CS010 806 Computer Graphics Lab

INTRODUCTION

Computer graphics is defined as creation, storage and manipulation of pictures

and drawing by means of a digital computer. It enhances the power of communication
between the computer and its users. It allows representation of huge set of numbers in the
form of a graph or a picture which helps in better understanding of the characteristic and
pattern of data.

COMPONENTS OF VDU

The video system consists of two basic components

1) A video screen on which we actually see the images either in text or graphics.
2) A video display adapter which is a special printed circuit board that plugs into
one expansion slot present on the motherboard of the computer. A video
display adapter is sometimes referred to as a video card.

A video display adapter acts as an agent between the processor and video screen.
The adapter consists of a special memory called VDU memory and circuitry which
transfer the contents of the video memory on the screen.

The microprocessor writes the information to be displayed on the screen into

VDU memory, where as the display adapter circuitry transfers this information on to the
screen. Each address on VDU memory corresponds to a specific location on the screen.
The display adapter circuitry repeatedly (50 – 70 times per second) reads information
from VDU memory and places it on the screen. This process is called refreshing the
screen and the rate at which the display adapter refreshes the screen is called refresh rate.

A number of display adapters are available with varying capabilities. Some of

them are

i) Monochrome Adapter (MA)

ii) Hercules Adapter
iii) Color Graphical Adapter (CGA)

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iv) Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA)

v) Multicolor Graphics Adapter (MCGA)
vi) Video Graphics Arrays (VGA)
vii) Super Video Graphics Arrays (SVGA)
viii) Extended Graphics Adapter (XGA)

VIDEO DISPLAY MODES

Basically there are two different modes

 Text mode
 Graphics mode

In text mode the video adapters provide built in support for ASCII characters
which are constructed by using pixels. In the graphics mode, the user has the freedom to
manipulate individual pixels on the screen, to form figures and text.

We get very sharp images on the screen if we use monitors having higher
resolution, i.e., monitors having more number of pixels. So it is essential to know the
resolution of the monitor one uses.

GRAPHIC FUNTIONS

To execute the graphic functions “graphic.h” library file should be included in the
C program. Some of the graphic functions are given below:

i) initgraph()

This function is used to initialize the graphics system and load the
appropriate specified graphic driver and the mode used by the graphic function.
The general form is

initgraph(&gd, &gm, “path”);

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where gd – The video driver to be used. gd=DETECT is used to find the current
video driver in use.

gm – It takes the integer value that corresponds the maximum resolution

available from the monitor

path – Pathname is given if the drivers files are not present in the current
location.

ii) restorerectmode()

This function is used to restore the original video mode detected by

initgraph()

iii) closegraph()

This function de-allocates all the memory allocated by the graphic system.

iv) cleardevice()

This function clears the graphics screen and moves the current position to
upper left corner of the screen corresponding to point (0, 0)

v) putpixel(x, y, color)

This function is used to place a pixel at particular co-ordinates. The list of

color constant is given below:

BLACK 0
BLUE 1
GREEN 2
CYAN 3
RED 4
MAGENTA 5
BROWN 6

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LIGHT GRAY 7
DARK GRAY 8
LIGHT BLUE 9
LIGHT GREEN 10
LIGHT CYAN 11
LIGHT RED 12
LIGHT MAGENTA 13
YELLOW 14
WHITE 15
vi) getpixel(x, y)

This function is used to get the color value of the pixel (x, y)

vii) getmaxx()

This function returns the maximum x co-ordinate value of the current

graphics driver.

viii) getmaxy()

This function returns the maximum y coordinate value of current graphics

driver.

ix) getx()

This function returns the current x co-ordinate position

x) gety()

This function returns the current y co-ordinate position

xi) line(x1, y1, x2, y2)

This function draws a line between two specified points (x1, y1) and (x2,
y2)

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xii) rectangle(left, top, right, bottom)

This function draws a rectangle from (left, top) point to (right, bottom)
point

xiii) circle(x, y, radius)

This function draws a circle with specified centre and radius

xiv) arc(x, y, start_angle, end_angle, radius)

This function draws an arc at the center (x, y) with specified starting
angle, ending angle and radius

xv) ellipse(x, y, start_angle, end_angle, xradius, yradius)

This function draws an ellipse.

xvi) drawpoly(num_points, *poly_points)

This function draws a polygon with „num_points-1‟ number of

coordinates.

xvii) setcolor(color)

This function sets the current drawing color

xviii) getcolor()

This function returns the current drawing color.

