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Etabs - Technical Notes Manual
Etabs - Technical Notes Manual
Etabs - Technical Notes Manual
Technical Notes
Manual
For ETABS 2016
ISO ETA122815M5Rev. 1
Proudly developed in the United States of America June 2017
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Technical Notes
i
©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., OCTOBER 2013
TECHNICAL NOTE
IFC4 IMPORT AND EXPORT
Introduction
This document describes the import and export of Industry Foundation Classes IFC 4 files to and from ETABS
2013.1.2 or later and SAP2000 16.0.2 or later. Files written in IFC2x3, the previous release of IFC, can also be
imported and exported but this older functionality is not described here.
IFC files are repositories of Building Information Modeling BIM data. Most of this data is not relevant to structural
analysis and accordingly not imported by ETABS or SAP2000. Various types of IFC data are organized into subsets
named “views” which gather data types relevant to various aspects of building design, construction, and
maintenance. There are several such views, but only two views are relevant to ETABS and SAP2000: the “structural
analysis view”, and the “architectural coordination view”.
The structural analysis view describes a building structure in terms of nodes, elements, and loads. Files containing a
structural analysis view are the most suitable for import into ETABS and SAP2000, but are written by very few if
any 3D building modeling programs. Such files are suitable for export to other structural software, such as steel and
concrete detailing applications.
The architectural coordination view describes the components of a building in architectural terms. Files containing an
architectural coordination view are quite prevalent. Only some of the entities in these files are relevant to ETABS or
SAP2000, and whether these entities can be imported or not depends on how their geometry is described. For
example, if the external faces of a beam or column are specified in the IFC file but its centerline is not, the beam or
column cannot be imported. Furthermore, because the geometric extents of framing elements stop at the external
faces of their supports, the user needs to systematically adjust end points after import. Architectural coordination
view files are suitable for export to most building design software as they are generally well imported.
Whether it is a structural analysis view or architectural coordination view file, an IFC file contains, in addition to top
level entities from these views, entities from shared supporting IFC schemas which complete the description of the
top level entities and establish relationships between them.
IfcPlateStandardCase
IfcPlateType
IfcRailing
IfcRailingType
IfcRamp
IfcRampFlight
IfcRampFlightType
IfcRampType
IfcRelConnectsPathElements
IfcRelCoversBldgElements
IfcRelCoversSpaces
IfcRoof
IfcRoofType
IfcShadingDevice
IfcShadingDeviceType
IfcSlab Imported if it has a ‘Body’ shape representation with a
'SweptSolid' representation type and an
IfcSweptAreaSolid; or if it has an ‘Axis’ shape with a
‘Curve3D’ representation type and an
IfcBoundedCurve. Always imported as a straight line
IfcSlabElementedCase
IfcSlabStandardCase
IfcSlabType
IfcStair
IfcStairFlight
IfcStairFlightType
IfcStairType
IfcWall
IfcWallElementedCase
IfcWallStandardCase
IfcWallType
IfcWindow
IfcWindowStandardCase
IfcWindowType
IfcReparametrisedCompositeCurve
Segment
IfcRepresentationMap
IfcSurfaceOfLinearExtrusion
IfcSurfaceOfRevolution
IfcTrimmedCurve
IfcVector
Import Procedure
• Pick the Browse… button. The Open form is displyed. Navigate to the folder containing the IFC fie to
import, and select it. ETABS parses the file, which may take a few seconds, and displays an account of its
relevant content:
• To select a section catalog other than AISC14.xml, pick the Browse button and select a different .xml file in
the Open form. ETABS imports most IFC profiles that are subtypes of IfcParameterizedProfileDef, with a
few exceptions such as IfcEllipseProfileDef. However, many 3D building modeling programs do not export
section profiles this way, and instead export them as IfcArbitraryClosedProfileDef entities which are
defined by their outlines. Such profile entities are not directly useable for analysis and design. However, if
their ProfileName attribute matches one of the section names in the section catalog you selected, these
profile entities are imported as the corresponding ETABS section.
• Select the type of IFC entities to import. If the file includes both Structural Analysis view and Architectural
Coodination view entities, you should choose one type or the other. If you import both, you may get
duplicate members.
• Pick the Import button. After a few moments, ETABS displays the imported model. If there are error or
warnings, a message box will be displayed to that effect. You should then review the log file. Its name and
folder location are the same as those of the .IFC file you imported, with the extension changed to .ifcimp.log
• The name of the imported file, its IFC version, the version of the importing program, the date and time
• Any relevant warning or error messages, if the file could not be imported. Each IFC entity is listed with its
item number in the .IFC file, its name, and its coordinates if it has any
• A list of imported entities
• A list of entities not processed
Imported entities:
3 of type IFCARBITRARYCLOSEDPROFILEDEF
3 of type IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT2D
160 of type IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT3D
15 of type IFCBEAM
6 of type IFCBEAMTYPE
1 of type IFCBUILDINGSTOREY
1192 of type IFCCARTESIANPOINT
1210 of type IFCCARTESIANTRANSFORMATIONOPERATOR3D
1 of type IFCCIRCLEPROFILEDEF
6 of type IFCCOLUMN
2 of type IFCCOLUMNTYPE
28 of type IFCDIRECTION
22 of type IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID
1 of type IFCGEOMETRICREPRESENTATIONCONTEXT
7 of type IFCISHAPEPROFILEDEF
144 of type IFCLOCALPLACEMENT
1 of type IFCLSHAPEPROFILEDEF
1210 of type IFCMAPPEDITEM
5 of type IFCMATERIAL
2 of type IFCMATERIALLAYER
2 of type IFCMATERIALLAYERSET
3 of type IFCMATERIALLAYERSETUSAGE
1 of type IFCOWNERHISTORY
5 of type IFCPOLYLINE
139 of type IFCPRODUCTDEFINITIONSHAPE
1 of type IFCPROJECT
4831 of type IFCPROPERTYSINGLEVALUE
2 of type IFCRECTANGLEPROFILEDEF
6 of type IFCRELASSOCIATESMATERIAL
1 of type IFCRELCONTAINEDINSPATIALSTRUCTURE
10 of type IFCRELDEFINESBYTYPE
1210 of type IFCREPRESENTATIONMAP
1351 of type IFCSHAPEREPRESENTATION
9 of type IFCSIUNIT
1 of type IFCSLAB
1 of type IFCSLABTYPE
38 of type IFCSTYLEDITEM
1 of type IFCUNITASSIGNMENT
2 of type IFCWALLSTANDARDCASE
1 of type IFCWALLTYPE
Other entities:
1 of type IFCAPPLICATION
1 of type IFCBUILDING
22 of type IFCCLOSEDSHELL
10 of type IFCCOLOURRGB
2 of type IFCELEMENTASSEMBLY
20 of type IFCELEMENTQUANTITY
441 of type IFCFACE
441 of type IFCFACEOUTERBOUND
26 of type IFCFACETEDBREP
3 of type IFCGEOMETRICREPRESENTATIONSUBCONTEXT
10 of type IFCOPENINGELEMENT
1 of type IFCORGANIZATION
1 of type IFCPERSON
1 of type IFCPERSONANDORGANIZATION
441 of type IFCPOLYLOOP
1 of type IFCPOSTALADDRESS
5 of type IFCPRESENTATIONLAYERASSIGNMENT
13 of type IFCPRESENTATIONSTYLEASSIGNMENT
284 of type IFCPROPERTYSET
19 of type IFCQUANTITYAREA
20 of type IFCQUANTITYLENGTH
20 of type IFCQUANTITYVOLUME
20 of type IFCQUANTITYWEIGHT
105 of type IFCREINFORCINGBAR
5 of type IFCRELAGGREGATES
304 of type IFCRELDEFINESBYPROPERTIES
10 of type IFCRELVOIDSELEMENT
1 of type IFCSITE
13 of type IFCSURFACESTYLE
10 of type IFCSURFACESTYLERENDERING
Braces
One IfcStructuralCurveMember per frame object
Other Frame Objects
Restraints IfcBoundaryCondition
End Length Offsets
IfcRelConnectsWithEccentricity
Insertion Points
Floors IfcStructuralSurfaceMember
Walls IfcStructuralSurfaceMember
Openings
Other Shell Objects
Link Objects
Groups
Loads
Functions
Load Patterns IfcStructuralLoadGroup. Seismic and Wind Auto-lateral load
patterns not exported.
Selfweight
Modal Cases
Static Load Cases IfcStructuralLoadCase
Load Combinations IfcStructuralLoadGroup
Shell Uniform Load Sets
Joint Loads IfcStructuralPointAction
Ground Displacement
Force
Temperature
Frame Loads
Point IfcStructuralPointAction
Distributed IfcStructuralCurveAction
Temperature
Open Structure Wind
Parameters
Shell Loads
Uniform Load Sets
Uniform IfcStructuralPlanarAction
Temperature
Analysis Results
Joint Displacement
Support Reactions
Frame Forces
Shell Forces
Groups
Loads
Any Load Data
Loads
Any type of load data
Export Procedure
• To save the file under a different name or in a different folder location, click the Browse… button, and
specify these in the Save As… form which is displayed.
• Make relevant file format selections: IFC2x3 or IFC4, Architectural Coordination view or Structural view,
and the length and force units. Force units only apply if you are writing a Structural view file.
• Choose specific model contents to export by checking or unchecking the corresponding buttons and boxes.
The button letting you choose between Entire Model and Model Selection is only active if there are selected
objects. Loads can only be exported to a Structural View file.
• Click OK. ETABS writes the file. If there are warnings, a message box will be displayed to that effect. You
should review the log file. Its name and folder location are the same as those of the model you exported,
with the extension changed to .ifcexp.log
TECHNICAL NOTE
MODIFIED DARWIN-PECKNOLD 2-D REINFORCED CONCRETE
MATERIAL MODEL
Overview
This technical note describes the Modified Darwin-Pecknold reinforced con-
crete material model, a two-dimensional concrete material model that can
account directly for the interaction between bending and shear in shear wall
structures.
In an actual wall, especially in a "squat" wall, there can be substantial cou-
pling between axial-bending and shear. In particular, the shear strength of a
wall may depend substantially on the axial forces and bending moments. The
2D concrete model attempts to model this coupling directly.
The model is a co-axially rotating smeared crack concrete model. It considers
cracking and crushing of the concrete, and when it is combined with a steel
material it considers yield of the steel. Compressive strength reduction based
on perpendicular tensile strain is accounted for as described in Vecchio and
Collins (1986). The model is intended for reinforced concrete and does not
account for the tensile strength of concrete. The model does not consider
bond slip and dowel action.
1
Uniaxial Concrete Material Behavior 2
stress. The unloading and reloading paths are identical. The model allows for
unloading, reloading, and arbitrary cyclic loading, as discussed in a later sec-
tion.
4. If the defined material stress-strain curve has strength loss after the
point of maximum compression stress, the R point is defined by the
last defined point on the material curve.
This equation is independent of the stress and strain directions, and hence it
applies in both the initial and principal material axes.
This material model uses a rectangular interaction surface with no explicit
stress interaction in the two directions. The effect of biaxial compression
stresses on the compression strength of the concrete material is not accounted
for. The interaction between stress and tensile strain is discussed in later sec-
tion.
E1 ν E1 E2 0
1
Depm =
1 −ν 2 ν E1 E2 E2 0 (1.3)
0 0 Gm
The shear modulus in the principle material axes, Gm , is specified to main-
tain coaxiality between the principal stresses and strains.
The corresponding relationship in the initial material axes is obtained by ap-
plying the rotation between the initial and principal material axes – a rotation
by angle θ , as shown in Figure 4.
The following equation from Vecchio and Collins (1986) is used for the
compression strength reduction factor, r :
1
r= ≤1 (1.3)
ε
0.8 − 0.34 m
εc '
References
Darwin, D. and Pecknold, D.A.W., "Inelastic Model for Cyclic Biaxial Load-
ing of Reinforced Concrete", University of Illinois, July 1974.
Vecchio, F.J. and Collins, M.P., "The Modified Compression-Field Theory
for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear", Journal of the
ACI, Paper No. 83-22, March-April 1986.
©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., FEBRUARY 2016
TECHNICAL NOTE
AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF POINT SPRING SUPPORTS
BASED ON DEFINED SOIL PROFILES AND COLUMN-FOOTING
PROPERTIES
Introduction
This technical note describes the capability whereby foundation springs and
dashpots can automatically be generated to represent the flexibility and damp-
ing associated with soil-foundation interaction in translational and rotational
vibration modes for shallow foundations (i.e., isolated column footings).
The methodology used for calculation of the shallow foundation translational
stiffness and damping coefficients is based on a NIST report (NISTGCR 12-
917-21) titled “Soil-Structure Interaction for Building Structures,” September
2012. Chapter 2 of this report presents the detailed procedures for computing
foundation stiffness and damping.
The input required for automatic generation of soil springs and dashpots at
column bases include geotechnical and shear wave velocity profiles, soil shear
strength parameters and their variation with depth, Poisson’s ratios, soil hys-
teretic damping ratios, column footing geometries, and a building period.
Procedural Overview
The following steps are typically involved when automatically generating col-
umn base point springs and dashpots from soil profiles and column footing
geometry.
1. Define soil profiles. This includes soil layering information for the site
in terms of shear wave velocity profiles and material profiles.
2. Define isolated column footings. Required information consists of
gross footing dimensions and footing embedment depth.
3. Define point spring properties using the soil profiles and isolated col-
umn footing definitions as described above. This definition also re-
quires the first mode of vibration period for the building.
1
Calculating Soil-Structure Interaction 2
𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
4
𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √𝐵𝐵 3 𝐿𝐿
4
𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿3
4
𝑧𝑧𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = √𝐵𝐵 3 𝐿𝐿 + 𝐵𝐵𝐿𝐿3
Calculating Point Springs & Dashpots 10
1 𝑤𝑤
𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 = �𝑛𝑛� ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=0 � 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖 �
𝟏𝟏
𝝂𝝂 = �𝒏𝒏� ∑𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒊=𝟎𝟎(𝝂𝝂𝒊𝒊 )
For calculating the average profile velocity, layers that are partially or
fully within the depth interval are used. For checking the soil layers
that are effective for computing average profile velocity, the following
parameters are used:
𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑍𝑍 − 𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒
Where,
𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∆𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛2
𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑛1� �𝑉𝑉 �
𝑖𝑖
Calculating Point Springs & Dashpots 11
Where,
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∆𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛2
𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑛1� �𝑉𝑉 �
𝑖𝑖
𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∆𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛2
𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑛1� �𝑉𝑉 �
𝑖𝑖
𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∆𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛2
𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑛1� �𝑉𝑉 �
𝑖𝑖
𝑍𝑍𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ∆𝑧𝑧𝑖𝑖
∑𝑛𝑛2
𝑖𝑖=𝑛𝑛1� �𝑉𝑉 �
𝑖𝑖
2
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦 = 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 �𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �
2
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 �𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �
1.34 𝐷𝐷 0.8
𝜂𝜂𝑥𝑥 = �1.0 + �0.33 + 𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵 � � 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒� �
𝜂𝜂𝑦𝑦 = 𝜂𝜂𝑥𝑥
0.25 𝐷𝐷 0.8
𝜂𝜂𝑧𝑧 = �1.0 + �0.25 + 1+𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵� � 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒� �
𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 1.6 𝐷𝐷 2
𝜂𝜂𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = �1.0 + + �0.35+𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵� � 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒� �
𝐵𝐵
𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒 1.6 𝐷𝐷 2
𝜂𝜂𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = �1.0 + + �0.35+(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵)4 � � 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒� �
𝐵𝐵
1.32 𝐷𝐷 0.9
𝜂𝜂𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = �1.0 + �1.3 + 𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵 � � 𝐵𝐵𝑒𝑒� �
2𝜋𝜋
𝜔𝜔 = 𝑇𝑇
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Calculating Point Springs & Dashpots 13
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝛼𝛼𝑥𝑥 = 1.0
𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦 = 1.0
0.2
�0.4+ ⁄ �𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧 2
𝐿𝐿 𝐵𝐵
𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧 = 1.0 − � 10 �
� �+𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧 2
1+3(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵−1)
�0.55+0.01�𝐿𝐿 ⁄𝐵𝐵−1�𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2
𝛼𝛼𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 1.0 − � 0.4 �
�2.4− �+𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2
(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵)3
0.55𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2
𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 1.0 − � 1.4 �
�0.6+ �+𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2
(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵)3
�0.33+0.03�𝐿𝐿 ⁄𝐵𝐵−1�𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 2
𝛼𝛼𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 = 1.0 − � 0.8 �
� �+𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 2
1+0.33(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵−1)
Calculating Point Springs & Dashpots 14
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿 0.65
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2−𝜈𝜈
�6.8 �𝐵𝐵� + 2.4�
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿 0.65 𝐿𝐿
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = �6.8 �𝐵𝐵� + 0.8 �𝐵𝐵� + 1.6�
2−𝜈𝜈
𝐺𝐺𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿 0.75
𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 1−𝜈𝜈
�3.1 �𝐵𝐵� + 1.6�
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵3 𝐿𝐿
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = �3.2 �𝐵𝐵� + 0.8�
1−𝜈𝜈
𝐿𝐿 2.45
𝑘𝑘𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧,𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐺𝐺𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵3 �4.25 �𝐵𝐵� + 4.06�
𝛽𝛽𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 =
4 𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿 3 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿 2 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿 3 𝐿𝐿
� ��3� �� 𝑒𝑒 �+𝜓𝜓� � � 𝑒𝑒 �+3� � � 𝑒𝑒 �+𝜓𝜓� 𝑒𝑒 �+� � +� ��𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 2 𝑎𝑎
3 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
� 𝑘𝑘 1.4 � �2𝛼𝛼0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 �
� 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 ��� �+𝑎𝑎0𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
2� 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝐺𝐺𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 𝐵𝐵 1+3(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵−1)0.7
4 𝐿𝐿 3 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 3 𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿 2 𝐿𝐿 3
� ��� � � 𝑒𝑒 �+𝜓𝜓� 𝑒𝑒 � � �+3� 𝑒𝑒 �� � +𝜓𝜓� � �𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 2
3 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
𝛽𝛽𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = � 𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 1.8
+
� ��� 2
�+𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 �
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵3 1+1.75(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵−1)
4 𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷 3
� �� +𝜓𝜓�� 𝑒𝑒 � 𝑎𝑎0𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
3 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
𝑘𝑘𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 �� �
2𝛼𝛼𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐵𝐵3
References 16
4 𝐷𝐷 𝐷𝐷 3 𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷 3 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿
� ��� 𝑒𝑒 �+� 𝑒𝑒 � +𝜓𝜓� �� 𝑒𝑒 � +3� 𝑒𝑒 �� �+𝜓𝜓� ��𝑎𝑎0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2
3 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵
𝛽𝛽𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = � 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 1.8 +
� ��� �+𝑎𝑎 2�
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵3 1+1.75(𝐿𝐿⁄𝐵𝐵−1) 0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
4 𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷 3
� ��𝜓𝜓 +1�� 𝑒𝑒 � 𝑎𝑎
3 𝐵𝐵
𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝐵𝐵
� �2𝛼𝛼0𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 �
3 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵
References
National Institute of Standards and Technology. Soil-Structure Interaction for
Building Structures, NISTGCR-12-917-21 (Gaithersburg, MD, 2012).
©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., JULY 2016
TECHNICAL NOTE
PARAMETRIC P-M2-M3 HINGE MODEL
Overview
This technical note describes the Parametric P-M2-M3 hinge model, a non-
linear frame hinge model that can couple the behavior in the axial and bend-
ing directions. Here P is the axial force, M2 the minor bending moment, and
M3 the major bending moment.
The Parametric P-M2-M3 hinges use a P-M-M yield surface that is similar to
that described in El-Tawil and Deierlein (2001). This document is intended
to explain the fundamental concepts of the Parametric P-M2-M3 behavior.
For details regarding the definition of the Parametric P-M2-M3 parameters,
please see the Hinge Property Data form Help page in the program.
Two types of Parametric P-M2-M3 hinges are available: steel and concrete
P-M2-M3 hinges. The two types of hinges differ only in the yield surface
used. The Parametric Steel P-M2-M3 hinge is intended to model steel sec-
tions while the Parametric Concrete P-M2-M3 hinge is intended to model
reinforced concrete sections.
1
Plasticity and Strain Hardening 2
the yield surface (i.e. after it yields). The ingredients of the theory are essen-
tially as follows:
1. As long as the stress point stays on the yield surface, the material stays in
a yielded state. However, the stress point does not remain in one place.
The stresses can change after yield, even though the material is elastic-
perfectly-plastic (e-p-p), which means that the stress point can move
around the surface. The stress does not change after yield for an e-p-p
material under for uniaxial stress, and hence biaxial stress is fundamen-
tally different from uniaxial stress.
2. Point A in Figure 1 shows a yielded state defined by stresses 𝜎𝜎1𝐴𝐴 and
𝜎𝜎1𝐵𝐵 . Suppose that strain increments Δ𝜀𝜀1 and Δ𝜀𝜀2 are imposed, causing
the stresses to change to 𝜎𝜎2𝐴𝐴 and 𝜎𝜎2𝐵𝐵 at point B. Plasticity theory says
that some of the strain increment is an elastic increment and the remain-
der is plastic flow. The elastic part of the strain causes the change in
stress. The plastic part causes no change in stress. This is why the behav-
ior is referred to as elastic-plastic. For yield of an e-p-p material under
uniaxial stress there is no stress change after yield. Hence, all of the
strain after yield is plastic strain.
3. Plasticity theory also defines the direction of plastic flow. That is, it de-
fines the ratio between the 1-axis and 2-axis components of the plastic
Plasticity and Strain Hardening 3
strain. Essentially, the theory states that the direction of plastic flow is
normal to the yield surface. For example, consider uniaxial stress along
the 1-axis. As shown in Figure 1, the stress path is OC, and yield occurs
at point C. After yield, the stress stays constant, and hence all subsequent
strain is plastic. The normal to the yield surface at point C has 1-axis and
2-axis components in the ratio 2:1. Hence, the plastic strains are in this
ratio, and the value of Poisson's ratio is 0.5 for plastic deformation.
The theory can be extended from the e-p-p case to the case with strain hard-
ening. There are many hardening theories; the Parametric P-M2-M3 hinge
uses the Mroz theory for strain hardening. For the case of trilinear behavior
the Mroz theory is illustrated in Figure 2.
There are two yield surfaces, namely a Y surface (initial yield) and a larger U
surface (ultimate strength). These surfaces both have the same shape. If the
stress point is inside the Y surface the material is elastic. If the material is on
the Y surface the material is elastic-plastic-strain-hardening. As the material
hardens the Y surface moves, as indicated in the figure. When the stress point
reaches the U surface, the material is elastic-plastic, as in the e-p-p case.
Among other things, the Mroz theory specifies how the Y surface moves as
the material strain hardens.
𝑃𝑃 𝛼𝛼 𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽
𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = � � + � � (1)
𝑃𝑃𝑌𝑌0 𝑀𝑀𝑌𝑌0
where 𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = yield function value = 1.0 for yielding, P = axial force, M =
bending moment, 𝑃𝑃𝑌𝑌0 = yield force at M = 0 , and 𝑀𝑀𝑌𝑌0 = yield moment at P =
0.
Different values for the exponent 𝛼𝛼 and the yield force 𝑃𝑃𝑌𝑌0 can be specified
for tension and compression. Different values for the exponent 𝛼𝛼 can also be
used in the P-M2 and P-M3 planes.
