Mechanical properties of Steel

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 Mechanical Properties of Steel
T T

fu High Strength Steel

T
fu
fy
Mild Steel
d

Yield Plateau
fy b
e
c

0.0012

a
0.012 0.15  0.23
0.2%

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 Tensile strength of steel Shaped to avoid stress
concentration and
Lc St.Venant’s effects
t
r Area=S0-
Standard tensile
d
test specimen
F L
F

Deformed
regions
Luder’s bands in
tensile test specimen
F F
Moving edges of
Luder’s band

Area=S-
Tensile test
specimen before
F F rupture
L
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 f Variation Esh = 4800 – 6200 MPa
Elastic due to
range Luder’s
bands
fy
Plastic Strain hardening Stress strain curve
range range for sharp yielding
structural steels

y sh  10y
y

Uniform Non-uniform
f plastic plastic
fy 0.2% proof
stress
Stress strain curve for Elastic
continuously yielding
structural steels 0.2%
strain



y
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 T T

fu High Strength Steel

T
fu
fy
Mild Steel
d

Yield Plateau
fy b
e
c

0.0012

a
0.012 0.15  0.23
0.2%
Uniform plasticity Non-Uniform
plasticity 5
 Yield for Multi-axial state of stress

Energy of distorsion theory/ Von Mises Theory for yielding

f y2   x 2   x 2   x x  3 xy 2
(Von Mises yield criterion for two-dimensional state of stress)
fy
 xy  Pure state of shear Never ever
3 forget these two
equations
 x  f y For normal stress

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 Toughness and resilience
Learning point: Toughness and resilience are measures
of the ability of a metal to absorb mechanical energy
T
fu
Mild Steel

fy

Resilience: Elastic energy absorption of the material per

unit volume – also referred to as the modulus of resilence
Toughness is the total energy absorbed per unit volume
of the material and includes both elastic and plastic
components (modulus of toughness)
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 h1
Experimental
set up for
h2 notch
c
toughness test

Test specimen for notch

toughness test

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 Cold working and strain hardening
T
fu
Mild Steel
Unloading
fy
Unloading

Reloading Reloading

Learning point: (i) Cold working beyond plastic range into

strain hardening range increases the yield strength and
removes the yield plateau
(ii) Strain ageing improves yield strength further and
restores yield plateu
(iii) Cold working and strain ageing reduce ductility.
(iv) Annealing eliminates the effect of cold working
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Hysteritic Behaviour and Bauchinger effect

fy

E
2fy

fy

Learning point: The change in the subsequent yield stress due

to a plastic preloading is called Bauchinger effect
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 Hardness of Steel

Hardness is regarded as the resistance of a material to

indentations and scratching. This is generally
determined by forcing an indentor on to the surface.

(a) Brinell hardness Square based

diamond pyramids
of 135O included
angle

(b) Vickers Hardness Diamond core with

120 O included
angle

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Effect of temperature on notch toughness of steel

Energy absorbed

Transition
Temperature Region of
Shear
(Ductile)
Region of failure
Cleavage(brit
tle) failure Ductile to
brittle
transition curve

Temperature
Strain rate

Notch Toughness is the resistance of the metal to start and

propagate a crack at thr base of the standard V notch

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Effect of strain rate on the yield strength of steel

fy
f y @( 2 x10 4 )

1.2
fy . 0.33
 0.973  0.45 
f y @( 2 x10 4 )
1.1
Strain rate in
seconds-1
1.0

10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1

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• THANK YOU VERY MUCH !

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