Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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construction activities.
were the major concerns of almost all families in all the selected
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districts which accounted for about 81/4 hours per day. About 4
hours for cooking and meal services, 1 hour for fetching water, 1 1/4
hours for washing, 1 hour for house maintenance and child care and
1 hour for personal care, 3 hours for care of animals were spent in a
day. The remaining time was spent on sleep and leisure activities.
and lower income families are normally taking up job essentially due
view that they are working for their emotional satisfaction rather
shopping etc, but not about the major issues like housing, savings
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Ramanamma and Usha Bambawale (1987) according to most
keeping a small share of their earning for their personal use. They
are not given any decision making power in respect of their salary or
the total family funds. They are only made to administer it but not
status in the family has no doubt changed for the better due to her
employment outside the home but the change is not really for the
salary spending. There are cases where the property has been
significant way.
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marriage, education, social participation, political participation,
mass media and world view‟. Findings revealed the fact that even
between the housework and office work. They were satisfied with
their job and argued that their status was equal to that of their male
counterparts.
middle income and lower income families are normally taking up job
employees expressed the view that they are working for their
does not always drive women into labour force. The occupational
profound.
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Sogra, Khair Jahan, (1992) stated that for female managers in
studying the process and shows the form it can take in an urban
labour market like Bombay. The renal section analyses the future
age in as much as the teen-aged girls have less concern for status
same age group, the working educated women have higher concern
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educational level of girls is told that they could play a more active
may play a major role in increasing the status of women and hence
and why the shift was made during the planning era in India. She
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of credit, marketing etc. She suggested the strategies for socio –
the role of women to improve the status of women and family welfare.
men.
recent past. All these women had strong driving force within them
that could lead them to such top positions in spite of the roadblocks.
They all had the confidence to move forward in the system in which
This leads to think that what are the factors, which keep women
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away from aspiring positions, participation and contribution to the
say that ladies always create a headache with their every day new
status.
family)
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However, the existence of gender-based segregation was evident in
to management level.
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2.5 ATTITUDE OF HUSBAND
husband and wife has been found to have a positive relation with
there in spite of the fact that wives are also earning in the same
manner.
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2.6 ROLE STRESS
experience of burnout and their specific impact also varied with the
related to burnout.
revealed women who were younger with higher total role overload
scores and more severe total hassles were more likely to report
and women are not different. Coping strategies are clear in both the
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2.7 ROLE CONFLICT
facility and employer‟s objection to bring the child to the work place
respondents opined that office work and family work both are
enjoyable. Only 30 per cent of them felt that the time spent with their
per cent said that is was difficult to carry on the household work and
activities.
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Deepa Mathur, (1992) revealed that high proportion of
working women was satisfied with their work role. Nearly half of the
respondents complained of adverse effect of their employment on
counterparts.
role identities are stronger for women than men, and women more
than men are socialized to feel responsible for the quality of their
family relationships.
women. In line with identity theory Stryker (1987) parents for whom
the parental role was highly salient compared to those for whom it
was less salient were more affected by parental strains-that is, they
responsibilities.
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experience higher stress levels than working women with older
Vidya Rani, (1990) examined that working women felt that they
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possibly the most potent limiting factor on their industrialization. In
is one who organizes and manages it and takes its risk. Initiative,
have distinguished themselves and have set the pace for economic
48
Anna (1990) conducted a sweetly on the trend of women
study was that the men folk have to be greatly inflamed to extent
policy makers on the one hand and the emergency both men and
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entrepreneur rather than on the enterprise. The investigation was
women entrepreneurs, and mass media like radio, T.V. etc., can be
50
M.A. Khan (1992) in his book “Entrepreneurial Development
entrepreneurs.
women.
finding supports the nation that less educated women may faced
pursuits.
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entrepreneurs were more like the successful male entrepreneurship
women entrepreneur and all the systems like socio sphere system
the existing self sphere system and resources system directly and
indirectly.
The study revealed that these women were well equipped with
of the study was that give suitable and timely infrastructural support
economy.
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Jyotsna (1994) conducted a survey of 200 women entrepreneur
phenomenon which came on the scene in the 70‟s but showed a real
spurt in the eighties especially in the latter half of the decade. The
small scale village and cottage industries. SCs and STs were
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spinning and Dalit women cleaning the roads. However in the
Promoters.
larger counterparts.
54
Breen (1995) examined financial and family issues by taking a
finance and started business with low initial capital. On the family
analyzed four case studies where women have carried out group
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measures. The important suggestions made by the study were
which have lead these women to open up their new own business.
sacrifice their family for a seat in the board room and the other
that women business owners are a growing social force which require
women entrepreneur to explore the reasons for the rise and success
organization which wish to halt the mass exit of women from their
corporate environment.
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Rani (1997) tried to analyses their successful women
comes to them and one can enjoy being in business, the third women
felt that the qualities of entrepreneurship can be acqtured and to
Continue family business and to give shape to them ideas and skill.
business firms in the US and tried to bring out Certain facts about
the passion and the problems of the women and Business here in
used from 3 million in the Mid 1980‟s Contributory an bestialized
Women have to face extra Challenger has one of the biggest challenge
is the comfiest between work and family. In other corner the last 25
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Rabindra N. Kanungo (1998) in his book “Entrepreneurship &
small percentage of the SSI Units and the reasons for Situation as
analyses by the study were that Women were not nearly to stumble
entrepreneur in Pondicherry.