For any value of P, Equation (1) defines the M values at which yield occurs,
in both the P-M2 and P-M3 planes (put 𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 1 and solve for M). Call these
values 𝑀𝑀2𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 and 𝑀𝑀3𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 . The yield function in the M2-M3 plane is then:
𝑀𝑀2 𝛾𝛾 𝑀𝑀3 𝛽𝛽
𝑓𝑓𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = � � +� � (2)
𝑀𝑀2𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝑀𝑀3𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌
Force-Deformation Behavior
Figure 5 shows the uniaxial force-deformation behavior of the Parametric P-
M2-M3 hinge. The Parametric P-M2-M3 hinge behaves essentially rigid up
to the yield point (the B point on the backbone curve). The behavior can be
trilinear or elastic-perfectly-plastic – for trilinear behavior, the U point can be
Force-Deformation Behavior 7
specified with a strength larger than that at the B point. The force is constant
between the U and C points. Strength loss is optional and is controlled by the
slope between the C and D points. The force is constant between points D
and E, which extends indefinitely, representing residual strength in the hinge.
The deformation at Points D and E cannot be explicitly specified in the axial
direction because the onset of strength loss is determined based on bending
deformations only.
The yield (Point B), ultimate (Point U), and residual (Point D) strengths can
be independently specified for the following directions:
1. Compression, assuming M2 = M3 = 0
2. Tension, assuming M2 = M3 = 0
3. Bending moment around axis 2, M2, assuming M3 = 0 and P = 0 for the
steel hinge or P = PB for the concrete hinge.
4. Bending moment around axis 3, M3, assuming M2 = 0 and P = 0 for the
steel hinge or P = PB for the concrete hinge.
The yield surfaces for P-M2-M3 interaction of this hinge only allows for
doubly-symmetrical cross sections with equal positive and negative bending
strengths each for M2 and M3.
Strength Loss
For the onset of strength loss (the C point on the backbone curve), the P-M2-
M3 hinges uses bending deformations only (i.e., axial deformations are not
considered).
When you specify the C point for strength loss you must specify C point
bending deformations about both Axis 2 and Axis 3. The C point is reached
when the following equation is satisfied:
𝐷𝐷2 2 𝐷𝐷3 2
� � +� � =1 (4)
𝐷𝐷2𝐶𝐶 𝐷𝐷3𝐶𝐶
where D2, D3 are the current bending deformations about Axes 2 and 3, and
D2C, D3C are the C point deformations.
You must also specify the ratio between the C point strength and the D point
strength. You can specify one ratio for bending moment and a different ratio
for axial force. If you specify the same ratio for axial force as for bending, as
the hinge loses strength the yield surface decreases in size without changing
shape. If you specify different ratios, the yield surface reduces in size and
changes shape.
When you specify the E point must specify E-point bending deformations
about both Axis 2 and Axis 3, and also an E-point axial deformation. These
bending and axial deformations are checked separately. The E point is
reached when either deformation exceeds the corresponding E-point defor-
mation, whichever occurs first.
The E point in bending is reached when the following equation is satisfied:
𝐷𝐷2 2 𝐷𝐷3 2
� � +� � =1 (5)
𝐷𝐷2𝐸𝐸 𝐷𝐷3𝐸𝐸
where D2, D3 are the current bending deformations about Axes 2 and 3, and
D2E, D3E are the E point deformations.
After strength loss occurs for trilinear behavior, the behavior is assumed to
become elastic-perfectly-plastic.
Energy Degradation 9
Energy Degradation
This section describes the behavior of energy degradation on the hysteretic
shape of the Parametric P-M2-M3 hinge. Figure 6 shows a loop for the e-p-p
case with energy degradation for the uniaxial case. The axial and bending
stiffnesses are both reduced, in the same proportion.
are both smaller than the U point deformation. The energy dissipation factor,
𝑒𝑒, is calculated as for the e-p-p case. The hardening stiffness is kept constant
and only the elastic stiffness is reduced for the unloading branch – this results
in an increase in the elastic deformation range and the elastic force range.
Figure 7(b) shows the case where the positive and negative deformations are
both larger than the U point deformation. The energy degradation in this case
is a combination of that shown in Figure 6 and 7(a).
Figure 7 Degraded Loop for Trilinear Behavior: (a) Before U Point, (b) After U
Point
where D2, D3 are the current bending deformations about Axes 2 and 3, and
𝐷𝐷2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , 𝐷𝐷3𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 are the deformation capacities at a given performance level.
For steel P-M2-M3 hinges you can specify that the deformation capacities
depend on the axial force. For a concrete P-M2-M3 hinge you can specify
that the deformation capacities depend on both the axial force and the shear
force.
References
El-Tawil, S. and Deierlein, G. “Nonlinear Analysis of Mixed Steel-Concrete
Frames, I: Element Formulation.” Journal of Structural Engineering,
Vol. 126, No. 6, June 2001.
El-Tawil, S. and Deierlein, G. “Nonlinear Analysis of Mixed Steel-Concrete
Frames, II: Implementation and Verification.” Journal of Structural En-
gineering, Vol. 126, No. 6, June 2001.
©COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC., MARCH 2017
TECHNICAL NOTE
MATERIAL TIME-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES
General
Time-dependent behavior of certain materials may be considered during
staged-construction analysis. For concrete materials this behavior includes
creep, shrinkage, and age-dependent stiffness. For tendon materials this
behavior includes stress relaxation, which is similar to concrete creep.
Time-dependent behavior is available for:
• Concrete frame objects
• Concrete shell objects using homogenous (thin or thick, not layered)
section properties
• Tendon objects
This Technical Note describes the specific formulations implemented in
ETABS, SAP2000, and CSiBridge. Note that time-dependent material
behavior may only be available for certain license levels in each of the
products.
1
General 2
The relationship between the mean elastic modulus at time 𝑡𝑡, 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡),
and the specified elastic modulus, E, is:
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) 𝐸𝐸 (1.1)
where the time dependent elastic modulus coefficient 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) is defined
by the Time Dependent Type, as discussed in the following chapters.
The elastic modulus coefficient is applied to both the elastic modulus
and the shear modulus as specified in the material property definition.
The mean concrete compressive strength at time 𝑡𝑡 is denoted 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)
while the mean concrete compressive strength at 28 days is denoted
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 and the specified concrete compressive strength is 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ . The
variation of concrete compressive strength over time may be viewed
in the Material Property Time Dependent Plot form but is not used
during analysis.
Loads applied to older concrete will produce smaller instantaneous
elastic strains than for younger concrete. Loads applied near zero age
will result in unrealistic strains and deflections.
• Creep: This determines the change in strain with age under the action
of stress. The creep strain at time t for a load 𝜎𝜎𝑐𝑐 applied at time 𝑡𝑡0 is:
𝜎𝜎
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) � 𝑐𝑐�𝐸𝐸 � (1.2)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡0 )
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) is the creep coefficient as defined by the Time Dependent
Type, as discussed in the following chapters. Note that the creep strain
is dependent on the stiffness at the time the load is applied, 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡0 ),
which includes stiffness modifiers applied on the element and section
properties.
Every strain increment, whether due to an applied load or due to load
redistribution caused by creep itself in a statically indeterminate
structure, will increase with age due to creep. Creep behavior is
additive as each strain increment ever experienced by the material
maintains its own creep history.
• Shrinkage: This determines the change in direct strains with time due
to drying shrinkage. At time t, the strain due to drying shrinkage is
denoted 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡). A positive value of 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) indicates swelling while a
negative value indicates shrinkage. Shrinkage is independent of
loading.
General 4
These three behaviors are independent, except that the instantaneous elastic
strain used to compute creep does depend on the current modulus of elasticity,
and this is affected by stiffness-aging if considered.
The effects of the following items on the three time-dependent behaviors are
not considered:
• Sustained loads
• Curing temperature
• Effect of high stress
• Temperature effects
• Variation of concrete strength due to confinement
Temperature effects are not considered explicitly but may be simulated in
some cases by adjusting the duration of stages. Temperatures above 20°C
would use a longer duration to cause greater aging, and temperatures below
20°C would use shorter durations.
Age at Add
Time-dependent concrete behavior is strongly affected by the age at which it
begins the time-dependent behavior, particularly for age dependent stiffness.
When adding objects during a staged-construction analysis, you specify an
“Age at Add”, denoted 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 , which should be a realistic value.
For precast members, this would be the age since casting at which the member
is added to the structure. For a cast-in-place member, this would be the age
since casting at which forms and supports are removed and the member begins
to carry load.
