Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mol Units OH Ca X
Mol Units OH Ca X
1. A student obtains 1.00 liter of an aqueous solution (a water solution) of 1.00 M HCl and
another 1.00 liter aqueous solution of 1.00 M propanoic acid. Which solution contains
the most H+ ions? Explain.
The 1.00 M HCl solution contains more H+ ions. HCl is a strong acid:
HCl → H+ + Cl- HCl dissociates 100%; so there is no HCl present, it is all in the
form of H+ and Cl-.
Propanoic acid is a weak acid (it dissociates to a very small degree (less than 2%). There
is a considerable amount of CH3CH2COOH present and very little CH3CH2COO- and H+.
2. Which of the following are soluble in water? NaCl, BaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, ammonium
carbonate, sodium phosphate, calcium phosphate. Explain.
NaCl is soluble—Rule 1 states that all sodium salts are soluble. This is a good exam
question.
BaCl2 is... I don't know... Our simplified solubility rules are no help. This is NOT a
good exam question.
Ca(NO3)2 is soluble—Rule 1 states that all nitrate salts are soluble. This is a good exam
question.
Ammonium carbonate is soluble—Rule 1 states that all ammonium salts are soluble.
This is a good exam question.
Sodium phosphate is soluble—Rule 1 states that all sodium salts are soluble. This is a
good exam question.
Calcium phosphate is insoluble—Rule 2 states that all phosphate salts are insoluble. This
is a good exam question.
1mol
50.00 grams Ca(OH)2 0.6748 mol Ca(OH)2
74.10 g
1Ca 2 ions
4.063 x 1023 Ca(OH)2 units 4.063 x 1023 Ca2+ ions
1Ca(OH) 2 unit
4. Consider two aqueous solutions: one of sodium phosphate and one of calcium nitrate.
List the ions present in each. Is a precipitate formed when the two solutions are mixed?
If so, write the net ionic equation.
Full equation:
2 Na3PO4 (aq) + 3 Ca(NO3)2 (aq) → Ca3(PO4)2 (s) + 6 NaNO3 (aq)
5. Consider two aqueous solutions: one of lithium hydroxide and one of calcium chloride.
List the ions present in each. Is a precipitate formed when the two solutions are mixed?
If so, write the net ionic equation.
Full equation:
2 LiOH (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) → Ca(OH)2 (s) + 2 LiCl (aq)
6. Consider two aqueous solutions: one of ammonium carbonate and one of barium nitrate.
List the ions present in each. Is a precipitate formed when the two solutions are mixed?
If so, write the net ionic equation.
Full equation:
(NH4)2CO3 (aq) + Ba(NO3)2 (aq) → BaCO3 (s) + 2 NH4NO3 (aq)
8. Why is ammonia (NH3) basic if it doesn’t contain hydroxide? Write a balanced equation
for the reaction of ammonia with water.
Ammonia is a weak base (not every ammonia molecule present in solution will accept a
proton, only a small percentage—hence a weak base). It accepts a proton:
9. Write a balanced equation for the reaction of sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.
10. Write a balanced equation for the reaction of lithium hydroxide with nitric acid.
If the concentration of one of the two reactants (sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid)
were not known, a comparison can be made. For example, you are given an unknown
HCl (aq) sample and titrate it with known HaOH (aq) (see Question 5 below).
The reaction: NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
The apparatus:
The buret (cylindrical glassware) is filled with a known concentration of NaOH (aq);
0.1200 M NaOH (aq). The Erlenmeyer flask below contains the sample of HCl (aq);
25.00 mL of unknown concentration. The NaOH (aq) solution is drained from the buret
into the flask where it mixes with the HCl (aq) to form salt water:
When the moles of NaOH added equals the moles of HCl (aq) in the sample, the flask
contains NaCl (aq) and water. No HCl (aq) remains and no excess NaOH (aq) was
added. The reaction is complete. At this point (known as the equivalence point):
MNaOHVNaOH = MHClVHCl
MNaOHVNaOH = MHClVHCl
13. (A) What is meant by a strong acid? Name and write chemical formulae for three
strong acids. Write the dissociation reactions for these strong acids.
A strong acid produces protons (H+) and it dissociates 100% to produce a lot of protons.
(B) What is meant by a weak acid? Name and write the chemical formula of a weak
acid. Write the dissociation reaction for this weak acid.
A weak acid produces protons (H+) and it dissociates less than 100% to produce a few
protons. The –COOH group (the carboxylic acid group) is a weak acid group.
CH3COOH (aq) ↔ CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) (Dissociation of acetic acid. Acetic acid
dissociates to a very small degree—only one in every 2000 acetic acid molecules
dissociates to produce protons and this piece: CH3COO- (aq))
(C) What is meant by a strong base? Name and write chemical formulae for three
strong bases. Write the dissociation reactions for these strong bases.
A strong base accepts protons (H+) and it accepts all available protons. Hydroxide ion
(OH-) acts as a strong base.
NaOH (aq) → Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) (Sodium ion is a spectator ion and hydroxide
will do some chemistry)
(D) What is meant by a weak base? Name and write the chemical formula of a weak
base. Write the dissociation reaction for this weak acid.
A weak base accepts protons (H+) and it few available protons. Ammonia (NH3) acts as a
weak base.
14. Identify a soluble carbonate salt. Identify an insoluble carbonate salt. Explain.
CaCO3 is insoluble (carbonates are insoluble—except those listed in Rule 1 and calcium
is not listed in Rule 1).
15. Write a balanced chemical equation for a reaction that produces water and a salt.
16. Write a balanced chemical equation for a reaction that produces carbon dioxide gas and
water (think carbonic acid).
17. A student titrates 0.290 grams of KHP (potassium hydrogen phthalate; MW=204.2 g/mol)
to the equivalence point with 0.09950 M NaOH (aq). The volume of NaOH solution
required is:
When the moles of NaOH added equals the moles of KHP (aq) in the sample, the flask
contains salt and water. No KHP (aq) remains and no excess NaOH (aq) was added. The
reaction is complete. At this point (known as the equivalence point):
Because KHP is weighed out (mass and molar mass were provided) leave the right side of
the equation to enter moles.