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OFTHE

AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

HELD AT PHILADELPHIA
FOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE

NEW SERIES-VOLUME 58, PART 1

1968

THE CIVILIZING POWER

A Study of the PanathenaicDiscourse of Aelius Aristides Against the Background

of Literatureand Cultural Conflict, with Text, Translation,and Commentary

JAMES H. OLIVER
Professorof Classics, The Johns Hopkins University

THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY

INDEPENDENCE SQUARE
PHILADELPHIA

January, 1968
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
by THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICALSOCIETY

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T. R. S. BROUGHTON

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 PREFACE

The translation was made and some of the com-
mentary was composed in 1955-1956 when the
writer enjoyed a year's leave of absence from the
Johns Hopkins University and the assistance of a
grant from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial
Foundation. It is a pleasure to acknowledge these
great debts, likewise the assistance from Dean G.
Heberton Evans, Jr., of the Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity, who drew on a special fund to buy photostatic
copies of the four manuscripts here collated.
To his wife, who among other things criticized
the translation and compiled the English index, the
writer is particularly indebted. She has encouraged
him at every stage. Dr. Iginio Crisciof Florence (see
Introduction, notes 2 and 3) and Professor Bayly
Turlington of Sewanee have generously aided him
in regard to special problems. Professors Harry
Bober and Paul A. Underwood kindly provided
photographs. To all these we express our gratitude.
Most of the research was carried out with the
resources of the Johns Hopkins UniversityLibrary,
but the writer has worked also in three Florentine
libraries, namely the Laurentian, the Nazionale and
the Istituto di Papirologia, where he was received
with the most exquisite courtesy.
The essay of ChapterI contains an address deliv-
ered by the writer on 6 April, I964, at the University
of Coimbra. J. H. O.

ABBREVIATIONS
(See also list of manuscripts in Introduction)
AHR. AmericanHistorical Review. GIBM. The Collectionof Ancient GreekInscriptions
AJP. AmericanJournal of Philology. in the British Museum, 4 v. London, I874-I916.
Annee ep. Annee epigraphique,published annually GRBS. Greek,Roman, and Byzantine Studies, pub-
as part of the Revue archeologique. lished at Duke University, Chapel Hill, North
AP. AnthologiaPalatina. Carolina.
BCH. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique. Holleck. Coniectaneacritica in Aelii Aristidis Pana-
Beecke. Die historischen Angaben in Aelius Aristides thenaicum,Diss. Vratislaviae, I874.
Panathenaikosauf ihre Quellenuntersucht,Diss. HSCIP. HarvardStudies in Classical Philology.
StraBburg, I905. IG. InscriptionesGraecaeconsilio et auctoritateAca-
Bull. ep. Bulletin epigraphique,published annually demiae Litterarum Borussicae editae. Berlin,
by J. and L. Robert as part of the Revue des I873-.
etudesgrecques. IG II2, etc. Inscriptiones Graecae,volumen II-III,
Carie. Robert, L. La Carie: histoire et geographie etc., editio minor.
historique avec le recueil des inscriptions anti- JHS. Journal of Hellenic Studies.
ques, Paris, Adrien-Maisonneuve, I954-. Mus. Helv. Museum Helveticum.
Cl. Phil. Classical Philology. PG. Patrologiae cursus completus,ed. J. P. Migne.
Didyma. Wiegand, Th., et alii. Didyma, Berlin, Series Graeca.
Deutsches Archaologisches Institut, I94I-. PL. Patrologiae cursus completus,ed. J. P. Migne.
FGrHist. Jacoby, F. Die Fragmenteder giechischen Series Latina.
Historiker, Berlin, Weidmann, I923-. PSI. Papiri della Societa Italiana, Florence.
FHG. Muller, C. and Th. Fragmenta historicorum R.-E. Realencyklopiidieder klassischen Altertums-
Graecorum, 5 v. Paris, Firmin Didot, I84I-I870. wissenschaft.
GEL. A Greek-EnglishLexicon compiled by H. G. REG. Revue des etudesgrecques.
Liddell and R. Scott. A new edition revised and Rev. phil. Revuede philologie.
augmented by H. Stuart Jones, Oxford, Claren- Rhet. gr. RhetoresGraeci,ed. L. Spengel.
don Press, I925-I940. Rh. Mus. RheinischesMuseumfiir Philologie.
GHI. Tod, M. N. A Selection of Greek Historical Roscher. AusfiihrlichesLexikon der griechischenund
Inscriptions, 2 v. Oxford, Clarendon Press, romischen Mythologie. 6 v. Leipzig, Teubner,
1933 and I948. I884-I937.
1* 3
4 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

Schwyzer, Dial. Gr. ex. Schwyzer, Eduard. Dialec- Wissenschaften,Philosophisch-historischeKlas-

torum Graecarumexempla epigraphica potiora.
Leipzig, Hirzel, I923.
SEG. SupplementumEpigraphicum Graecum.Ley-
den, Sijthoff, I923-.
SIG.3Dittenberger,W., et alii. Syllogeinscriptionum SVF. Stoicorum veterumfragmenta, collected by
Graecarum,third edition, 4 v. Leipzig, Hirzel,
I915-I924.
Sitzungsb. Berlin. Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Berlin, Klasse fur Philosophie, Geschichte...,
Sitzungsberichte.
Sitzungsb. Heidelberg.Heidelberger Akademie der
se, Sitzungsberichte.
Sitzungsb. Wien. Akademie der Wissenschaften in
Wien, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Sit-
zungsberichte.
Hans von Arnim. 4 v. in 3. Leipzig, Teubner,
I903-I924.
TAPA. Transactions of the American Philological
Association.
Zeitschr. neutest. Wiss. Zeitschriftfir die neutesta-
mentliche Wissenschaft ...
 THE CIVILIZING POWER
A Study of the Panathenaic Discourse of Aelius Aristides against the Background
of Literature and Cultural Conflict, with Text, Translation, and Commentary
JAMESH. OLIVER
CONTENTS
Introduction ...................................
Part I: General discussion .....................
I: From funeral oration to Panathenaic
II: Traditional culture and ancestral con-
stitution ..........................
III: AlWtheiaand Akribeia ..............
IV: Date of composition and reaction to
eastern influence .................
V: Cosmic themes ....................
Part II: Translation ...........................
Part III: Commentary on individual passages ......
Part IV: Text and apparatus ....................
Bibliography ...................................
Index to the Greek text..........................
List of passages cited ............................
General index ..................................
INTRODUCTION
In the eleventh century after Christ, Michael
Psellos made a remarkable effort to revive the ele-
gance of Greekstyle, and in so doing he chose as the
best models Demosthenes, Lysias, Isocrates, and
Aristides. For him as for celebrated teachers of the
Late Roman Empire Demosthenes and Aristides
formed a glorious pair.
At the beginning of the fourteenth century after
Christ, when Theodore Metochites and Nicephorus
Choumnosdominated the literary life of Byzantium,
Aelius Aristides still counted as one of the three or
four great ancients who could be used as rhetorical
models. Gregory of Cyprus, who became patriarch
of Constantinople,and whose favorite authors were
Plato, Demosthenes, and Aristides, had attacked
the moderns and suffered attack himself. In defend-
ing Gregory, who was his teacher, Nicephorus
Choumnos proposed organizing a contest between
the works of these three great ancients, whom he
easily understood, and the works of the moderns,
whom he pretended to find quite unintelligible. For
Metochites (Logos 14, ch. 17) the great models were
Aristides, Demosthenes, and Plato. An anonymous
discourse of the early fourteenth century protests
against a tendency to consider Demosthenes and
Aristides the only stylistic models, but in asserting Metochite et Nicephore Choumnos (Brussels, I962).
that Thucydides and Plato are the best Attic
authors it does not deny the charm of Demosthenes
5
9
and Aristides.1
9 As late as I76I the names of Demosthenes and
Aristides were still coupled. In paying tribute to
i7 Willem Canter's Latin translation of the works of
25
Aristides J. J. Reiske, who knew the Attic orators
32
better than any other scholar of his day, wrote as
38 follows:
45
91 Obscurusfit interpres interdum, dum brevis esse
I5I laborat. Quod aliter fieri non poterat. Scriptorum
I95 graecorumquotquotlegi, neque tamen perpaucoslegi,
196 qui quidemliberodicendigenereusi sunt, post oratorem
214
ThucydidemunusAristides,mea sententia,est omnium
219
intellectudifficillimus,cum propterincredibilemargu-
mentationum et crebritatem et subtilitatem, tum
proptergraecitatisexquisitamelegantiam.Ita enim est
DemosthenemAristidesad verumet dexterrimeimita-
tus, ut minutusDemosthenesappellarimereatur.Cedit
in plerisqueHadrianensissophista Paeaniensioratori;
sunttamenrursusnonpauca,in quibushuncillesuperat.
While to Photius and later to the Byzantines of
the fourteenth century the Panathenaic and the
Oration on the Four in refutation of Plato were the
most interesting, Bruni and the Florentines of the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries esteemed the
Panathenaic and the Roman Oration particularly.
One of the links between Byzantium and Florence
is an interest in Aristides among the educational
leaders. The first printing of Aristides and the first
Latin translation of a work of Aristides occurredat
Florence, and at Venice under the cultural influence
of the Florentines the first and second Aldine edi-
tions of Isocrates carried also the Panathenaic and
the Roman Oration of Aristides. Byzantium and
Florence still admired him as an artist, and he has
perhaps contributed a little to the canons of Italian
style.
The modern student needs to be reminded of the
long period in which Aristides was one of the great
models of artistic prose, but this essay of ours, which
1 Ihor Sevcenko, Etudes sur la polemique entre Theodore
5
 6 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
began as a chapter in a projected history of Roman
Athens, aims at an understanding of Aristides as a
phenomenon in his own day. That means we treat
him not only as an artist but as reflecting the
thought of the period. We have here a work which
he and his contemporariesprobably considered his
masterpiece. To us it seems worthy of attention pri-
marily because it expresses a pride in cultural and
religious superiority and contains the proclamation
of a panhellenic (or oecumenical) cultural and
religious orthodoxy founded on traditional educa-
tion and a historical myth. Thus the Panathenaic
of Aristides constitutes a pagan forerunnerof By-
zantine attitudes and has the interest of an impor-
tant link between Classical Hellenism and the By-
zantine Renaissance.
The Panathenaic of Aristides seems to us worthy
of attention secondarily because it throws a light
on the Menexenus of Plato and on the Panathenaic
and De Pace of Isocrates and on specific passages of
other ancient authors. It will inevitably be consulted
by historians of ancient Greecefor negative reasons.
Despite some passages of extraordinarybad taste
-there are also passages of some beauty-this
ambitious work won acclaim. In the next century it
served the rhetorician Menanderas the chief model
for the encomium of a city. Therefore,historians of
Early Christianity and Greco-Roman culture will
find that it throws a light, whether damning or not,
upon the generation of MarcusAurelius. They will
find in it the indirect answer of a more famous
professor than Celsus ever was to the promise of
salvation through the law of the Jews and the
philosophy of the Hellenes united by the Logos
which is Christ. Here the Logos is representedby a
divinely fostered, consistently behaved city of men
bearing the significant name of Athena and offering
all mankind an image of the highest human values
and a standard of the greatest human potentialities.
The history of Athens is retold in a tone to answer
both the deeds of Augustus and the miracles of
Christ, though Christ and the Christians are never
mentioned, nor Augustus either.
Students of western civilization have conceded
that it was the artistic model also for one of the
most interesting and even seminal works of the
Early Italian Renaissance, the LaudatioFlorentinae
Urbis of Leonardo Bruni around I403.2 Bruni not
2 Hans Baron, The Crisis the
of Early Italian Renaissance
(Princeton Univ. Press, 1955), chapters 3, 9, o0 and I8.
The complete text of the Laudatio has never been publish-
ed. I owe my acquaintance with it to the great kindness of
my friend, Dr. Iginio Crisci, the helpful conservator of the
hospitable Istituto di Papirologia at the University of
Florence, who transcribed Cod. Laur. LII and LXV and
sent me a copy.
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
only imitated the rhetoricalform but achieved some
of his best effects by reapplying figures and phrases
of the Panathenaic.3
The Panathenaic of Aristides, in which the cardi-
nal virtues of Athens are related to the virtues of
a Roman emperor, should not of course be read as
a work of history in its review of great deeds but
as one reads the Column of Trajan, the Arch of
Beneventum or the Panel Reliefs of MarcusAurelius.
As on those monuments the best known scenes are
selected for easy recognition,so here the best known
stories are selected and rendered artistically with
various levels of meaning (cf. sections 170 and e.g.
70). It was the masterpiece by which four hundred
years later the Neo-Platonist Olympiodorus could
indentify which Aristides he meant, "the one who
composed the Panathenaic."
We have tried to produce a better understanding
of it. Apart from Canter and Reiske, both of whom
illuminated the meaning of many a passage, and
apart from Bruno Keil's pupil Eugen Beecke, who
published a good dissertation on the historical
sources of Aristides,4no one has really studied the
3 Take for example the passage which Hans Baron, The
Crisis, pp. I69-I70, praises for its lucid symmetry and
translates somewhat as follows: "The city herself stands
in the center.... A poet might well speak of the moon
surrounded by the stars.... Just as on a round shield,
where one ring is laid around the other, the innermost ring
loses itself into the central knob, which is the middle of the
entire shield: just so we see the regions like rings surround-
ing and enclosing one another. Among them the city is the
first, like the central knob, the center of the whole orbit.
The city herself is ringed by walls and suburbs" ..., etc.
With the whole passage compare Aristides, sections io, 15,
20 and 244. The adaptation of Aristides, sections 51-52 is
so admirable that it must be reproduced in Bruni's own
Latin (as transcribed by Iginio Crisci). It reads: "Itaque
omnes qui aut seditionibus pulsi aut invidia deturbati
patriis sedibus extorres aguntur ii se Florentiam universi
recipiunt quasi in unicum refugium tutamenque cuncto-
rum. Nec ullus est iam in universa Italia qui non duplicem
patriam se habere arbitretur, privatim propriam unus-
quisque suam, publice autem Florentiam urbem. Ex quo
quidem fit ut haec communis quidem sit patria et totius
Italiae certissimum asylum, ad quod omnes undique, cum
sit opus, fugiunt recipiunturque cum summo incolentium
favore summaque benignitate. Tantum enim studium
beneficentiae et humanitatis in hac re publica est ut clara
voce clamare videatur et palam omnibus obtestari nec
quisquam patria se carere putet donec Florentinorum
supersit urbs."
4 Two
dissertations, one by J. Haury, Quibus fontibus
Aristides usus sit in declamatione quae inscribitur Hravoeri-
vaiK6S(Augsburg, I888), who erroneously inferred that
Aristides drew his information chiefly from Ephorus, and
the much better dissertation by Eugen Beecke, Die histo-
rischen Angaben in Aelius Aristides Panathenaikos auf ihre
Quellen untersucht (StraBburg, I905), who recognized the
multiplicity of his sources, were consulted after the writer
worked through the material by himself. The writer would
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] INTRODUCTION
Panathenaic Discourse. The section dedicated to
this oration by A. Boulanger, Aelius Aristide et la
sophistique dans la province d'Asie aut IIe siecle de
notre ere (Paris, I923), pp. 362-372, is the weakest
part of this valuable work, for it reveals no serious
commitment to the problems behind the Panathe-
naic.
In the first place we have tried to bring out the
content and structure of the Panathenaic Discourse.
That Aristides cast it in the form of a two-day
speech may seem strange, but in a period when
rhetorical education prevailed, the conventions of
real speeches precluded ten-hour harangues. The
wealth of arguments could not be accommodated
in the shorter span, and brevity was not stylistically
desirable here, however much in an epigram.
Rather, the ancients, at least those whom Aristides
regarded as models, considered size important in a
work of art. Aristotle expressed this conception in
the Poetics I450 b35 with the words, "Beauty lies in
size and arrangement." Up to the point where the
listener still sees the work clearly as a whole, the
larger the work the better it is. Just as a trilogy may
be more successful than the best single play (from
an ancient standpoint), so a two-part discourse, if
skillfully contrived, may be more successful than a
single speech. It is not fair to impose upon Aristides
the modern preference for the short sermon; he
challenges the listener to find a field of praise he has
neglected, whereas the American orator who means
to talk interminably often begins with the dishonest
promise, "I will be brief." In a world of cultural
conflict could either the Hellenic or the Christian
ideal be adequately presented and defended in
what may be called the philosophical rhetoric, by a
short exposition ?
In the second place we have tried to prepare a
study which will serve both classicists and non-
classicists by a translation which should be useful
in its completeness. The difficulty and subtlety of
which Reiske spoke in the passage cited have made
Aristides less intelligible to most and partly account
for his recent unpopularity. Willem Canter's
admirable translation into Latin was published in
express his admiration for the discriminating task per-
formed by Beecke. The sources are rhetorical rather than
historical, and the relation of Aristides to his sources needs
to be more precisely formulated. We have tried to do this
in Chapter I. The reflections of passages from historians
are largely reflections of speeches and digressions with
rhetorical interest. Perhaps the dissertation by Henricus
Holleck, Coniectanea critica in Aelii Aristidis Panathenai-
cum (Vratislaviae, I874), should be mentioned because the
author undoubtedly studied the discourse, but he had
little restraint in rewriting sections 35, 39, 74, Io3 and 122
and his conjectures often seem unworthy of mention.
7
1566, and since then no other translation has
appeared. Even the Latin translation fails to serve
its original purpose, partly because Latin no longer
is a medium for popularization, partly because
much that was obscure is rendered more obscurely
in Canter'sLatin. Here, accordingly, we present the
first translation into a modern tongue. It aims at
clarity primarily but also at retaining something in
the way of the characteristically Aristidean word
links and sentence structure. The rendering"philan-
thropy" for philanthr6pia,which sometimes means
"love of mankind or civilized man" (hominesmaxine
homines,as Pliny called the Hellenes of Hellas) and
sometimes means the "selfless conduct which the
love of one's less brutal fellowman produces," may
not be perfectly accurate in individual passages but
often seems imposed by the necessity of using the
same renderingat each occurrenceof this key word.
Each recurrenceof a link word or a double meaning
presents a problem.
In the third place we have provided a commentary
that should explain much of the background and
many of the allusions and should indicate how
Aristides turns arguments to advantage. It is satis-
fying to know the source of an argument or a phrase,
and it is fascinating to observe how he changes it.
Sometimes the reworkingof an old phrase cannot be
explained without Greek, which the non-classicist,
we hope, will excuse.
The classicist has to have a text. Since Aristides
is found neither in the Oxford series nor in the Bude
or Loeb collection nor even in a Teubner text, we
must provide one. We could not undertakethe life-
long labor of a real palaeographicalstudy, and yet
we did not wish merely to reprint the old text of W.
Dindorf. Bruno Keil has not given us the Panathe-
naic Oration in his incomplete edition of Aristides.
A new recension of the manuscripts with special
attention to the scholia would be desirable, but in
the meantime we have made a compromise by
examining for ourselves the text of Aristides in four
manuscripts only. They are:
A = Parisinus Graecus 295I, tenth century
(Arethas);
R = Vaticanus Graecus I298, eleventh century;
T = LaurentianusPluteus LX, codex 8, eleventh
century;
U - Urbinas Graecus 123, fourteenth century.
Occasional references to other manuscripts are
taken fromDindorfand do not representindependent
examination. These manuscripts are
L = Baroccianus 136, thirteenth century;
N = Oxoniensis Collegii Novi 259.
8 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

