Assignment # 2

TOPIC: PHRASE, CLAUSE, SENTENCE

Submitted To: Miss Rabia Rustam

Submitted By: Mohsin Ali Khan

Registration No: SP13-BDS-003

Date: 29th APRIL 2013

PHRASE
It is a group of words that does not give complete meaning. It is a
combination of words that do not contain the subject verb pair.

For example That pen is out of ink.

It has following types.

 NOUN PHRASE
The phrase in which noun is used as a modifier or a name of place,
person or thing.

For example

Apples (noun phrase)

Some apples are tasty.

(Noun Phrase)

 Noun Phrase Structure

o A Noun

For example (ALI)

o Article + Noun

For example (The Cat)

o Noun + Modifier
For example

(The boy who) give me a book studies in my college.

Try to find the little boy (with the wet feet). (Noun Phrase)

 VERB PHRASE
The phrase in which verb is playing major role or acting as a head is
called verb phrase. This type of phrase consist only combination of
verbs not noun. It has following types.

o One Word For example (Eat)

 o Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb

For example (has gone)

o Model Verb + Auxiliary Verb + Main Verb

For example (should have come)

(Model verb) (Helping verb) (Main verb)

o Model + Auxiliary + Auxiliary + Main Verb

For example (would have been playing)

 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
If preposition comes first in a phrase then it is prepositional phrase. It has
following types.

o Simple Preposition
Only one preposition is present in a phrase

For example at home prepositional phrase

o Preposition + Article + Noun

For example books are placed (on the table).

Preposition Article Noun

o Preposition + Gerund + Noun

For example (Before eating meal) wash your hands.

Preposition Gerund Noun

 INFINITIVE PHRASE
To is used with simple form of verb but come first in a phrase.
For example (To get good marks) you need to work hard. infinitive
phrase

 PARTICIPLE PHRASE
Phrase starts with participle (may act adjective in some cases).

For example Ali and Ahmad (appeared in the bright light). Participle
phrase

Past participle

For example He is (cutting a tree). Participle phrase

Present participle

 GERUND PHRASE
The gerund phrase is recognized by its verb form with “ing’’ ending.

For example The boy is (wearing bright red shirt). Gerund phrase

 ADJECTIVE PHRASE
In this type adjective comes first in a phrase.

For example (Red flowers) attract everyone.

 ADVERB PHRASE
In this type adverb comes first in a phrase.

For example He is very quick. Adverb phrase

Adverb adjective

CLAUSE
Group of words that contain subject and predicate gives complete meaning is
called clause. Clause is larger unit than phrase. It has following types.

For example He plays every day. Clause

 Subject predicate

 Kernel clause
The important part without which sentence is not complete.

For example Ali always comes on time. Kernel clause

Subject predicate

 Independent clause
A clause that exits on its own and gives complete meaning.

For example All students appeared in the final examination.

Independent clause

 Dependent clause
It is a kind of clause which cannot give complete meaning or thought.

For example You become a healthy person if you exercise daily.

Dependent clause

Independent clause

 Coordinate clause
A clause joined by a coordinating conjunction is called coordinate clause.

For example He gets up early in the morning but he missed the train.
Coordinating clause

Coordinating conjunction

Coordinating clause usually contains to clauses.

 Subordinate clause
They are dependent clause because they cannot stand on their own and they
do not give complete meaning. Subordinate clause marker implies that more
is to come.

For example The boy who is speaking is my brother. Subordinate clause

  ADVERB CLAUSE
An adverb clause is one which does the work of an adverb in relation to some
word in some other clause.

For example You should maintain silence whenever you enter in the library.

In this example first is an independent clause and dependent clause start

from whenever.

 Adjective clause
An adjective clause is one which does the work of an adjective in relation to
some word in some other clause.

For example I help the man who was in danger.

 Contrast
For example He failed to get first position although he runs fast.

SENTENCE
Combination of words, pharses and clauses that gives us complete meaning.

For example He was reading a book.

It has following types.

 Simple sentence
In simple sentence there is one independent clause.

For example They did not follow the rules.

 Compound sentence
If sentence have two clauses than it is called compound sentence and there
is coordinating conjunction.

For example He comes at my house but I refused to meet him.

 Complex sentence
In complex sentence there is one independent clause and one dependent
clause.

For example I met my teacher where I parked the car.

In this example first is independent clause and second is dependent clause.

 Compound complex sentence

It is a combination of complex and compound sentence.

For example Swat is a beautiful valley and their grows a variety of fruits whereas some
people afford them.