Dilbilgisi Açıklamaları

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
TIME CLAUSE
1. TANIM
Time Clause yapılarda zaman uyumu kuralına dikkat etmek gerekir. Bu tümcelerde, ana tümce ile yan
tümcede kullanılan tense uyumlu olmalıdır. Yani,
PRESENT PRESENT
I never forget to pray before I go to bed.
PRESENTFUTURE
She will be there when I arrive at the airport.
PASTPAST
When we got there, the film was over.
Time Clause yapılarda zaman uyumu kuralına bir tek since uymamaktadır.
PRESENT PAST
I have known him since I left school.
2. TIME BEFORE
2.1. Until/Till

KULLANIMI
until/till + ad / tümce / Ving

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -EnE / -IncEyE kadar [1]
ad + -E kadar [2]
He worked patiently until he completed polishing. [1]

Cilalamayı tamamlayana kadar sabırla çalıştı.

Until the war, they didn't know any poverty. [2]

Until ve by sözcüklerinden hangisinin kullanılacağı konusu çeviri ya da İngilizce yazma/konuşma

esnasında bir tereddüt konusu olabilmektedir.
Until belirli bir zamana kadar süren bir olay ya da durum için kullanılır.
I have to keep writing until the end of next year.

By belirli bir zamanda ya da o zamandan önce oluşan bir olay için kullanılır.
My book will be finished by the end of next year.

Burada belirtilmesi gereken önemli bir nokta da, by sözcüğünün zaman yapılarında bu tür
kullanımında hiçbir zaman bir conjunction olarak kullanılamaması, yani, ardından bir S+V+(O)
yapısının gelememesidir.
I hadn't liked Spielberg's films ..... I watched his masterpiece
"ET".
A. after
B. by the time
C. in case
D. until
E. while
The sailors decided that it was better to wait ..... .
A. as they have heard the weather forecast.
B. by the time the mist settles
 C. since the time the weather conditions changed
D. until the sea was calmer
E. whether their boat is thoroughly ready for sail
2.2. Before

KULLANIMI
before + ad / tümce / Ving

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -mEdEn önce
yüklem + -DEn önce
They left before the door was opened.

Before the geological age of a fossil can be established, ......

A. theory of evolution was not fully understood
B. movements within the earth's crust have been measured
C. the necessary equipment has been provided
D. the measurements were not sufficiently accurate
E. the evolutionary significance of the remains must be fully
understood
2.3. By the time

KULLANIMI
by the time + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -EnE kadar
They will have gone by the time we arrive.

Kullanım özelliği:

 by the time + present tense, future perfect (continuous)

by the time + simple past, past perfect (continuous)
By the time something ..... to save them, whales ..... extinct
before it is too late.
A. had done/would have gone
B. has been done/will go
C. is done/will have gone
D. was done/had gone
E. will be done/have gone
By ile by the time farkı:

 by + tümce

3. SAME TIME
3.1. As
KULLANIMI
(just) as + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
(tam) ... -(i)ken
As she was walking down the road, she was hit by a lorry.

3.2. As long as / So long as

KULLANIMI
as long as/so long as + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -DIğI sürece/müddetçe
I'll love you as long as I live.

3.3. While/Whilst
Bu sözcüklerden whilst çok resmi yapılarda kullanılabilir.

KULLANIMI
while / whilst + tümce [1] / Ving [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -(i)ken
They came while I was sunbathing. [1]

While walking, he stumbled and fell. [2]

The secretary took notes ..... I explained her how to use the
new software.
A. before
B. by the time
C. in case
D. though
E. while
3.4. When / Whenever

KULLANIMI
when + tümce [1] / sıfat [2] / Ving [3]; whenever + tümce [4] / sıfat [5]

ÇEVİRİSİ
(her ne) zaman ... -sE
yüklem + - DIğI zaman/-E/Ir(i)ken/-DIğI(n)dE/-IncE/ -DIkçE
When I sleep I always snore. [1]
 Please do your exercise when(ever) possible. [2]

Be careful when lifting this bag. [3]

She visits her parents whenever she finds time. [4]

When I last ..... Peter he ..... to be transfered to the firm's new

factory.
A. was seeing/had hoped
B. have seen/hoped
C. saw/would hope
D. saw/was hoping
E. see/will hope
Dikkat:

 Yan tümcede present perfect tense mümkündür.

When I ..... my last exam I ..... for, I plan to have a long

holiday.
A. had taken/studied
B. have taken/have been studying
C. take/study
D. took/had been studying
E. will take/am studying
3.5. Now that

KULLANIMI
now that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
-DIğI için
(Hazır) ... yüklem -DIğI [(n)E] göre
Now that everybody is here, we can start the meeting.

3.6. Ving
He came in shouting.

Bu yapıya benzer bir yapıda hiç yüklem kullanılmamaktadır:

He came in drunk. (= When he came in he was drunk.)
3.7. During
KULLANIMI
during + ad

ÇEVİRİSİ
esnasında
During the storm, a lot of people hid in the cinema.

4. TIME AFTER
4.1. After

KULLANIMI
after + tümce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem/ad + -DEn/(mEsIn)In ardından/sonra
After he had seen the murder, he couldn't sleep whole night.
[1]

After finishing his meal, Peter went to bed. [2]

After the riot, everything is calm and quiet. [3]

You will be responsible for the whole project ..... I've left, so
now listen carefully!
A. after
B. during
C. for
D. since
E. while
4.2. As soon as

KULLANIMI
as soon as + tümce [1] / Ving [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -Er yüklem + -mEz
As soon as she saw the poster, she burst out a laughter. [1]

As soon as leaving work, he rushes to the bar. [2]

Bir eş anlam:

 as soon as = the minute

4.3. Directly/Immediately
Bu iki yapı da sık kullanılmaz.

KULLANIMI
directly / immediately + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -Er yüklem + -mEz
She smiled immediately she heard the news.

İki eş anlam:

 directly / immediately = the moment / the minute

4.4. Once

KULLANIMI
once + tümce [1] / Ving [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
Bir kez .. yüklem + -DI mI/-mEyE gör-
Once I make up my mind, nothing can stop me. [1]

Once signing this contract, you will have to obey the rules. [2]

4.5. Since

KULLANIMI
since + tümce [1] / Ving [2] / ad [3]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -Den beri/bu yana
He feels much better since he completed his exams. [1]

We haven't gone out since visiting you. [2]

I've been typing since 12. [3]

I haven't had a single accident ..... I got my driving license

almost ten years ago.
A. after
B. as
C. before
 D. for
E. since
Present perfect konusunda da belirtildiği gibi ...

 since + simple past

4.6. When / Whenever

Kullanım ve çeviri açısından yukarıda Same time başlığı altında ele alınan when / whenever ile
aynıdır.
4.7. Now that
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından yukarıda Same time başlığı altında ele alınan now that ile aynıdır.
4.8. No sooner ... than

KULLANIM
No sooner + had + Subject + V3 + than ..+ Simple Past

ÇEVİRİ
Daha yeni/Henüz ... yüklem + -mIştI ki ...
No sooner had he left than he heard the explosion.

Çok önemli özellikler:

 No sooner + had + özne + V3 + than ..+ simple past

No sooner ... yapısında mutlaka than kullanılır.
No sooner ... yapısının tümce başında yer alması
durumunda, mutlaka devrik yapı kullanılır.
4.9. Hardly / Scarcely ... when
Kullanım ve çeviri açısından No sooner ... than yapısı ile aynıdır.
Çok önemli özellikler:

 Hardly/Scarcely + had + özne + V3 + when ..+ simple

past
Hardly/scarcely yapısında mutlaka when kullanılır.
Hardly/Scarcely yapısının tümce başında yer alması
durumunda, mutlaka devrik yapı kullanılır.
4.10. On, upon
Ving başlığı altında (aşağıda 5 numaralı başlık) ele alınmaktadır.
4.11. (only) to ...
Geçici bir durumu göstermek ve durumun ortaya çıkardığı sonucu ifade etmek için kullanılır.
I rushed to the door to discover it was locked
tümcesinde to discover yapısı in order to discover anlamı taşımamaktadır, zira bu anlamı taşıyor olsa
kapının kilitli olduğunu bile bile kapıya gitme söz konusu olacaktır.
* Kapının kilitli olduğunu keşfetmek için kapıya koştum.
Bu yapının gerçek karşılığı
... to discover = and I discovered
yaklaşımı ile
Kapıya koştum ve kilitli olduğunu farkettim
şeklinde olacaktır.
I woke up one morning to find myself on the floor.