In the Greek text the writer has accepted some
emendations of Reiske and others and has introduc-
ed a few of his own. The latter will be found in
sections 23, 58, 67, 8o, 83, 88, I22, I29, 141, I72, I9I
and 270.
Incidental discussions of special interest are to be
found in the commentary to section 23, which
suggests an emendation in Herodotus V 82, and to
section 261, which provides a thought for historians
of the pre-Cleisthenean republic of the Athenians.
Why historia is less philosophical than poetry may
be examined in the essay of Chapter III.
 PART I
GENERAL
I. FROM FUNERAL ORATION TO
PANATHENAIC
The Athenian institution of the funeral oration
over those who died in war developed a tradition of
praising the excellence not only of those who were
being buried but of the ancestors. From Pausanias
I 29 and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiq. Rom. V
17 it can be argued whether the epoch-making in-
stitution of this custom went back to 479, 476/5,
or 465/41 B.C., but by the outbreak of the Pelopon-
nesian War it was already an old institution.
Superior examples of the type of funeral oration
have been preserved in Lysias II, Demosthenes LX,
and Hyperides, Ep., among which that by Lysias
is particularly important for the influence it exerted
upon the Panegyric of Isocrates.2 Most of them were
probably banal and could be criticized for the mere
flattery they purveyed to Athenians. Even these
three are below the quality we expect from the
authors. It is ceremonial oratory conforming to an
inherited pattern and bound by the conventions of
the religious occasion.
In sharp contrast to the turgidity or banality of
the usual funeral oration are two short specimens
of what the funeral oration could be, two beautiful
examples. The one is the funeral oration of Pericles
in Thucydides, Book II; the other is the funeral
oration of Socrates in Plato's Menexenus. They both
reveal a respect for the conventions of the religious
occasion so that they appear entirely suitable for
the ceremony but they bring something new which
aims at more than the purpose of the moment. And
in beauty of style they achieve an eloquence that
ranks them among the great literary masterpieces
of classical Athens.
The purposes of the ordinary oration were honor
for the dead, comfort for the survivors, and the
exaltation of the military virtues through constant
memory of those who died long ago in the city's wars.
1 For 465/4 or 464/3 argues F. Jacoby, "Patrios Nomos:
State Burial in Athens and the Public Cemetery in the
Kerameikos," JHS 64 (1944): pp. 37-66.
2 For the genuineness of this funeral oration see J. Walz,
Der lysianische Epitaphios (== Philologus Suppl. Bd.
XXIX, Heft 4), I936; E. Buchner, Der Panegyrikos des
Isokrates (= Historia Einzelschriften, Heft 2) I958.
DISCUSSION
All of these elements reappear in the Periclean and
Socratean orations, but alongside the arete which is
courage the Periclean oration exalts a different arete,
that of talent, the constructive talent of the states-
man (II 37) and the talents which the peculiar
environment of Athens accepted and encouraged.
The free environment of Athens where men can
develop all kinds of talents beyond what is produced
anywhere else is strongly praised in the climactic
passage II 4I which reads as follows:
In brief I claim that the city as a whole is an educa-
tional force for Hellas and that individually, as it seems
to me, a man from our midst would have the self-
sufficient personality to turn to more forms of activity
and to succeed more easily than the same man would
if he came from any other environment. And the power
itself of the city (i] uivapcisTrS -rr6AEcos) shows that
this is not a boast of fine words which should please for
the moment rather than an unconcealed truth of reality,
the power which we have acquired from these habits of
life (-rp6OTO).For she alone of today's cities turns out
on trial to be greater than a reputation, and she alone
causes the foe who comes against her no indignation
at the kind of men by whom he is roughly treated and
causes her follower no complaint of incapable leadership.
There are great signs of our power, and it is well attested
indeed. Since we have presented it thus to the men of
today and to posterity, we shall be admired, and with-
out any need whatsoever of a Homer to praise us or of
anyone who with fine words expects that he will delight
for the moment until the unconcealed truth of the real
achievements spoils the implication.3 But without
deception we shall be admired because we have forced
every land and sea to become accessible to our boldness
and have everywhere established eternal monuments
of both punishments and benefactions.
For the Pericles of Thucydides, accordingly, the
proof of the greatness of Athens was the dynamis of
the city, the power represented by her trophies, her
triremes, and her empire, the dynamis which came
from the tropoi of her citizens. The dynamis of the
Athenians is mentioned again by speakers in Thucy-
dides V 87-III, in the course of the Melian Debate,
where the word occurs seven times and where it
3 He alludes to the dTrwrrl
of the poet or prose artist who
glamorizes the subject. With all due respect to A. W.
Gomme, the latter quite misunderstood the passage,
which he suspected to be in need of emendation.
9
10 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
takes on something of an antithesis to arete, an
antithesis absent from the Funeral Oration of
Pericles. In the Melian Debate the dynamis of the
Athenians was based on sea power rather than on
the mores (tropoi) of her men. The emphasis has
shifted from the tropoiwhich created the sea power
to the sea power itself.
In the Funeral Oration (II 36) Pericles divides the
history of Athens into three periods. First that of
the ancestors who handed on the city in freedom
by arete. This would be, I think, until 478 B.C.
Secondly that of the Fathers who did still more by
creating the empire. This would be, I think, until
448 B.C.Third, and most highly praised, are those
of his own generation who strengthened the empire
and made the city most self-sufficient for peace and
for war. These achievements are attributed to the
city's constitution and tropoi, which for that reason
receive their praise.
There is no lament (threnos);instead there is an
exhortation.
The other short specimen, the Socratean funeral
oration of Plato's Menexenus,begins with the same
play on words with which the Periclean oration
began. Pericles had criticized the nomos ("law" or
"custom") which called for words, and then he had
developed a double antithesis of words and deeds,
logoi-erga.The same double antithesis reappears in
the oration of Socrates who, however, defends the
nomos.Those who claim in this striking similarity a
deliberate reminder of the famous Periclean oration
of Thucydides II seem to me absolutely right. The
Socrates of Plato takes his start from the oration
delivered by the Thucydidean Pericles and corrects
him. For Plato's Socrates too the city of the Athe-
nians has provided an educational force for all
Hellas. Socrates follows Pericles in declaring that
the constitution allows for an arete wich is not just
that of birth, and calls it, in a certain sense, an
aristokratia.For Socrates, also, arete, which means
couragebut also other virtues, makes the Athenians
superior. The Socratean oration too ends in an ex-
hortation of the living without a threnos.There are
many points of agreement but more interesting are
the differences.
Socrates ignores completely the Athenian Empire
and silently repudiates the dynamis of the city
which for Pericles proved the greatness of Athens.
Of course we know from other dialogues that Plato
disapproved of the empire and refused to recognize
Miltiades, Themistocles, Cimon, and Pericles as real
statesmen. Socrates gives to the word arete a wide
moral significance; above all, it is justice. For
Socrates the third period, that of Pericles' genera-
tion, would not deserve the highest praise; he ignores
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
the division into three periods, but significantly he
gives his greatest praise to men of an earlier period,
the men who fought at Marathon and who thus
educated Hellas (240d-e):
If one were presentat this battle he could see what
kind of men in respectto aretewerethose who at Mara-
thon receivedthe dynamisof the barbariansand who
chastisedthe arroganceof the whole of Asia and who,
as first to do so, erectedtrophies over the barbarians,
thereby becomingleaders and teachers to the others,
that the dynamisof the Persianswas not invincible,
rather that all number and all wealth yield to arete
(rrav TrAfieoS Kai TrasirTXOUTOS &pETri I then
wrrEiKEI).
claim that those men were the fathers not only of
our bodies but of our freedom and of that of all
on this continent. In daring to run risks for their
salvation in the later battles, the Hellenes looked
at that engagementand becamepupils of the men at
Marathon.4
Socrates, who takes no pride in the former
dynamis of the Athenians, expresses contempt for
the dynamis of the Persians.
One other striking differenceremains to be men-
tioned. Thucydides had Pericles ignore the ancient
legends of the mythical period. Plato has Socrates
refer to these old stories of Eumolpus, the Amazons,
Adrastus, and so forth, though he does not dwell on
them. Surely Plato felt that Thucydides or Pericles
had sacrificed something very valuable in the
heritage of Athens, ancient logoi of paradeigmatic
value.
Whereas Thucydides sought to escape from
myths, Plato sought to reinterpret them. For him
and for many Greeks thereafter the myths were
not literally true but represented the accumulated
wisdom of an ancient people. Where no suitable
myths existed, Plato in other dialogues invented
them.
In the Menexenus, moreover, Plato actually
derived the areteof the Athenians from their mythi-
cal autochthony. He dwells with special emphasis on
their birth from Attica, a good mother. The proof
of the good beginning (arche)lies in the quality of
Attica itself. The Athenians, who being born of the
same stock and reared in the same way, are closely
bound together and related, constitute the true and
ideal Hellenes, who therefore always fight for free-
dom and resist slavery whether from Barbarians
or from Hellenes who imitate Barbarians.
4 A contrast of Hellenic arete and barbarian dynamis
occurs in the speech of the Plataeans in Thucydides III 56,
5 but not at all like this. However, Phalinus in Xenophon's
Anabasis II I, 13 says to the young Hellene, "You are mad
if you think the arete of you men could prevail over the
dynamis of the King."
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION
The stock of the city is so noble and free, so sound
and healthyand by naturea haterof barbarismbecause
we aregenuinelyHellenesandunmixedwith barbarians.
For no men live with us like Pelops or Cadmusor Ae-
gyptus or Danaus or many others who are by origin
barbariansbut Hellenesby convention.No, we who live
here together are very Hellenes (ac'roil'E?A-rlv), not
mixobarbarians.Hence the hatred of the alien nature
has sunk deeplyinto the city as a purehatred(246c-d).
This passage brings to mind Plato's Critias, where
the corruption of the men of Atlantis comes from
an admixture while those ancient Athenians of nine
thousand years ago were autochthonous and un-
corrupted. The Athenians of the Menexenus are a
timeless Idea of an ideal state as Ilse von Loewen-
clau rightly interprets the speech.5 Plato does not
praise this or that historical manifestation of Athens
but the eternal Athens, and the only truth he seeks
is the insight into the true, philosophically true,
Athens, the ideal state that began in a good land
with a good upbringing and which from time to
time produces remarkable deeds worthy of that
mother and upbringing. The deeds are not just
strung together but chosen to illustrate the virtue
that goes back to the arche, so that as Ilse von
Loewenclau rightly says, the archebecomes a telos,
a beginning becomes an end. The speech culminates
in an appeal to the sons and brothers, an appeal in
the direct words of the dead themselves who have
entrusted it as their testament to be delivered by
Socrates. In these direct words they take up an agon
motif from the Periclean address, the contest of the
living with the dead. Whereas Pericles said that the
living could not expect to equal the dead, in the
Menexenus the living are obliged to surpass the
dead, who would then welcome them beyond the
tomb.
The speech of Socrates belongs not to dialectic
but to a rhetoric aimed at the largergroup who were
not ready for dialectic, but it taught the basic
doctrine of the Good and can be describedas rhetoric
imbued with philosophy. It did not flatter the living
like ordinary rhetoric any more than the Periclean
address.
5 I. von Loewenclau, Der platonische Menexenos
(=
Tiibinger Beitrage zur Altertumswissenschaft, 41, I96I).
This is a remarkably good study presented as a Berlin
dissertation in 1949 and revised in I95I. It was consulted
but not entirely appreciated by N. Scholl, Der platonische
Menexenos (= Temi e Testi 5, Rome, I959). Scholl's
dissertation has some very valuable comments too, but it
does not have the same fundamental importance. See also
George Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion in Greece (Prince-
ton, I963), pp. I58-I64. On the other hand, C. H. Kahn,
"Plato's Funeral Oration," Cl. Phil. 58 (I963):
234, has not persuaded me.
11
Before we leave the Menexenus temporarily it is
necessary to say a word about the modern theory
according to which the oration of the Menexenus
was intended as a parody. The ancient Athenians,
who according to Cicero, Orat. 151 had it read out
publicly every year, cannot have felt so, neither did
Isocrates, Cicero himself, and Aelius Aristides. At
least those who claim the Menexenus as a serious
work of Plato seem to me very right. The problem
of the Menexenus is really the problem of the dia-
logue which frames it. Why did Plato use Socrates
for an occasion which took place twelve or thirteen
years after the death of Socrates, and why did
Plato have Socrates pretend that the oration was
by Aspasia, an anachronism even cruder?
The framing dialogue shows a certain indignation
against the kind of funeral orations which have
recently been delivered and against the false criteria
by which the speakers have been chosen. The indig-
nation is directed against the professional rhetori-
cians; Menexenus says as much. There is no ex-
pression of indignation against the foreign policy of
Athens, and it seems far-fetched to read any such
thing into the dialogue. To criticize the living
rhetoricians Plato used Socrates because Socrates
was the mask which he customarily used. The irony
is perfect. The anachronismdid not worry him.
The references to Aspasia of course remind the
reader of the Oration of Pericles in Thucydides,
Book II, the most famous of the funeral orations.
Pericles had not gone to a professional rhetorician,
and yet he had done well. Plato disapproved of
Pericles as a stateman but he undoubtedly recogniz-
ed the high literary quality and superior reputation
of the oration which Thucydides attributed to him.
Aspasia was, in a way, the Muse who had inspired
Pericles. Socrates facetiously draws on the same
inspiration. As Pohlenz6noted, the dialogueAspasia,
in which Aeschines of Sphettos overrated the
mistress of Pericles, had recently been published. In
this work of art, which Lucian, Imagines 17 extolled
as a masterpiece, Aspasia's wisdom and under-
standing were most attractively represented, and
when Plato's Socrates referredto Aspasia,.the reader
did not look for something absurd. The Menexenus,
though it presents a discourse which corrects the
funeral oration of Thucydides II, is not directed
against Thucydides and Pericles primarily, but
against the more recent orations and the false
criteria of the recent choice of speaker. The funeral
oration of the Menexenusis neither a parody nor a
paignion.
6 Max Pohlenz, A us Platos Werdezeit
(Berlin, 1913),
pp. 220- pp. 256-307 "Kritik der auswartigen Politik Athens."
Pohlenz was not the first but he was impressive.
12 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
Isocrates IV, the Panegyric of Isocrates, consti-
tutes the next major step in the development which
we wish to trace. Isocrates in this oration sought
to persuade the Greeks to establish, first, concord
among themselves and, secondly, a joint hegemony
of Athens and Sparta for a war against the Great
King. In order to persuade the Lacedaemoniansto
accept a partnership with Athens, Isocrates argued
that Athens actually deserved the sole hegemony
by its many benefactions to Hellas but would be
content to share it. In the elaborate demonstration
of the merit of Athens, Isocrates incorporated and
worked out with artistic perfection the well-known
themes of the funeral orations, particularly those of
Lysias II, but also those of other orations with im-
portant reflectionsof Thucydides. The vast material
of a long funeral oration and of a symbuleutic
address to the Hellenes at a festival were woven to-
gether with great skill into a single clearly arranged
discourse directed at a reading public of all Hellenes.
The real importance of the Panegyric lies partly in
the importance of its subject but above all in its
rhetorical perfection, the art with which he covers
the abundant material in the most elegant language
and without ever losing his way. He accepts the
Athenian Empire of the fifth century and justifies
it. Whereas the Pericles of Thucydides was proud
of the empire but admitted that the acquisition of
it was perhapsnot just, Isocrates argues that every-
thing about it was justified by the good it did the
Hellenes, and he excuses the treatment of Melos
and Scione as necessary. Unlike Thucydides he also
exploits the ancient legends. Of particular interest
is the following passage (IV, 50):
Ourcity in respectto thoughtand speechhas left the
rest of men so far behindthat her pupils have become
teachersof all the others,and she has made the name
of Hellenesseem no longerthat of the race but of the
mind,andit is morethosewho shareoureducationthan
those who share the common origin who are called
Hellenes (KacijnaAov "EArlvas KaXdstal T'roi;sTrfj
historisch-philologische Untersuchung (= Historia Einzel-
T'fS 'rrpEripaS TrOiS rfiS KOIVS4paCEcos schriften, Heft 2, Wiesbaden, I958), pp. 45-65. M. A.
-rraiEOaEcos
rETrXo
wras).
According to one interpretation (Werner Jaeger,
etc.), this means an extension of the term Hellenes
to include barbarianseducated in the Athenian way.
According to a second interpretation (J. Jiittner,
etc.), this means a restriction of the term Hellenes
to those who have both the common origin and the
training which came from Athens.The second inter-
pretation assumes that here as occasionally else-
where Isocrates means "the rest of the Hellenes"
when he says "the rest of men" and the implication
would be that another criterion (culture)is added to
an older criterion,that of common origin. According
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
to a third interpretation (E. Buchner7), Isocrates
claims neither an extension nor a restriction of the
name Hellenes but a redefinition of the name in the
light of their most outstanding characteristic.
Isocrates XII, the Panathenaic, which Isocrates
began in 342 and finished in 339 B.c. at the age of
ninety-seven, constitutes the fourth important step
in the development which we wish to trace. This
last discourse of Isocrates, slightly repulsive in
its vanity, and still unsuccessful in its philosophy,
was not published as a symbuleutic oration like his
much earlierand greater Panegyric, but it seems, as
Wendland argued, to be a symbuleutic oration
disguised as an encomium of the Athenians.8 The
Panegyric included much praise of the Athenians
and some disparagement of the Lacedaemonians,
but the Panathenaic praises the Athenians without
interference from the claim of the Spartans to re-
cognition. The Spartans are denounced. The most
striking thing about the discourse, i.e. about sec-
tions 35-I98, is the reinterpretation of ancient
legends in a way to give them a special significance
for a current situation, either a prefigurationof an
idealized union around a king as in the case of Aga-
memnon who produced concord among the Greeks
and protected them from barbarian encroachments
(sections 74-87), or an assertion of moral leader-
ship and courage as in the telling of the Adrastus
story, where Isocrates seeks the universal behind
the particularand shows the Athenians as an ancient
people deeply conscious of a divine law binding on
all men or at least on all Greeks. By this time Plato
was dead. Isocrates no longer regarded him as a
competitor and he was more susceptible to the
influence of Plato; the Panathenaic itself is almost
a dialogue with the critic reminiscent of the Callicles
of the Gorgiasand with a considerableframe around
the oration proper.9
7 Edmund Der von Isokrates: Eine
Buchner, Panegyrikos
Levi, Isocrate, Saggio critico (Milan-Varese, I959), pp. 62-
65, comes by a different way to much the same view.
8 Paul Wendland, "Beitrage zu athenischer Politik und
Publicistik des vierten Jahrhunderts," Nachrichten von der
K. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Phil.-hist.
KI., 1910: pp. I23-I82 and 289-323, especially pp. I37-I82.
This is a very important discussion but one should consult,
especially for the meaning of amphibolia, the article by F.
Zucker, "Isokrates' Panathenaikos," Berichte iiber die Ver-
handlungen der Sdchsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
zu Leipzig, Phil.-hist. K1., 101, Heft 7 (I957).
9 Wendland does not say this. Still he may have shared
this opinion to a slight degree when op. cit., p. I7I, he
wrote "Der SchluBteil mit seiner feinen sokratischen
Selbstironie geh6rt zu dem Anziehendsten, was Isokrates
je geschrieben hat."
VOL. 58, PT. i, i968] GENERAL DISCUSSION
It is true that the oration of Socrates in Plato's
Menexenus may have suggested many ideas to
Isocrates and that the ideas of the Panathenaic are
already present in the Panegyric in an earlier form.
Nevertheless, the Panathenaic goes further than
the Panegyric. For instance, in the Panegyric 55
Isocrates tells the story of Adrastus as follows:
This Adrastus,who was son of Talaos and king of
Argos,having met with misfortunefromthe expedition
against Thebes,was himselfunableto bury those who
had died below the Cadmea,but he asked the city to
help in a case of the accidentswhich can happento all
and not to allow those who die in wars to go unburied
and an ancientcustomandancestrallaw to be dissolved.
In the Panathenaic 168-174 Isocrates tells the
story with a wealth of detail and interpretation, of
which the following is a sample:
(Adrastus)askedthat the city not permitsuch heroes
to go unburiedand an ancientcustomand ancestrallaw
to be dissolved,which all men continuouslyuse not as
having been establishedby a human society (o0X cos
Trr'
avepcorrivS KEitVEC but as having been
WpOCuEcoS)
ordainedby a divine power.On hearingthese pleas the
Demos without waiting a moment dispatchedan em-
bassy to Thebesin orderto advisethem to consultmore
conscientiouslyand to make a more traditionalreply
than that madepreviously,and in orderto let them see I39-I4I) begins with emphasis on the Truth as
that the city would not allow them a violation of the opposed to the pleasure at which poets and prose
universallaw of all the Hellenes(r TroiS aOrroTs o'nK artists aimed. This is a theme found in many authors
O
ET1rTpEEI Trwapapaivouai TOVoV
V T6VKOiv6voraT&wtcov
TCOV'EEAXivcov).
including Plato but noticeably in Thucydides II 37
and especially in the Panathenaic of Isocrates (XII
When Isocrates XII 174 at the end of the story
of Adrastus says "Our city would not have been
able to arrange any of these things properly, if she
had not far surpassed the others in her reputation
and power" (XriSuvaulE), the dynamis of the Athe-
nians becomes a moral force.
It would be easy to lose one's way in the many
other works which are reflected in the Panathenaic
Orationof Aelius Aristides, many speechesin Thucy-
dides, many passages in other dialogues of Plato
many periodic sentences of Demosthenes, the usual
paraphernaliaof schools of rhetoric and philosophy;
in fact all the literature of archaic and classical
Greece was familiar to Aristides. Some of this in-
fluence will be noted in the commentary,but to have
a clear view of what particularlyaffected the choice
of subject and of structure it is necessary not to lose
our way in the rest but to concentrate on those four
works, the funeral oration of Pericles in Thucydides
II, that of Socrates in Plato's Menexenus,the Pane-
gyric of Isocrates and the Platonizing Panathenaic
of Isocrates.
The Panathenaic of Aelius Aristides is of such
length that he had to pretend that it lasted for two
13
days and to give it two prooemia. The more im-
portant first prooemium (sections I-6) begins, as
do the funeral orations of the Thucydidean Pericles
and the Socrates of Plato's Menexenus, with a
reference to a nomos ("law" or "custom") which
obliged him to speak. This is the first indication
that he was resuming the dispute concerning the
dynamis of the city and the arete of the Athenians
which differentiated those two orations more than
anything else except perhaps the presence or ab-
sence of the ancient myths. Whereas, however,
Pericles and Socrates went on to a double antithesis
of word and deed (logos-ergon),Aristides advances
with an extraordinary play upon the word logos,
wherein there is no contrast with the deeds (erga).
Whereas Aristides himself combined the nomos and
logos themes because he had the aforesaid orations
of Pericles and Socrates in mind, the average reader
was probably not expected to understand the
connection at once but to feel an immediate curios-
ity. Aristides had something new to offer on the old
subject, but he, like Isocrates in the prooemium of
the Panegyric, prides himself also on the care with
which the old subject is now worked out to per-
fection.
The transition or second prooemium (sections
271). Then apologizing for the length of the oration,
Aristides justifies the logoi of an orator against the
erga of athletes at a festival. This recalls the pro-
oemium of the Panegyric of Isocrates but in a way
to suggest another antithesis of word and deed.
In the discourse itself Aristides follows the lead
which Socrates gave in Plato's Menexenus and
praises Attica as the mother of her men. This part
he expands in his own way with considerable
felicity, as he finds in mother Attica the philanthro-
pia and grace which are later striking characteristics
of the men. The ancient legends are of course re-
ceived and then developed in the manner adumbrat-
ed by Isocrates XII to yield a deeper meaning; the
Adrastus story of section 67 is particularly close to
the philosophical version of Isocrates XII and the
story of the Amazons (70) provides an even better
example of what Isocrates XII was trying to do.
However, even when Aristides reuses old words of
Isocrates, he frequently gives to them a very
differentmeaning, or he deliberatelysubstitutes new
ideas.
In the historical period the Persian Wars are
seen from the point of view of the Menexenus and
 14 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
the educational value of the Battle of Marathonis
emphasized accordingly. The significance of Athe-
nian attitudes commands the chief attention.
The Athenian Empire which Thucydides admired
but recognized as oppressive is defended in the
manner of Isocrates IV. It too receives the philoso-
phical treatment, and many a phrase of Thucydides
or another is turned to the credit of Athens. It is
praised with formal thoroughness,but the objection
of Plato to a Periclean admiration of the dynamis
of the city is not forgotten. The city is shown as
public-spirited and philanthropic; the virtue of an
outgoing philanthrr6piawhich Plato, Menexenus
244e rather disapproves, takes the place of the
stricter justice which Plato idealized. In general
Aristides sides with Plato against Thucydides but
with many deviations. For Aristides the Athenian
Empire of the fifth century was not the dynamis of
the city; rather it prefiguredthe dynamis.
In a climacticpassage whichhad no parallelin the
public orations Aristides reveals to the Greekworld
the dynamis of the Athenians. It is not a dynamis
representedby 200 or more triremes and supported
by garrisons; it is not limited to the islands, Ionia,
and the Thraceward region; it extends over the
whole world. It is the language, literature, and
philosophy of Athens, a cultural empire which
attracts all men. Sections 225-232 should be read
as the key passage of the whole oration.
Here then Aristides accepts Plato's rejection of
Thucydidean and Periclean admiration for the
dynamis of the Athenians when interpreted in a
Thucydideanand Pericleansense, but he too admires
the dynamis when he reinterpretsit from the point
of view of logosand logoi. As you hear this climactic
passage of the Panathenaic Discourse, the notes
struck by the elaborate play with the words logos
and logoi in the prooemium become thoroughly
intelligible for the first time as something more than
mere word play. They are the essence of his message,
and they are the words with which the epilogue
closes the discourse and brings the audience back to
Athena. The discourse for all its length is tightly
bound together and constructed with beautiful
clarity.
But in reinterpreting the dynamis of the Athe-
nians Aristides had before him the condemnation
of an empire based on sea power (fj 68vapltSaOTrr)
by Isocrates, De Pace (= VIII), 74-105, where
Isocrates rejects the so-called dynamis of the
Athenians and implies, particularly in I02, that the Zetemata 26, I96I), p. 36.
real dynamis was something else. Isocrates does so,
90 he calls them ot Tepi -r
not in the manner of Plato, but with arguments
clearly derived from Plato. Aristides, however, goes Kelsos wider das Christentum (= Arbeiten zur Kirchenge-
much further in redefining the true dynamis and schichte 30, Berlin, I955), pp. 137 und I89-238.
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
works it out carefully along an entirely different
line. Isocrates too emphasized his message with a
repetition of the words dynamis, dynamai, and
archein contrasting meanings but with rhetorically
effective concentration.
The Thucydidean Funeral Oration of Pericles has
given Aristides not only the idea of exalting the
dynamis of the Athenians, which he redefines, but
that of treating the history of Athens in three
periods. Here again Isocrates, De Pace (= VIII)
74-105 preceded.
In the Funeral Oration (Thucyd. II 36) there is
a division into three generations: the progonoi
(ancestors) who established freedom, the pateres
who created the empire and the generation of
Pericles himselfl0 which preserved it. There is a
similar division in Isocrates VIII (356 B.C.): the
progonoiwho fought the Persians," the patereswho
came after them and had the empire based on sea
power, and finally the long generation of Isocrates
himself which yearned to reconstitute that empire.
For Isocrates the progonoi were much superior to
the pateres, while for Pericles the progonoi were
good but the patereseven better.
This division, created by the Thucydidean Peri-
cles and slightly altered by Isocrates VIII, is both
imitated and transformed by Aristides. The pro-
gonoi, as he calls them in section 74, are no longer
the generation(s) that fought the Persian (and
earlier) Wars for freedom and survival, but the
Athenians of the mythical period who created the
great traditions of fostering the common interests of
mankind. In the Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman
Periods ancient legends came to be treated more
and more as allegories to be interpreted, and they
were important possessions. Celsus hurled against
the Christians the charge that they were without
ancient traditions.l2 Athens, on the other hand, has
the greatest traditions (logoi) of any community
(sections 235-239).
Separate from the progonoiare the Athenians of
the Classical Period, i.e. from the expulsion of the
Pisistratids to the triumph of Philip. What cor-
responds to the generation of the pateres who (for
Pericles) created or (for Isocrates VIII) exercised
the so-calledAthenian Empireis in the Panathenaic
of Aelius Aristides an age in which ideals of ex-
cellence were fully revealed in action, an age in
10 J. Th. Kakridis, Der
thukydideische Epitaphios (=
11Isocrates VIII 94 calls them the progonoi and in VIII
TnE palK yEv6pevot.
12 Carl Andresen, Logos und Nomos: Die Polemik des
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] - GENERAL DISCUSSION 15
which the Hellenic spirit was brought into full view, saying. On the other hand, without the prosopo-
by the Athenians. poeia Aristides remains closer to the kind of contest
But what about the Age of Aristides himself? for which Plato called, the contest of the living to
Pericles could point with pride to the empire which surpass the dead, when he says that after the ex-
his own generation preserved despite its unpopu- pulsion of Xerxes Athens entered into competition
larity. Aristides discovers, as we have noted, that with herself (Panathenaic 145) and when in section
the so-called Athenian Empire was a mere prefig- I87 he says that the men of Phyle surpassed almost
uration, not the true domain of Athens. The true those heroes of Marathonwho were their ancestors.
domain of Athens is one for which men yearn; it is The many statements which reflect specific
the world-wide domain of the civilization which passages of the Menexenus need not be listed since
classical Athens created and which the contempo- they are usually noted in the Commentary,but one
rary fifth world empire protected and encouraged. interesting example of silence may be here com-
The third generation, which was that of Pericles (or pared. Plato, Menexenus 239b-c does not dwell on
Isocrates) himself, finds its counterpart in the certain legendary struggles because the poets have
Aristidean third age,13 that of the true Athenian already done so; Aristides section 174 does not dwell
arche,under the humanistic empire of Hadrian and on certain battles of the PeloponnesianWar because
the Antonines (sections 225-234). Thucydides has narrated them.
Of Platonic inspiration are particularly (I) the Unmistakably Platonic is the idealization of
treatment of Athenian arete and the physis of the Athens as image and standard of the good human
Athenians as derived from the good beginning and Kai opos
society, -rfs pvo'EcosT'rS &vpcowrriaSEiKc&V
(2) the development of the oration from the physis (section 274). The words individually have Platonic
of Attica to the physis and training of her men and overtones, but the phrase itself is not Platonic.
to the deeds which men so trained naturally pro- Nevertheless, the concept of Athens as an eternal
duce, except that Athena and the other gods rather ideal of a good city goes back to the Menexenus. So
than the constitution do the training. Character- does the attempt to prove with selected examples
istically Aristidean are the notes, casually worked the moral purpose behind Athenian deeds and to
in, which keep the audience alert to implications. recognizein the purer Hellenism of the ideal Athens
In the treatment of the beginning the simile of the a sacred guide for all Hellenes and for all good men.
circle and references to an arche recur. In section Right out of the Menexenus 237d-e is the thought
24 he says, "One beginning of my speech has re- that the territory of Athens is a first home of man
turned to another beginning" (arche),and in section (section 25).
32, "Oncemore the argument returns to a starting- From Isocrates, on the other hand, he has drawn
point" (arche).These are not signs of mere prolixity the inspiration for a rhetorically thorough coverage
but have a purpose. Furthermore,the training here of the subject, a subject so great and so vast as to
extends to all the Hellenes and even to mankind. be of the utmost difficulty. Aristides has organized
The agon motif which Plato took over from his Panathenaic as lucidly as Isocrates had organized
Thucydides but recast in the form of a prosopo- his own masterpiece, the Panegyric. Architecturally
poeia, where persons more authoritative than the they stand together as the two great masterpieces
speaker are portrayed as speaking directly, reap- of ceremonialGreekRhetoric, at least in the opinion
pears in the Panathenaic I09-II5 but in an inverted of the Byzantines.
form. The Athenians who fought at Salamis de- From the Panathenaic of Isocrates he has drawn
clined to contend for the nominal command and so the subject for his own Panathenaic, the encomium
saved Hellas with their greatness of spirit. The pro- of Athens as the unique city without a peer. The
sopopoeia may be described as inverted because name Panathenaic would surely remind the reader
Aristides reports in direct address what those of the earlier Panathenaic which was a deliberative
ancient Athenians might justly have said to the oration disguised as an encomium and which Iso-
other Hellenes but magnanimously refrained from crates himself contrasted with mere display orations.
The Panathenaic of Aristides, accordingly, may well
13 While
Aristides, section 234, divides universal history
be a deliberative oration disguised as an encomium
into the periods of five world empires, he surveys the of the Athenians.
history of Athens itself throughout in three broad divisions, The Panathenaic of Isocrates begins with a
the early Athens of the progonoi, the Athens of the time of
the Persian Empire, and the Athens of his own day. He
justification of the master's own educational ideals,
does not describe the inglorious history of Athens in the
the training of men to be self-restrained and un-
time of the Imperium Macedonicum or of Athens in the corrupted by success, not to be crushed by mis-
early days of Roman Domination. fortune but to bear disasters courageously in a
16 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER.PHIL. SOC.