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CYCLE – I

FAMILIARIZATION OF GRAPHIC
ALGORITHMS

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Exp 1:
DATE:

BASIC GRAPHIC FUNCTIONS

AIM
To study various graphic primitives

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize graphic system
Step 3: Display the menu listing Circle, Rectangle, Ellipse, Arc, Line and Polygon
Step 4: If choice is for Circle
i) Read the center and radius
ii) Draw circle using circle(x, y, radius)
Step 5: If choice is for Rectangle
i) Read the coordinates (left, top) and (right, bottom)
ii) Draw rectangle using rectangle(left, top, right, bottom)
Step 6: If choice is for Ellipse
i) Read the center (x, y)
ii) Read the starting angle and ending angle
iii) Read radius in x-direction and y-direction
iv) Draw ellipse using ellipse(x, y, stang, endang, xrad, yrad)
Step 7: If choice is for Arc
i) Read the center (x, y)
ii) Read the starting angle and ending angle
iii) Read radius
iv) Draw arc using arc(x, y, stang, endang, radius)
Step 8: If choice is for Line
i) Read the coordinates of first point and second points
ii) Draw the line using line (x1, y1, x2, y2)
Step 9: If choice is for Polygon
i) Read the number of coordinates and each coordinate points
ii) Draw polygon using drawpoly(no._of_coordinates, coordinate_array)
Step 10: Stop

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PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<process.h>
void main()
{
int gd=0,gm,x1,y1,r,x2,y2,ch,stang,endang;
int xrad,yrad,n,a[50],i;
int opt;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
do
{
gotoxy(1,1);
cleardevice();
printf("\n1. Circle\n2. Rectangle\n3. Ellipse\n4. Arc \n5. Line\n6.
Polygon\n7.EXIT\n");
printf("\n Enter your choice :");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1://CIRCLE
printf("\n Enter the coordinates of center :");
scanf("%d%d", &x1,&y1);
printf("\nEnter the radius :");
scanf("%d",&r);
circle(x1,y1,r);
getch();
break;
case 2://RECTANGLE
printf("\nEnter the first coordinates :");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("Enter the second coordinates :");
scanf("%d%d",&x2,&y2);
rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
break;
case 3://ELLIPSE
printf("\nEnter the center coordinates :");
scanf("%d%d", &x1,&y1);
printf("Enter the start angle and end angle :");
scanf("%d%d",&stang,&endang);
printf("Enter the xradius and yradius :");
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scanf("%d%d",&xrad,&yrad);
ellipse(x1,y1,stang,endang,xrad,yrad);
getch();
break;
case 4://ARC
printf("\nEnter the center coordinates :");
scanf("%d%d", &x1,&y1);
printf("Enter the start angle and end angle :");
scanf("%d%d",&stang,&endang);
printf("Enter the radius:");
scanf("%d",&xrad);
arc(x1,y1,stang,endang,xrad);
getch();
break;
case 5://LINE
printf("Enter the first coordinates:");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("Enter the second coordinates:");
scanf("%d%d",&x2,&y2);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
break;
case 6://POLYGON
printf("\nEnter the no. of sides of polygon:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the coordinates :");
for(i=0;i<(n+1)*2;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
drawpoly(n+1,a);
getch();
break;
default:printf("\n**** THANK YOU ****");
getch();
exit(0);
}
}while(ch<7);
getch();
closegraph();
}

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OUTPUT

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RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Exp 2:
Date:
DDA LINE DRAWING ALGORITHM

AIM

To draw a line on the screen using DDA line drawing algorithm

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize graphic sytem
Step 3: Read the end points of line (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
Step 4: Find dx = x2-x1 and dy = y2-y1
Step 5: If dx==0 and dy==0, plot the point (x1, y1)
Step 6: Else if dx>=dy, step = dx
Step 7: Else step = dy
Step 8: Find xinr = dx/step and yinr = dy/step
Step 9: Repeat the following steps in „step‟ times
i) plot pixel (x1, y1)
ii) find x1 = x1+xinr
iii) find y1 = y1+yinr
Step 10: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<process.h>
void main()
{
float i,x1,y1,x2,y2,dx,dy,x,y,step,xinr,yinr;
int gd=0,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
printf("Enter the end values:");
scanf("%f%f%f%f",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2);
dx=x2-x1;
dy=y2-y1;
if(dx==0&&dy==0)
{
putpixel(x1,y1,15);
getch();
exit(0);
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if(abs(dx)>=abs(dy))
step=abs(dx);
else
step=abs(dy);
xinr=dx/step;
yinr=dy/step;
x=x1;y=y1;
for(i=1;i<=step;i++)
{
putpixel(x,y,15);
x=x+xinr;
y=y+yinr;
}
getch();
closegraph();
}

OUTPUT

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RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Exp 3:
Date:

BRESENHAM'S LINE DRAWING ALGORITHM

AIM
To draw a line on the screen using Bresenham‟s line drawing algorithm

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize graphic system
Step 3: Read the end points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
Step 4: Calculate dx= x2-x1 and dy=y2-y1
Step 5: If dx>dy,
i) Calculate p = 2*dy-dx
ii) If x1>x2, xend x1 else xend  x2
Step 6: Repeat the following xend times
i) x  x+1
ii) If p<0, p p+2*dy
iii) Else, y y+/-1 and p  p+2*(dy-dx)
iv) Plot the point (x, y)
Step 7: If dx<dy, Repeat the step 5 and step 6 interchanging x and y.
Step 8: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float x1,y1,x2,y2,x,y,xend,yend,dx,dy,p;
int gd=0,gm,f=0;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
gotoxy(1,1);
printf("Enter the coordinates of line:");
scanf("%f%f%f%f",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2);
dx=abs(x2-x1);
dy=abs(y2-y1);
if(dy<dx) // if m<1
{
p=2*dy-dx;
if(x1>x2)
{
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x=x2;
y=y2;
xend=x1;
if(y1<y2)
f=1;
}
else
{
x=x1;
y=y1;
xend=x2;
if(y1>y2)
f=1;
}
putpixel(x,y,15);
while(x<xend)
{
x=x+1;
if(p<0)
p=p+2*dy;
else
{
if(f==1)
y=y-1;
else
y=y+1;
p=p+2*(dy-dx);
}
putpixel(x,y,15);
}
}

