC5 / 9, NC6
PETRO(KGM3) 10, C78, 109.000, 748.000 / 11, C910, 137.000, 795.000 / *
12, C11+, 207.000, 944.000 / 13, C20+, 354.000, 1036.000, 547.000
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
METHOD SET=SET01 , SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , DENSITY(V)=SRK
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
GENERATE SETNO=1, SOURCE=S001, TEMP=5, DT=10, NT=8, PRES=5, DP=10, NP=8
SET SETNO=1, SET=SET01
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES=74, TEMP=74, *
RATE(ESTI,W)=5.0000e+005, XCORD=30, YCORD=142, *
COMP(M)=1, 5.4 / 2, 2 / 3, 14.3 / 4, 16.3 / 5, 2.9 / 6, 8.6 / *
7, 3.1 / 8, 2.9 / 9, 4.1 / 10, 8.5 / 11, 4 / 12, 20 / 13, 7.9
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=10, RATE(ESTI)=5.000e+005, XCORD=647, YCORD=176
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=2.000e+005, ECHG=400, ID=24, U=4.8824, TAMB=20
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 75
Part C
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric , RATE(LV)=CMHR , LENGTH=M,IN, DENSITY=SPGR
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART , PLOT=FULL , DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,SPGR)=0.88, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=1.47, *
GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=74, TEMP=74,*
RATE(ESTI)=5.0000e+005, GOR=97, WCUT=0, XCORD=132, YCORD=246
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=10, RATE(ESTI)=5.000e+005, XCORD=684, YCORD=241
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=2.000e+005, ECHG=400, ID=24, U=4.8824, TAMB=20
$
END
Gas Well
Part A
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric , LENGTH=M,IN
CALCULATION NETWORK, Compositional, PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=PART , PLOT=FULL, DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4
$
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID 1, C1 / 2, C2 / 3, C3
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
THERMODYNAMIC DATA
METHOD SET=SET01 , SYSTEM=SRK , ENTHALPY=SRK , DENSITY(V)=SRK
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION Metric , RATE(GV)=CMHR , LENGTH=M,IN
CALCULATION NETWORK, Gas , PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=PART , PLOT=FULL, DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(M)=609.6, DLVERT(M)=152.4
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(SPGR)=0.68, CPRATIO=1.3
$
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 77
Heavy Crude Pipeline
Part A
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Liquid , PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=24, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065, *
TAMBIENT=35
PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART , DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(LIQUID, API)=20, VISC=70, 370/ 120, 50
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=300, TEMP=110,*
RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=-99, YCORD=408
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=150, RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=691, YCORD=411
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, ECHG=-1000, WATER
PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=50000, ECHG=1000, SOIL, CONSOIL=1.2, BDTOP=36
PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=3.000e+005, SOIL, CONSOIL=0.3, BDTOP=36, TAMB=50
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 01
PARAMETER PIPE=E003, VARIABLE=TAMB, VALUE=30
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 02
PARAMETER PIPE=E003, VARIABLE=TAMB, VALUE=5
$
END
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Liquid , PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=24, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065, *
TAMBIENT=35
PRINT INPUT=FULL , DEVICE=PART , DATABASE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=OFF, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(LIQUID, API)=20, VISC=70, 370/ 120, 50
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=300, TEMP=110,*
RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=-99, YCORD=408
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=150, RATE(ESTI)=80000, XCORD=691, YCORD=411
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, ECHG=-1000, WATER
PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=50000, ECHG=1000, SOIL, CONSOIL=1.2, BDTOP=36
PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=3.000e+005, SOIL, CONSOIL=0.3, BDTOP=36, *
THKINS=2, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.015, 0.015, 0.015, 0.015, 0.015, *
TAMB=50
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 01
PARAMETER PIPE=E003, VARIABLE=TAMB, VALUE=30
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 02
PARAMETER PIPE=E003, VARIABLE=TAMB, VALUE=5
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 79
JUNCTION NAME=J5 , XCORD=1101, YCORD=313
JUNCTION NAME=J6 , XCORD=1115, YCORD=596
