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Norma API 571 (PAG 171-178)
Norma API 571 (PAG 171-178)
4.3.12.9 References
1. R.D. Port and H.M. Herro, “The NALCO Guide to Boiler Failure Analysis,” McGraw-Hill, Inc., NY,
1991, pp. 259-263.
2. ASM Metals Handbook, “Failure Analysis and Prevention,” Volume 11, ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.
3. ASM Metals Handbook, “Corrosion,” Volume 13, ASM International, Materials Park, OH.
Copyrighted material licensed to Saudi Aramco. No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [rabdad.khan@aramco.com] @ 2012-07-31
Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry 4-149
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Figure 4-103 – Graphitic Corrosion of cast iron impeller due to glycol acidification.
Figure 4-104 – Cut away of cast iron impeller shown above. The dark phase around the outside
perimeter (at arrows) is graphite which surround the unaffected metal in the middle.
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Printed / viewed by: [rabdad.khan@aramco.com] @ 2012-07-31
4-150 API Recommended Practice 571
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Figure 4-105 – View of the outside of an underground concrete-lined salt water service line that
failed from graphitic corrosion.
Figure 4-106 – View of concrete lining inside the failed line shown in Figure 105.
Copyrighted material licensed to Saudi Aramco. No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [rabdad.khan@aramco.com] @ 2012-07-31
Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry 4-151
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Figure 4-107 – Cross section of a gray cast iron drainpipe showing charcoal colored thru-wall
graphitic corrosion encroaching from both sides. Note the through wall crack at the bottom.
Figure 4-108 – Cross section of a gray cast iron pipe with graphitic corrosion coming from O.D.
(Point B).
Copyrighted material licensed to Saudi Aramco. No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [rabdad.khan@aramco.com] @ 2012-07-31
4-152 API Recommended Practice 571
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Figure 4-109 – Higher magnification view of unaffected area “A” shown in Figure 4-108.
Figure 4-110 – Higher magnification view of the damage from shown in 4-108 (area “B”).
Copyrighted material licensed to Saudi Aramco. No further reproduction or distribution permitted.
Printed / viewed by: [rabdad.khan@aramco.com] @ 2012-07-31
Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry 4-153
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4.4.1 Oxidation
b) Temperatures can be monitored through the use of tubeskin thermocouples and/or infrared
thermography.
c) Loss in thickness due to oxidation is usually measured using external ultrasonic thickness
measurements.
4.4.1.9 References
1. API RP 581, Risk-Based Inspection Technology, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.,
2008.
2. J. Gutzeit et al., “Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations” ASM Metals
Handbook, Volume 13, ASM International, OH, 1987, pp. 1262 – 1288.
3. “Corrosion Basics – An Introduction,” NACE International, Houston, TX, 1984, pp. 276 - 288.
4. F. Dettenwanger et al., “The influence of Si, W and water vapor on the oxidation behavior of 9Cr
steels”, Paper No. 01151, NACE International, Houston, TX, 2001.