Title: Valves Skills Block: 3 Unit No: 1 Department: Production, Engineering & Services

JOB QUALIFYING PROGRAMME
SKILL BLOCK NO. 3
Page 1 of 19
TITLE : Valves
SKILLS BLOCK : 3
UNIT NO : 1
DEPARTMENT : Production, Engineering &
Services
ICI PAKISTAN LIMITED

POLYESTER WORKS
Name Signature Date

Written By: Mazhar-ul-Haque Khan
Reviewed By: S. R. Ahmed / A. R. Vine
Approved By:
SKILL BLOCK NO. 3
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List of Revisions made to this training unit to-date

Sr. Description of Revisions Prepared Revised Approved
No. Para # Page # Details By By By Date
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................................4
1.1. USES OF VALVES...............................................................................................................................................4
2. TYPES OF VALVES................................................................................................................................................5
2.1. GATE VALVES.....................................................................................................................................................5
2.2. GLOBE VALVES................................................................................................................................................10
2.3. PLUG VALVES..................................................................................................................................................15
2.4. CHECK VALVES................................................................................................................................................17
SKILL BLOCK NO. 3
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1. INTRODUCTION
A mechanical device that performs some action, which has an effect on a flow stream.
1.1. Uses of Valves

Valves are used for performing various functions, however some of the important
functions of a valve are:
S.NO VALVE ACTION EXPLANATION

1 ON/OFF STARTING OR STOPPING FLOW
2 REGULATING VARYING THE RATE OF FLOW
3 CHECKING PERMITTING FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION

ONLY
4 SWITCHING SWITCHING FLOW ALONG DIFFERENT
ROUTES
5 DISCHARGING DISCHARGING FLUIDS FROM A SYSTEM
_________________
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2. TYPES OF VALVES
The major type of valves used in the industry are
a) Block Valves
 Gate Valves
 Plug Valves
 Ball Valves
b) Throttling & Control Valve
 Globe Valves
 Butterfly Valves
 Diaphragm Valves
c) Non Return Valves
 Swing Check valves
 Tilting Disc Check valves
 Lifting Check Valves
 Split Disc Check Valves
 Centered Spring Check Valves
2.1. Gate Valves
A B
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1. This shows two gate valves installed between two pipes.
2. Liquid is flowing through Gate valve A.
3. A gate valve stops flow by placing a metal Gate across the opening.
4. When the valve is completely open, the gate is raised Completely out of the line of
flow.
5. The gate has to strong enough to withstand the Pressure or Force of the flow.
6. The pipes are always attached to the body of the valve.
7. The valve has a body with Flanged ends with bolt holes in them.
8. The part of the valve that is mounted on top of the body to form a tight enclosure is
called the Bonnet.
9. The Bonnet and Body are also bolted together.

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10. The gate of the above valve is attached to a stem. The stem goes through a stuffing
box located in the Bonnet.
11. The stuffing box is filled with a material called Packing.
12. The function of the packing is to hold the Stop Leakage.
13. If the stuffing box is not packed properly, the valve may Leak.
14. The stem of this gate valve is threaded at the Hand wheel end.
15. The threaded end of the stem screws through the Stem Bushing.
16. The threads of the stem Are engaged by the threads of the bushing.
17. The hand wheel and the stem bushing are solidly connected. As the hand wheel is
turned, the stem bushing Turns or Move.
18. This makes the stem go Up or Down.
19. If the stem rises, the gate also Rises.
20. This type of valve also has an outside yoke to support the Hand wheel and Bushing.
21. The abbreviation for this type of gate valve is OS & Y, which stands for Outside Stem
and yoke.
22.In an OS & Y gate valve, the stem Can be seen when the valve is open.
23. By looking at an OS & Y valve, an operator can tell if the valve is Open or closed.
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22. When the gate is lowered to stop all flow, it makes a close fit with the Seat Rings.
23. The seat ring and the gate make contact each time the valve is closed.
24. As the gate is opened or closed, friction between gate and seats occurs.
25. When friction occurs wear also occurs.
26. When a valve is throttling, it regulates the Rate of flow.
27. Liquids or gases flowing under high pressure tend to Erode material that opposes
their flow.
A B
28. The gate will erode in position B.
29. The valve in B is throttling.
30. If the gate and the seat rings are worn or eroded unevenly, positive shutoff upon
closing Is not possible.
31. The design of the gate can vary. The most common one is the solid wedge gate.
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Solid wedge gate is made out from One Part.
32. A solid wedge is lowered into closed position.
33. The flow exerts pressure on One Side of the gate.
34. This flow pressure action tends to wear out One Seat quicker.
35. When seat ring B wears beyond a certain point, complete shutoff becomes
Impossible.
36. Another type of gate is the parallel discs and wedges gate.
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37. This type of gate is made out of Many parts.
38. When closing, the parallel discs descend between two matching seats.
39. When the lower wedge,or spreader, reaches the stop, it Cannot descend further.
33. As the upper spreader is forced onto the lower spreader the discs are pushed
Outward .
34.With parallel disc and wedge gate a very tight closing Is possible.
Parallel Disc Gate Solid Gate
35. A solid gate can be used in the vertical position.
36. Because of the wedges, it is Easy for parallel disc gate in the vertical position to
malfunction.
37. Another type of gate is solid split gate.
38. The gate is made out of One Piece .
39. The outer edges of such a gate Are flexible.
2.2. Globe Valves
1. In a gate valve the flow is in a Straight Line, without bends.
GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE
2. In the globe valve, the line of flow, changes.

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3. With the change of direction, turbulence occurs.

4. Turbulence increases the Pressure drop across the valve.
5. A globe valve will produce a Higher-pressure drop than the gate valve.
6. In the globe valve, the seat is Parallel to the line of flow.
7. In a globe valve, the Disc comes down onto the seat.
8. Flow in the globe valve starts As Soon As seat and disc contact is broken.
9. In a globe valve, there is Very Little wear due to friction.
10. When a globe valve is partially open, All of the disc is exposed to flow.
11. Wear or erosion of a disc is likely to be Even.
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12. Liquid flowing through the opening between seat and disc can cause the disc to
Rotate or Turn.
13. Due to turning, point a on the disc Will Not always make contact with point A on
the seat ring.
14. The wear due to the contact friction is More Even on the disc of a globe valve.
15. When the set and disc wear evenly, after long use complete closure is Still
Possible.
16. When the direction of flow is from A to B the flow is from Under the disc.
17. When the flow is from A to B, there Is turbulence or pressure drop.
18. When the flow is from B to A, the turbulence Increases.
19. For the minimum pressure drop, a globe valve should be installed so that the flow
is from Under the disc.
20. The flow through the angle valve has Fewer changes of direction than in a regular
globe valve.
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21. The turbulence through an angle globe valve will be Less than through a regular
globe valve.
22. The stem in a globe valve, besides raising and lowering the disc, must also Guide
or Position the disc into the seat ring.
23. In a globe valve, stem Guides the disc.
24. Globe valves disc come in different designs. The most common widely used one is
the plug disc.
25. The plug disc is Cone shaped.
26. The seat ring has a Matching cone shaped center.
27. If the nicks or chips are not too large, tight closing is Still Possible.
28. A plug disc is used for heavy throttling service. Even after some wear occurs,
positive shutoff is still Possible.
28. Globe valve plugs are some time made of more than one disc.
29. In the above figure, the disc is made out of Two different materials.
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30. When completely closed the seat ring makes contact with the Soft part of the disc.
31. If small hard particles accumulate on the seat or ring, it Prevents a plug disc from
completely closing.
32. When a composition disc is used, fine particles Can embed in the soft part of the disc.
33. A composition disc with particles embedded in it Can make a tight shutoff.
34. In a conventional disc, the disc-to-seat area is Larger than a plug disc.
35. If such a disc is nicked or worn at point A, tight closure is Not Possible.
36. For extensive throttling service Plug disc is preferred.
37. With the conventional disc, the contact between seat and disc Is metal-to-metal.
38. A conventional disc Can crush small particles, if caught on the seat.
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2.3. Plug Valves
1. The part of the valve that controls the opening is called the Plug.
2. The plug is located in the Body.
3. The plug Has an opening through it.
OPEN CLOSED
4. During operation, the plug Is Not raised out of the body.
5. When the opening of the plug is aligned with the opening of the valve, flow Can
exist.
6. To stop the flow, the plug is turned A Quarter Turn.
7. The line of flow through a plug valve is Straight.
8. With the valve in fully open position, the plug offers Little resistance to flow.
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9. There is Little turbulence through an open plug valve.
10. The pressure drop across the plug valve is Less than across the globe valve.
11. The valve that can open and close quicker is the Plug valve.
12. A plug valve is made to stop the flow by rotating the Closed,or Plug or Solid side
across the opening.
13. For complete shutoff with the plug valve, the plug and the Body must make a close
fit.
14. Although the close fit is required, the plug has to be loose enough to be able to
Turn.
15. Each time the plug is turned, friction develops between the body and the Plug.
16. Friction Can wear out the plug and body.
17. If the plug is worn out, it will seat Loosely or Poorly in the body.
18. With a worn plug, it is not possible to get complete Shuttoff or Stoppage.
19. The shank of the plug has lubricant fitting that makes it possible to apply special
lubricant to the Plug itself.
20. If adequate lubricant exists between plug and the body, friction is Reduced or Kept
to a minimum.
21. Besides helping to reduce friction, lubricant acts as a sealant to prevent Leakage.
22. If the lubricant is lost, excessive wear occurs due to Friction.
23. A plug valve of this type should be lubricated Often or Frequently.
24. The plug and gate valve both have Little pressure drop.
25. A plug valve is a Quick shuttoff or opening valve.
2.4. Check Valves