She turned the corner, to find the car gone.

 The curtain parted, to reveal a market scene.

4.12. yüklem + to + yüklem

Aslında yüklem + and + yüklem şeklinde kullanılabilecek bir yapıdır ve uzunca bir süreye bağlı bir
sonucu ifade eder.
She lived to be 100. (= and she became 100.)

The show went on to become a great success.

5. Ving
5.1. Same time (= When)
Returning to the village, I met an old friend.

(On/Upon) receiving the letter, you should reply immediately.

Dikkat:

 Ving yapısı ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana

tümcenin ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir.
When I returned to the village, I met an old friend. (= Returning to the village, I met an
old friend.)
..... us that the flat was in perfect condition, the estate agent
asked us if we would like to see the flat.
A. Tell
B. Telling
C. To be told
D. To tell
E. Told

The applicants, ..... for the interview all morning, looked very
bored when they were finally allowed in.
A. being waited
B. having waited
C. to have waited
D. waited
E. waiting
5.2. Time after (= When / After)
Having + V3 ya da -ing yapısı ile oluşturulur.
Having completed his study he submitted it to the committee.
(= After he had completed ...)

5.3. (By) + Ving

Bu yapı zaman belirtmesinin yanısıra neden de (= reason) belirtebilir.
By taking advantage of the darkness, he esca ped.
5.4. ..., Ving
He rose to his feet, spilling coffee on his pants. (= When he
was rising to his feet, he spilt coffee on his pants.)

6. PAST PARTICIPLE (= V3)

Çok önemli özellikler:

Edilgen özellik taşır.

 Past Participle ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana

tümcenin ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir.
(When it is) taken as it is, the sentence will mean nothing.

CONDITION CLAUSE
1. IF
1.1. First condition
Şu an ya da geleceğe ait gerçekleşmesi mümkün olasılık anlatır.

KULLANIMI
If + Present, Future / Present tense

ÇEVİRİSİ
(Eğer) ... -I/Er ise, -EcEk / -I/Er
If nothing is done about high rate of population growth, world
population will have doubled by the year 2005.

DEVRİK YAPI
Should you see her, give her the message.

If you ..... to a doctor straight away as I advise, you ..... a

great deal of discomfort.
A. would go/would have been spared
B. have gone/were spared
C. had gone/would have been spared
D. were going/have been spared
E. go/will have been spared
If ile başlayan bölüm (= yan tümce) ile ilgili önemli bir not:

 If + will / may / might ... , ....

1.2. Second Condition

Şu an ya da geleceğe ait gerçekleşmesi pek mümkün olmayan olasılık anlatır.
KULLANIMI
If + Simple past, could / would (be able to) / might

ÇEVİRİSİ
(Eğer) ... -sE(ydI), ... -I/ErdI
If you were a man, I'd slap you here and now.

DEVRİK YAPI
Were you a man, I'd slap you here and now.

Would you accept the offer if you ..... in my shoes.

A. are
B. can be
C. were
D. had been
E. should be
Was yerine were kullanımı önem taşır:

If I / she / you / it / they / ... WERE ....

 Ayrıca şu yapılara dikkat:

Would you mind ...?

Do you mind ... ?

Kim: I urgently need an envelope for this card.

Tom: Do you mind if I go and buy you one?
Kim: .....
Tom: I'll be back in a minute.
A. Yes, and buy a pen as well, please.
B. Yes, this would be lovely.
C. No, not at all; most appreciated.
D. I'd better have an envelope immediately.
E. Actually, what I need is that one.
Progressive / Continuous kullanıma dikkat:

 Would be + VingSecond Condition

She must be earning a lot. Otherwise, she ..... such a

luxurious life.
A. couldn't have led
B. hasn't been leading
C. isn't leading
D. wasn't leading
E. wouldn't be leading
1.3. Third Condition
Geçmişe ait ve gerçekleşmesi artık mümkün olmayan olasılık anlatır.
KULLANIMI
A. If + Past Perfect, would /could / might + have + V 3 [1]
B. If + Past Perfect, would / could / might + V 1 + (now) [2]
C. If + would / could + have + V3, would / could / might + have + V3 [3]

ÇEVİRİSİ
A.
(Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, ... -I/ErdI

If he had known the result he wouldn't have been so happy. [1]

B.
(Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, (şimdi) ... -I/ErdI
If you had been more careful, you'd be earning more. [2]

C.
(Eğer) -sEydi /-mIş olsaydı, ... -EbIlIrdI
I could have helped him if I could have swum. [3]

DEVRİK YAPI
Had he been more careful, he could have won.

If I ..... you were coming I ..... you a lift.

A. knew/can give
B. know/have given
C. had known/could have given
D. have known/gave
E. will know/would give
1.4. If + should
Az gerçekleşme olasılığı gösterir.
If you should see him, let me know.

1.5. If + happen to
If + should yapısı ile aynı anlamdadır.
1.6. If + were to
Were to yapısı gelecekte gerçekleşme olasılığı az bir olayı anlatmada kullanılabilir.
What would you do if a war were to break out ?

Were to yapısı zorlayıcı bir öneri ifade edebilir.

If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down comfortably.
 If Turkey ..... to withdraw from the NATO alliance, certainly
it ..... a global crisis.
A. had/will cause
B. was/would have caused
C. will have/causes
D. were/would cause
E. would have/had caused
1.7. If it weren't for
Bu yapı olayın bir başka olayı değiştirdiğini / etkilediğini göstermede "olmasa" anlamında kullanılır.
If it weren't for his wife's money, he'd never be a boss.

1.8. If it hadn't been for

If it weren't for yapısının geçmiş zaman halidir.
If it hadn't been for your help, she could have gone to prison.

1.9. But for

If it hadn't been for yapısı ile aynı anlamı taşır.
But for you, I could have given up long ago.

1.10. If only (= I wish ...)

A) If only + Past tense
If only I had more money, I could buy a drink.

If only you hadn't told Jackie the truth, everything would have
been all right.

B) If only + would / could

Bu yapı istek / amaç belirtir.
If only she wouldn't speak all the time, she'd make a perfect
guest.

If only he wouldn't snore !

If only we ..... more money on us, we wouldn't have got so

embarrassed at the supermarket.
A. had taken
B. have taken
C. took
D. would have taken
E. would take
 If only you ..... in my affairs that much! I really don't want to
offend you.
A. don't interfere
B. hadn't interfered
C. haven't interfered
D. won't interfere
E. wouldn't interfere
2. AS LONG AS, SO LONG AS

KULLANIMI
as long as, so long as + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
- DIğI sürece/takdirde

She can come in as long as she promises to keep silent.

You can leave the room ..... you promise to tidy your things.
A. unless
B. as long as
C. although
D. however
E. before
3. ASSUMING, PROVIDED, PROVIDING, SUPPOSING

KULLANIMI
assuming/provided/providing/supposing + (that) +
tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
Assuming/supposing -DIğInI varsayarsak/varsayınca
Provided/providing -mEsI koşulu ile/-DIğI takdirde
Assuming that the journey is likely to take a full d ay, we may except him any
minute.

You can borrow the car provided that you promise to drive
carefully.

You can use my computer ..... you are careful with it.
A. as much as
B. even if
C. expecting
D. in case
E. providing
4. IN CASE
KULLANIMI
in case + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
-sE diye

Buy another bottle of vodka in case more people come.

We should have the car checked before we set out for our
holiday ..... something goes wrong.
A. although
B. before
C. by the time
D. in case
E. while
Bu yapı in (the) case of + ad/Ving ( ... "durumunda") şeklinde de kullanılabilir.
In case of a fire, use the side doors.

In case of meeting him, do not offer to shake hands.

Just in case kullanımı ise "ne olur ne olmaz" anlamını yansıtır.

"Why do you always carry that umbrella ?" "Just in case."
5. IN THE EVENT THAT, JUST SO (THAT), ON CONDITION (THAT)

KULLANIMI
in the event that + tümce
just so (that) + tümce
on condition (that) + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
-mEsI durumunda/-DIğI takdirde
In the event that
the police ask you your address, you are not
legally bound to give it.

6. UNLESS

KULLANIMI
unless + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
-mEz ise/-mEmEsI durumunda

I'll quit unless I'm given a pay rise.

This boy of yours will be very spoilt ..... you stop treating him
as if he were a baby.
 A. as though
B. if
C. in case
D. unless
E. when
7. GIVEN

KULLANIMI
given (that) + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
olsa, -mEsI durumunda

Given that x = y, then n(x+a) = n(y+a) must also be true.

Given yapısı "rağmen" anlamını taşıyan tümce (Concession Clause) olarak da kullanılabilir.
8. WISH
Dilek belirten bir yapı olarak I wish / He wishes / .. çeşitli zamanlarla birlikte kullanılabilir. Bu zamanın
seçimi elbette tümcenin oluşturulduğu duruma bağlıdır.
(Simple Present)
I'm not rich. I wish I was/were rich.
I don't earn a lot. I wish I earned a lot.
She talks a lot. I wish she didn't talk a lot.
(Present Continuous)
It's raining. I wish it wasn't/weren't rainining.
She is studying. I wish she wasn't/weren't studying.
(Simple Past)
She didn't come. I wish she had come.
(Present Perfect)
He has lost it. He wishes he hadn't lost it.
(Will)
You will always complain! I wish you wouldn't complain.
He will sing all the time! I wish he wouldn't sing.
wish + simple past / past continuous / would / could =
Second condition

wish + past perfect = Third condition

I wish they ..... to the party with us tomorrow.

A. can come
B. com
C. could come
D. had come
E. would have come
I wish nobody ..... of hunger in our present day.
A. is dying
B. died
C. dies
D. had died
E. has died
Bu yapılar Türkçeye "keşke" olarak aktarılabilir.
PLACE CLAUSE
1. WHERE
KULLANIMI
where + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -DIğI yerde

Where I come from, this is called injustice.

2. WHEREVER

KULLANIMI
wherever + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
(neresi olursa orada)
yüklem + -DIğI her yer(d)e/yerin
They went wherever they expected to find work.

CONCESSION CLAUSE
1. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILANLAR
1.1. Although / Though
yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın; -DIğI halde
Although he is young, he is not inexperienced.

Devrik yapı ile de kullanılabilir.

Careful though/as she was, she couldn't prevent the accident.
(=Although she was ...)

Although ve though farkı:

 Though, tümce içinde ve sonunda however anlamında

kullanılabilir.
1.2. Even if / Even though
Türkçeye çevirisi although ile aynıdır. Even if "-sE bile" olarak aktarılabilir.
He borrowed my jacket even though I'd told him not to.

You have to be on time even if the lesson starts very early.

1.3. Whereas
Türkçeye although gibi ya da "... ise de", "... iken" ile aktarılır.
Whereas he has plenty of money, he has no-one to trust.

1.4. While / Whilst

Türkçeye although gibi aktarılır.
While he is quite nice, sometimes he is a menace.
1.5. Despite / In spite of / Regardless of / Notwithstanding / Irrespective of + the fact that
Türkçeye "...( gerçeğin)e karşın / rağmen" ile aktarılırlar.
Despite the fact that he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace. (=Although he is ...)
1.6. As
Devrik yapı durumunda "rağmen" anlamı taşıyabilir.
Tired as I was, I went on walking. (=Although I was tired ...)

Change your mind as you will, you will gain no support.

(=Although you may change ...)

Bu yapı Reason veya Similarity Clause olarak da kullanılabilir.

As sözcüğü yerine that kullanıldığı da görülür.
Fool that he was, he made no mistakes.

1.7. As ... as
Bu yapı ender olarak kullanılır.
As widespread as his fame may be, he is not well-known in this
part of the country. (=Although his fame may be
widespread, ...)

2. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILMAYANLAR

2.1. Despite/In spite of

KULLANIMI
despite/in spite of + ad [1] / Ving [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın
ad + -E rağmen / karşın
He came in spite of his illness. [1] / being ill. [2]

He still chooses to play with his plastic toy gun despite the
many electric toys he has.
A. Although he has many electric toys, he prefers to play with
his plactic toy gun.
B. Due to the number of his toys, he's having difficulty in
choosing between his plastic toy and electric toys.
C. He has electric toys as well, but today he is playing with
his plastic toy gun.
D. He may choose to play with his plastic toy gun, but his
favourite is his electric toy.
E. In spite of playing with his plastic toy gun, he still has some
electric toys as well.
2.2. Irrespective of, Regardless of, Notwithstanding
KULLANIMI
irrespective of / regardless of / notwithstanding + ad /
WH

ÇEVİRİSİ
ad + -E rağmen / karşın
yüklem + -mEsInE rağmen / karşın
göz önüne almaksızın
Regardless of whatever he may say, do it as you please.

2.3. ..., still / yet

KULLANIMI
..., still/yet + Ving [1] / tümce [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
yine de, ancak, fakat, bun(lar)a karşın

He suffered a lot, yet never giving in. [1] / he never gave in.
[2]

3. Given (that)
Yerine göre koşul anlamı da verebilen bu yapı pek sık kullanılmamaktadır.
Given her charm, she is alone. / Given that she has charm, she
is alone.

4. For all
For all his efforts, he failed.

Aşağıdaki farklı kullanıma dikkat:

 For all + tümce = as far as

CONTRAST CLAUSE
Dilbilgisi kitaplarında ayrı bir başlık altında yer alsa da yapı olarak Concession Clause ile aynıdır.
Whereas, while, whilst ile oluşturulur ve Türkçeye en basit olarak "oysa" sözcüğü ile aktarılır.
REASON CLAUSE
1. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILANLAR
1.1. Because, As, For, Since
Türkçeye "yüklem + -I için / -IndEn ötürü / dolayı", "yüklem + -mEsI nedeniyle / sebebiyle" şeklinde
aktarılırlar.
Because he worked so hard, he deserved a holiday.

As sözcüğü devrik yapıda kullanılarak da Reason Clause oluşturabilir. Aynı yapı Concession Clause
için de geçerli olduğu için hangi anlamın çıkarılması gerektiğine dikkat edilmesi gerekir.
Tired as she was, she went on walking. [Concession]
Tired as she was, she stopped walking. [Reason]
 ..... the prices are very high, I have to find a second job to
make ends meet.
A. Even though
B. In spite of
C. Unless
D. Because
E. Even if
I reckon he'll be a great asset to the firm, ..... he really does
have a good eye for business.
A. although
B. for
C. therefore
D. lest
E. thus
1.2. Because of / Due to / Owing to / On account of + the fact that
Türkçeye "[gerçeği(nden)] ötürü / yüzünden / sayesinde" şeklinde aktarılırlar.
Owing to the fact that Tom didn't know any French, they were
able to speak comfortably in his presence.

..... a heavy rain, the game had to be stopped.

A. Because
B. Owing to
C. Regardless of
D. In spite of
E. Provided
1.3. As long as

KULLANIMI
as long as + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
- DIğI sürece / müddetçe

As long as he doesn't disturb me, it is okay.

1.4. Inasmuch as, Insomuch as

Because anlamı taşıyan bu yapılar resmi durumlarda kullanılır.
Thomas is also guilty, insomuch as he knew what they were
going to do.( ..., because he knew ...)

1.5. In that

KULLANIMI
in that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
-mEsI açısından/yüzünden, -DIğI için
 The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal
ways.

1.6. Now that

Time Clause yapılarda ele alınan Now that ile aynı anlamı taşır.
1.7. (The reason) why

KULLANIMI
(The reason) why + tümce + be + because/that ...

ÇEVİRİSİ
-mE("kişi eki")In(In) nedeni/sebebi ... (-dIr)

The reason (why) they lost is that/because they did not know
the rules.

She won't tell me the reason ..... she is leaving me!

A. how
B. when
C. which
D. whom
E. why
1.8. While

KULLANIMI
while + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
hazır ... olduğuna göre/-mIş iken

While you are in the kitchen, can you bring me a knife ?

2. TÜMCE İLE KULLANILMAYANLAR

2.1. Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account of

KULLANIMI
because of / due to + owing to + on account of + ad + (Ving) [1] / + my / his /.. + Ving [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
Türkçeye because ile aynı şekilde aktarılırlar.

Because of rain the rescue operation had to be stopped. [1]

Owing to his trying to save the situation, a scandal was

prevented. [2]

2.2. Ving ...,

Önemli bir özellik:
  Ving ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana tümcenin
ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir.

In any election campaign, we see that all the candidates

promise to bring all essential facilities to the area, ......
A. bearing in mind the fact that it has a potential vote
population
B. in that they were quite successful in bringing service
C. that has always been neglected by local politicians
D. which actually needed almost nothing other than a sewage
system
E. whose political career depends on the leading party's
policies

Seeing that it was likely to rain, he stayed in. (=Because / When he saw ...)

Knowing their tastes, she was able to bring a good gift.

(=Because she knew ...)

Having completed the task, they had a break. (=Because /

After they had completed ...)

2.3. Past participle (= V3)

Önemli özellikler:
Bu yapı edilgen özellik taşır.

 Past Participle ile time ve reason anlatıldığı zaman, ana

tümcenin ve yan tümcenin öznesinin aynı olması gerekir.

Constructed according to my specifications, the building was able to withstand the

earthquake. (=Because it was constructed ...)

2.4. With

KULLANIMI
with + ad + Ving [1]
with + ad + to + yüklem [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
"var iken", -mekte iken, -DIğI için, -DIğIndEn ötürü
With the exams coming, we have no time for a social life. [1]

With so many children to support, they both have to work. [2]

2.5. What with

Yukarıda ele alınan With yapısı ile aynıdır.
PURPOSE CLAUSE
1. (In order) to, so as to

KULLANIMI
in order (not) to / so as (not) to + yüklem

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -mEk için

To open the lid, turn it left.

They left the door open in order for me to hear what they were
talking about.

She has to hurry in order not to be late.

So as to yapısının aşağıdaki örnekte görülen kullanımına sık rastlanmaktadır.

He never stayed in one place so long as to be recognised.

He has been studying ..... fail again.

A. to
B. because of
C. in order not to
D. in spite of
E. even if
2. In order that

KULLANIMI
in order that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -sIn diye / -mEk için

The school closes early in order that the children can get home
before dark.

3. For fear that

KULLANIMI
for fear that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -mEk /... olur + korkusu ile

They left early for fear that they'd miss the train.
4. Lest
Resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan tümcelerde kullanılır.

KULLANIMI
lest + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
yüklem + -mEmEk için / -mEsIn diye

They checked the list again lest they should leave something
behind.

RESULT CLAUSE
1. So (that), Such that

KULLANIMI
so (that), such that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
böylece, bu yolla, öyle ki, -sIn diye

We announced the test results immediately so that those who

failed wouldn't have to wait.

They had considered all the possibilities in preparing the

leaflet, such that even the most inexperienced would be able
to inform the candidates of the requirements for application.

Çok önemli bir özellik:

 So that ile oluşturulan yan tümcede hemen her zaman

bir yardımcı yüklem olur.
2. Thereby

KULLANIMI
thereby + Ving

ÇEVİRİSİ
böylece, bu yüzden, bu yolla, sonuçta

Because he was so young and fiery, he drove the sport car at

top speed, thereby deserving three different traffic tickets.

SIMILARITY CLAUSE
1. (Just) as
KULLANIMI
(just) as + tümce [1] / it is/was/.. [2]
Kimi zaman as yerine the way kullanılabilir.

ÇEVİRİSİ
gibi
She is a fine singer, just as her father used to be. [1]

In autumn, as (it was) in spring, there were floods. [2]

Bu yapı resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan anlatımlarda devrik yapı (= inversion) kullanılarak
oluşturulabilir.
He was Catholic, as were most of his friends.

He believed, as did all his colleagues, in the supremacy of the

institution he worked for.

..... it was expected, Peter won the game.

A. The same
B. As
C. Likewise
D. Similar
E. Contrary
Dikkat edilmesi gereken kullanımlar:

be that as it may = öyle oldu ki

 such ... as

I had never had ..... terrible time ..... I had in that seaside
hotel.
A. as / than
B. so / that
C. more / that
D. such / as
E. the most / as
2. Like

KULLANIMI
like + ad / him/her/... ; like + tümce ( AmE)

ÇEVİRİSİ
gibi, benzer

My sister isn't much like me.

 Many tropical climate animals are facing the danger of
extinction, ..... the panda.
A. as
B. as if
C. even if
D. like
E. similar
As ve like farkı:
as =olarak

 like = gibi

I gave her a ring ..... a birthday present.

A. like
B. as
C. as if
D. such as
E. that
3. As if, as though

KULLANIMI
as if, as though + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
(sanki) ... (-mIş) gibi

You look as if you are about to cry.

We know that it may be wrong to treat a child as if he ..... an

adult.
A. had been
B. has been
C. is
D. were
E. will be

As soon as I entered the room, I noticed that it looked ..... it

hadn't been lived in for a very long time.
A. although
B. though
C. because
D. even if
E. in case
EXCEPTION CLAUSE
1. But (that)
Resmi (= formal) nitelik taşıyan anlatımlarda kullanılır.

KULLANIM
but that + tümce [1]
but for me/him/.. to + yüklem [2]

ÇEVİRİSİ
dışında, haricinde
Nothing would stop them but that the President (should) make
a speech. [1]
 Nothing would stop them but for the President to make a
speech. [2]

2. Except (that), excepting (that)

KULLANIMI
except/excepting (that) + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
ama, fakat, ancak, haricinde, dışında

We would most happily help you, except we are in need of

cash.

3. Save that

KULLANIMI
save that + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ
dışında, haricinde

The company has lost almost all its possessions, save that
they still hold a small share in a vast piece of land.

4. Only
Günlük konuşma dilinde kullanılır.

KULLANIMI

only + tümce

ÇEVİRİSİ

fakat, ancak, ama

I'd love to come, only I have no time.

COMMENT CLAUSE
1. Tanım
Tümce içinde paranteze alınmış bir fikir, yorum, yargı görevi üstlenen ifadelerdir. Tümce içinde altı
değişik yapıda kullanılabilirler.
2. Tümce olarak
There were no applicants, I believe, for that job.
En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır.
God knows Tanrı bilir (ya)

Heaven knows Tanrı bilir (ya)

it grieves me to tell you üzülerek söylüyorum

it has been claimed iddiaya göre

it is reported bildirildiğine göre

it is rumoured söylentiye göre

it is said denildiğine göre/ denir ki

it is true şurası da doğru ki/ doğru olan şu ki

it may interest you to know öğrenmek ilgini(zi) çekebilir

it pains me to tell you üzülerek söylüyorum

it seems görünüşe göre, görünüşe bakılırsa

it transpires söylenildiğine göre

I admit bence de/ kabul ediyorum

I agree bence de/ kabul ediyorum

I ask myself diye sormaktayım

I assume sanırım

I believe bence/ sanırım

I can see gördüğüm kadarı ile

I claim bence

I consider bence

I daresay sanırım

I don't deny kabul

I doubt hiçsanmam ama/ pek sanmasam da/
korkarım

I expect umarım

I fear korkarım

I feel bence

I guess sanırım

I hear duyduğuma göre

I have heard duyduğuma göre

I have heard tell söylenenlere göre

I have no doubt hiç kuşkum yok

I have read okuduğuma göre

I have to say belirtmeliyim ki

I hope umarım

I imagine sanırım

I know bildiğime göre/ biliyorum

I may assume sanırım

I'm afraid korkarım

I'm convinced eminim/ inanıyorum ki

I'm delighted to say sevinerek söylüyorum (ki)

I'm glad to say sevinerek söylüyorum (ki)

I'm happy to say sevinerek söylüyorum (ki)

I'm pleased to say sevinerek söylüyorum (ki)

I'm sorry to say üzülerek söylüyorum (ki)

I'm sure eminim

I'm told bana anlatılana göre/ duydum ki

I must admit kabul/ itiraf etmeliyim ki

I must say söylemem gerekir ki

I must tell you anlatmam gerekir ki

I presume sanırım

I regret korkarım/ ne yazık ki

I regret to say üzülerek söylüyorum (ki)

I remember hatırlıyorum (da)

I see bence

I suppose sanırım

I think bence

I understand anlıyorum ki/ bence

I venture to say diyebilirim ki

I wish umarım

I wonder acaba

mind you hatırlarsan(ız)

one hears söylenenlere göre

they allege iddiaya göre

they claim iddiaya göre

there is on doubt kuşkusuz

 they say dediklerinegöre

you can see gördüğün(üz) gibi

you know biliyorsun(uz)

you may have heard duymuş olabileceğin(iz) gibi

you may know belki biliyorsun(uz)

you must admit kabul etmelisin(iz) ki

you realise anlayacağın(ız) gibi

you see gördüğün(üz) gibi

3. As + tümce
Türkçeye "yüklem + -DIğI gibi/kadarı ile" şeklinde aktarılabilir.
I'm working overtime, as you know.
En sık kullanılan yapılar şunlardır:

as everybody k