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Srinivasan and Srinivasa galu (1998) conducted a pilot study
women entrepreneurs.
country.
diffidence and guilt and social forces. The author opines that to
develop a women entrepreneur what does not fell role conflict early
entrepreneur.
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Chaudhary and Sharma (1998) made a study on women
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh etc. the authors opined that there are huge
have started giving special attention to this group, the union budget
percent over the previous year budget and the ninth plan has given
entrepreneurship.
apart from the competition from better quality products, the difficulty
in getting loans. The least problems faced by both rural and urban
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Selvaraj (2000) in his study attempted to explain the behavior
etc.
development services.
and models were developed and field-tested during 1970s. The book
credibility.
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entrepreneurs. Information was collected from 12 support
to draw many from the banks and to educate their children and
about benefit of keeping small family norm. Women who have taken
in 11 States. They compared the pre and post SHG situations and
and consumer durables by 72% and the net income per household
by 33% during the pre and post SHG periods. The social and
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more pronounced in social than economic aspects. It was underlined
paper bags etc, for the first time in Pune district, a market at the
taluka level was being set up which cater to the various requirements
USA. There were 20 members who contribute Rs.25 per month. The
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Lakshmi Group at Jregan. This group has taken loan from Canara
Bank, Waghole Branch for goat rearing on which they had to pay 13
per cent interest. SHG was formed by the NGO, Gramin Mahila Va
for marketing the items like papad chilly and turmeric powder etc.
Study concluded from the above case studies that SHG movement
hold the key to sustainable banking with the poor. The good
subsidy.
one can argue that entrepreneurs tend to be born, rather than made.
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In contrast, if relying on the definition provided by the Austrian
Are many and varies because of its divers: feed Caste directives
back ground.
observed the twin problems of work force were labour turnover and
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forward into the field of entrepreneurship. The objectives of the study
a single Contribution.
collaborate with each other to sort out the various problems faced by
them. There is need to form alliance of Government, Research
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Jeanne Halladay Coughlin with Andrew R. Thomas (2002) in
solutions.
Dr. Raj Agrawal (2002) in his article said that there has been a
Women can play a major role in this and need to be encouraged in all
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Neal E. Thornberry (2003) Large organizations that had
pitfalls and problems that can happen, when newly trained corporate
percentages and chi-square test have been used to analyze the data.
Bindu Sridhar (2005) in her articles said that, among the total
likely to be 20% in the next coming five years. Further she has given
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typical pit fills that may crop up on their path to success they are
learning to juggle family with business not to forget that they are
credit to SMEs.
the last two decades as arguably the most potent economic force the
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seri-culturists and Non-SHG member seri-culturists before and after
provided by the NGO under the project. 3) To study the impact of the
The study was carried out in Gori Bidaner Taluk of Kolar District in
fact that most enterprises are owned by women but run by their
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finance to women is their inability to provide collaterals as they do
in their business.
Dollard and Saswata Narayan Biswas (2006) this study examined the
two rural India villages in Northwest India took part in the study.
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women reported moderate to high levels on collective efficacy,
versa. This study explores the „lights‟ and the „shades‟ of SHGs, the
social and economic benefits and the draw backs. The aim is partly
nine districts. The research design was pilot tested in three villages
between October 2004 and May 2005. It involved three teams of two-
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The data on defaults and portfolio at risk suggests the need for
villages on the whole over all seems relatively low (7 per cent). In
default. In the northern region there being also groups who are
worry about the social and political implications. What this study
indicates is that there are lights and shades on both sides. There are
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development of which requires both government and non-
with the help of the data collected from the project area SKDRDP (a
“comparison group”, rather than before joining and after joining the
group. Most of the female and male main workers in the study area
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Infrastructure Development Project (the project) was implemented
from the Asian Development Bank. This case study evaluates the Self
during August and September 2005, and was updated during May
assesses that the credit for introducing the concept in urban slums
project closed by mid 2004. The Self Help Group program covered
23,324 families living below the poverty line. This constituted 40 per
cent of all families below the poverty line in the urban areas. The
results of the study showed that the membership of the SHGs has
towns. The most important has been the escape from or reliance on
interests on loans have reduced from 120 per cent per annum to 24
address their basic needs better than before. The participation in the
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SHG movement itself has been an empowering and liberating
experience for many of the poor women. The strongest impact has
SHGs cannot be taken as the answer to solve all the problems related
higher income, consumption, and savings matter for the poor, the
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deprivation such as low caste, landlessness and illiteracy. However,
what is, noteworthy is that the loans were used largely for health and
programmes.
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primary data, field observations through structured questionnaire
and government‟s grass roots level workers. There are 281 SHGs
SHGs from each block of the district. In total, the study covers 50
SHGs with 800 members. The study revealed that SHGs had set a
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