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=J0 , TO=J1
PIPE NAME=E002, LENGTH=35000, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L002, FROM=J1 , TO=J2
PIPE NAME=E004, LENGTH=30000, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L003, FROM=J0 , TO=J4
PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=32000, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L004, FROM=J4 , TO=J2
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=50000, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L005, FROM=J4 , TO=J3
PIPE NAME=E008, LENGTH=18000, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L006, FROM=J3 , TO=J6
PIPE NAME=E011, LENGTH=10000, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L007, FROM=J2 , TO=J5
PIPE NAME=E010, LENGTH=35000, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L008, FROM=J6 , TO=J5
PIPE NAME=E012, LENGTH=30000, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L009, FROM=J6 , TO=B
PIPE NAME=E013, LENGTH=100, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L010, FROM=J5 , TO=C
PIPE NAME=E014, LENGTH=100, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L011, FROM=A0 , TO=J0
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=3500, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L012, FROM=A1 , TO=J1
PIPE NAME=E003, LENGTH=1000, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L013, FROM=A2 , TO=J2
PIPE NAME=E007, LENGTH=2500, U=2
$
LINK NAME=L014, FROM=A3 , TO=J3
PIPE NAME=E009, LENGTH=1000, U=2
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 81
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2499, TEMP=180,*
RATE(ESTI)=6000, GOR=108, WCUT=0, XCORD=-190, YCORD=-12
$
SOURCE NAME=S002, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2505, TEMP=181,*
RATE(ESTI)=6000, GOR=102, WCUT=10.5, XCORD=-120, YCORD=644
$
SINK NAME=D004, PRES=250, RATE(ESTI)=10000, XCORD=818, YCORD=284
$
JUNCTION NAME=J003, XCORD=269, YCORD=260
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=J003
IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 25.5 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=8010, DEPTH=8010, U=1
GLVALVE NAME=E003, RATE=1.5
TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=6810, DEPTH=6810, U=1
PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=231, U=1
$
LINK NAME=L002, FROM=S002, TO=J003
IPR NAME=E006, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 22.1 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1
TUBING NAME=E007, LENGTH=8111, DEPTH=8111, U=1
GLVALVE NAME=E008, RATE=1.5
TUBING NAME=E009, LENGTH=6445, DEPTH=6445, U=1
PIPE NAME=E010, LENGTH=103, U=1
$
LINK NAME=L003, FROM=J003, TO=D004
PIPE NAME=E011, LENGTH=1500, U=1
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 01 - 2.0 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 02 - 2.5 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2.5
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=2.5
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 03 - 3.0 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 04 - 3.5 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3.5
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=3.5
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 05 - 4.0 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 06 - 4.5 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4.5
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=4.5
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 07 - 5.0 MM ft3/day
RESTORE
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E003, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=5
PARAMETER GLVALVE=E008, VARIABLE=RATE, VALUE=5
$
END
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR
CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam , PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001
CORRELATION WPROP=Super
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, *
QUALITY=99, XCORD=25, YCORD=163
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002, PRINT
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, SOIL, BDTOP=36, *
THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.1, 0.015, 0.015, *
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,*
HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=3, 5, *
IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, *
CPAN=0.46, 0, CONANN=0.12083, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=0, 0, *
VISANN=0.22, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=62.4, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8
IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 83
Part C
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR
CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam , PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001
CORRELATION WPROP=Super
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, *
QUALITY=99, XCORD=-82, YCORD=163
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, AIR, VELOCITY=10, *
THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.125, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.1, 0.015, 0.015, *
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,*
HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=3, 5, *
IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, *
CPAN=0.46, 0, CONANN=0.12083, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=0, 0, *
VISANN=0.22, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=62.4, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8
IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1
$
END
Part D
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(W)=LBHR
CALCULATION NETWORK, Steam , PRANDTL
DEFAULT IDPIPE=4.026, IDTUBING=4.026, IDRISER=4.026, IDANNULUS=6.065
PRINT INPUT=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.001
CORRELATION WPROP=Super
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=1500, RATE(ESTI)=1000, *
QUALITY=99, XCORD=25, YCORD=163
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=2000, RATE(ESTI)=1000, INJECT, XCORD=641, YCORD=159
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002, PRINT
PIPE NAME=E001, LENGTH=1000, NOMD=4, SCHED= 40, AIR, VELOCITY=10, *
THKPIPE=0.125, THKINS=0.1, 0, 0, 0, 0, CONINS=0.01, 0.015, 0.015, *
0.015, 0.015, TAMB=80
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=2000, DEPTH=2000, NOMD=3.5, SCHED=TB01,*
HOLEID=8.5, TIME=100, DIFFUSIVITY=0.96, TGRAD=1, MEDIUM=1, 5, *
IDCASING=5.75, ODTUBING=3.5, ODCASING=6, EMIS=0, 0, EMOS=0, 0, *
CPAN=0.25, 0, CONANN=0.01875, 0.5, CONCAS=25, 25, BETANN=1.410e-003, 0,*
VISANN=0.0223, 0, DENANN(LBFT3)=0.0559, 0, VELANN=0, 0, CONEARTH=0.8
IPR NAME=E003, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 5, RVAL=PI, 10 / UPTIME,1
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 85
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 01
PARAMETER TUBING=ALL, VARIABLE=ID, GLOBAL, OLD=3, VALUE=4
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 02
RESTORE
PARAMETER IPR=E001, VARIABLE=PI, VALUE=4.8
$
CASE STUDY DATA
DESCRIPTION Case 03
PARAMETER TUBING=ALL, VARIABLE=ID, GLOBAL, OLD=3, VALUE=4
PARAMETER IPR=E001, VARIABLE=PI, VALUE=4.8
$
END
Introduction to PIPEPHASE 87
Part B
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION NETWORK, Blackoil , PRANDTL
DEFAULT NOMD=6, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, IDRISER=4.026, *
IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, TGRAD=2.08, UPIPE=3, UTUBING=2.2, *
URISER=1, UANNULUS=1
PRINT INPUT=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=20, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.79,GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01
ADJUST TRES=200, VISC=0.7, COMP=2.0000e-005, PRES=2110, 1200, 200, *
FVF=1.298, 1.206, 1.079, SGOR=400, 280, 38
CORRELATION VISC(OIL)=Standing, SGOR=Standing, FVF=Standing
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2950, TEMP=200, *
RATE(ESTI)=2500, GOR=475, WCUT=0, XCORD=50, YCORD=182
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=100, RATE(ESTI)=2500, XCORD=932, YCORD=184
$
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
IPR NAME=E001, TYPE=PI, IVAL=BASIS, 3, RVAL=PI, 1.7 / OPEN,1 / UPTIME,1
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=7500, DEPTH=6500, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=4500, DEPTH=4000, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=800, DEPTH=800, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=3100, ECHG=50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=2700, ECHG=-50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3, *
FCODE=MB
$
END
Part C
TITLE
DIMENSION RATE(LV)=BPD
CALCULATION SINGLE, Blackoil , PRANDTL
$
DEFAULT NOMD=6, SCHE= 40, NOMT=4, SCHT=TB01, IDRISER=4.026, *
IDANNULUS=6.065, TAMBIENT=65, TGRAD=2.08, UPIPE=3, UTUBING=2.2, *
URISER=1, UANNULUS=1
PRINT INPUT=FULL, DEVICE=FULL
SEGMENT AUTO=ON, DLHORIZ(FT)=2000, DLVERT(FT)=500
$
NETWORK DATA
SOLUTION PBALANCE, FLOWAL=2, STEP=1
$
PVT PROPERTY DATA
SET SETNO=1, GRAV(OIL,API)=20, GRAV(GAS,SPGR)=0.79,GRAV(WATER,SPGR)=1.01
CORRELATION VISC(OIL)=Standing, SGOR=Standing, FVF=Standing
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, SETNO=1, PRES=2950, TEMP=200, *
RATE(ESTI)=2500, GOR=475, WCUT=0, XCORD=50, YCORD=182
WTEST NAME=E004, PI , RESP=2950, TEMP=160, PRES=140, RATE=2500, *
GOR=475, WCUT=0
$
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=100, RATE(ESTI)=2500, XCORD=932, YCORD=184
$
LINK NAME=L001, FROM=S001, TO=D002
TUBING NAME=E002, LENGTH=7500, DEPTH=6500, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
TUBING NAME=E003, LENGTH=4500, DEPTH=4000, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
TUBING NAME=E004, LENGTH=800, DEPTH=800, ROUGH(IN)=3.000e-004, U=2.2
PIPE NAME=E005, LENGTH=3100, ECHG=50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3
PIPE NAME=E006, LENGTH=2700, ECHG=-50, ROUGH(IN)=5.000e-004, U=3, *
FCODE=MB
$
END