FINAL RRL RESOURCES

2. North Korea, South Korea: U.S. policy at a

time of crisis
 By John Feffer

http://books.google.com/books?
id=6qp5YujxCiUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=north+south+korea&hl=en&ei=HoiQTOfZJJDSuwOoqIns
Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

- Korea as one of the most highly militarized area in the world.

- Demilitarized area between North and South Korea is probably the most dangerous areas in the world.

-“the scariest place on earth” 1993 trip

- a war waiting to happen

- US proposing regime change in Pyongyang not really seen as going to be successful

- Framework policy of South Korea

- North Korea’s “threat” regarded as important to both democratic and republican regimes/governments.

- North Korea’s military forces are “bigger, better, closer and deadlier than before.”

- North Korea, with its collapsed economy, which is also controlled by military forces and also possesses
nuclear weapons shows that it is a present danger to the society. (this danger implanted firmly on the
imagination of America.)

SOUTH

-desire for self-determination inspired democracy movement and also fueled creation of a strong
independent economy in attempts for the establishment of a more sufficient military.
NORTH

- self-determination is what remains after more than the decade of military and economic decline.
 - North when attacked will show that despite the hunger in the place, it is free and it will show “its
teeth and fight” unlike the south.

- there were civil wars in south Korea during 1945-1950.

- Division of Korea because of RUSSIA(SOVIET BEFORE) and US. (Does this mean that this
also worsened the tension between N and S Korea.)

- North had more abundant resources

- KIM IL SUNG (N. KOREA) “UNITED FRONT STRATEGY”

- SYNGMAN RHEE MADE EFFORTS TO CONSOLIDATE POWER

- NORTH AND SOUTH WAR

- US AND SOVIET DIDN’T WANT BOTH KOREAS TO UNITE

- N AND S KOREA WERE PLANNING TO UNITE COUNTRIES BY FORCE

- N attacked S. Korea.

- N Korea wanted to unify the country by force by attacking N. Korea

- Historians called the conflict in N and S Korea “limited” for it never escalated to a world war and
no nuclear weapons were used. (MISLEADING- labeled as)

o Military and political mind-set that produced attacks on civilian targets in WWII also
swayed in the Korean war.

3. Korea briefing 2000-2001: first steps

toward reconciliation and reunification
 By Kongdan Oh, Ralph C. Hassig

http://books.google.com/books?
id=IYIqiKMdhhcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=north+south+korea&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1#v
=onepage&q=north%20south%20korea&f=false

- Joint Declaration of June 15 2000 (Political)

o Theory that two Koreas will overcome any obstacles
o North Korea never indicated whether they turned against the declaration
o Were there factors outside S K. that triggered the turn against the declaration or was it
simply the work of the N K. leader Jong Il to lessed N K. contacts in the S. K.
- How prepared is S. K financially, economically and socially, for the unification?
- Public? (of SK)
- S Koreans do not feel that their country is wealthy enough to support the N Koreans
- N Korea reluctant to improve the economic pursuit of their country, unlike S. Korea
- To deal with N. Korea is of second concern to an average S Korean
- THE DIVISION OF N AND S KOREA HAS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP HAS BEEN AN
INTENSELY DOMESTIC AND POLITICAL ISSUE THAT HAS INFLUENCED ALMOST
EVERY ASPECT OF KOREAN SOCIETY
o Because of dev’t of separate states
o Constitution of SK is anticommunist
o And thus opposes that of the N Korea
o North Korea’s attempts and methods in attaining domestic political gains are regarded as
authoritarian leadership in South Korea
o Changes in power of both N and S korea has made changes in approaches in dealing and
communicating with south korea, it became in the form of dialogues, and engagement
confrontation toward n korea.
o In the minds of south Koreans, the north Koreans has occupied the label or dual identities
of being “the main enemy” – potential deadly military threat
- democratic transition has made the relations between both countries better
o BUT the buk pung scadal made it worse/stopped abruptly – the preference of individual
interest over national interests
- sunshine policy

6. Diplomatic discourse: international

conflict at the United Nations ...
 By Ray T. Donahue, Michael H. Prosser

http://books.google.com/books?
id=sjDK4N16_nYC&pg=PA130&dq=north+south+korea&hl=en&ei=KoiQTNqiJo-
svgOhnZjNCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=
north%20south%20korea&f=false

7. Avoiding the Apocalypse: the future of the

two Koreas
 By Marcus Noland

http://books.google.com/books?id=wifxJHNINCQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=related
%3AISBN1583226036&source=gbs_slider_thumb#v=onepage&q&f=false

9. The two Koreas and the United States:

issues of peace, security, and ...
 By Wonmo Dong

http://books.google.com/books?
id=sjNvmMxNFYMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=related:ISBN0881322784#v=onepage&q&f=false

11. Korean security dynamics in transition

 By Kyung-Ae Park, Tal-chung Kim

http://books.google.com/books?id=dsVyvV9Xf0YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=related
%3AISBN0881322784&lr&source=gbs_slider_thumb#v=onepage&q&f=false

- Conflict between USA & N. Korea became worse as the “Mutual Aid and Cooperation
Friendship Treaty” came out. The treaty declared that each country will guarantee the other
country it’s total help when another country pose an attack to anyone of them.

- They had a hard time changing the treaty because of the policy on 5-year interval.

- US – South Korea; Beijing,China – North Korea

 - China feels that it has an obligation to Korea to decrease North South tensions to prevent another
Korean War.

- China wants both country to prioritize their own economy.

- Relations of Japan, S.Korea and US with N.Korea improved in 2000.

- In August 1998, US’s spy satellites found an underground complex (Kumchang-ri) in North
Korea of which they believe a nuclear site. US assumed that North Korea is preparing itself again
to a nuclear power.

- Controversy greater escalated as N.Korea was judged to have test-fired a ballistic missile over the
territory of Japan on August 31, 1998.

- China & Russia were less harsh of giving away comments for these countries don’t want to
escalate any friction with N. Korea.

- N. Korea responded angrily and threatened the countries that are against them – “American
impreilists, Japanese reactionaries and South Korean puppets.”

- North Korea believes that US uses their nuclear issue only as a scapegoat for the latter only wants
to ignite war between them.

- N. Korea is an example of a “defensive power” where it avoids the influence by other states.

12. Crisis on the Korean peninsula: how to

deal with a nuclear North Korea
 By Michael E. O'Hanlon, Mike Mochizuki

http://books.google.com/books?
id=avNskbcFbX8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=related:ISBN1583226036&lr=#v=onepage&q&f=false

- South Korea received a cold shoulder from US President George Bush as the former engaged in
‘sunshine policy’ with N. Korea

- US declared N.Korea as an “axis of evil” like Iran and Iraq after the twin tower attack in 2001.

- S.Korea, Japan and US proposed a diplomatic bargain with N.Korea generally to end all of its
nuclear program.

- US also cited that it’ll provide economic aid and energy sources to N. Korea if it’ll conform to the
diplomatic bargain. Or else, N.Korea will suffer tighter economic sanctions.
 - N.Korea’s gradual collapse is influenced by its leader Kim Jong Il as he brainwashed the people
and taught them to blame the outside world for most of the problems the country is facing.

- N. Korea though economically weak and small in size has a huge military troop (1M out of 22M
total population)

14. Korea versus Korea: a case of contested

legitimacy
 By Barry K. Gills

http://books.google.com/books?
id=V_6kVHTbCToC&pg=PA269&dq=korea+tension&hl=en&ei=1ZCQTOWUFomuvgPXqOzVCw&sa
=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=korea
%20tension&f=false

- Partition of Korea occurred because they used military and political expediency as gauge
to great powers.

- Division of Korea greatly affected their sovereignty because political tension, ideological
polarization and military confrontation are existing.

- Presence of US hegemony made S. Korea grow as a state while it limited N. Korea’s

economic potential.

- Both Koreas will gain a lot only if it’ll abandon the attitude of “Korea vs Korea”

Book: Comparative Study of N and S Korea

Kara’s Resources: