FUNGI - Septate:

 Divide cytoplasm
Kingdom: Myceteae (Complete or partial)
- Nonseptate
Groups: - Aerial: (surface)
 Macroscopic: Mushrooms, Puffballs, Gill Fungi  reproduction
 Microscopic: Yeast, Molds - Vegetative: (substrate)
 Nutritional hyphae
Structures:
 Cell Wall: Chitin CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SPORE
 Cell Membrane: Ergostrerol & FORMATION
Zymosterol
 Nucleus: Eucaryotic Asexual spores
 Cytoplasm: Mitochondria &
Reticulum 1. SPORANGIOSPORE (Sporangium)
 Spores:  Successive cleavage in a saclike head
- Compact & lightweight  Sporangiospore
- Sexual & asexual reproduction  Released when sporangium ruptures
- Survival  Example:
- Dispersed in the Environment: Rhizopus Nigricans
Water, air, living things
2. CONIDIOSPORE (Conidia)
Characteristics  Free spores, no sac
 Unicellular: yeasts  Development:
 Colonial: mushrooms & puffballs - Special fertile hyphae pinghes off
 Microscopic morphology: - segmentation of pre-existing
 Yeasts: round, oval, asexual hyphae
reproduction (fission, budding), form  FORMS:
pseudohyphae - Arthrospore
 Molds: filamentous, form hyphae  Rectangular spore
 Dimorphic: Yeast like @ 37°C  Coccidioidis Immitis
Mold like @ 25°C - Chlamydospore
 Cloak
 Nutrition: heterotrophic, saprobes,  Candida Albicans
Parasites, decomposers
- Blastospore
 Growth: nutritionally poor or adverse areas
 Or bud, budding from a
 pH: 5
 moisture: low parent cell
 anaerobic: facultative - Phialospore
 low temperature: glacier or snow  Vessel
 high osmotic pressure: high sugar or high  Bud from mouth of a vase-
salt shaped spore bearing cell
 Organization: called a sterigma or phialide
 Loose association or colony - Micro or Macroconidium
- Yeast Colony:  Micro – Single celled
Soft, uniform textures appearance  Macro – 2 or more cells
(S.U.T.A.)
 One fungus under varying
- Mold Colony:
conditions
Cottony, hairy, velvety texture
- Porospore
 Grows out through small pores
in the spore bearing cell
 Hyphal Structure Sexual Spores
  Mania
1. ZYGOSPORES  Psychosis
 Sturdy diploid spores
 Formed from hyphae of two opposite Aflatoxicoses
strains Description: Aflatoxin ingestion (potent carcinogen)
 Moisture + Nutrients = allow Causative agent:
germination Aspergillus Flavus
 Example: saphrophytic molds, Reservoir:
Rhizopus Nigricans - Cereals (made from contaminated grains)
2. ASCOSPORES - Peanut butter
 Different strains join together (Made from mold contaminated peanuts)
 Differentiate to form ascus or sac Effect:
 Diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis then - Liver damage
mitosis - Hepatic cancer
 Mature spores in a sac with 4 to 8 Signs:
haploid nuclei - Hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver
 Ex: - Bile duct proliferation
- Molds with septate hyphae and - Lethargy
some yeast - Edema
- Penicillium Notatum - Abdominal pain
- Vomiting
3. BASIDIOSPORES (mushrooms, cephalosporiums) - Fever
 Sexual spores form on the outside of a - Digestive symptoms
club-shaped cell (basidium) - Convulsions
 Two mating types come together - Growth and development delay in children
 Form terminal cells with diploid nuclei (chronic exposure)
 Nuclei undergoes meiosis
Trichothecenes
Causative agent:
- Fusarium
MYCOTOXICOSES
Reservoir:
- Wheat and rice
Ergotism
Effect:
Description: ergot poisoning
- Inhibit protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells
Ergotamine ingestion
Signs:
Causative Agent:
- Headache
Claviceps Purpura (rust fungus)
- Chills
Reservoir:
- Severe nausea
- Rye
- Vomiting
- Grain products contaminated with fungus
- Visual disturbances
Effect:
Phalloidin and Amanitin Toxins
- Deterioration of capilliaries and neurolgic
Description: Death Angels
impairments
Causative agent:
Signs:
- Amanita Phalloides
- Convulsive Symptoms
Reservoir:
 Painful Sz
- Mold
 Spasms
Effect:
 Diarrhea
- Cystolysis (Cell Lysis) of hepatocytes
 Paresthesia
Signs:
 Itching
- Diarrhea
 Headache
- Cramps
 Nausea and vomiting
- Liver and kidney failure leading to organ death
 Hallucinations (same as LSD)
- Comatose stage progressing to renal failure