Specifying zero or a very small value for 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 will result in unrealistically
large strains if any load is applied to the member, since concrete is liquid at an
early age. If you do specify zero, the analysis will set this to 0.001 days (1.44
minutes). This is still too small, but does provide some limit. A more realistic
value would typically be on the order of one to ten days, or no less than a few
hours (0.1 day) in the most extreme case.
Alternatively, you can specify a small value for 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 provided that the member
is fully supported and experiences no load before it is strong enough to have
its forms removed and support load on its own.
General 5
The value of 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 may be different for every member. It does not affect the
time scale of the analysis, but rather refers to the history of the member before
it becomes part of the structure.
Notional Size
Notional size, denoted h, is used for creep and shrinkage time-dependent
analysis to determine the rate moisture can move through a section. The
notional size can be program-determined (auto) or directly specified by the
user.
When the notional size for a frame or shell/slab/wall section is program-
determined, the notional size is computed as:
𝐴𝐴
ℎ = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 ∙ 2 � � (1.3)
𝑃𝑃
where:
h is the notional size
SF is the notional size factor, equal to 1 unless specified by the user
A is the cross-sectional area of the section
P is the cross-sectional perimeter of the section
For a thin-walled frame section, h is on the order of the section thickness. For
a circular section, h is equal to the radius. For a shell section, h is usually the
thickness of the section. The notional size is twice the volume-to-surface ratio
used in some building codes.
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) and 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 ) are the total shrinkage strains at time 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 and 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 ,
respectively.
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) is the steel reinforcement correction factor for a time step going
from time 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 to time 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 . For each degree of freedom in the concrete frame
section, the steel reinforcement correction factor is calculated as:
−1
𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) = �1 + 𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) ∙ ��1 − 𝜌𝜌 �� (1.6)
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
where 𝜌𝜌𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 is the generalized reinforcing steel ratio given as the following:
Axial and Shear: cross-sectional area 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 /𝐴𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
Torsion: torsion constant 𝐽𝐽𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 /𝐽𝐽𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠
Bending: second moment of area 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 /𝐼𝐼𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) is the ratio between stiffness of the reinforcing steel and the
stiffness of concrete for the respective degree of freedom, given as:
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠
0.5[𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)+𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡−1)]
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎, 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑛𝑛(𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) = 𝐺𝐺 (1.7)
𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
0.5[𝐺𝐺𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)+𝐺𝐺𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡−1)]
where 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 and 𝐺𝐺𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 are the time-dependent concrete elastic and shear moduli,
as discussed in the CEB-FIP 1990 Concrete Materials section of this manual.
Note that stiffness modifiers assigned to the section and element will be
applied to the concrete elastic and shear moduli but will not be applied to the
reinforcing steel elastic and shear moduli, 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 and 𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠 .
For a shell/area/wall section, the steel reinforcement is assumed to be placed
in two orthogonal directions in the plane of the shell element. The two
directions are referred to as the local reinforcement axes, 1 and 2. The local
reinforcement directions do not have to coincide with the local 1- and 2-
directions of the shell element. For shell/slab/wall elements, the area of
concrete is assumed to be equal to the gross area of the section.
The steel reinforcement correction factor may be coupled in the membrane and
plate directions. 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) is given as a tensor related to the constitutive
relation for concrete, 𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 , and constitutive relation for reinforcing steel scaled
with the generalized reinforcing steel ratio in each direction, 𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠 .
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) = [𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠 + 𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 )]−1 : 𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 ) (1.8)
General 7
𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 , 𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 ) = 0.5 [𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) + 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖−1 )] 𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 (1.9)
where 𝑪𝑪𝑐𝑐 is the constitutive relation based on the specified concrete material
properties and 𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑖 ) is the time dependent elastic modulus coefficient
discussed in the CEB-FIP 1990 Concrete Materials section of this manual.
For the membrane degrees of freedom, 𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠 has the following form in the local
reinforcement axis:
𝜌𝜌11 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 0 0
𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠,𝑚𝑚 = � 0 𝜌𝜌22 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 0 � (1.10)
0 0 0.5𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌12
where 𝜌𝜌11 , 𝜌𝜌22 , and 𝜌𝜌12 are the reinforcing steel ratio associated with the
membrane f11, f22, and f12 directions, respectively, in the reinforcing local
axes.
For the plate being degrees of freedom, 𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠 has the following form in the local
reinforcement axis:
𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚11 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 0 0
𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =� 0 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚22 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 0 � (1.11)
0 0 0.5𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚12
where 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚11, 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚22, and 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚12 are the generalized reinforcing steel ratio
associated with the out-of-plane bending m11, m22, and m12 directions,
respectively, in the reinforcing local axes.
For the plate shear degrees of freedom, 𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠 has the following form in the local
reinforcement axis:
𝜌𝜌13 𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠 0
𝑪𝑪𝑠𝑠,𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = � � (1.12)
0 𝜌𝜌23 𝐺𝐺𝑠𝑠
where 𝜌𝜌13 and 𝜌𝜌23 are the reinforcing steel ratio associated with the out-of-
plane shear v13 and v23 directions, respectively, in the reinforcing local axes.
The steel reinforcement correction factor used in this section is based on the
following paper:
Baker, W.F., Korista D.S., Noval, L.C., Pawlikowski, J., and Young
B. (2007). “Creep and Shrinkage and the Design of Supertall
Buildings – A Case Study: The Burj Debai Tower”. ACI Special
Publications, 246, 133-148.
General 8
𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) is the stress relaxation coefficient as defined by the Time Dependent
Material Type, as discussed in the following chapters. Currently, stress
relaxation for Tendon materials is only available for Time Dependent Material
Type CEB-FIP 1990. Note that stiffness 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 used to calculate the stress
relaxation includes stiffness modifiers applied on the element and section
properties.
Similar to creep in concrete materials, every stress increment, whether due to
an applied load or due to load redistribution caused by stress relaxation itself
in a statically indeterminate structure, will cause a corresponding stress
relaxation effect. The stress relaxation behavior is additive as each stress
increment ever experienced by the material maintains its own stress relaxation
history.
CEB-FIP 1990 9
CEB-FIP 1990
All equations presented in this section are intended for use with the units of
Megapascal (MPa) and millimeters (mm) unless specifically marked with
units.
Concrete Materials
In this section, the units of time used are days unless otherwise stated
specifically.
Input Parameters
In addition to the elastic moduli E and concrete strength 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ specified in the
material property definition, the following parameters are available:
Affects
Parameter
Stiffness Creep Shrinkage
Cement Type Coefficient, s Y
Relative Humidity, RH (%) Y Y
Creep
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ), the creep coefficient at time t (days) for a load applied at time 𝑡𝑡0
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝜑𝜑0 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) (2.5)
where:
𝜑𝜑0 = 𝜑𝜑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝛽𝛽(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) 𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡0 ) (2.6)
1 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100
𝜑𝜑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1 + � 1� � (2.7)
0.46 �ℎ�100� 3
and:
h is the notional size in mm
RH is the relative humidity in percentage (%)
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 2.1
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) with a shrinkage start age 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠
(days) is given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) (2.12)
where:
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) 𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (2.13)
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) = [160 + 10 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (9 − 0.1 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 )] × 10−6 (2.14)
CEB-FIP 1990 11
3
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = −1.55 �1 − � �100� � 40% ≤ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≤ 99% (2.15)
−0.25 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≥ 99%
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) 0.5
𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = � � (2.16)
0.035 ℎ2 + (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )
and:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 2.1
𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 is the user-defined shrinkage coefficient
RH is the relative humidity in percentage (%)
h is the notional size in mm
Input Parameters
In addition to the characteristic tendon strength 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 specified in the material
property definition, the CEB-FIP relaxation class must be specified as either
Class 1 or Class 2. The relaxation class affects the calculation of the stress
relaxation coefficient for tendons.
