GAM AseismicStructuralConfigurations PDF

ASeismic Structural
Configurations
Gregory MacRae
Much of the material contained in this lecture handout is used with the permission of Prof.
Durgesh Rai from his 2009 Myanmar lectures. This marerial is the property of Professors
Sudhir K. Jain, C.V.R.Murty and Durgesh C. Rai of IIT, and is for the sole and exclusive use
of the participants of the December 2012 Ahmedabad Course at IITGN
Why Do We Care
About Seismic
Configuration?
We want to have the building resist
earthquake as simply as possible
This results in best seismic

performance
Consider also travel from one
point to another.
ANALOGIES
Travel Between Building Seismic

Different Points Performance
Traveller health Proper design/detailing
Direct route Direct load path
Steady gradient No concentration of
effort – e.g. Soft storey
No overhanging trees No dangerous non-structural elements
No pirates/crocodiles Gaps between adjacent structures
Solid/nonslip path Good foundation
No extra burdens No attachments that may interfere
with performance
4
Configuration
Rai, Murty and Jain

• Important Factors in Design
6 Rai, Murty and Jain

Seismic Configuration
• Seismic Configuration
– Geometry, Size and Shape
– Location and size of Structural Elements
– Location and size of Non-Structural Elements

Seismic Configuration…
• Geometry, Size and Shape
???
Convex Concave
Simple Complex
• Overall size
Too long
Too tall Too large in plan
Buildings with one overall size much larger/smaller than other two,
do not perform well during EQs
OFFSET BUILDINGS
• Alphabetic Shapes

OFFSET BUILDINGS…
• Re-entrant
corners

• Shape
Simple Plan
::good
Corners and Curves

:: poor
Simple plan shape

buildings do well Separation joints make complex plans
during EQs into simple plans
• Indirect load path
Slopy Ground Hanging or Floating Columns

Setbacks
Unusually RC Wall
Tall Storey Discontinued in
Ground Storey
Weak or Flexible Storey Discontinuing Structural Members
Sudden deviations in load transfer path

along height lead to poor performance
• Simple, direct load transfer path gives

better performance
• Regular configuration preferred

– Even distribution of mass and stiffness in building
plan and with building height
• In buildings with irregular configuration

– Ductility demand gets concentrated in a few storeys
or elements
– Simple code expression not valid;
quantitative guidelines required
Symmetric Buildings
• Swing Analogy
1-storey 3-storey
building building
Rope swings and buildings, both swing back-and-forth when shaken horizontally.
16 The former are hung from the top, while the latter are raised from
Rai, the ground.
Murty and Jain
Symmetric Buildings…
• Symmetry
– Mass Uniform
Movement of
– Stiffness Floor
Identical Vertical
Members EQ Ground
Movement
Identical vertical members placed uniformly in plan of building cause

17 all points on the floor to move by same amount. Rai, Murty and Jain
UNSymmetric Buildings
• Swing Analogy:: Mass Unsymmetry
Light Side
of Building
Twist
Swing
with equal ropes
Heavy Side
EQ Ground Shaking of Building
Even if vertical members are placed uniformly in plan of building, more mass on one side
18 causes the floors to twist. Rai, Murty and Jain
UNSymmetric Buildings…
• Swing Analogy:: Stiffness Unsymmetry

Vertical Axis about which
building twists
Earthquake
Ground
Swing Movement
with unequal ropes Building on slope ground
Buildings have unequal vertical members;

19 they cause the building to twist about a vertical axis. Rai, Murty and Jain
• Location and size of Structural Elements

• Other types of stiffness unsymmetry
Wall Wall
Wall
Columns Columns
Buildings with walls on two/one sides

(in plan)
• Combined Unsymmetry
Earthquake
Ground
Shaking
One-side open ground storey building twists

during EQ shaking
• Consequences
Earthquake
Ground
Movement
These columns are

more vulnerable
Vertical members of buildings that move more horizontally

sustain more damage

Seismic Design…
• Pounding

• Relative distance
Pounding can occur between adjoining buildings due to

horizontal vibrations of the two buildings
Seismic Design…
• Connectors between buildings to be

designed carefully

Diaphragms
Floor Diaphragms
• Out-of-plane versus In-plane flexibility
– Out of plane is important for gravity loads
– In-plane is important for seismic loads

Floor Diaphragms…
• Floor rigid in-plane

– Moves like a rigid block in its own plane
• Translation
Uniform Movement of Floor Uniform

Movement of
Floor
Earthquake
Ground
Movement
Earthquake Ground Movement
Floor Diaphragms…
• Rotation
Earthquake
Ground
Movement
• Combined Translation and Rotation
Earthquake
Ground
30 Movement Rai, Murty and Jain
Floor Diaphragms…
– Floors apply horizontal force on vertical elements

• Vertical elements act as horizontal springs

Floor Diaphragms…
• Rigid diaphragm
F
0.4k 0.2k 0.4k
0.4F 0.2F 0.4F
– Forces are proportional to stiffness of walls

Floor Diaphragms…
• Flexible diaphragm
F
0.4k 0.2k 0.4k
F/4 F/2 F/4
– Forces are proportional to tributary area

– Wall stiffnesses do not come into calculations

Floor Diaphragms…
• Act like beams in horizontal plane

Floor Diaphragms…
• Many of them…

Floor Diaphragms…
• Cut-outs ??

Floor Diaphragms…
• Openings only under compulsion

Open Ground Story
Open Ground Storey
• Known for decades
– Poor seismic configuration

Open Ground Storey…
• Garage doors

• Three Situations…

• Understood… well!!

• Lessons learnt !!

Structural Walls
• Steel or RC
– Do not interrupt wall in lower levels

Short Column Effect
• Mistaken Identity of Infills

Irregularities provisions
in Codes
Building Configuration
• Irregularities in Buildings
– Mass
– Stiffness
– Geometry
Indian Standards
47
Building Configuration…
• Building Codes
Configuration emphasised in buildings
– Comprehensive section on identifying irregularities
– Quantitative definitions of irregular buildings
• Two types of Irregularities addressed

– Plan Irregularities
– Vertical Irregularities

• Plan Irregularities
– Torsion Irregularity
Heavy Mass
Irregular Orientation of Lateral

Force Resisting System
1 2
2 1.2
2
1 Floor 2

– Re-entrant Corners
L
A A
A
A A
0.15 0.20
L L

– Diaphragm Discontinuity
Flexible
Opening
Opening
Plan
– Out of Plane Offsets
Shear Wall Shear Wall
Shear Wall

– Non-Parallel System

• Vertical Irregularities
– Stiffness Irregularity (Soft Storey)
ki 0 .7 k i 1
ki+1 ki ki 2 ki
1 3
ki ki 0.8
ki-1 3
– Mass Irregularity
Wi 2 Wi 1
Wi+1
Wi Wi 2 Wi 1
Wi-1

– Vertical Geometric Irregularities
A A A
A A
L L L
A
0.15 0.20
L
L1
L1
L2 L2
L2 1.5L1
– In-plane Discontinuity in Lateral Load Resisting Elements
Upper Floor
Plan
Lower Floor
Plan

– Strength Irregularity (Weak Storey)
Si 0 .8 S i 1
Si+1
Si
Si-1

SEISMIC CODES

Seismic Codes…

Non-Structural
Components
Rai, Murty and Jain
Non-structural Elements

Facades

Non-structural Elements…
Bare
Finished


• Infringements understood

• Problems

• Electrical power failures

• Secondary disasters

• Chemical Spill

• Chemical Disasters
72
• Overhead safety

• Indirect losses

• Disruption of services

• May be acceptable

• Not acceptable

Solutions

Solutions…
79
Solutions…
• Securing masonry chimneys

Solutions…
• Securing masonry parapets

Solutions…

Solutions…

Solutions…
84
• Half-hearted… not good!

Importance of Configuration
• Henry Degenkolb,
a noted Earthquake Engineer of USA
– aptly summarised the intense importance of seismic
structural configuration in his words:
“If we have a poor configuration to start with,

all the engineer can do is to provide a band-aid
- improve a basically poor solution as best as he can.
Conversely, if we start-off with a good configuration and

reasonable framing system, even a poor engineer cant harm
its ultimate performance too much.”

ANALOGIES
Travel Between Building Seismic

Different Points Performance
Traveller health Proper design/detailing
Direct route Direct load path
Steady gradient No concentration of
effort – e.g. Soft storey
No overhanging trees No dangerous non-structural elements
No pirates/crocodiles Gaps between adjacent structures
Solid/nonslip path Good foundation
No extra burdens No attachments that may interfere
with performance
87
Signature Tower:
Jakarta
638m
#5 in the world in 2020
The tallest in a seismic
region
111 Stories
88

GAM AseismicStructuralConfigurations PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GAM AseismicStructuralConfigurations PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ASeismic Structural

This results in best seismic

Travel Between Building Seismic

Rai, Murty and Jain

6 Rai, Murty and Jain

7 Rai, Murty and Jain

• Geometry, Size and Shape

Too tall Too large in plan

11 Rai, Murty and Jain

12 Rai, Murty and Jain

Corners and Curves

Simple plan shape

• Indirect load path

Slopy Ground Hanging or Floating Columns

Weak or Flexible Storey Discontinuing Structural Members

Sudden deviations in load transfer path

• Simple, direct load transfer path gives

• Regular configuration preferred

• In buildings with irregular configuration

Identical vertical members placed uniformly in plan of building cause

• Swing Analogy:: Stiffness Unsymmetry

Buildings have unequal vertical members;

• Location and size of Structural Elements

20 Rai, Murty and Jain

• Other types of stiffness unsymmetry

Buildings with walls on two/one sides

One-side open ground storey building twists

These columns are

Vertical members of buildings that move more horizontally

23 Rai, Murty and Jain

24 Rai, Murty and Jain

Pounding can occur between adjoining buildings due to

• Connectors between buildings to be

26 Rai, Murty and Jain

– In-plane is important for seismic loads

28 Rai, Murty and Jain

• Floor rigid in-plane

Uniform Movement of Floor Uniform

• Combined Translation and Rotation

– Floors apply horizontal force on vertical elements

31 Rai, Murty and Jain

0.4k 0.2k 0.4k

0.4F 0.2F 0.4F

– Forces are proportional to stiffness of walls

32 Rai, Murty and Jain

0.4k 0.2k 0.4k

F/4 F/2 F/4

– Forces are proportional to tributary area

33 Rai, Murty and Jain

• Act like beams in horizontal plane

34 Rai, Murty and Jain

35 Rai, Murty and Jain

36 Rai, Murty and Jain

• Openings only under compulsion

37 Rai, Murty and Jain

39 Rai, Murty and Jain

40 Rai, Murty and Jain

41 Rai, Murty and Jain

42 Rai, Murty and Jain

43 Rai, Murty and Jain

44 Rai, Murty and Jain

45 Rai, Murty and Jain