manner worthy of the nature in which we happen to being so few in number, they nevertheless never
share, TriSIpcE?coS &(ScosiSPEi?T'XOvrEs ruyXavoEv. obeyed any of the populous cities but continued to
In the Panathenaic of Isocrates the section on his be independent, and they became leaders of all the
educational ideals is irrelevant to the praise of Hellenes against the Barbarians, and in all battles
Athens. In the Panathenaic of Aristides, on the they gave evidence of courage, endurance and
other hand, the educational ideals are those of mutual concord. There was never civil strife among
Athens in support of the KOilvlqaucS, the Common Spartans and the horrors of civil war and tyranny
Nature of the All, and the subject is successfully never occurred there. These were all good things,
combined with the praise of Athens itself. the critic points out, which Isocrates himself had
The Panathenaic Discourse of Isocrates ends in a said about the Spartans on earlier occasions. In
very interesting discussion of the encomium which section 26I the critic once more insists on the two
has just been read to a group of disciples. One of the levels of the address, one for the many, and one for
latter was from an oligarchic state and felt that superior people KaT-r TOrv Xoyiic6bv T-rV 1Trlpcovcvov
Isocrates had not been fair to Sparta. He attributes aToxaZEoiat TqiSarleEiaS, "those trying to get at the
useful institutions to Sparta but Isocrates refutes deeper truth." The critic finishes by advising Iso-
this claim. Then Isocrates, too, felt uneasy about crates not to burn the oration but to revise it.
the denunciation. The disciples are called together Isocrates (265) leaves the speech just as it is
again and the encomiumis read once more. The same and declines to commit himself as to whether or
not the speech had the hidden thoughts which
critic now suggests that Isocrates was merely testing
them and he interprets the encomium. the critic discovered. Personally I do not think
Isocrates himself need not have intended to do it had.
what the critic, sections 239ff., claims he did, namelyProbably Isocrates began indeed to compose his
appear to simple people to be denouncing the eulogy of the Athenians in the hope of disseminating
Spartans but actually to be praising them. The it at the Panathenaic Festival of 342, and probably
critic (240) found the most remarkableambiguities he had written in the hope of collaborationbetween
in the speech, ambiguities which in a court trial Philip and Athens as well as to justify the standards
allegedly would have been reprehensiblebut which that he had taught for so long. Three years later,
it was fine and philosophic to employ when discuss- when he recovered from his illness, the eulogy was
ing the affairs and physis of men in the abstract. no longer as valuable for his publicistic aims, yet
The Spartan physis had been portrayed as that of he could not bear to waste the effort. He revised,
haughty, warlike encroachers,while the Athenians perhaps and wrote more, but he was nervous about
in their physis were peaceful, phil-Hellenic champi-the effect of his denunciation of the Spartans. He
ons of political equality. According to the critic probably had not changed his mind about the cur-
some would dare to say that the Spartans cut a rent attitude of the Spartans, but he did not wish to
better figure because haughtiness partook of dignitylose his influence with them or with any Hellenes.
(oEpvo6lms) and all such looked more great-spirited The denunciationnow seemed too harsh, the periodic
than the representatives of equality, and that the sentences just as beautiful. He consulted his students
and something like the criticism and advice he
warlike are superiorto the peaceful, since the latter,
while not liable to go after the property of others,reports did occur. He hoped to soothe the Spartans
are poor guardians of their own, whereas the war- by emphasizing his former kind words and by
like are able to take whatever they want and to savedrawing attention to the possibility of a deeper
what they once acquire (242). The critic goes on to meaning as suggested by the critic. In doing so he
say the speech is so deep that it needs exegesis of ruined the encomium, and Aristides recognized the
the sort that he would give it but without his fact. What kind of an encomium of Athens was one
exegesis it would surely offendthe Spartans.Then he that could be skillfully interpreted as a concealed
lists some of the things the Spartans had achieved: encomium of her rival Sparta? Surely not one that
The Dorians had come from obscure beginnings did justice to Athens!
and had conquered the most famous cities of the So Aristides composed his own Panathenaic in
Peloponnese; this was the most wonderful deed of the fine and philosophic style. It was to be no mere
that period, a deed performed by Spartans in a display oration but a discourse with a message,
joint campaign with others. Then, though being no such as Isocrates himself had always recommended.
more than 2,000, they would rather die than not Aristides vindicated the glory of Athens against the
subdue all the cities of the Peloponnese and did exegesis of the critic. He shows the nobility of a
subdue them except for Argos. The Spartans alone great spirit residing not in the Spartans but in the
among the Hellenes had a fine boast that, though Athenians (sections 23, 59, 122, I34). Aristides
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION
shows that the Athenians, though peaceful, were
good guardians of their own land but generous to
others, and in section 200 he turns the ability of the
Spartans to retain what they once acquire into
something less than admirable. The quality of
aEpv6OTrS (- dignity or stateliness) he vindicates
for the Athenians in sections 227 and 228, the
climactic passage. The Athenians, being autochtho-
nous, were superiorto men who had come from dark-
ness and driven out the lawful owners (section 26),
The Spartans, who though being no more than
2,000, would rather die than not to dominate the
Peloponnese, were less impressive than the Atheni-
ans, who being in numbernot much more than fifty,
would rather die than live in slavery (sections I86
and I87). Thus Aristides goes through various claims
of the critic and reverses them.
The most important influence that the critic has
had on the Panathenaic of Aelius Aristides is this.
Aristides does not permit the art of exegesis to be
applied in such a way as to reach the very opposite
conclusion to what the speaker seems to be saying.
Aristides takes the utmost care to explain truly the
deeper meaning of the stories he tells.
From the Funeral Oration of Pericles to the
Panathenaic of Aristides there is more than one line
of descent. The aletheia (truth) which both Pericles
and Aristides sought to uncover can be defined as
the arete and the dynamis of the Athenians. In re-
gard to the arete the genealogy of the Aristidean
Panathenaic runs through the Menexenus and
Isocrates XII; in regard to the dynamis the geneal-
ogy of the Aristidean Panathenaic runs through the
Menexenus and Isocrates VIII. The excellence and
the potential of humanity were revealed by the
Athenians, who thus in the Aristidean Panathenaic
274 emerge as eikon and horosof our kind, that is to
say, as a visible image of the virtue and a marker
of the potential in human nature. Unfortunately,
the Greek word horos suggests also a "limit," and
in fact the Hellenes, while invited to assimilate
themselves to the Athenians, are not exhorted to
surpass them.
The history of the Panathenaic Discourse as a
form takes its start, not perhaps from any early
tradition or from the reorganization of the festival
by Pisistratus, but from the dream of Pericles to
make Athens the mother city of all Greece and to
make Athena of Athens the patron goddess of all
Hellenes. Pisistratus had created the opportunity,
but it was Pericles who more truly changed the
festival into a panhellenic festival and developed its
propagandisticimportance. As a panhellenicfestival
in the full sense, it dates from the plan of Pericles
for a reorganization of the alliance against Persia
2
17
into an alliance for peace and cooperation and
security.14It was in 455/4 B.C.that an oration at the
Greater Panathenaea achieved the potentiality of
becoming a means to strengthen and unify the
Hellenic world by an indirect appeal to those at
least who saw in Athens the brain, heart or center
of Hellas. It is, however, possible that the oration
did not become a part of the festival until the time
of Herodes Atticus.l5
To judge from the two extant examples, a Pana-
thenaic Discourse was an edifying and subtly pro-
pagandistic oration, delivered or circulated at the
Greater Panathenaea, in praise of the benefits con-
ferred by Athenians upon Hellas as a whole and so
proving the prior claim of Athens to the respect of
all Hellenes and even of all those who, like Philip of
Macedonor educated Romans, claimed to belong in
some way to the Hellenes.
II. TRADITIONAL CULTURE AND ANCES-
TRAL CONSTITUTION
I. THE POSTCLASSICAL AUDIENCE AND THE PLAN
After 338 B.C.non-Athenians were more willing to
admit the cultural primacy and philanthropiaof the
14 A. E. Raubitschek, "The Peace Policy of Pericles,"
AJA 70 (I966): pp. 37-4I. See also B. D. Meritt and H. T.
Wade-Gery, JHS 82 (I962): p. 71, and J. P. Barron, JHS
84 (I964): p. 48.
15 The most likely time for the oration to have been
added to the festival was in A.D. I 18, when, as L. Moretti,
Iscrizioni agonistiche greche (Rome, I953): pp. 202f. has
shown, the festival was reorganized and the Panathenaid
Era began. The Panathenaid Era is mentioned in the
following inscriptions:
a. Moretti, no. 7I, at Magnesia, in honor of P. Aelius
Aristomachus who competed as a child in the 224th
Olympiad and who, still a child, won nfavaOivaia Trk
iTrpcoTao0vrTa EIvOae(crTIK'(a0Tr eEOV'ASpiavou ...
TOTO
b. Moretti, no. 72, at Aphrodisias in Caria, in honor of P.
Aelius Aurelius Menander, who early in his long career
won &,8661,u lTavacirvao6iTTavao&ivataa&vSpv rravKpariv
"rrpcTrov'AppoSEIo'tcov ...
c. Hesperia 10 (I94I): p. 251, no. 53 (Athens), which dates
from A. D. I98/9 (or 202/3 or 206/7) and should be reedited
as follows:
Ao[v]Ki[cpE7-rrTtiCp]
Eovuip[cplspTrivaKl]
YepaCo-r [KaCM&pKcP]
Aup 7dicp YEOvipcp]
5 ['AvrcovivcplEpao-rrp]
[To]i[v] 0.Eo[]vn ATl,[os]
[K]iE6IoS6copos 'Av[a]
[Ka]E.0r,Tnavaerlva[c]
d. IG II2 2241 = III II94, -rri pXovTroS Kacravou 'klpoKlpvKOS
[T-rE]plicos, flavao0r[vatci] K. .., A.D. 230/I.
e. IG II2 2245 = III I202, [TTa]vaer1Vaot6[1] i ... [f]Tri&pXOV-
TOSA. >(Aa. lAoorpd[Tr]ov ZTElpItOS. . . , A. D. 254/5.
 18 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