Stress Relaxation
𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝜎𝜎, 𝑡𝑡), the stress relaxation coefficient at time t (hours) for an stress, 𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 ,
applied at time 𝑡𝑡0 (days) is given as:
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 𝑘𝑘
𝜙𝜙𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝜎𝜎𝑠𝑠 , 𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝜙𝜙1000 ∙ � � (2.17)
1000
where:
𝜙𝜙1000 is the relaxation coefficient after 1000 hours and is dependent
on the applied stress, 𝜎𝜎, normalized by the characteristic strength of
the tendon, 𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 . 𝜙𝜙1000 is linearly interpolated between the following
values:
𝝓𝝓𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Stress level �𝝈𝝈�𝒇𝒇 �
𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑
Class 1 Class 2
0.60 0.04 0.01
0.65 0.06 0.013
CEB-FIP 1990 12
References
The following lists the equation numbers in CEB-FIP 1990 which correspond
to the equations used in this chapter:
Equation CEB-FIP 1990 Equation CEB-FIP 1990
number Reference number Reference
2.1 Eq. 2.1-1 2.10 Eq. 2.1-70
2.2 Eq. 2.1-53 2.11 Eq. 2.1-71
2.3 Eq. 2.1-54 2.12 Eq. 2.1-74
2.4 Eq. 2.1-58 2.13 Eq. 2.1-75
2.5 Eq. 2.1-64 2.14 Eq. 2.1-76
2.6 Eq. 2.1-65 2.15 Eqs. 2.1-77, 2.1-78
2.7 Eq. 2.1-66 2.16 Eq. 2.1-79
2.8 Eq. 2.1-67 2.17 Sec. 2.3.4.5
2.9 Eq. 2.1-68
CEB-FIP 2010 13
CEB-FIP 2010
All equations presented in this section are intended for use with the units of
Megapascal (MPa), millimeters (mm), and days unless specifically marked
with units.
Affects
Parameter
Stiffness Creep Shrinkage
Relative Humidity, RH (%) Y Y
where:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 3.1
s is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement, as given in the table
below.
CEB-FIP 2010 14
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡), the elastic modulus coefficient at age t (days) is given as:
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) = [𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)]0.5 (3.4)
where 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is as defined in Eq. 3.3.
Creep
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ), the creep coefficient at time t (days) for a load applied at time 𝑡𝑡0
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 ∙ [𝜑𝜑𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) + 𝜑𝜑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 )] (3.5)
𝜑𝜑𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) is the basic creep coefficient, given as:
1.8
𝜑𝜑𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) = (𝑓𝑓 0.7 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) (3.6)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 )
2
30
𝛽𝛽𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = ln �� + 0.035� (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) + 1� (3.7)
𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
where:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 3.1
ln( ) is the natural logarithm
𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is the load time adjusted for cement type (days), given as:
9 𝛼𝛼
𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡0 � )1.2
� ≥ 0.5 (3.8)
2+(𝑡𝑡 0
32.5N -1
32.5R, 42.5N 0
1−𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100
𝛽𝛽(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) = 3 (3.11)
√0.001 ℎ
1
𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡0 ) = 0.2 (3.12)
0.1+�𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 �
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 𝛾𝛾(𝑡𝑡0 )
𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = �𝛽𝛽 )
� (3.13)
ℎ +(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0
1
𝛾𝛾(𝑡𝑡0 ) = (3.14)
2.3+3.5�
�𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
where:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 3.1
RH is the relative humidity in percentage (%)
h is the notional size in mm
𝑡𝑡0,𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is the load time adjusted for cement type (days) from Eq. 3.12
𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 is the lightweight oven-dry density ratio modification factor. If normal-
weight concrete is used, the factor 𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 = 1. If lightweight concrete is used, 𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸
given as:
𝜌𝜌 2
𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 = � �2200� (3.17)
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) with a shrinkage start age 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠
(days) is given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = 𝜂𝜂𝑠𝑠 ∙ [𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )] (3.18)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the basic shrinkage strain, given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑡𝑡) (3.19)
0.1 𝑓𝑓 2.5
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐0 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) = −𝛼𝛼𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 �6+0.1𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28
𝑓𝑓
� × 10−6 (3.20)
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28
32.5N 800
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 ) 0.5
𝑠𝑠
𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = �0.035 ℎ2 +(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )
� (3.26)
𝑠𝑠
and:
h is the notional size in mm
RH is the relative humidity in percentage (%)
CEB-FIP 2010 17
32.5N 3
32.5R, 42.5N 4
32.5N 0.013
References
The following lists the equation numbers in CEB-FIP 2010 which correspond
to the equations used in this chapter:
Equation CEB-FIP 2010 Equation CEB-FIP 2010
number Reference number Reference
3.1 Eq. 5.1-1 3.14 Eq. 5.1-71b
3.2 Eq. 5.1-50 3.15 Eq. 5.1-71c
3.3 Eq. 5.1-51 3.16 Eq. 5.1-71d
3.4 Eq. 5.1-57 3.17 Eq. 5.1-72
CEB-FIP 2010 18
ACI 209R-92
All equations presented in this section are intended for use with the units of
Megapascal (MPa), millimeters (mm), and days unless specifically marked
with units.
Affects
Parameter
Stiffness Creep Shrinkage
Relative Humidity, RH (%) Y Y
Shrinkage Start Age, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 (days) Y
Compressive Strength Factor, 𝑎𝑎 Y
Compressive Strength Factor, 𝛽𝛽 Y
Curing Type Y Y
Slump, s (mm) Y Y
Fine-Aggregate Percentage, 𝜓𝜓 (%) Y Y
Air Content, 𝛼𝛼 (%) Y Y
3
Cement Content, c (lb/yd ) Y
Moist Curing Duration, 𝑡𝑡𝑐𝑐 (days) * Y
* Moist Curing Duration defaults to 7 days and is currently not user-specified
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡), the elastic modulus coefficient at age t (days) is given as:
𝑡𝑡 0.5
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) = � � (4.2)
𝑎𝑎+𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽
Creep
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ), the creep coefficient at time t (days) for a load applied at time 𝑡𝑡0
(days) is given as:
0(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )0.60
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝛾𝛾𝑢𝑢,𝑐𝑐 ∙ �10+(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 0.60 � (4.3)
0)
𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 is the creep correction factor for ambient relative humidity, given as:
1.0 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≤ 40
𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑐𝑐 = (4.6)
1.27 − 0.0067 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 > 40
where RH is the relative humidity in percentage (%).
𝛾𝛾𝑛𝑛,𝑐𝑐 is the creep correction factor for notional size, given as:
2
𝛾𝛾𝑛𝑛,𝑐𝑐 = [1 + 1.13 exp(−0.1065 ℎ)] (4.7)
3
𝛾𝛾𝜓𝜓,𝑐𝑐 is the creep correction factor for fine aggregate percentage, given as:
𝛾𝛾𝜓𝜓,𝑐𝑐 = 0.88 + 0.0024 𝜓𝜓 (4.9)
where 𝜓𝜓 is the ratio of the fine aggregate to total aggregate by weight, as a
percentage.
𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎,𝑐𝑐 is the creep correction factor for air content, given as:
𝛾𝛾𝑎𝑎,𝑐𝑐 = 0.46 + 0.09 𝛼𝛼 ≥ 1.0 (4.10)
where 𝛼𝛼 is the air content in percentage.
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) with a shrinkage start age 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠
(days) is given as:
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )
𝑠𝑠
�35+(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 � 𝜀𝜀
) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )
(4.11)
𝑠𝑠
�55+(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 � 𝜀𝜀
) 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑠𝑠
𝛾𝛾𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑠𝑠 is the shrinkage correction factor for ambient relative humidity, given
as:
ACI 209R-92 22
References
The following lists the equation numbers in ACI 209R-92 which correspond
to the equations used in this chapter:
Equation ACI 209R-92 Equation ACI 209R-92
number Reference number Reference
4.1 Eq. 2-1 4.10 Eq. 2-29
4.2 Eqs. 2-1, 2.5 4.11 Eqs. 2-9, 2-10
4.3 Eq. 2-8 4.12 Sec. 2.4-2.6
4.4 Sec. 2.4-2.6 4.13 Eqs. 2-15, 2-16
ACI 209R-92 23
JTG D62-2004
All equations presented in this section are intended for use with the units of
Megapascal (MPa), millimeters (mm), and days unless specifically marked
with units.
Affects
Parameter
Stiffness Creep Shrinkage
Relative Humidity, RH (%) Y Y
Creep
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ), the creep coefficient at time t (days) for a load applied at time 𝑡𝑡0
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑0 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ≤ 32.4 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 32.4 (5.2)
𝜑𝜑0 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) ∙ � 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ > 32.4 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
JTG D62-2004 25
where:
𝜑𝜑0 = 𝜑𝜑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝛽𝛽(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) 𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡0 ) (5.3)
1 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100
𝜑𝜑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1 + � 1� � (5.4)
0.46 �ℎ�100� 3
and:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the specified concrete compressive strength (MPa)
h is the notional size in mm
RH is the relative humidity in percentage (%)
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 5.1
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) with a shrinkage start age 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠
(days) is given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ ≤ 32.4 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = 32.4 (5.9)
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) ∙ � 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ > 32.4 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′
where:
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) 𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (5.10)
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) = [160 + 10 𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (9 − 0.1 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 )] × 10−6 (5.11)
3
𝛽𝛽𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = −1.55 �1 − �𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100� � (2.12)
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) 0.5
𝛽𝛽𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = � � (2.13)
0.035 ℎ2 + (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )
and:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the specified concrete compressive strength (MPa)
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 2.1
JTG D62-2004 26
References
The following lists the equation numbers in JTG D62-2004 which correspond
to the equations used in this chapter:
Equation JTG D62-2004 Equation JTG D62-2004
number Reference number Reference
5.1 CEB-FIP 90 Eq. 2.1-1 5.8 Eq. F.2.1-7
5.2 Eq. F.2.1-1 5.9 Eq. F.1.1-1
5.3 Eq. F.2.1-2 5.10 Eq. F.1.1-2
5.4 Eq. F.2.1-3 5.11 Eq. F.1.1-3
5.5 Eq. F.2.1-4 5.12 Eq. F.1.1-4
5.6 Eq. F.2.1-5 5.13 Eq. F.1.1-5
5.7 Eq. F.2.1-6
Eurocode 2-2004 27
Eurocode 2-2004
All equations presented in this section are intended for use with the units of
Megapascal (MPa), millimeters (mm), and days unless specifically marked
with units.
Affects
Parameter
Stiffness Creep Shrinkage
Relative Humidity, RH (%) Y Y
Shrinkage Start Age, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 (days) Y
Cement Type Y Y Y
Lightweight Concrete Grade * Y Y
Lightweight Oven-dry Density 𝜌𝜌 (kg/m3) * Y
* Lightweight Concrete Only
where:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 6.1
s is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement, as given in the table
below.
Eurocode 2-2004 28
Cement Type s
Class R 0.20
Class N 0.25
Class S 0.38
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡), the elastic modulus coefficient at age t (days) is given as:
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) = [𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)]0.3 (6.4)
where 𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is as defined in Eq. 3.3.
Creep
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ), the creep coefficient at time t (days) for a load applied at time 𝑡𝑡0
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝜂𝜂𝐸𝐸 ∙ 𝜂𝜂2 ∙ 𝜙𝜙𝑐𝑐,0 ∙ 𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) (6.5)
where:
𝜑𝜑0 = 𝜑𝜑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝛽𝛽(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ) 𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡0 ) (6.6)
1 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100
1+ 1 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 ≤ 35𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
0.1 (ℎ) �3
𝜑𝜑𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = (6.7)
1 − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅�100
�1 + 1 𝛼𝛼1 � 𝛼𝛼2 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 > 35𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
0.1 (ℎ) �3
𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡0 ) = 1� (6.9)
(0.1 + (𝑡𝑡�0 )0.2 )
9 𝛼𝛼
𝑡𝑡�0 = 𝑡𝑡0 � + 1� ≥ 0.5 (6.10)
2+(𝑡𝑡0 )1.2
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 0.3
𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) = � � (6.11)
βH +(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 )
𝑡𝑡�0 is the age of loading modified for the effect of type of cement.
𝛼𝛼 is a power for Eq. 6.13 which depends on the type of cement as:
Cement Type 𝜶𝜶
Class R 1
Class N 0
Class S -1
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) with a shrinkage start age 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠
(days) is given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = −𝜂𝜂3 ∙ [𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )] (6.15)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the autogenous shrinkage strain, given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (∞) ∙ 𝛽𝛽𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑡𝑡) (6.16)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (∞) = 2.5 (𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ − 10) × 10−6 (6.17)
𝛽𝛽𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑡𝑡) = 1 − exp(−0.2 𝑡𝑡 0.5 ) (6.18)
Eurocode 2-2004 30
𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 0.5
𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = � � (6.22)
0.04 √ℎ3 +(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )
where:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 2.1
𝑘𝑘ℎ is a coefficient dependent on the notional size, h, computed as a
linear interpolation of the values given as:
Notional size, h
𝒌𝒌𝒉𝒉
(mm)
100 1.0
200 0.85
300 0.75
≥ 500 0.70
References
The following lists the equation numbers in Eurocode 2-2004 which
correspond to the equations used in this chapter:
Equation Eurocode 2-2004 Equation Eurocode 2-2004
number Reference number Reference
6.1 Table 3.1 6.12 Eqs. B.8a, B.8b
6.2 Eq. 3.1 6.13 Eq. B.8c
6.3 Eq. 3.2 6.14 Eq. 11.2
6.4 Eq. 3.5 6.15 Eq. 3.8
6.5 Eqs. B.1, 11.3.3(1) 6.16 Eq. 3.11
6.6 Eq. B.2 6.17 Eq. 3.12
6.7 Eqs. B.3a, B.3b 6.18 Eq. 3.13
6.8 Eq. B.4 6.19 Eq. 3.9
6.9 Eq. B.5 6.20 Eq. B.11
6.10 Eq. B.9 6.21 Eq. B.12
6.11 Eq. B.7 6.22 Eq. 3.10
AS 3600-2009 32
AS 3600-2009
All equations presented in this section are intended for use with the units of
Megapascal (MPa), millimeters (mm), and days unless specifically marked
with units.
Affects
Parameter
Stiffness Creep Shrinkage
Compressive Strength Factor, 𝑎𝑎 * Y
Compressive Strength Factor, 𝛽𝛽 * Y
Basic Creep Coefficient, 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 Y
Environment Y Y
∗
Basic Drying Shrinkage Strain, 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 Y
* ACI 209R-92 parameters used for compressive strength and stiffness
Creep
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ), the creep coefficient at time t (days) for a load applied at time 𝑡𝑡0
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝑘𝑘2 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) ∙ 𝑘𝑘3 ∙ 𝑘𝑘4 ∙ 𝑘𝑘5 ∙ 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 (7.1)
where:
AS 3600-2009 33
𝛼𝛼 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )0.8
𝑘𝑘2 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡2 )0.8 +0.15
0
ℎ
(7.2)
0
and:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 is the user-defined basic creep coefficient
h is the notional size in mm
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the specified concrete compressive strength (MPa)
𝑘𝑘4 is a factor depending on the user-defined environment parameter
as given in the table below.
Environment 𝒌𝒌𝟒𝟒
Arid 0.7
Interior 0.65
Temperate Inland 0.6
Tropical / Near-coastal 0.5
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) with shrinkage start age 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 = 0:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = −�𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)� (7.7)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the autogenous shrinkage strain, given as:
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∙ [1.0 − exp(−0.1 𝑡𝑡)] (7.8)
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 50 × 10−6 ∙ (0.06 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ − 1.0) (7.9)
where 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the specified concrete compressive strength (MPa)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the drying shrinkage strain, given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑘𝑘1 (𝑡𝑡) ∙ 𝑘𝑘4 ∙ 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑏𝑏 (7.10)
𝛼𝛼 𝑡𝑡 0.8
1
𝑘𝑘1 = 𝑡𝑡 0.8 +0.15 ℎ
(7.11)
AS 3600-2009 34
References
The following lists the equation numbers in AS 3600-2009 which correspond
to the equations used in this chapter:
Equation AS 3600-2009 Equation AS 3600-2009
number Reference number Reference
7.1 Eq. 3.1.8.3 7.8 Eq. 3.1.7.2(2)
7.2 Fig. 3.1.8.3(a) 7.9 Eq. 3.1.7.2(3)
7.3 Fig. 3.1.8.3(a) 7.10 Eq. 3.1.7.2(4)
7.4 Eq. 3.1.8.3 (Amdt #2) 7.11 Fig. 3.1.7.2
7.5 Eq. 3.1.8.3 7.12 Fig. 3.1.7.2
7.6 Eq. 3.1.8.3 7.13 Eq. 3.1.7.2(5)
7.7 Eq. 3.1.7.2(1)
NZS 3101-2006 35
NZS 3101-2006
All equations presented in this section are intended for use with the units of
Megapascal (MPa), millimeters (mm), and days unless specifically marked
with units.
Affects
Parameter
Stiffness Creep Shrinkage
Δ𝑓𝑓 Mean Strength (MPa) * Y
Cement Type ** Y
Relative Humidity, RH (%) Y Y
Basic Creep Coefficient, 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 Y
Aggregate Type Factor, 𝑘𝑘6 Y
∗
Basic Drying Shrinkage Strain, 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 Y
* Parameter used for mean compressive strength
** CEB-FIP 2010 parameter used for compressive strength and stiffness
Creep
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ), the creep coefficient at time t (days) for a load applied at time 𝑡𝑡0
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝑘𝑘2 (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 ) ∙ 𝑘𝑘3 ∙ 𝑘𝑘4 ∙ 𝑘𝑘5 ∙ 𝑘𝑘6 ∙ 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 (8.2)
where:
𝛼𝛼 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )0.8
𝑘𝑘2 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡2 )0.8 +0.15
0
ℎ
(8.3)
0
and:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑏𝑏 is the user-defined basic creep coefficient
h is the notional size in mm
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the specified concrete compressive strength (MPa)
𝑘𝑘6 is the user-defined parameter for the aggregate type factor
𝑘𝑘4 is a factor depending on the specified relative humidity (RH) value,
linearly interpolated between the following values:
After NZS 3101-2006 Table E.1
RH (%) 𝒌𝒌𝟒𝟒
40 0.74
50 0.68
60 0.61
70 0.50
80 0.39
90 0.21
NZS 3101-2006 37
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) with shrinkage start age 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 = 0:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = −�𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) + 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)� (8.8)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the autogenous shrinkage strain, given as:
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ∙ [1.0 − exp(−0.1 𝑡𝑡)] (8.9)
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 50 × 10−6 ∙ (0.06 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ − 1.0) (8.10)
where 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐′ is the specified concrete compressive strength (MPa)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the drying shrinkage strain, given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑘𝑘1 (𝑡𝑡) ∙ 𝑘𝑘4 ∙ 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.𝑏𝑏 (8.11)
𝛼𝛼
1 𝑡𝑡 0.8
𝑘𝑘1 = 𝑡𝑡 0.8 +0.15 ℎ
(8.12)
References
The following lists the equation numbers in NZS 3101-2006 Amdt 1
(Appendix E) which correspond to the equations used in this chapter:
Equation NZS 3101-2006 Equation NZS 3101-2006
number Reference number Reference
8.1 CEB-FIP 2010 Eq. 5.1-1 8.8 Eq. E-1
8.2 Eq. E-7 8.9 Eq. E-2
8.3 Fig. E.2 8.10 Eq. E-3
8.4 Fig. E.2 8.11 Eq. E-4
8.5 Eq. E-7 8.12 Fig. E.1
8.6 Eq. E-7 8.13 Fig. E.1
AS 3600-2009
8.7 Eq. E-7 8.14
Eq. 3.1.7.2(5)
GL2000 39
GL2000
All equations presented in this section are intended for use with the units of
Megapascal (MPa), millimeters (mm), and days unless specifically marked
with units.
Affects
Parameter
Stiffness Creep Shrinkage
Relative Humidity, RH (%) Y Y
Shrinkage Start Age, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 (days) Y Y
Cement Type Y Y
Strength Development Parameter, 𝑠𝑠 * Y
Shrinkage Correction Term, 𝑘𝑘 * Y
* User-specified only when Cement Type is “User Defined”
where:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 9.1
GL2000 40
s is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement. If the cement type
is specified, the coefficient s is as given in the table below. If the cement type
is user-defined, s is the user-defined strength development parameter.
After ACI 209.2R-28 Table A.14
Cement Type s
Type I 0.335
Type II 0.40
Type III 0.13
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡), the elastic modulus coefficient at age t (days) is given as:
�3500+4300𝛽𝛽𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 �
𝛽𝛽𝐸𝐸 (𝑡𝑡) = (9.4)
�3500+4300�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 �
Creep
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ), the creep coefficient at time t (days) for a load applied at time 𝑡𝑡0
(days) is given as:
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 )0.3 7 0.5 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 0.5
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = Φ(𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) �2 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 0.3 + � � � � + 2.5(1 −
0 ) +14 𝑡𝑡0 (𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 )+7
(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 ) 0.5
1.086ℎ2 ) �(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 )+0.03ℎ 2� � (9.5)
0
where Φ(𝑡𝑡𝑐𝑐 ) is the correction for effect of drying prior to load application,
given as:
(𝑡𝑡0 −𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) 0.5 0.5
Φ(𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = �1 − �(𝑡𝑡 2 � � (9.6)
0 −𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 )+0.03 ℎ
and:
𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 is user-defined shrinkage start age in days
h is the notional size in mm
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) with a shrinkage start age 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠
(days) is given as:
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) = −𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑢 ∙ 𝛽𝛽(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅) ∙ 𝛽𝛽(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 ) (9.7)
GL2000 41
where:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐28 is the 28 day mean compressive strength (MPa) from Eq. 9.1
k is a coefficient based on the strength class of the cement. If the
cement type is specified, the coefficient k is as given in the table
below. If the cement type is user-defined, s is the user-defined
shrinkage correction term.
After ACI 209.2R-28 Table A.14
Cement Type k
Type I 1.0
Type II 0.75
Type III 1.15
where:
h is the notional size in mm
𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 is the user-defined shrinkage start time in days
References
The following lists the equation numbers in ACI 209.2R-28 “Guide for
Modeling and Calculating Shrinkage and Creep in Hardened Concrete”, a
report by ACI Committee 209, describing the Gardner and Lockman (2001)
and Gardner (2004) model for creep and shrinkage. The equation numbers
which correspond to the equations used in this chapter:
GL2000 42
User-Defined
For user-defined time dependent properties, the stiffness multiplier, creep, and
shrinkage behavior can be defined. For this type of time dependent property,
the stiffness, creep, and shrinkage behavior are independent from each other.
Creep
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ), the creep coefficient at time t (days) for a load applied at time 𝑡𝑡0
(days) is given as:
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(ℎ) ∙ 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐∗ (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) (10.1)
𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐∗ (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) is the multi-linear user-defined age dependent basic creep coefficient
curve specified in the Time Dependent Properties for Concrete – User
Shrinkage Strain form. For each age at loading 𝑡𝑡0 , one set of basic creep
coefficient curve data is defined, specified as pairs of Age t (days) and an
associated basic creep coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐∗ (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ). The values of 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐∗ (𝑡𝑡, 𝑡𝑡0 ) are linearly
interpolated between the specified values.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(ℎ) is a scale factor dependent on the notional size can be specified with
the following form:
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 exp(− ℎ�ℎ ) (10.2)
0
where:
a, b, and ℎ0 are user defined coefficients in consistent units
h is the notional size in consistent units
The creep coefficient is not dependent on the specified time dependent elastic
modulus coefficient.
User-Defined 44
Shrinkage
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡), the shrinkage strain at time t (days) is defined as:
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(ℎ) ∙ 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) (10.3)
∗
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is the multi-linear user-defined age dependent basic shrinkage strain
curve specified in the Time Dependent Properties for Concrete – User
∗
Shrinkage Strain form. 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡) is specified as pairs of Age t (days) and an
∗ (𝑡𝑡). ∗ (𝑡𝑡)
associated basic shrinkage strain 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 The values of 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 are linearly
interpolated between the specified values.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆(ℎ) is a scale factor dependent on the notional size can be specified with
the following form:
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏 exp(− ℎ�ℎ ) (10.4)
0
where:
a, b, and ℎ0 are user defined coefficients in consistent units
h is the notional size in consistent units