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Research Article
Accepted 01 Oct 2016, Available online 05 Oct 2016, Special Issue-6 (Oct 2016)
Abstract
The purpose of carrying out current experimental & analysis is to co-relate the head loss with various affecting
parameters. For mathematical analysis and graphical analysis purpose use of MATLAB is considered to find the more
accurate equation for head loss. This new formula and study will provide the base for chemical and irrigation
department for calculating the accurate head loss by using various materials in various working conditions.
Experimental work also helps to calculate the accurate lost power to overcome the friction. In the past review it is
shown that head loss is directly proportional to the square of velocity, but in experimental study it observed that the
relation is non-linear. Also the linearity varies with discharge rate. It is found minimum for some particular value of
discharge. The accuracy of formula validated and verified on head loss measuring apparatus by using known values
of discharge rate which are calculated from interpolation of graph & gives expected result regarding head loss.
Kade Campbell conducted study to measure the effects 2.1.1 Major losses
that conduit diameter have on the friction factor, or
major losses and the things that various fittings have These losses are due to friction. In the case of pipes
on the minor losses in conduits (Kade Campbell, 2015). longer than 1000 times the diameter.
Calculations were carried to determine structure
pressure drop need investigational facts to report for 2.1.2 Minor losses
friction losses occurring in valves and fittings. To
uncover the major losses during the structure, a Loss due to entry, loss due to changes in cross - section
Technovate fluid route system was used. The pressure of the pipe such as sudden contraction, sudden
losses transversely into two parts of pipe, by internal expansion including loss due to change of direction
diameters of 0.42 and 1.03 inches, and across an orifice elbows, bends, loss due to obstruction (valve,
were found. By Cd having value of 0.656, the diaphragm) loss due to exit. In a long pipe the major
volumetric discharge (Q) can be established using loss of head is due to friction in the pipe only. The
equation 1 below. Six readings at different flow rates minor losses are so small, as compared to friction loss,
were got with the pressure differences across the that they may be neglected. But in the case of a short
orifice as employed to find discharge. The pressure pipe, the minor losses, as compared to the friction loss,
losses across the two sections of pipe (head loss) are
are of appreciable amount & thus cannot be neglected.
used to find the Darcy friction factor (f) for the sections
The earlier experiments, on the fluid friction were
of pipe. The smaller diameter pipe produced a higher
conducted by Froude who concluded that, the frictional
friction factor across the section which was caused by
the higher ratio of the surface area of the inner pipe to resistance varies approximately with the square of the
the cross sectional area. The frictional factor for the velocity of the liquid, & the frictional resistance varies
smaller diameter for various flow rates ranged from with the nature of the surface.
0.0302 to 0.0372. The frictional factors for the larger
diameters ranged from 0.0240 to 0.0295. The minor 2.1.3Darcy’s Formula for Loss of Head in Pipes
losses were found by calculated the pressure drops
across various pipe fittings. Consider a uniform long pipe through which the water
St. Johansen, P. Skalle, J. Sveen proposed a model is flowing at uniform rate.
characterized as quasi two-dimensional as it cracks the
joined axial and tangential velocity profiles (St. Johansen L- Pipe Length
et al., 2012). An opening version of the model is put into d – Pipe diameter
practice in the simulator computes velocity profiles v- Water velocity inside the pipe.
and pressure drops with no experiential correlations f- Resistance due to friction per unit area (of wetted
as of flow-loop experiments. Their simulator is capable surface) per unit velocity.
of solving stationary situations and takes into account hf -Loss of head due to friction.
the most important parameters. Dynamic situations, Considering sections (1 -1) & (2 - 2) of the pipe and
such as change of mud and start-up, time dependent P1- Pressure intensity at section at 1-1 &
rheology, drill-string eccentricity, cavings, barite P2 - Pressure intensity at section 2-2.
sagging, and gas cut mud are all important parameters
in critical situations. The model framework presented A slight thought will show that P1& P2 would have
allows for the inclusion of several of these effects in a been equal, if there would have been no frictional
fundamental manner. However, we are limited to axi- resistance.
symmetric geometries. Still, the simulator can be Considering horizontal forces on water between
designed in a user-friendly manner. section (1-1) & (2 - 2) and equating the same,
P1+ P2= Frictional resistance.
2. System development Or frictional resistance = ,
Dividing both the side by w
2.1 Loss of head in pipes
Put A =
(2)
The equations above give the value of loss of head in Fig.2 Head Loss Vs. Friction factor for 12.5 mm
pipes due to friction. The subsequent points should be diameter pipe
taken into concern at the time of using above equations.
The equation (1) should be used when velocity of water
in the pipe is known. The equation (2) should be used
when discharge in the pipe is known. In actual practice,
the minor losses are neglected, until and unless
required. If pressure heads ( i.e. p/w ) of a liquid
flowing in a conduit, be plotted as vertical ordinates on
the centre line of the pipe, then the line combining the
ends of such ordinates is known as hydraulic gradient
line Fig.3 Head Loss Vs. Discharge for 12.5 mm diameter
pipe
3. Readings and discussion
Above equations shows relation between head loss & Y.Lahioual, A.Hadad (2015), Newly developed friction factor
friction factor as well as head loss & discharge. correlation for pipe flow and flow assurance, Vol.5, pp.
552-557, 6thUSA Engineering conference, Accepted 29
March.
Conclusions
Kade Campbell (2015) from a School of Mechanical
Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250061, China Key
Following conclusions can be drawn from the present Laboratory of High Efficiency and Clean Mechanical
experimentation; Manufacture Ministry of Education, Shandong University,
1) For 12.5mm diameter friction factor for MS is China, Fluid mechanics of internal flow with friction and
highest of all while least for PVC pipe. cutting strategies for micro nozzles, International Journal
2) For 12.5mm diameter discharge is more for PVC of Mechanical Science, Vol.5, pp. 34-40
and least for MS. St. Johansen, P. Skalle, J. Sveen (2012),Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Rivers State University of Science
3) For 22mm diameter, stainless steel has more
and Technology, 2.P. M. B. 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
friction factor and less for Al. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Niger Delta
4) For 22mm diameter Al have high discharge value University, Wilberforce Island, Estimating Head Loss
and MS have lesser. Components In Water Distribution Pipework, American
5) Use of MATLAB software can be done for plotting Journal of Engineering Research ,Vol.3 pp. 91-96.
relations between the parameters.
103| MMIT, Lohgaon, Pune, Maharashtra, India, NCPSM- 2016, INPRESSCO IJCET Special Issue-6 (Oct 2016)