Athenians. Gommel thinks that the speech of Nico- audience he addressed had been educated not only
laus the Syracusanin DiodorusXIII 2I-27 goes back by the fourth-century philosophers and orators
to Timaeus of Tauromenium. In any case Diodorus but by the Peripatetics and Stoics, among whom
made this encomium (whether composed by Ephorus Cleanthes and Chrysippus had actually composed
or Timaeus or someone else) famous once again. studies of the Art of Rhetoric with emphasis on
If it can be said of any other people, the prestige of man's place as part of the universe. The Academy
the city of the Athenians deserves our reverence, and eventually absorbed much of Stoicism, and educa-
we may well return to them our gratitude for the bene- tion everywhere reflected Stoic views.
factions they have bestowed upon man. For it is they The Stoics, especially Panaetius and Posidonius,
who first gave to the Hellenes a share in a food gained by placed an emphasis on the common interests of
cultivation of the soil, which, though they had received mankind, and it is partly due to this that the con-
it from the gods for their exclusive use, they made tributions of Athens toward mankind as a whole
available to all. They it was who discovered laws, by the receive a
corresponding emphasis in Hellenistic
application of which the manner of men's living has ad- encomia of Athens.
vanced from the savage and unjust existence to a
civilized and just society. It was they who first, by From about I25 B.C., from the time of the Stoic
there exists at Delphi a remarkable
sparing the lives of any who sought refuge with them, Panaetius,
contrived to cause the laws on suppliants to prevail inscription which contains a decree of the Delphic
all
among men, and since they were the authors of these Amphictyony in honor of the Athenians, who are
laws, we should not deprive them of their protection. enthusiastically praised as the people who created
(Diodorus XIII 26 in the Loeb translation of C. H. civilized life and paideia. The work of Athens is
Oldfather). likened to a religious mission. The implications are
Though Aristides usually wrote as if he were a potentially so important for our subject that part
younger contemporary of Plato and Isocrates, the of the text2 needs to be presented here:

v Oirei[[Sh]
11 [98otE-ro-t 'ApqwiKv]6ac v 'AervaioiSauvpi.-
yEyovi[vai K]ai [(avvEi]XOat 'rExvtrrv ao,voSov-Trap'
PfKT-rpc oTOv, C1v 6 Up%oS'-
'r&$vb avep]c6rots d&ycyecov
[-rr&(v-rcov ky iv Tooi Oi1pic8ovs pifou PETfnyayEVTOCS
&(pxri[y6s araraatQoeE]1s
1 hpep6Th-
&av&pc,b-rovfr1l
8' iye]v3ijr -r[']s 'Tpr6&AWQW[ovs
[Tra,TrrapaTItoS KolvcovfIasvv F-IaayayeovT1v -rTCov
p"rrlpifcov Trap&Boalv,
KalSi' -ro*cov 'rra[pa]y-
6T1 ipyi]arov
14 [yWAas-roi1&rTraaivj lj Trp6s gaUtrocisXp'ais'-rEKalTrrIcm,ITl-r
cyao6[v la-riv tv] e&vOpcb'rrois
-r,fv Soevrczv
v6p.ov[Kalii's
[chlT 0eE$viTEpi 97i.avepcb]-TcAcv vv 6bokoicBi Kai-ri-sTOo xaipiro~I
Trr]al8Eias 18faa
1Tapa86aF.coS
p1v I8E'taTO
[T6 &Scpov,Kolv1vv5] ri'v&ti[a]v-[oO] EiXP[llarirav'r]oT-0EM?oaiv&7rr&l)KE6v1rpcoT6~
TrE
Trr&vTcovavvayay&wv
-rtXvvrr(vai,vobov
17 [Kal&ycovtcrGr6v, Kailc)]lv1K[o1']syd&y$vcvts
O]Upe?wK[oC' &ToilaTEv, o1sKa'IOVlpaivfeI paLpTvWpe-
piV TrO*I TrWia-
ToJS-TrCV i-

Kal]irrotiiyr'4v, a-rr~v] 8i xKal

[aTopioypaqxqwv iq(pav Z SeIKVtSwE
-T[1'v &7W8siav iavC opwipvfiouaCav,6T1IXflTp6-.

ov &TraTcov -r]pa[ycotSflavx]al Kcotoi[8]iav eipoiia&Te KYcal

[Spaps6crc aiiaaaac , KwrX.

Restorations: I-I-4 G. Colin, BCH 24 (9goo): p. 96. 2

15 [lflO ee-ov 'TrEp,i v6.ic, [xKalT'ij SIG' 704 E, improved by Adolf Wilhelm, "Zu
einem
TCOVdvepCb]T-rrcav
Beschlusse der Amphiktionen," Wiener Studien 61-62
TraIjaEIfas Colin; iTepi (p9lavepC6]rtrcv Wilhelm. i6 [T-r6 pp. 167-189. There was from the beginning
(1943-I947):
8U]Trv i g[a]u-[6STv]
8CApov K0lv1"Pv Pi0Xp[rjaTirav
-rT]0is a religious color to the glory of Athens, and certain speakers
such as Callias the Daduchus at the Peace Conferenceof
I'A. W. Gomme, A Historical Commentaryon Thucydides 376 B. C. probably made much of it (Xenophon, Hell. VI
2 (Oxford, I956): p. 326. T. S. Brown, Timaeus of Tauro- 3, 3-6), but the Athenians never appear as chosen instru-
nenium (= University of California Publications in History ments of the gods in effecting a divine plan, even though a
55, 1958), p. 75 (contra). belief in divine pronoia may have prepared the way.
VOL. 58, PT. i, r968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 19
Colin; ?[a]v\r[o0] Homolle. 17 Colin. i8 i[Sicov fjs Tr6- ad ordinandum statum liberarum civitatum, id est
XEco5] 6v KalT[f]v Colin; i[crropioypa- ad homines maxime homines, ad liberos maxime
acrfiv]
-rroirlTcj[v
(pcov Kai] TrotrlrTc[vWilhelm. I9 Colin. Letters under- liberos. Plutarch, Cimon Io, 7 compliments the
linedarerestoredwith certaintyfroman Atheniancopy, Athenians on having given seeds of grain to the
IG II2 II34. Hellenes and having taught needy mankind (to
Blank spaces occur in lines I3 and I5. Such blanks
are usually left as punctuation. On what does the channel) spring water and to light fire. Florus I 40,
v6ocov in lines I4-I5 depend? Not on IO calls the city frugum parentem.
phrase -riv ...
6G6pov in line I6 but on rrapaSoolvin line 13 according Ciceroand Pliny would be no models for Aristides.
to Colinbecauseof the blanksafter arrai6Eias in line 15. The true models were Demosthenes, Isocrates and
OnScopovaccordingto Wilhelm.The writer,who agrees Plato, or more broadly the great names of classical
here with Colin, interprets the phrase Trov ... v6ucov Greek literature. But Cicero and Pliny reflect the
KaiTrfiSratisiaS as a kind of hendiadys,and for the myths on which Aristides and his audience or read-
laws as trainingmen one may referto Plato'sCrito.The ers were reared.
Delphic MANTEIA,accordingto Aristides section 35, Not only had Isocrates and Plato developed
said that Athenswas the mothercity of the crops;the
AAHOEIAof line i8, accordingto the DelphicAmphic- special ways of reinterpretingold legends and myths
but a whole school of exegetes in the Classical,
tyons, says that Athens is the mother city of all the Hellenistic and
drama. Early Roman Periods explained the
Homeric poetry or the logoi of the old mystery
The Amphictyons decreed. cults in a way to rediscover philosophicalprinciples
In view of the fact that the formation and or ideas.3 By the time of Aristides the educated
collection of a society of Artists has first occurred public no longer expected a literal interpretation.
among the Athenians, whose Demos, The praise of Athens consisted of old themes that
i) appointed founder of the good things among Lucian ridiculed, but the old themes must have
men, led mankind out of an animal existence into sounded better in some speeches than in others and
civilization, may have taken on special tones when, for example,
the cause of our of the Dionysiac Artists expressed their appreciation.
2) became community ways by
introducing the tradition of the Mysteries and by The pleasure of recognition and the comparative
the latter to all that a richness of its themes made the encomium of Athens
announcing through very
men was the habit of meeting the most popular encomium of a city for a public
great blessing among
often and trusting one another, furthermore the that liked that sort thing. of There were opportuni-
tradition of those laws concerning friendly human ties for imaginative developments and surprise. For
intercourse which were given by gods and constitute example, in the second century after Christ, Alex-
our training, ander the Clay-Plato displayed his brilliance by an
encomium which doubtless treated the themes from
3) likewise made into a common benefit for the
Hellenes the gift of agriculture, though privately a positively Platonic point of view (Philostratus,
received, and VS, p. 78 Kayser). It might be interesting to com-
with that of Aristides, if we only
4) as first of all to do so, assembled a society of pare his oration
artists and actors and put on musical and theatrical could.
contests, to which the majority of historians and The Panathenaic Oration of Aristides was soon
as and unsurpassableexample
poets consequently testify, while Truth herself, recognized the perfect
showing clearly a city which both discovered and of the type. Boulanger, no great admirer of the
developed tragedy and comedy, reminds us that the Panathenaic, which he calls totally devoid of
city which did so is a mother city of all the drama. originality and without interest from any other
Etc. standpoint, points out that it is the principal model
which the third-century rhetorician Menander
In the Roman Period three passages deserve followed in drafting a theory of the proper way to
special mention because of the eminence and in- praise a city.4 Bad taste is not the only possible
fluence of the authors. Cicero, Pro Flacco 26: adsunt explanation.
Athenienses, unde humanitas, doctrinae, religio, 3 F. Buffiere, Les mythes d'Homere et la pensee grecque
fruges, iura, leges ortae atque in omnes terras distri- (Paris, I956), and in the Bud6 series F. Buffi6re's H6raclite,
butae putantur. Pliny in the famous Epistle VIII Alligories d'Homere (Paris, I962). See infra, Ch. III.
4 A. Boulanger, Aelius Aristide et la sophistique dans la
24, 2 substitutes Greece for Athens when he says:
province d'Asie au IIe sigcle de notre ere (Paris, 1923), p. 369,
cogitate missum in provinciamAchaiam,illam veram n. 2. This generally admirable book does somewhat less
et meram Graeciam, in qua primum humanitas, than justice to the Panathenaic. And yet the excellent last
litterae,etiam fruges inventae esse creduntur,missum chapter on the influence of Aristides should be a corrective.
2*
20 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
In the Discourse on the Four, Aristides has
engaged in the old Hellenic sport of arguing against
a famous author, there Plato for his disparagement
of the four Athenian leaders, Miltiades, Themistoc-
les, Cimon,and Pericles. These four leadershad been
responsible for the success of Hellenism against the
Barbarians, and had helped effectively to create
the traditions of freedom and thoughtful courage
on which Hellenes prided themselves. Within the
circle of Greek paideia this was a mere family
quarrel.Before, however, he published the Discourse
on the Four, Aristides for some reason became pain-
fully aware of a breakdown within Hellenism, a
threat to its survival, the threat from a barbarism
advancing on many paths. He dissociated himself
and was worried enough to introduce an artistically
inappropriate but by itself very interesting attack
on those Hellenes who apostasized from the tradi-
tional eusebeiaof the Hellenes while they pretended
to the paideia of the Hellenes. It is significant of the
impiety (oiv[3poAov TiiSBvcaapEiaS)of the Palaesti-
nians, he argues, that they do not respect the
superior beings (i.e. the gods); the impious Hellenes
are no better, for they too in a sense apostasize, he
says.
However much Aristides disagreed with some
pronouncementsof Plato on the place of rhetoric in
the educational system, he stood firmly with Plato
the theologian, and he shared Plato's belief in the
value of education.
The Hellenes whom Aristides attacks in the
passionate digressionat the end of the Discourse on
the Four need not constitute one group, but Norden5
has shown that Aristides had popular philosophers
in mind, that is, Cynics but not only Cynics. The
Christians are not attacked here, but the faults
which Aristides finds in the popular philosophers
would be even greater in Judaizing Hellenes and
Greeks who became Christians. The apostates
include those disrespectful of the Hellenic gods and
those disrespectfulof Hellenic paideia and tradition-
al values.
While the defense of traditional eusebeia (piety)
and paideia is a mere adjunct to, or afterthought in,
the Discourse on the Four, the praise of traditional
eusebeiaand paideia constitutes the very backbone
of the Panathenaic Discourse. In praising Athens,
the Hellas of Hellas, Aristides praises it particularly
for creating Hellenism and Hellenic religion, and he
reminds the audience in section 222 that in the dark
days of Philip II it was Athens which preservedthe
symbolonof Hellas.
5 Ed. Norden, "Beitrage zur Geschichte der griechischen
Philosophie," Jahrbuch fur classische Philologie Suppl. Bd.
19 (I893): pp. 365-460 at pp. 4o4-410.
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
The form of a ceremonial oration in praise of
Athens imposed conventions which Aristides ac-
cepted and followed, but the rules,6 while strict,
were free enough for certain variations of emphasis.
The readerwill not expect originality of themes, but
he may expect some originality in the variations or
presentation of conventional themes, though the
modern obsession with originality should not lead
us to false expectations. Aristides develops the old
form to its highest perfection of disposition, smooth-
ness of transitions, invention of verbal bridges and
variety of graces. He strives to touch all the themes
that are traditionally imposed but to do so without
repetition and without obscuring the outline. He
has composed a ceremonialoration which gives him
a chance to present in artistic form (I) a model for
students which was soon a classic and (2) an appeal,
not only to an audience at a particular festival, but
also to the whole Hellenic world.7
It is my feeling that the Panathenaic Discourse
followed the Discourse on the Four chronologically
and that the rise of Christianity had something to
do with it, perhaps a great deal. Aristides does not
combat Christianity; he does not even notice it. But
he adopts attitudes determined by new challenges,
among which was that of Christianity.8
It is only fair to point out, however, that while
the Christians are nowhere mentioned, the Cynics
are denounced in section 267. The essential fact
seems to be that Aristides wanted to preserve and
6 For the
praise of Athens see Casimir Morawski, "De
gloria Athenarum et gloriositate Atheniensium," Akade-
mija umiejqtnosci, Krakow, Wydz. filolog., Rozprawy 26
(1905): pp. I-42; 0. Schr6der, De laudibus Athenarum a
poetis tragicis et ab oratoribus epidicticis excultis, Diss.
Gottingen, 1914; Karl Jost, Das Beispiel und Vorbild der
Vorfahren bei den attischen Rednern und Geschichtsschreibern
bis Demosthenes (= Rhetorische Studien XIX, Paderborn,
I936); H. R. Butts, The Glorification of Athens in Greek
Drama (= Iowa Studies in Classical Philology 11, I947);
Hans Herter, "Athen im Bilde der R6merzeit: Zu einem
Epigramm Senecas," Serta philologica Aenipontana, Inns-
brucker Beitrdge zur Kulturwissenschaft 7-8 (I96I): pp.
347-358.
7 In the Prolegomena, Treatise B I0-12 Lenz (Mnemosyne,
Suppl. 5, 1959), occurs a story about the delivery of a Pana-
thenaic Discourse by Aristides at Athens. It is not impos-
sible that Aristides did deliver one there, but certainly not
the long oration which is still extant. Rather the anecdote
arose after the Panathenaic Discourse of Aristides achieved
its fame. Treatise B, which goes back to Sopater, may be
dated in the fourth century. See Chapter IV.
8 The
tendency to react against Christianity without
mentioning Christianity is even more marked in the Hymn
to Athena, where F. W. Lenz, "Der Athenahymnos des
Aristeides," Rivista di Cultura Classica e Medioevale 5
(I963, published in 1964): pp. 329-347 rightly notes it.
In the Hymn to Athena Aristides shows the old gods as
functions of the one god and so undercuts the novelty of
Christianity.
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 21
deepen the cultural and religious union, now D. Maturity (KixAooKail CpyEoSS): The Logos fully
threatened. To do so he imitated Isocrates who visible ?? 142-271
tried to effect a military and political union of all I. Hellenic religion after Athenian victories over
Hellenes by publishing a Panathenaic. Persian invaders bursts into full bloom ??
The Panathenaic Oration of Aristides is epideictic 142-144
in that it is praise of the Athenian empire of speech 2. The so-called Athenian Domination ?? I45-I75
and reason. It is judicial in that it defends the record a. Exploits accomplishedbetween 478 and 404
of Athenian history. It is deliberative in that it B.C. ?? I49-I75
urges all Hellenes, indeed all civilized men, to unite b. Rebuttals and additional considerations ??
around the pure Hellenism of Athens, which means 176-224
the purest form of human culture and religion, the I. Comparison with acts and reactions of
form furthest removed from barbarians and from Sparta ?? 176-205
those who assail the nature of the community of 2. Exploits in defense of Hellenic freedom
mankind. after 404 B.C. ?? 207-212
From different, almost equally valid, points of 3. Defense against charges of tyranny ??
view different outlines of the discourse could be 213-224
made. We here present a pattern which seems to 3. The true Athenian Domination = Hellenic
have a strong justification.9 Civilization ??225-261
a. Established by the bloodless victory of her
First Half ?? I-I38:
language, literature and philosophy over all
A. Prooemium: Athens is properly praised as the mankind ?? 225-230
source of civilization and education, the city of b. Reasonable deference gladly accorded ??
the logoi ?? I-6 231-234
B. Early Athens (&pxl'): c. Comparisonwith the claims of other cities
I. Origin,nurture,and honorfromthe gods ??7-44 ??235-261
a. The land, sea and air ?? 7-24 4. Constitution ?? 262-270
b. The pure stock of men ?? 25-29 E. Conclusionthat the Athenians are the true inter-
c. The seeds of civilization ?? 30-44 mediaries between gods and men (EKcbvKcalxpos)
2. Civilizing Efforts of Athens against the sur- ?? 271-274
rounding alogia ?? 45-138 F. Epilogue with advice to Hellenes and prayer to
a. General Benefactions ?? 46-62 Athena ?? 275-276
I. The consoling reception of those in trouble
??46-54 2. THE ANCESTRAL CONSTITUTION
2. Colonization ?? 55-58
3. Consistency ?? 59-62 One of the most striking passages of the Pana-
b. Exploits accomplished in danger before the thenaic Discourse of Aelius Aristides runs through
so-called Athenian Domination ?? 63-138 sections 261-267, where he praises the Athenians for
I. Significant early traditions of excellence having supplied models of government, both of the
(Trrpoyovot) ?? 66-73 three simple constitutions and of the famous mixed
2. Historical Period brings a revelation of constitution. He speaks first of the divinely inspired
excellence ?? 74-138 ancestral constitution (section 261), which he at-
a. Athens against the barbarian, despotic tributes indirectly to Apollo of Delphi, although in
empire of Darius ?? 77-93 section 40 he implies that Athena showed it to
b. Athens against the barbarian, despotic them. He means that the goddess of Reason inspired
empire of Xerxes ?? 94-138 the idea of the ancestral constitution and that the
Second Half ?? I39-276 approval of the Delphic Oracle for the sacrifices
implied the approval of Apollo for the constitution.
C. Transition excusing length of the oration by Then in sections 262 and 263 Aristides claims for
emphasizing its occasion and "symbolism" ?? Athens the best examples first of monarchy, then
I39-14I of pure democracy, and finally of aristocracy (rep-
resented by the Areopagus), all produced of course
9 For a very different pattern see the outline presented to aid mankind. In sections 264 and 265 he views
by Bruno Keil's student, Eugen Beecke, Die historischen the Athenian constitution as a mixed constitution
Angaben in Aelius Aristides Panathenaikos auf ihre Quellen and he
untersucht (Diss. StraBburg, 1905), pp. 6-IO. For another expatiates on the advantages for cities
see the end of Chapter III. everywhere.
22 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
We have already noticed the close connection
between the Panathenaic of Isocrates and that of
Aristides. In the Panathenaic Isocrates attributes
the establishment of the democracy to Theseus,l1
whom he dates a thousand years before his time.
Not Solon or Cleisthenes but Theseus. Then he
discusses the three simple forms of constitution
with their defects and praises the constitution of
the ancestors as an ideal, mixed constitution, from
which the later polity degenerated. The starting
point is of course the claim of Sparta to the best
constitution, a claim not valid in the opinion of
Isocrates XII II4, if you go back to the Athenian
ancestral constitution.
Aristides differs from Isocrates XII in two im-
portant ways. He praises the ancestral constitution
not only because it gave mankind an ideal of a
mixed constitution but also because it supplied
perfect examples of the three simple forms, mon-
archy, democracy, and aristocracy (the offensive
word oligarchy is of course avoided but the phrase
"the few" appears). Secondly he differs from Iso-
crates XII in describing the city as consisting of
tribes and clans (yivq). Isocrates XII I45 still
spoke in terms of tribes and demes.
On a first reading of Aristides, section 261 the
writer was astonished at the seeming anachronism
of the clans, but on reflection he rememberedthat
Philostratus, V.S. II I, 5 (p. 144 Wright) spoke of
the city as consisting of tribes and clans when he
related that the father of Herodes Atticus often
sacrificed a hundred oxen to Athena and feasted
the Athenian people "by tribes and clans." The two
passages support each other. In the time of Herodes
Atticus and later the Athenian constitution could
be described as based on tribes and clans.
Were the tribes the ten Cleisthenean and three
post-Cleisthenean" tribes or the four old Ionian
tribes which at the time of the recodificationof the
laws at the end of the fifth century B.C. still survived
for certain religious ceremonies? Even in the classi-
cal periodthe Panathenaic Procession was organized
on the basis of the ten Cleistheneantribes. Hence it
is difficult to see how the father of Herodes Atticus
could have ignored the Cleisthenean and post-
Cleistheneantribes. Isocrates XII I45 clearly meant
the Cleisthenean tribes; hence it is natural to infer
that also Aristides section 26I meant the Cleisthe-
nean and post-Cleisthenean tribes of the actual
10 Isocrates XII I29. The Atthis of Androtion, which
was published around 343 B.c. is here reflected, as E.
Ruschenbusch has shown in his remarkable article,
"Tl&rpios nToXT-ria,"Historia 7 (I958): pp. 398-424.
11W. K. Pritchett, The Five Attic Tribes after Kleisthenes
(Diss., Johns Hopkins Univ., I943).
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
constitution. In fact, there is no trace of the four
Ionian tribes or of their trittyes and phratriesin the
abundant inscriptions of Roman Athens, whereas
the Cleisthenean and post-Cleisthenean tribes are
found everywhere.
How then are we to explain the clans, if the clans
are not here associated with the four old Ionian
tribes of the constitution before Cleisthenes? It
must at once be noted that in the first century B.C.
the old Attic clans took on a new lease of life. The
patria of the Eumolpidae and those of the other
eupatrid families12seem to have been collected at
this time. Cicero (Ad Atticum I 9) requested a copy
of the patria of the Eumolpidae in 67 B.C., and at
some time near 23 B.C. the genos of the Ceryces
praised one of their members who had worked hard
for the genos in investigations connected with the
rTroypcxpal and with the discovery of the patria,
i.e. the ancestral rites and customs, especially for
the patria which had fallen into desuetude. The
patria of the eupatridae (no one disputes the emend-
ation <E>(<(Tr)>crrpi6v
by O. Miller for the incom-
prehensibleOuyaTrptcov) are mentioned by Athenae-
us IX 4Ioa.
About 37/6 B.C. the Attic genos of the Gephyraioi
entrusted two Athenian worthies with a commission
to consult the oracle of Delphi concerning ancient
priesthoods in the ancestral way. An inscription13
recordsthe epistle of the genos to the city of Delphi
and the epistle of Delphi in reply. Unfortunately the
response of the oracle, which the city of Delphi
dispatched sealed with the state seal, has been lost,
but the publicity given to the incident speaks for
itself.
Priesthoodsbased on Athenian clans are mention-
ed in Delian inscriptions of the first century.l4 This
constituted an assertion of the clans, probably more
significant than referencesto the genos of the priest
on seats in the Theatre of Dionysus.
Likewise from the first century we have the
catalogue of the clan of the Amynandridae, IG II2
2338, erected around 23 B.C. by the archon of the
genos and arranged according to the Cleisthenean
and post-Cleisthenean tribes. The distribution is
strikingly even: Erechtheis ten names, Aegeis at
least three, Acamantis seven names, Oeneis nine
names, Cecropis at least six names, Antiochis at
12
J. H. Oliver, The Athenian Expounders (Baltimore,
I950), pp. 50-52. But the gene of the Eumolpidae and
Ceryces were not in the same category with the other
clans.
13 The texts in IG II2 I096 and SEG III Io8 are outdated
by the discovery of new fragments. See now B. D. Meritt,
Hesperia 9 (I940): pp. 86-96, No. 17.
14
Inscriptions de D6los 2516-2518 and 1624 bis.
VOL. 58, PT. I, i968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 23
least four names, Attalis at least nine names, century B.C. (and in the fourth century too) those
Leontis at least four names, Ptolemais at least seven moderates (and oligarchs who were seeking a better
names. When one allows for the loss of some names government and not just a dynasteia) aimed at
from five tribes and of all the names from three limiting effective citizenship to the upper and
tribes, it looks as if there were between seven and middle classes. Large numbers of citizens were to be
ten from each tribe. "disenfranchised." Surely this did not mean that
From a differentyear but very close in date, there they were to be declared xenoi (foreigners); they
is a decree of the genos of the Amynandridae in would still be astoi even if they could not participate
honor of a personage with a family tradition of in the making of decisions, but the real politai (full
helping Athens.15 citizens) would be the property owners (and people
Ferguson16 has shown that around IO3 B.C. "a with talent). The aim remained constant, but the
change of serious import took place." The cosmete means to achieve the aim varied from age to age
no longer stood his audit in the dicastery but in the and group to group. The writer submits that
Council of the Six Hundred. "Because of the Aristides section 261 makes it likely that the means
defective character of our sources," says Ferguson, adopted in the first century B.C. to exclude the many
"the alteration of the law is demonstrable only for from effective citizenship was the establishment of
this one magistrate; but it is clearly inferable for clan membership as a prerequisite to public office.
the other magistrates as well."The MithradaticWar It is likely that the old criterion of eligibility for
interrupted the oligarchic (or moderate) constitution an archonship, namely participation in the cults of
with a democratic revolt and the tyranny of Athe- Zeus Herkeiosand Apollo Patroos,l8was now applied
nion, but when Sulla captured Athens in 86, he with a new severity even to councillors. The im-
restored the constitution virtually as it had been portance of the clans probably lies in the homage
before the war. IG II2 I039 of about 8I B.C. and II2 with which they assured this participation, so that
I046 of 51 B.C. attest a shift of power from the all clansmen could now describe themselves in the
Demos to the Council of the Six Hundred. There words of Demosthenes LVII 67 as 'AWrrocovos-ra-
was also a shift of power to the Areopagus, but that -Tppov Kai Ati6S:pKeiou yEvviraci, and all clansmen
is not so important for my argument.l7 Accame is could point to the relevant sanctuaries and their
probably right in seeing a "democratic" reaction own burial lots.
in 44 B.C. with the arrival of M. Junius Brutus, but Around 25-20 B.C. in the decree of the Ceryces in
later a less "democratic"constitution was reestab- honor of Themistocles (Roussel, Melanges Bidez
lished. 819-834) the phrase TrapEltlrpo6-ra -rTv EUyevEavVKia
On the surface the change is hardly noticeable, TTrVanrr auTrr iEpcoo0uvrlv Ey 6la6boXfis irapa TOU
although we have seen that the Demos no longer 7ratrp6s EEopaoarou, "having inherited his eligibil-
counts for much. There are still nine archons, but ity and the priesthoodbased thereon from his father
the circle from which they are chosen is smaller, and Theophrastus in succession," the word ECuyEvEia
the incumbent of the expensive eponymate is often means "eligibility for office." The use of the word
a foreigner. There are still six hundred members of Ety~veia with an extension of meaning readily
the Council, but the circle from which they are intelligible to contemporaries reflects, I think, the
drawn is smaller. The dicasteries have disappeared. post-Sullan reform whereby eligibility for office was
There were riots and perhaps a revolt in the time of reserved for the well-to-do and justifies the assump-
Augustus but these were unsuccessful. The con- tion that the reform was not couched in crude
stitution still looked like the old constitution, but economic terms but in terms of descent, real or
the Demos had lost its power. fictitious, with a basis in the ancestral constitution.
The evidence of Aristides, section 261, supported, A reform of this type has to win acceptance in
as we have seen, by that of Philostratus, indicates orderto succeed. The writer suspects that the genos
that the clans had become the second pillar of the of the Amynandridaeand other still surviving clans
constitution at the side of the Cleisthenean and were reorganizedin such a way that they would be
post-Cleisthenean tribes. At the end of the fifth representative of all twelve tribes. The mutilated
catalogue of the Amynandridae shows an even
15 Published
by P. Graindor, BCH 51 (I927): p. 246. distribution of members which could not possibly
16W. S. Ferguson, Athenian Tribal Cycles in the Helle- reflect direct descent from the
Amynandridaeof the
nistic Age (Harvard Univ. Press, 1932), pp. I47-155. time of
17On these reforms see Kirchner's comment to IG II2
Cleisthenes, though the Amynandridae of
18 On these cults see W. S.
Io39, Ferguson, op. cit., and S. Accame, II dominio romano Ferguson, Hesperia 7 (I938):
in Grecia dalla Guerra Acaica ad Augusto (Rome, 1946), pp. 3-33; M.P. Nilsson, AJP 59 (I938): pp. 39of. (=
pp. I63-I87. Opuscula selecta 2, pp. 737f.).
24 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
the time of Cleisthenestoo may have been scattered
throughout the ten tribes. In the first century an
attempt was made to adapt the clans as an element
in a conservative city based on the reforms of
Cleisthenes.
To be a member of a clan one had to be a land-
owner and one had to be of some respectable back-
ground. Not every rich man could buy his way into
a clan. A council (povuA)based on the clans as well
as on the Cleistheneanand post-Cleistheneantribes
would constitute a barrierfor disreputableelements.
In the so-called boule papyrus19was the speaker
not urging upon Octavian a council for Alexandria
like the Councilof the Six Hundredat Athens, when
he arguedthat it would keep impureand uneducated
elements out of the pure politeumaof the Alexandri-
ans?
The Council of the Six Hundred not only con-
ducted much more business on its own responsibility
without consulting the Demos but determined what
should go before the Demos, such as honorary
decrees or consolations, where a wider expression
of sentiment would carry more weight. According
to our theory the Councillike the archons was sup-
posed to be recruitedsolely fromthe clans,whichwere
idealized as going back to the beginning of the de-
mocracy, namely to the time of the legendary The-
seus. Thus the constitution still appeared to be that
of a democracy,a restricted democracy with a judi-
cious mixture of the early clans, the laws of Solon and
the tribes of Cleisthenes. It apparently did not fool
the disenfranchised,but it put a decent veil over
what was almost an oligarchy and made the res-
triction less offensive.
A fragmentary epistle of Marcus Aurelius and
Commodus20 calls for the recruitmentof the Gerusia
at Athens "fromthe astoi always." The specification
"from those who are eligible for the ekklMsia"also
occurs. In commenting,the writer21pointed out that
the wording implied for Athens a distinction not
unlike that between hereditary curiales and other
citizens, and he cited the division of the first gerusia
at Sidyma into 51 bouleutaiand 50 dgmotai(TAM
II 176). According to our theory the full citizens of
RomanAthens, except for a few brief moments of de-
mocratic reaction,were in theory those who belonged
to the clans;and the astoiwere all the Athenians,both
those in the clans and those who were eligible
merely for the ekklesia. In public documents refer-
ence to action by the Demos meant action by the
ekklesia in which all adult male astoi were eligible
19 PSI II6o = H. A. Musurillo, The Acts of the
Pagan
Martyrs (Oxford, I954) I.
20 B. D.
Meritt, Hesperia 30 (1961): pp. 23I-236, No.3I.
21
J. H. Oliver, Hesperia 30 (I96I): pp. 402f.
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
to sit, whether or not they bothered to attend. For,
quite possibly, first-classcitizens from the clans made
up most of the attendance at any one meeting of the
ekklesia.
In the following inscription, IG II2 3605, the word
polis probably means the city and not something
like the totality of the clans, even though all the
clans may have met together at an old festival:
Srls T 6-
lgipicapVijv
sEcosKailTOU81Siou
KA.'HpcbitSris
&avelKEv
pidiaS ?vEKEV
(). Acop6-
5 eov aTpaoTycricavtra
Kal Scyovoe?Trcaav-
'EEvoul-
TraTrov pey&dAcov
vfcov
The curious phrase of lines I-2 means "the city,
especially the Demos, decreed." It emphasizes the
enthusiasm of the popular assembly, without con-
trasting the polis and the Demos. This may seem
obvious to the reader, but it is worth stating be-
cause Herodes Atticus was son of the man who
entertained the entire city by tribes and clans and
because Herodes Atticus harbored a special admi-
ration for Critias, the oligarch of 403 B.C.,and was
depicted by his enemies as trying to overthrow the
"democracy."
However that may be, Plutarch, Theseus 24-25,
reflectedthe view of his Athenian contemporariesin
attributing the first republic to Theseus himself.
Undoubtedly the clans were represented as a pillar
of that first constitution. In fact Plutarch depicts
Theseus as persuadingthe men of Attica "by demes
and clans" to unite in a republic.
The writer's hypothesis that the Council during
the Early Roman Empire was recruited from mem-
bers of the clans after a reorganizationof the clans
in the first century B.C. must be tested against
evidence of change in later periods. In the time of
Hadrian the Council was reduced from six hundred
to five hundred. This is understandable; it was now
more difficult to choose as many as six hundred and
the number five hundred had more antiquity, as it
were. Membershipin the clans was still essential.
But the rule could be circumvented by adlections.
Old families sponsored their own friends, even
foreignersand freedmen.The creation of the Gerusia
in A.D. 176, however, was a sign that the financial
burdens were now too heavy for the clansmen
alone; it was also a break with Athenian tradition,
unless the number four hundred was supposed to
be Solonian and a return to a plebeian corporation
as a second anchor. By A.D. 269/70 the Council had
become one of seven hundred and fifty members
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION
(IG II2 3669). Surely the number of eligible clans-
men had declined; so this criterion was now prob-
ably abandoned, even in theory. The writer thinks
that the Gerusia was already defunct and that the
more plebeian families of the Gerusia had joined
the clansmen as a reservoir of manpower for an
enlarged Council.22The clansmen, theoretically five
hundred, and the perhaps four hundred gerontes
merged, the writer thinks, into this new corporation.
The economic decline, however, continued and by
the fourth century the Council was one of merely
three hundred members, with eligibility doubtless
based on their economic status alone.
Foreigners as archons were unknown at Athens
before27 B.C.Foreignerswho later served as archons
may have accepted membershipin a qualifying genos
without breaking a rule that Roman citizens could
not accept citizenship in another state.23
In summary, the phrase "the tribes and clans"
which suggested the ancestral constitution as it was
before it became an extreme democracy really
meant the city of the Cleisthenean and post-
Cleistheneantribes, combined since the first century
B.C. with an old but modernized institution, the
clans, in such a way that the control of political
affairs remained firmly in the hands of property
owners, because the clans consisted of landholding
families and because the Council and the archons
and certain other officials too were probably drawn
exclusively from members of the clans. Therefore,
there was nothing anachronistic in the reference to
the clans by Aristides, and the view of history which
Aristides presents may be expressed in terms of the
five world empires and of the ancestral constitution
supposedly established at Athens by Theseus a
thousand years before the Panathenaic of Isocrates
XII. In section 234 Aristides coordinates the five
world empires with the history of Athens.
22 For the Gerusia see
J. H. Oliver, The Sacred Gerusia
(= Hesperia Suppl. VI, I94I), and Hesperia 30 (I96I):
pp. 402f., where new evidence suggests a membership of
four hundred. For the Council see D. J. Geagan, The
Athenian Constitution after Sulla (= Hesperia Suppl. XII,
I967), ch. V.
23 The examples collected by E. W. Bodnar, S. J.,
"Marcus Porcius Cato," Hesperia 31 (I962): pp. 393-395
are revealing. Two slight corrections may be worth while.
In his new text of IG II2 o1063 Tusculas is not a "misspell-
ing of Tusculanus" but a variant ethnic. Inhabitants of
Italian towns were often identified by more than one form
of the ethnic, e.g. Ardeates or Ardeatini. In CIL III, Suppl.
I, 7242 Lanuine is not a "misspelling" of Lanuuine but
either a common type of variant spelling (see Dessau, ILS
III, p. 835) or the usual spelling (cf. ILS 6194, senatus p. q.
Lanuinus). The most important of Father Bodnar's texts
are IG II2 4190, 3542 (= 3561) and 4219. See Hesperia
Suppl. VIII (I949): opposite p. 248 for a list of foreign
Eumolpidae.
25
III. ALETHEIA AND AKRIBEIA
The word aletheia has two meanings. In the
earliest Greekit meant something like a true report
in which nothing was forgotten.1The emphasis here
was partly on completeness of information, partly
on first-handknowledge. In classical Greekthe word
meant truth as opposed either to falsehood, in
which we are here less interested, or to mere
appearances.
Part of the older sense can still be found in Aristi-
des who, in section I39 of the Panathenaic, says:
"I undertook these logoi (words, stories, arguments)
less to entertain than to show the city's worth with
algtheia" (i.e. "in all its aspects," as comparison
with section 170 will reveal, where he claims to
show all the city's blessings, not by recording all
particulars but by omitting no subject of praise).
Second-handinformation was from the beginning
contrasted with alStheia, but even first-hand
observations might be inadequate, so that a deeper
understanding could be contrasted with a mere
grasp of information.
In order to know the truth one must have infor-
mation, sometimes called historia.For example,when
Speusippus criticizes Isocrates for getting a simple
fact wrong, he criticizes the historia of Isocrates.2
Aristides does not use this word, but in section 75
he says that no one even in a haple diegesis (simple
narrative)has ever yet gone through all the incidents
of the story of Athens. It is desirable to visualize
what he considers the opposite of that adjective
haplous, feminine haple, "simple" (Latin simplex)
and its noun haplotes (Latin simplicitas).
One opposite of haplous is the adjective akribes
with its noun akribeia. For example, Aristotle,
Metaph. E I, I055b7 distinguishes between &pxaf
o&rroroa-rTpa and &pxal d6pitPEorrpat,3 and Aris-
totle, Metaph. 4, Io3oaI6 distinguishes between
Z
a A6yos airXoiSand a o6yos6cKplpEtrropos.
The word akribes,usually translated as "precise"
or "exact," will be here rendered as "subtle." A
subtle account is superior to a "simple" narrative
in that it comes closer to the truth partly by the use
1 T. Krischer, "E-rvuos und &daxefs," Philologus 109
(I965): pp. I6I-I74.
2 Letter to Philip 11, KarTaaOoiS 8' av Iv
Speusippus,
PpaXcr-rThv'aloKp&roUSlaropiav KoalTrv wratEiav ^ c5v ... edd.
E. Bickermann et J. Sykutris, Berichte iiber die Verhand-
lungen der Sdchsischen Akademie zu Leipzig, Phil.-hist. K1.
80 (I928), Heft 3.
3 H. Bonitz, Aristotelis Metaphysica II, Commentarius
(Bonn, I849), p. 280: "doctrinarum principia dicit vel sub-
tilius vel simplicius constitui." For akribeia see especially
H. Herter, "Die Treffkunst des Arztes in hippokratischer
und platonischer Sicht," Sudhoffs Archiv fur Geschichteder
Medizin und derNaturwissenschaften 47 ( 963): pp. 249-290.
26 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