else // if m>1
{
p=2*dx-dy;
if(y1>y2)
{
x=x2;
y=y2;
yend=y1;
if(x1<x2)
f=1;
}
else
{
x=x1;
y=y1;
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yend=y2;
if(x1>x2)
f=1;
}
putpixel(x,y,15);
while(y<yend)
{
y=y+1;
if(p<0)
p=p+2*dx;
else
{
if(f==1)
x=x-1;
else
x=x+1;
p=p+2*(dx-dy);
}
putpixel(x,y,15);
}
}
getch();
closegraph();
}

OUTPUT

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RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Exp 4:
Date:

BRESENHAM’S CIRCLE DRAWING ALGORITHM

AIM
To draw a circle using bresenham‟s circle drawing algorithm.

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize graphic system
Step 3: Read the center point (x1, y1) and radius r
Step 4: Initialize x 0 and y r
Step 5: Set p  3-(2*r)
Step 6: Repeat the following r times
i) Plot the point (x1+x, y1+y)
ii) Plot the point (x1-x, y1+y)
iii) Plot the point (x1+x, y1-y)
iv) Plot the point (x1-x, y1-y)
v) Plot the point (x1+y, y1+x)
vi) Plot the point (x1+y, y1-x)
vii) Plot the point (x1-y, y1+x)
viii) Plot the point (x1-y, y1-x)
ix) x x+1
x) If p<0, set p p+4*x+6
xi) Else set p p+4*(x-y)+10 and y y-1
Step 7: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int x,y,x1,y1,r,p;
int gd=0,gm;
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
printf("Enter the coordinates of center\n\t");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("Enter the value of radius\n\t");
scanf("%d",&r);
x=0;
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y=r;
p=3-(2*r);
while(x<=y)
{
putpixel(x1+x,y1+y,WHITE);
putpixel(x1-x,y1+y,WHITE);
putpixel(x1+x,y1-y,WHITE);
putpixel(x1-x,y1-y,WHITE);
putpixel(x1+y,y1+x,WHITE);
putpixel(x1+y,y1-x,WHITE);
putpixel(x1-y,y1+x,WHITE);
putpixel(x1-y,y1-x,WHITE);
x=x+1;
if(p<0)
p=p+4*(x)+6;

else
{
p=p+4*(x-y)+10;
y=y-1;
}
}
getch();
}

OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Exp 5:
Date:
MID POINT CIRCLE DRAWING ALGORITHM

AIM
To draw a circle using Mid Point circle drawing algorithm.

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Input radius r and circle center (Xc , Yc ) from the user.
Step 3: Plot first set of points on the circumference of a circle centered at (Xc , Yc ).
(Xc , Yc + r)
(Xc , Yc - r)
(Xc + r , Yc )
(Xc - r , Yc )
Step 4: Find the initial value of the decision parameter P0 = (5/4) - r
Step 5: If Pk < 0, the subsequent point along the circle centered at (0,0) is Yk + 1 = Xk + 1
Pk + 1= Pk+( 2*X-(2*y)+1)
Step 6: Otherwise the subsequent point along the circle is
Xk+1 = Yk +1
Yk+1 = Yk -1
and Pk+1= Pk+2Xk+1-2Yk+1
where 2Xk+1=2Xk+1 & 2Yk+1= 2Yk-2
Step 6: Find the symmetric points in all other octants
Step 7: Plot the above calculated pixel (x,y) on to the circle. Path of the circle centered at
(Xc,Yc) and plot the cordinates

i) Plot the point (xc+x, yc+y)

ii) Plot the point (xc-x, yc+y)
iii) Plot the point (xc+x, yc-y)
iv) Plot the point (xc-x, yc-y)
v) Plot the point (xc+y, yc+x)
vi) Plot the point (xc-y, yc+x)
vii) Plot the point (xc+y, yc-x)
viii) Plot the point (xc-y, yc-x)
Step 8: Repeat Step 4 through 5 & 7 until X<= Y

Step 9: Stop

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PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void pixel(int xc,int yc,int x,int y);
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,xc,yc,r,x,y,pk;
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi");
printf("Enter the coordinates of center\n\t");
scanf("%d%d",&xc,&yc);
printf("Enter the value of radius\n\t");
scanf("%d",&r);
x=0;
y=r;
pk=1-r;
pixel(xc,yc,x,y);
while(x<y)
{
if(pk<0)
{
x=x+1;
pk=pk+(2*x)+1;
}
else
{
x=x+1;
y=y-1;
pk=pk+(2*x)-(2*y)+1;
}
pixel(xc,yc,x,y);

getch();
closegraph();
}

void pixel(int xc,int yc,int x,int y)

{
putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,7);
putpixel(xc+y,yc+x,7);
putpixel(xc-y,yc+x,7);
putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,7);
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putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,7);
putpixel(xc+y,yc-x,7);
putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,7);

OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Exp 6:
Date:
2D TRANSFORMATION

6.1) TRANSLATION

AIM

To perform translation of a line

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize graphic system
Step 3: Read the end points of line (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
Step 4: Read the translation vector (tx, ty)
Step 5: Set x1 x1+tx, y1y1+ty, x2x2+tx and y2y2+ty
Step 6: Draw the line using line(x1, y1, x2, y2)
Step 7: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,x1,y1,x2,y2,tx,ty;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
printf("\n\t\t TRANSLATION OF A LINE");
printf("\n\tEnter the first coordinate of a line\n\t");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("\n\tEnter the second coordinate of a line\n\t");
scanf("%d%d",&x2,&y2);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
printf("\n\tEnter the translation vectors\n\t");
scanf("%d%d",&tx,&ty);
setcolor(RED);
x1=x1+tx;
y1=y1+ty;
x2=x2+tx;
y2=y2+ty;
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
}

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OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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6.2) ROTATION

AIM

To perform rotation of a line

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize graphic system
Step 3: Read the end points of line (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
Step 4: Read the angle of rotation, ang
Step 5: Set angle  ang*3.14/180
Step 6: Set x4x2-(((x2-x1)*cos(angle))-((y2-y1)*sin(angle))) and
y4y2-(((x2-x1)*sin(angle))+((y2-y1)*cos(angle)))
Step 7: Draw the line using line(x2, y2, x4, y4)
Step 8: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int x1,y1,x2,y2,x4,y4;
float angle=0,ang;
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
printf("\nROTATION OF A LINE\n");
printf("\nEnter the first coordiantes\n\t");
scanf("%d%d",&x1,&y1);
printf("\nEnter the second coordinates\n\t");
scanf("%d%d",&x2,&y2);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
printf("\nEnter the angle\n");
scanf("%f",&ang);
angle=(ang*3.14)/180;
setcolor(RED);
x4=x2-(((x2-x1)*cos(angle))-((y2-y1)*sin(angle)));
y4=y2-(((x2-x1)*sin(angle))+((y2-y1)*cos(angle)));
line(x2,y2,x4,y4);
getch();
}

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OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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6.3) SCALING

AIM

To perform scaling on a line

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize the graphic system
Step 3: Read the end points of a line (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
Step 4: Read the scaling factor (sx, sy)
Step 5: Set x1x1*sx, y1y1*sy, x2x2*sx, and y2y2*sy
Step 4: Draw the line using line(x1, y1, x2, y2)
Step 5: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
float x1,y1,x2,y2,sx,sy;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
printf("\n\tSCALING OF A LINE\n");
printf("\nEnter the first coordiantes\n\t");
scanf("%f%f",&x1,&y1);
printf("\nEnter the second coordinates\n\t");
scanf("%f%f",&x2,&y2);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
printf("\nEnter the scaling factors\n");
scanf("%f%f",&sx,&sy);
setcolor(RED);
x1=x1*sx;
y1=y1*sy;
x2=x2*sx;
y2=y2*sy;
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
getch();
}

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OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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6.4) SHEARING

AIM

To perform shearing of a polygon having 4 edges about x-axis and y-axis

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize the graphic system
Step 3: Read the four coordinates of polygon and shearing parameters (shx, shy)
Step 3: Display the menu
Step 4: If the choice is for shearing about x-axis
i) Set px1x1+shx*y1, py1y1, px2x2+shx*y2, py2y2
ii) Draw four lines using line(px1, py1, px2, py2), line(px2,py2,x3,y3),
line(x3,y3,x4,y4), line(x4,y4,px1,py1)
Step 5: If the choice is for shearing about y-axis
i) Set px3x2, py3y2+shy*x2, px4x2, py4y3+shy*x3
ii) Draw four lines using line(x1,y1,px3,py3), line(px3,py3,px4,py4),
line(px4,py4,x4,y4), line(x4,y4,x1,y1)
Step 6: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,x4,y4,shx,shy,ch;
float px1,py1,px2,py2,px3,py3,px4,py4;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
do
{
cleardevice();
gotoxy(1,1);
printf("\n\tCHOICE\n\n1.Shearing about x axis\n2.Shearing about y
axis\n3.Exit\nEnter your choice\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if((ch==2)||(ch==1))
{
printf("\nEnter the value of x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3,x4,y4\n");

scanf("%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3,&x4,&y4);
printf("\nEnter the shearing parameters\n");
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scanf("%d%d",&shx,&shy);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x4,y4);
line(x4,y4,x1,y1);
}
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
px1=x1+shx*y1;
py1=y1;
px2=x2+shx*y2;
py2=y2;
line(px1,py1,px2,py2);
line(px2,py2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x4,y4);
line(x4,y4,px1,py1);
getch();
break;
case 2:
px3=x2;
py3=y2+shy*x2;
px4=x2;
py4=y3+shy*x3;
line(x1,y1,px3,py3);
line(px3,py3,px4,py4);
line(px4,py4,x4,y4);
line(x4,y4,x1,y1);
getch();
break;
case 3:
printf("\n\t\t THANK U!!!\n");
delay(200);
exit(0);
break;
default:
printf("\n Wrong choice");
delay(200);
break;
}
}while(ch<4);
getch();
}

OUTPUT
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RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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6.5) REFLECTION

AIM

To reflect a triangle about x-axis, y-axis and orgin

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize the graphic system
Step 3: Read the coordinates of a triangle
Step 4: Draw the reflection axis and triangle.
Step 5: Display the menu
Step 6: If the choice is for x-axis
i) Set y1getmaxy()-y1, y2getmaxy()-y2, y3getmaxy()-y3
ii) Draw the lines using line(x1,y1,x2,y2), line(x2,y2,x3,y3),
line(x3,y3,x1,y1)
Step 7: If the choice is for y-axis
i) Set x1getmaxx()-x1, x2getmaxx()-x2, x3getmaxx()-x3
ii) Draw the lines using line(x1,y1,x2,y2), line(x2,y2,x3,y3),
line(x3,y3,x1,y1)
Step 8: If the choice is for origin
i) Set x1getmaxx()-x1, x2getmaxx()-x2, x3getmaxx()-x3,
y1getmaxy()-y1, y2getmaxy()-y2, y3getmaxy()-y3
ii) Draw the lines using line(x1,y1,x2,y2), line(x2,y2,x3,y3),
line(x3,y3,x1,y1)
Step9: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3;
int ch;
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
do{
cleardevice();
gotoxy(1,1);

printf("\n\t\tCHOICE\n1.Reflection about x-axis\n2.Reflection about y-axis\n3.Reflection

about origin\n4.Exit\n\nEnter your choice\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
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if((ch<4)&&(ch>0))
{
printf("\nEnter the value of x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3\n");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d%d",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2,&x3,&y3);
cleardevice();
line(getmaxx()/2,0,getmaxx()/2,getmaxy());
line(0,getmaxy()/2,getmaxx(),getmaxy()/2);
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
}
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
y1=getmaxy()-y1;
y2=getmaxy()-y2;
y3=getmaxy()-y3;
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
getch();
break;
case 2:
x1=getmaxx()-x1;
x2=getmaxx()-x2;
x3=getmaxx()-x3;
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
getch();
break;
case 3:
x1=getmaxx()-x1;
x2=getmaxx()-x2;
x3=getmaxx()-x3;
y1=getmaxy()-y1;
y2=getmaxy()-y2;
y3=getmaxy()-y3;
line(x1,y1,x2,y2);
line(x2,y2,x3,y3);
line(x3,y3,x1,y1);
getch();
break;

case 4:
printf("\n\t\t THANK U!!!!\n");
delay(200);
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break;
default:
printf("\n\n WRONG CHOICE\n");
delay(200);
break;
}
}while(ch!=4);
getch();
}

OUTPUT

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RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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CYCLE – II

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Exp 7
Date:

3D ROTATION ON A CUBE

AIM

To perform 3D rotation on a cube.

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Set maxx ← getmaxx
maxy ← getmaxy
midx ← maxx/2
midy ← maxy/2
Step 3: Draw the cube using bar3d
Step 3: Read the rotation angle
Step 4: Calculate x1, y1, x2, y2
Step 5: Read the sides of the cube and store into array
Step 6: Draw the cube using line functions
Step 7: Calculate a1 ← 3.14 * 60/180
a2 ← 3.14 * 60/180
Step 8: Apply rotation to the coordinates
Step 9: Draw the cube using line function
Step 6: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
int maxx,maxy,midx,midy,o;
void axis()
{
getch();
cleardevice();
line(midx,o,midx,maxy);
line(o,midy,maxx,midy);
}
void main()
{
int gd=0,gm,x,y,z,o,x1,x2,y1,y2,ch;
//detectgraph(&gd,&gm);
initgraph(&gd,&gm," ");
maxx=getmaxx();
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maxy=getmaxy();
midx=maxx/2;
midy=maxy/2;
bar3d(midx+50,midy-100,midx+60,midy-90,5,1);
printf("\n\tEnter rotating angle");
scanf("%d",&o);
x1=50*cos(o*3.14/180)*sin(0*3.14/180);
y1=50*cos(o*3.14/180)+100*sin(0*3.14/180);
x2=60*sin(o*3.14/180)-90*cos(0*3.14/180);
y2=60*sin(o*3.14/180)+90*cos(0*3.14/180);
while(1)
{
printf("\nMenu\n1.Rotation about z axis\n2.Rotation about x axis\n3.Rotation about y
axis\n4.Exit");
printf("Enter ur choice");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("Rotation about z axis");
axis();
bar3d(midx+50,midy-100,midx+60,midy-90,5,1);
printf("After rotation about z axis");
bar3d(midx+x1,midy-y1,midx+x2,midy-y2,5,1);

break;
case 2:
printf("Rotation about x axis");
axis();
bar3d(midx+50,midy-100,midx+60,midy-90,5,1);
printf("After rotation about x axis");
bar3d(midx+50,midy-x1,midx+60,midy-x2,5,1);
break;
case 3:
printf("Rotation about y axis");
axis();
bar3d(midx+50,midy-100,midx+60,midy-90,5,1);
printf("After rotation about y axis");
bar3d(midx+x1,midy-100,midx+x2,midy-90,5,1);
break;
case 4:
exit(0);

}
getch();

}
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closegraph();
}

OUTPUT

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RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Exp 8:
Date:
2D COMPOSITE TRANSFORMATIONS

AIM:
To Perform 2D Composite Transformation

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Start 2: Read the number of coordinates ,n
Step 3: read (n+1) *2 coordinates.
Step 4: Draw polygon using drawpoly(n+1,pt)
Step 5: Call function trans( ).
Step 6: Stop

Function trans( )

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read the translation vector tx , ty
Step 3: for i=0 to (n+1)*2 coordinates do
(i) t[i]=pt[i] +tx
(ii) t[i=1]=pt[i+1]+ty
Step 4: Trace the line polygon
Step 5: call function Scale(int ref[])

Function Scale (int ref[])

Step 1: Read the scaling factors Sx & Sy.
Step 2: For 1=0 to( n+1)*2 do
i) S[i]=ref[0]+(t[i]-ref[0])*sx;
ii) S[i+1]=ref[1]+(t[i+1]-ref[1])*sy;
iii) i+2
Step 3: Draw the polygon
Step 4: Call inverse( )

Function inverse( )
Step 1: Set tx=0, ty=150 do
Step 2: For i=0 to (n+1)*2 do
(i) in[i]=s[i]-tx;
(ii) in[i+1]=s[i+1]-ty;
Step3: Draw the polygon
Step 4: Stop

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PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
int i,pt[20],t[20],s[20],in[20],n;
int refpt[2]={100,100};
void trans();
void scale(int *);
void invtrans();
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\tc\\bgi");
printf("Enter the no: of coordinates");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Coordinates are");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&pt[i]);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
drawpoly(n+1,pt);
}
getch();
trans();
closegraph();
}

void trans()
{
int i,tx,ty;
printf("Translation\n");
printf("Translation Vectors");
scanf("%d%d",&tx,&ty);

for(i=0;i<2*(n+1);i=i+2)
{
t[i]=pt[i]+tx;
t[i+1]=pt[i+1]+ty;
}
drawpoly(n+1,t);
getch();
scale(refpt);
}
void scale(int ref[])
{
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int i;
int sx,sy;
printf("\tScaling\n");
printf("Sacling Vectors");
scanf("%d%d",&sx,&sy);
for(i=0;i<2*(n+1);i=i+2)
{
s[i]=ref[0]+(t[i]-ref[0])*sx;
s[i+1]=ref[1]+(t[i+1]-ref[1])*sy;
}
drawpoly(n+1,s);
getch();
invtrans();
cleardevice();
}
void invtrans()
{
int i,tx=0,ty=150;
printf("\n\n\nInverse translation");
for(i=0;i<2*(n+1);i=i+2)
{
in[i]=s[i]-tx;
in[i+1]=s[i+1]-ty;
}
drawpoly(n+1,in);
getch();
}

OUTPUT

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RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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EXP 9:
Date:

BEZIER CURVE

AIM:

To draw a Bezier Curve.

ALGORITHM

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
void bezier(int x[4],int y[4])
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int i;
double t;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"...\\bgi");
for(t=0.0;t<1.0;t+=0.0005)
{
double xt=pow(1-t,3)*x[0]+3*t*pow(1-t,2)*x[1]+3*pow(t,2)*(1-t)*x[2]+pow(t,3)*x[3];
double yt=pow(1-t,3)*y[0]+3*t*pow(1-t,2)*y[1]+3*pow(t,2)*(1-t)*y[2]+pow(t,3)*y[3];
putpixel(xt,yt,WHITE);
}
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
putpixel(x[i],y[i],YELLOW);
getch();
closegraph();
return;
}
void main()
{
int x[4],y[4];
int i;
printf("\nEnter the x and y coordinates of the four control points\n");
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
scanf("%d%d",&x[i],&y[i]);
bezier(x,y);
}
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OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Exp 10:
Date:
FRACTAL CONSTRUCTION

AIM
To generate Fractal images.

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: The triangle is created by infinite removals.
Step 3: Each triangle is divided into 4 smaller upside down triangles.
Step 3: The center of the triangle is removed.
Step 4: As the process is iterated infinite number of times, total area of the set goes to
infinity as the size of the new triangle goes to zero.
Step 5: After closer examination magnification factor is 2.
Step 6: With each magnification these are 3 division of a triangle dimension
D = In(3) / In(2)
D = 1.5850
Step 6: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void DrawSierpinski(void);
void main(void)
{
int gd=VGA;
int gm=VGAHI;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"\\tc\\bgi");
DrawSierpinski();
getch();
}
void DrawSierpinski(void)
{
char Direct;
int iterate;
unsigned int x1,y1,x2,y2;
x1=x2=320;
y1=y2=0;
for(iterate=0;iterate<10000;iterate++)

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{
Direct=random(3);
if(Direct==0)
{
x1=(x2+320)/2;
y1=(y2+0)/2;
}
else if(Direct==1)
{

x1=(x2+0)/2;
y1=(y2+480)/2;
}
else if(Direct==2)
{
x1=(x2+640)/2;
y1=(y2+480)/2;
}
putpixel(x1,y1,WHITE);
x2=x1;
y2=y1;
}
}
OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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CYCLE – III
ANIMATIONS

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Exp 11:
Date:

BUCKET FILLING
AIM

To show the animation of falling water from a pipe into a bucket

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize graphic system
Step 3: Draw pipe using line functions
Step 4: Draw bucket using line functions
Step 5: Repeat for i= 155 to 296
i) draw circle with the center (278,i) and radius 2
Step 6: Repeat for j=298 to 198
i) Set i190
ii) Increment the value of i until the color of pixel (i, j) become WHITE
iii) Set ii+1
iv) Set x1i
v) Increment the value of i until the color of pixel (i, j) become WHITE
vi) Set ii-1
vii) Set x2i
viii) Draw the line using line(x1,j,x2,j)
ix) Call delay of 75ms
Step 7: Show the overflow of bucket with line functions
Step 8: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int gdriver=0,gmode;
int i,j,x1,x2;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");
setfillstyle(1,7);
rectangle(0,301,400,485);
floodfill(5,400,15);
line(180,0,180,301);

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line(180,143,282,143); //PIPE
line(180,150,275,150);
line(282,143,282,155);
line(275,150,275,155);
line(275,135,275,143);
line(271,135,271,143);
setfillstyle(1,WHITE);
fillellipse(273,135,6,2);

line(200,200,250,300); //BUCKET
line(250,300,300,300);
line(300,300,350,200);

setcolor(1);
for(i=155;i<=296;i++)
{
circle(278,i,2);
delay(20);
}

for(j=298;j>198;j--) //BUCKET FILLING

{
i=190;
while(getpixel(i,j)!=15)
i++;
i++;
x1=i;
while(getpixel(i,j)!=15)
i++;
i--;
x2=i;
line(x1,j,x2,j);
delay(75);
}

line(200,200,200,300); //OVERFLOW
line(350,200,350,300);
delay(250);
line(200,200,199,300);
line(350,200,351,300);
delay(250);
line(200,200,198,300);
line(350,200,352,300);
getch();
closegraph();

}
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OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Exp 12:
Date:

HATCHING OF AN EGG
AIM

To perform an animation of hatching of an egg

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize the graphic system
Step 3: Draw an egg using sector functions with WHITE color
Step 4: Display the breaking using line functions and delay function.
Step 5: Show the broken pieces of egg using sector
Step 6: Draw the chicken using fillellipse, line etc. functions.
Step 7: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int gdriver=0,gmode;
initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");
setbkcolor(0);

sector(200,200,90,280,40,37);
sector(200,200,270,360,65,37);
sector(200,200,0,90,65,37);
getch();

setcolor(0);
circle(225,175,1);
sleep(1);
circle(225,175,2);
delay(250);
line(225,175,200,163);
line(225,175,200,200);
delay(100);
line(225,175,215,220);
line(225,175,225,170);

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delay(350);
line(215,220,240,240);
delay(200);
setfillstyle(1,0);
floodfill(230,180,0);

setcolor(15);
setfillstyle(1,15);
sector(250,200,280,360,65,37);
line(245,247,235,300);
line(235,300,251,315);
line(251,315,245,247);
floodfill(240,300,15);

setcolor(14);
setfillstyle(1,14);
fillellipse(275,150,40,30);
fillellipse(300,135,17,20);

setcolor(0);
pieslice(272,173,265,275,8);
pieslice(285,175,265,275,5);
setfillstyle(1,0);
sector(320,135,140,190,5,5);
circle(307,125,1);

sleep(1);
setcolor(14);
setfillstyle(1,14);
fillellipse(300,130,17,20);
setcolor(0);
circle(299,124,1);
circle(310,124,1);
putpixel(299,124,0);
putpixel(310,124,0);

setfillstyle(1,0);
sector(305,137,65,115,5,5);

getch();
closegraph();
}

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OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Exp 13:
Date:
BALL BOUNCING
AIM

To show the animation of a ball bouncing on the floor

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize the graphic system and other variables
Step 3: Set flag0
Step 4: Repeat until any key is pressed
i) set drawing color to RED using setcolor()
ii) Draw a line representing the floor
iii) If flag=0
a. yy+2
b. xx+1
c. if y>=385, set flag1
iv) if flag=1
a. yy-2
b. xx+1
c. if y<=upperlimit, set flag0, upperlimitupperlimit+20
v) draw the ball using fillellipse function
Step 5: Stop
PROGRAM
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
void main()
{
int gd=0,gm,x=20,flag=0,y=250,uplimit=250;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
while(!kbhit())
{
setcolor(4);
line(0,400,679,400);
if(flag==0)
{
y+=2;
x+=1;
if(y>=385)
flag=1;
}

if(flag==1)

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{
y-=2;
x+=1;
if(y<=uplimit)
{
flag=0;
uplimit+=20;
}
}
setcolor(15);
fillellipse(x,y,15,15);
delay(15);
setcolor(0);
setfillstyle(1,0);
fillellipse(x,y,15,15);
}
getch();
}

OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Exp 14:
Date:

MAN WALKING IN THE RAIN

AIM

To show the animation of a man walking in the rain with an umbrella

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize the graphic system
Step 3: Set k0
Step 4: Repeat while no key is pressed
i) rain(0, k)
ii) man(k)
iii) kk+1
iv) rain(3, k)
v) man(k)
vi) kk+1
vii) rain(15, k)
viii) man(k)
ix) kk+1
x) Clear the screen
Step 5: Stop

Function rain(m, x)

Step 1: Declare the variables i and j

Step 2: Set im
Step 3: Repeat until i gets maximum value of y coordinate
i) Set j0
ii) Repeat until j gets maximum value of x coordinate
a. If i>=317 and j>=x-15 and j<=85+x, do nothing
b. Else, draw a line with end points (j, i) and (j, i+3)

Function man(x)
Step 1: Draw the man at correct place using line , circle and sector functions

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>

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void man(int x)
{
int i,j;
circle(x+15,350,14);
line(x+15,364,x+15,424);
line(x+15,424,x+5,getmaxy());
line(x+15,424,x+25,getmaxy());
line(x+15,384,x+30,394);
line(x+30,394,x+35,384);
line(x+35,384,x+35,325);
sector(35+x,325,0,180,50,10);
}
void rain(int m,int x)
{
int i,j;
for(i=m;i<getmaxy();i+=10)
for(j=0;j<getmaxx();j+=10)
{
if((i>=317)&&(j>=x-15)&&(j<=85+x))
{
}
else
line(j,i,j,i+3);
}
delay(50);
}
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm,k=0;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
while(!kbhit())
{
rain(0,k);
man(k);
k++;
rain(3,k);
man(k);
k++;
rain(15,k);
man(k);
k++;
cleardevice();
}
getch();

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OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Department of CSE
 CS010 806 Computer Graphics Lab

Exp 15:
Date
CAR SIMULATION

AIM

To animate the movement of a car.

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize the variables
Step 3: Initialize the graphic system.
Step 4: Using rectangle and circle coordinates draw it.
Step 5: Using rectangle and circle and press the corresponding key for moving the car.
Step 6: Use the clear view part function.
Step 7: Increment the x value of both rectangle and circle.
Step 8: Repeat step 6 and step 7.
Step 9: Check if the kbhit()! = 0.
if it is true goto step 11 to 13
Step 10: Otherwise goto step 13
Step 11: If ch = „a‟ then assign y = 40
Step 12: If ch == „r‟ then assign y = -20
Step 13: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int gd=DETECT,gm;
int i,j;
char ch;
clrscr();
initgraph(&gd,&gm," ");
rectangle(60,75,100,100);
rectangle(30,100,130,150);
circle(50,160,10);
circle(100,160,10);
printf("\nPress the following keys for moving the car");

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printf("\ns-start a-accelerate r-reverse e-exit");

ch=getch();
if(ch=='s')
{
i=10;
delay(100);
clearviewport();
rectangle(60+i,75,100+i,100);
rectangle(30+i,100,130+i,150);
circle(50+i,160,10);
circle(100+i,160,10);
for(i=0;i<640;i++)
{
clearviewport();
rectangle(60+i,75,100+i,100);
rectangle(30+i,100,130+i,150);
circle(50+i,160,10);
circle(100+i,160,10);

clearviewport();
if(kbhit()!=0)
{
ch=getch();
if(ch=='a')
{
j=40;
delay(200);
}
if(ch=='r')
{
j=-20;
delay(200);
}
if(ch=='e')
{
exit(0);
}
i=i+j;
}
}
}
getch();
}

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OUTPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Department of CSE
 CS010 806 Computer Graphics Lab

Exp 16:
Date
ROTATING WHEEL

AIM

To show the animation of a rotating wheel.

ALGORITHM

Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize the graphic system.
Step 3: Set xc = 639/2, yc = 479/2, rad = M_PI/n
Step 4: Draw circle using circle(xc, yc, rad)
Step 5: Set rad2 = rad
Step 6: For I = 0 to n do
(i) draw line(xc+r*sin(rad2),yc-r*cos(rad2),xc-r*sin(rad2),yc+r*cos(rad2))
(ii) rad2=rad2+M_PI/n
(iii) Increment
Step 7: rad=rad+M_PI/100
Step 8: Draw line using line(200,yc+r,450,yc+r)
Step 9: Stop

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int xc,yc,r=50;
int n=4,i;
int gd=DETECT,gm;
float rad=M_PI/n, rad1=M_PI/100,rad2;
xc=639/2;
yc=479/2;
initgraph(&gd,&gm,”D:\TC\BGI”);
while(!kbhit())
{
circle(xc,yc,r);
rad2=rad;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
line(xc+r*sin(rad2),yc-r*cos(rad2),xc-r*sin(rad2),yc+r*cos(rad2));
rad2=rad2+M_PI/n;

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}
rad=rad+M_PI/100;
line(200,yc+r,450,yc+r);
delay(5);
clearviewport();
}
getch();
}

OUPUT

RESULT

The program is successfully executed and output obtained.

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Department of CSE