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1. Check valves comes in various types. One of them is Swing check valve.
2. The only moving part is a disc assembly that is attached to the body by a Pivot
pin.
3. The pivot pin mounting leaves the disc assembly free to swing toward and away
from the valve Seat.
4. When there is no flow through the valve, the disc is positioned so that the valve is
Closed.
5. Because the disc is free to move, the flow Raises or Moves the disc to the open
position.
6. The line of flow through a swing check valve Is relatively in a straight line.
7. The turbulence through an open swing check valve is Little.
8. A swing check valve is opened Automatically.
9. The line pressure is higher at point A.

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10. If the pressure becomes greater at B, the pressure drop is in the Opposite
direction.
11. A check Valve allows flow in Only One direction.
12. A check valve is used for controlling Direction of flow.
13. Another type of check valve is lift check valve. The line of flow through a lift check
valve is similar to the line of flow through a Globe valve.
14. When flow occurs from a to B, it Raises the disc.
15. As the flow stops, gravity Pulls the disc onto the seating.
16. The lift check valve allows the flow in Only One direction.
17. The direction of flow is always from Under the disc.
18. The lift check valves works correctly, when installed in the Horizontal position.
19. The lift check valve shown in the figure works in the Vertical position only.
20. When flow occurs from A to B, the disc Raises or Opens.
21. When flow stops, gravity Lowers the disc onto the seat.
22. This type of check valve is a Vertical lift check valve.

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23. Ball valve also operate as check valve. The line of flow through such a valve Is Not
in a straight line.
24. The part of the valve that controls the opening is a Ball.
25. When flow occurs, the ball is raised by the Pressure or Force of the flow.
26. As flow stops, gravity pulls the ball into the Closed position.
27. The ball check valve comes in two designs.
27.1. Horizontal ball check valve.

27.2. Vertical ball check valve.

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JOB QUALIFYING PROGRAMME

SKILL BLOCK NO. 3

ICI PAKISTAN LIMITED

Name Signature Date

List of Revisions made to this training unit to-date

1.1. Uses of Valves

S.NO VALVE ACTION EXPLANATION

2 REGULATING VARYING THE RATE OF FLOW

3 CHECKING PERMITTING FLOW IN ONE DIRECTION

b) Throttling & Control Valve

c) Non Return Valves

 Swing Check valves

 Tilting Disc Check valves

 Lifting Check Valves

 Split Disc Check Valves

 Centered Spring Check Valves

2.1. Gate Valves

1. This shows two gate valves installed between two pipes.

2. Liquid is flowing through Gate valve A.

6. The pipes are always attached to the body of the valve.

9. The Bonnet and Body are also bolted together.

11. The stuffing box is filled with a material called Packing.

12. The function of the packing is to hold the Stop Leakage.

18. This makes the stem go Up or Down.

19. If the stem rises, the gate also Rises.

25. When friction occurs wear also occurs.

26. When a valve is throttling, it regulates the Rate of flow.

28. The gate will erode in position B.

29. The valve in B is throttling.

Solid wedge gate is made out from One Part.

32. A solid wedge is lowered into closed position.

33. The flow exerts pressure on One Side of the gate.

37. This type of gate is made out of Many parts.

Parallel Disc Gate Solid Gate

35. A solid gate can be used in the vertical position.

37. Another type of gate is solid split gate.

38. The gate is made out of One Piece .

39. The outer edges of such a gate Are flexible.

2.2. Globe Valves

1. In a gate valve the flow is in a Straight Line, without bends.

GATE VALVE GLOBE VALVE

2. In the globe valve, the line of flow, changes.

3. With the change of direction, turbulence occurs.

17. When the flow is from A to B, there Is turbulence or pressure drop.

18. When the flow is from B to A, the turbulence Increases.

23. In a globe valve, stem Guides the disc.

25. The plug disc is Cone shaped.

26. The seat ring has a Matching cone shaped center.

36. For extensive throttling service Plug disc is preferred.

2.3. Plug Valves

2. The plug is located in the Body.

3. The plug Has an opening through it.

4. During operation, the plug Is Not raised out of the body.

6. To stop the flow, the plug is turned A Quarter Turn.

7. The line of flow through a plug valve is Straight.

9. There is Little turbulence through an open plug valve.

16. Friction Can wear out the plug and body.

22. If the lubricant is lost, excessive wear occurs due to Friction.

23. A plug valve of this type should be lubricated Often or Frequently.

25. A plug valve is a Quick shuttoff or opening valve.

2.4. Check Valves

7. The turbulence through an open swing check valve is Little.