of intellectual power to grasp more than appears on calls fire (Hephaestus) lame "symbolically" because
the surface. As early as the cyclic epic Iliupersis the it cannot go without wood (26, IO), and by a tree
word akribesimplied the more accurate and subtle Homer meant air "symbolically" (66, 5), and Homer
diagnosis of one who could go back from the seen explains also Hades with his philosophy in symbols
to the unseen with intellectual power. In the (KialTra v "AiSov aouppolIKo
ES
s tXAoac6qr 74,I).
Iliupersis the divine father of Machaon and Poda- In the Hellenistic and Roman Periods the use of
lirius gave them different gifts, to Machaonsurgery the word symbolonmay have been more common,
and to Podalirius the power to diagnose. In frag. V but Aristides would not have used it without an
(Allen)it is said of the gift to Podalirius: elegant precedent. In fact, Isocrates, Panegyric 49
-TC)8' ap' &KpIpEawravTravi a'rrTEColv EOrTKEv applied the word to the logoi which those who
aOKOWTa T' yvCovat Kai &vaAOea iqCjaaOa partook of education were able to produce; the logoi
were a symbolonof this education, a sign.
6s (a KtaiAiavros wrrpcoTOld6&eXCcooUvoi10
And now for Aristides.
papuv6ev6OvrE vo6ra.
6lopaTa Tr'&doTprrrrTTra In section 9 Aristides says of Attica: "Then she
In section II9 Aristides calls attention to the produces,as it were, a symbol too of her love of man
importance of demonstrations. No wonder! There (EITaKalTrisipi7aveOpCoriaS Co'aepEio0ClpoXov&KpipEt.)
is a close connection between akribeiaand "demon- She advances to a very great distance into the
stration" as we may see from Pseudo-Heraclitus Aegean, calming the waters."
HomericQuestions(ed. Buffiere) 7, I: "Apollodorus, In section 42 Aristides, speaking of the case of
a brilliant interpreter of any historia (= surface Poseidon vs. Ares, says: "The site receivedtherefrom
story), has given, with subtlety and precision, the its present name, which itself was a symbol both of
demonstrationconcerningthese matters" (ilKpipcoTat the event that had occurred and of justice, some
8' 1 TOETCOV
Ep &Troiitv i'S Kal 'ATroAXoSbpcp, IrEpi general attestation and guarantee, as it were, to
rrraav iaropiav &vSpi6Elv4). The connection be- mankind" (roi -rEoallupavros oxauvpoXovKai StKato-
tween akribeia and the hidden sense which is the OrVrls oaorrEp &?Aoo Kai TrioTrvEIS&vepcb-
Trl apapTriplov
real truth may be illustrated with another quotation TrouS).
from Pseudo-Heraclitus (ed. Buffiere) 6, 5: "Hav- In section 89 Aristides says of the Battle of
ing penetrated into the alatheia which has been Marathon: "So great did the glory of those men of
hidden in the epic, having looked carefully beneath Athens become and so great the prestige of their
the surface, I for my part think that this is not a case victory, that they made even the locality a kind of
of Apollo's anger but a visitation of plague" (EycoyE symbol of excellence" (Coa-reKal 'TOrXcpiov Co"rEp
?vTrolsErCov
T'rtivoTroA?XT(<)>Jvrlv4 aXriSelav &Kpip5s rt oaiuppoXov d&prri KraT-rcrrarav).
SlaeOpias OUK'ATr6OXWCvos 6pyv olpat Trac-ra, 0ol- In section 122 Aristides says of the Athenians who
plIKqS S6 V6aOUKaKOV). passed the decreeof Themistoclesthat they produced
For the close connection of the hidden sense with "on one day tokens (a*OipoXa) of all that one
philosophiaand these symbolawhich are externally might call greatest in man, tokens of piety, endur-
perceptibleimages of aletheiawe may cite "Heracli- ance, prudence, philanthropy, greatness of spirit."
tus," Homeric Questions 24, I: "Homer obscures In section I39 Aristides explains that the speech
the philosophiawith 'symbolic' words" (oauppoAXKoTs is not too long because he has to show the city's
r 9piAoaopiav
6v6opaaiTv &caupoT). Also "Heraclitus" worth in all its aspects. In section I40 he goes on to
24, 3: "Thus Heraclitus the Obscure exposes the say: "Secondly, quite apart from the very symbolon
divine secrets of nature without clarity and as of the words (Kai rTTr aIrou TOjU
mrpO6Xou T-rVAo6yov
capable merely of being represented through i.e., quite apart from what the words and stories
symbolawhen he says 'Gods mortal, men immortal symbolically reveal), one must remember that we
living the death of the former, dying their life"' (6 are not at all obliged to limit the Panathenaic
youv OKOTEIVOS 'Hp6&KAXITOS auLpo6cov Festival itself to one day."
&oaCpi Kal Sti&
sIvvaeva
EIKa&LEOCai Tra
OEO7ooyEi 9pVuKa Si' CV In section 144 Aristides, discussing the abundance
piri, Kr?T).Arguing that Homer believed in the and grace of Athenian dedications and thank-offer-
sphericityof the cosmos,"Heraclitus"48, I-2 says: ings, explains: "These manifestations of her piety
"theclearestsymbolon(= implication)is that of the attest her full beauty and growth" (-rayap aoi1lpoXa
making of the shield of Achilles.For Hephaestus TrfiSEuOaeEaSaOrfiSTraUCaToUKXaAoU5 Kal IAeyovUS
forgeda shield circularin its shape as an image of E-ri T6EKillpia).
the contourof the cosmos."Heraclitussays Homer In section 164 Aristides says of the Battle of
4 This is Buffi6re's palmary emendation for the manu- Tanagra, "What this engagement alone has had as
script readings xTroAEAlliEvriv,UTro?EXriiJivrlviv, rroAXEXEypvriv. a token (a*iI.poWov)
of victory is the flight."
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION
In section I66 Aristides says that Athens, making
peace, "producedin one and the same token an in-
dication (crv'upoov) of two things, both of her
superiority in the war and of her innate good-
ness."
In section 167 Aristides speaks of the Athenian
demos leading the Greeks "with its rule a mani-
festation (o,ipoXov) of justice and not injustice."
In section 222 Aristides says that in the time of
Philip the city of the Athenians "alone maintained
the posture of the true Hellas (,6vrl 6' TO oCVpoXov
TrijS'EAXMos8iE-rTlproaE) and overshadowed the then
prevailing disasters."
Having contrasted haplous with akribes and
having shown the meaning of akribeia,we shall now
point to a relation between haplotesand historia.
The adjective haplous ("simple") is, as we dem-
onstrate in the commentary to section 75, a
synonym for historikos.The words historia,historein,
hist6r have been traced in their development.5The
word historia often retained in Greek its connection
with visual knowledge gained through autopsy and
usually had an emphasis on particulars, and historia
acquired a connotation contrasting with a deeper
understandingof a whole. The deeper understanding
is an understanding of aletheia (the true nature of
things6) and is reached through akribeia.
Aristides actually avoids the words historia and
historiographoswhere we might expect them. In
Oration XLIX on the Incidental Remark, p. 513
Dindorf, he refers to historians including both
Herodotus and Thucydides as "those between poets
and rhetors."
In our Panathenaic section 136 Aristides insists
that no one has a right to criticize him in his account
of the Battle of Plataea for leaving out particulars
and concentrating on what it all shows. For, he
seems to say, the narration of particulars is "a
time-consuming operation not arriving at the
spoude." Akribeia is not the listing of particulars.
Spoude and akribeiaoverlap in meaning.
After mentioning that the Athenians gave up the
titular leadership before the Battle of Salamis,
Aristides makes a digression extending through
5 Bruno Snell, Die Ausdriicke fur den Begrif des Wissens
in der vorplatonischen Philosophie (= Philologische Unter-
suchungen 29, 1924), pp. 59-71; F. Muller, "De 'historiae'
vocabulo et notione," Mnemosyne 54 (I926): pp. 234-257;
P. Louis, "Le mot ocrropiachez Aristote," Rev. phil. 29
(I955): PP. 39-44; als mathemati-
Arpad Szab6, "AEiKWvvt
scher Terminus fur 'beweisen,'" Maia, N.S., 10 (I958):
pp. Io6-13I; Aram M. Frenkian, "Die Historia des Pytha-
goras," Maia, N. S., 11 (1959): pp. 243-245, who claims
for historia the root Fi6.
6 So W.
J. Verdenius, "Parmenides B 2, 3," Mnemosyne,
Ser. IV, 15 (I962): p. 237. See also E. Heitsch, "Die nicht
philosophische &AiOeita,"Hermes 90 (1962): pp. 24-33.
27
sections IO9-II8 "so that one may see their char-
acter (ethos)and all I mean more clearly." He had a
digression also on the Battle of Marathon as a re-
velation of the ethosof the Athenians, and in section
I66 he refers to the ethosof what they did, but the
digression in sections IO9-II8 is a long one with
formal proofs of Athenian excellence. When he at
last returns to his narrative in section II9, he
apologizes for the digression, saying the spoude in
connection with the demonstrations has led him
away. The spoude7then is here an intellectual effort
to find the cause of the many actions. The interest
is not in everything that happened but in the
unseen character which perceptible actions reflect
in the mirror which the interpreter presents. In
section 136 where Aristides seems to say that the
narration of particulars is "a time-consuming
operation not arriving at the spoude,"he may mean
"not arriving at what we seek to uncover, namely,
the unseen cause or universal truth which underlay
these actions." The participle is from the same verb
which Plato, Timaeus 5Ib3 uses, "to arrive at its
nature" (physis).
Diogenes Laertius V 39 in the Life of Theo-
phrastus says: "In his case and that of Callisthenes
Aristotle is reported to have said just what Plato
said about Xenocrates and Aristotle himself; for
he said that since Theophrastus in the exceeding
sharpness of his wit explained every shade of
meaning, while the other was naturally sluggish,
the one needed a rein the other a goad." The same
anecdote is told about Ephorus and Theopompus
in two versions (FGrHist 2 A 70 T 28) that of the
Suda being of particular interest: "Ephorus was
simple in character (Tr ?ieos&rroiUS)and in respect
to interpretation of the particulars ('rqv 86EprllivEiav
Tlls ia-ropiaS)he was lazy, sluggish, and lacking in
energy, while Theopompus,being in characterbitter
and malicious, and in speech facile, coherent, and
forceful, liked to uncover the underlying reality
when he wrote ((piXaXeqrS Ev ols 'ypapev means
literally "he was aletheia-lovingin what he wrote").
Therefore, Isocrates said the latter needed a rein,
but Ephorus a goad.8
7 The spoude which Isocrates, Philippus 26
recognized as
an essential quality of good speech and which Eino Mikkola,
Isokrates, seine Anschauungen im Lichte seiner Schriften
(= Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Ser. B, 89,
Helsinki, 1954), I92 interprets as "der heilige Eifer des
Redners in der von ihm als richtig angesehenen Sache"
refers to something else, namely delivery. The Aristidean
usage is suggested rather by Demosthenes VI 4 and VIII 2.
8 As a parallel for the charge of "simplicity" and (per-
haps) deliberate superficiality in the case of Ephorus we
may cite a quotation in the Suda, s.v. iTrr6Xroaio:o6 5
IeV lv Kal TrS&aXiep6, &TrAouorpoS
XiA3pavos1TT1EK1iS 5i Ta-
d&vriTOVoU paOei TOV
qen KaciITirrrrrOCaos. T'p6TroV.
28 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

The differentiation on the basis of the author's So we cannotaffordto leave any areaunworkedand
own character recalls what Aristotle, Poetics I448b unexamined,since spoudein the petty subjects is no
24-28 said about the development of poetry after less reprehensiblethan not to preservethroughoutfor
Homer: the great subjectslike this the importancethat is their
due.
But poetry divided on the lines of the characterof
the poets themselves.9Thosewho weremoreseriousre- Nouns and verbal adjectives from the verb "to
presentedgood actions and the actions of good people, examine" (^rET&i[ev), such as occur in sections II9
while the simpler sortT"representedthe actions of and 120 just quoted, are illuminated by the above
peoplewithout particularmoralworth. Sieorr&CT 68 quotation from Dionysius of Halicarnassus.Further-
firerl i rroflrlcn.ol pEv yap aEvov6Tpol
KaTa ra OiKETa more, in section 92 Aristides distinguishes between
'Tpa?EISKal TCXS
&asKaACoS tIIIOjUVTO TOOVTO1tTCOV, the subject of the Battle of Marathon and subse-
ol 86 ECIOTEAErEpoi
Tar TrSVcyaxocov.
quent events which had been "examined in a way
Since Aristotle thought that tragedy was the to produce a more exact understanding" than the
culmination of the more serious style which dealt Battle of Marathon had. Herodotus gave a haple
with universals and moral values, it is significant digegsis (simple account), so did Ephorus. But later
that the tragic poets were often called the spoudaioi, events underwent the treatment Aristides has in
as Plato, Laws, VII 817, specifically attests: 'Trv 65 mind from Thucydides and Theopompus.
aTrovSalcov, cos paac, TCOVTrp TpaycpSiav filxiv This treatment is the akribeia of Thucydides, I
TrWOliTo6V. 22, 2, "an exact understanding" of facts and "a
Marcus Aurelius VI 13 contrasts the spoudaia subtle, i.e. discerning interpretation" of what the
when he says, "lay things bare and look upon their facts proved. It is not to be confused with the
paltriness and strip off the superficiality (Io-ropiav) atrekeia of Herodotus, which meant straight re-
on which they pride themselves." For Plutarch, porting with a minimumof subjectiveinterpretation.
Pericles I3, 3 the opposite of superficial beauty in Herodotus reacted against the fantasies of poets on
art was K6AOUSd&KpipE3a. the one hand and Hecataeus on the other. Thucy-
We have noted the contrast between the simple dides reacted not only against the poets but like a
Ephorus who was allegedly sluggish in interpreting fifth-century Athenian educated by Attic tragedy,
particularsand the aletheia-lovingTheopompuswho or like a pre-Socraticphilosopher,against the super-
allegedly needed a rein. Theopompus was particu- ficiality of historia. "Concerninghis whole compo-
larly famous for his zeal in uncoveringhidden causes. sition there were some who dared to assert that it
Thus Dionysius of Halicarnassus in his Letter to was not a product of the art of rhetoric but of the
Pompeius 7 (FGrHist II5 T 20) praises in Theo- art of poetry," wrote the badly confused Marcelli-
pompus the ability nus,l Life of Thucydides 41. Thucydides seemed,
not only to see and describein every deed the things at least to some, almost an opposite of the historicus,
whichwereclearto the many,but to examine(ErZ[Etiv) and more akin to a poet or a philosopher. His ac-
of the deeds the unseen causes which motivated the count of what happened in the world of sense per-
doers as well as the passionsof the inner man, things ception could be called 6 Si' dSKpipeias&rAfis X76yos,
which are not easy for the many to know, and to un- to borrow a phrase from Plato, Timaeus 52c6, i.e.
coverall the mysteriesof the man'sseemingvirtue and the true account achieved by reasoning back
unrecognized vice. rigorously from the seen to the unseen. Thucydides
In section I20 Aristides again uses spoude to maintained the honesty and impartiality of Herod-
mean "zealous intellectual effort to find hidden otus as a reporter,but he combined this spirit with
causes" when he emphasizes the importance of his the intellectual approach of a pre-Socratic philos-
subject. "If we were making this examination and opher passionately interested in unseen causes and
spoude concerning things of no value or concerning eternal truth.
things of which the examples are everywhere," that
would be different. But all the poets and writers 11 Perhaps in the.fifth century after Christ according
have failed to do Athens justice. to E. Bux, R.-E. 14 (I928): coll. I450-I487, s.v. "Mar-
cellinus B. (49)." Essai sur l'histoire du
Hemmerdinger,
texte de Thucydide (Paris, 1955), pp. 61-63 argues persuas-
9 The passage just quoted from the Suda on Theopompus ively that the "Marcellinus" of E and T was a certain
and Ephorus supports the traditional interpretation of the Marcellus dated before A.D. 912, but to avoid confusion I
phrase KCa-XT-roilKta^eOiagainst that of G. Else, Aristotle's shall continue to say Marcellinus. His stylistic opinions go
Poetics (Harvard University Press, I957), p. I36. back to Caecilius of Calacte according to F. Zucker,
10The phrase -r6TOos a&-rro0s used in the Suda to describe Semantica, Rhetorica, Ethica (= Deutsche Akademie der
Ephorus supports this interpretation of eTrrEMaorrpo against Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Schriften Sektion Altertumsw. 38,
that of G. Else, Aristotle's Poetics, p. I35. I963), p. 36.
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 29
In his discussion of Alcibiades in the Philippus By poetry Aristotle meant epic and particularly
58-6I Isocrates says: Kae' EcaorTov p?Vov Tr&v-rTOTEtragedy. By historiaAristotle meant Herodotus and
OUT' &v stie?EiV
yEvoPEvcov El TIS ?E yEtV ETrTXEiPTiaE1EV, probably the Xenophon of the Hellenica and
dKpipcoS5uvaiTro.The contrast here lies between what Ephorus. He could not use Thucydides in a dis-
Isocrates describes as a relation of particulars cussion of historia. The latter word was for him too
(Kae'EocKaorov)in the case of Alcibiades and the closely connected with the evidence of the senses,
deeper meaning which the akribeia of a true diag- seeing and hearing. The word, particularly after
nostician might reveal.12 Aristotle, was frequently extended.
No one will deny that Xenophon and Ephorus It was always obvious that in many ways the
were historici, though, coming after Thucydides, historia of Herodotus and the search which Thucy-
they were influenced by him. Theopompus, on the dides made for the universal were two examples of
other hand, sought to uncover hidden causes with one genre. In fact, Theophrastus seems to have
something like the spoudeof tragic poets. And in the applied the term historia to both, but it is psycho-
Agesilaus, which greatly influencedAristides, Xeno- logically interesting that Cicero, in citing Theo-
phon did too. Agesilaus IV and VI attest to the phrastus, uses the word canit in referenceto Thucy-
interest which Xenophon, though he did not use the dides.14
word symbola, had in the outward signs of human In the second, third and fourth centuries after
virtue. Christ, practitioners of mere historia sometimes felt
Answering those who had called Thucydides a it necessary to compose in the obsolete Ionic dialect.
practitioner of the art of poetry, Marcellinus,Life The most striking case of all is that of Praxagoras
of Thucydides41, argued: "Now it is clear from the the Athenian.15 Arrian'sIndica too was in Ionic.
fact that it does not fall into any kind of verse that Polybius 4 I and 57 uses language not unlike that
(the work) is not a product of the poetic art." of Aristides when he claims for his kind of history a
Others such as Dionysius of Halicarnassus (De deeper truth based on a broader view and contrasts
Thucydide24) had noted the poetikonof the vocab- it with a mere enumerationof particulars.The same
ulary, but the errorin the foolish argument adopted would be true of Sallust, who modeled himself on
by Marcellinushad already been rejected by Aris- Thucydides (and Cato).
totle, Poetics I45Ia36-bI2: Thus far we have concentrated on the antithesis
of historia on the one hand and philosophia and
It is clear too from what has been said that to say
what did happenis not a poet'stask but such things as spoude on the other in what we call historians. It is
that is, the things that can in now time to return to the Panathenaic of Isocrates
might happen, happen
accord with probabilityor necessity. In other words, XII.
the historicusand the poet differnot by writingeither In section 246 the critic attributes to Isocrates the
in meter or without meter-for it would be possible to intention of composing a discourse unlike his other
the
versify writings of Herodotus and it would still be a discourses, one that would seem simple (&crrAoiS,
historiaof sorts with or without verse-but the differ- i.e. on one level of meaning, straightforward) and
ence lies in this: the one reportswhat did happen,the
other such things as might happen. Therefore,poetry Kurt von Fritz, "Die Bedeutung des Aristoteles fur die
is a thing philosophoteron and spoudaioteron (concerned Geschichtsschreibung," Histoire et historiens dans l'anti-
with a deeperand moreimportanttruth) than historia. quitd (= Entretiens Hardt IV, Geneva, 1956), pp. 82-I45;
Poetry tends to discuss the subject in relationto the G. Else, Aristotle's Poetics (Harvard Univ. Press, I957),
universal,while historiatends to discussthe subject in commentary on I45Ia36-bI2; F. W. Walbank, "History
relationto the particular(Kac'EKao-rov). In relationto and Tragedy," Historia 9 (I960): pp. 216-234. My approach,
the universal:to what sort of manit occursto do or say being from the direction of Aristidean spoude, is not the
what sort of things in accordwith the probabilityor same. 14 Cicero, Orator 39: Quo magis sunt Herodotus Thucy-
necessityat whichthe poetry aims as it assignsspecific didesque mirabiles; quorum aetas cum in eorum tempora
names. In relationto the particular:what Alcibiades quos nominavi incidisset, longissime tamen ipsi a talibus
did or experienced.l8 deliciis vel potius ineptiis afuerunt. Alter enim sine ullis
salebris quasi sedatus amnis fluit, alter incitatior fertur et
Note also that Isocratesin the Philippus describeshis de bellicis rebus canit etiam quodam modo bellicum;
12

subject as -rIv &aAritav-rTvlrTpaoryIarov(4) and as OOK primisque ab his, ut ait Theophrastus, historia commota
^ri6EtIiv (I7). est, ut auderet uberius quam superiores et ornatius dicere.
Among the many modern scholars who have discussed
13 See Ed. Norden, Die antike Kunstprosa i (Leipzig, I898);
the Aristotelian passage on poetry and history mention pp. 9I-I26, "Die Beziehungen der Geschichtsschreibung
should certainly be made of B. L. Ullman, "History and zur Poesie," who cites among others Quintilian X, I, 3I:
Tragedy," TAPA 73 (I942): pp. 25-57; A. W. Gomme, Historia est proxima poetis et quodam modo carmen solu-
The Greek Attitude to Poetry and History (Sather Classical tum.
Lectures XXVII, