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Flowing Fluids and Pressure Variation: Pressure Differences Are (Often) The Forces That Move Fluids
Flowing Fluids and Pressure Variation: Pressure Differences Are (Often) The Forces That Move Fluids
Chapter 4
Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions of Fluid Motion For fluid mechanics, the more convenient description is
usually the Eulerian one:
Eulerian: Observer stays at a fixed point in space.
Lagrangian: Observer moves along with a given fluid particle.
When displacements get large (e.g. in fluid flow), the deforming A streamline is a line drawn through the flow field such that
grid gets problematic. But we sometimes use mixed the flow vector is tangent to it at every point at a given
approaches, e.g. Lagrangian tracers in a Eulerian frame. instant in time.
Flow is uniform if
Turbulence forms
mostly downstream
from the airfoil.
or
From last page, we For a simpler example, letʼs look at the material
had derivative of temperature T in one dimension: T(x,t)
This derivative is called the full derivative or material At a given point x0, a change
derivative. in temperature can be
It is often written D/Dt instead of d/dt. caused by two different
It can apply to other quantities as well. mechanisms:
1) The temperature of the local fluid particle changes
(e.g., due to heat conduction, radioactive heating,
etc…): Mistake in notes!
= local acceleration in x
Eulerian:
Note that conservation laws naturally apply in the
Lagrangian frame:
A conserved quantity such as total energy E remains
The convective terms may be seen as a correction due to constant in a given material volume.
the fact that new particles with different properties are An Eulerian observer sees different material volumes
moving into our observation volume. flow past, each of them possibly with different E.
Eulerʼs Equation
Now we shrink the fluid element to Uniform acceleration of a tank of liquid (Fig. 4.13)
and so that
Horizontal balance:
Eulerʼs equation
(force balance in Vertical balance: (hydrostatic!)
a moving fluid)
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation: Recall what we just did to get the Bernoulli equation:
Start with Eulerʼs equation applied along a pathline: 1) Assume steady flow (donʼt apply this to anything else!)
2) Integrate forces (per volume) along a pathline.
Rotation of a fluid element in a rotating tank of fluid If the paddle wheel rotates, the flow is rotational at that
(solid body rotation). point.
The net rate of
rotation of the
bisector is
As
And similarly
The rotation rate we just found was that about the z-axis; The property more frequently used is the vorticity
hence, we may call it
and similarly
(V is function of r, only)
Forced vortex (interior) and We can find the pressure variation in different vortices
(letʼs assume constant height z):
free vortex (outside):
In general:
Good approximation to
naturally occurring
vortices such as 1) Solid body rotation:
tornadoes.
with
Pressure as function of
z and r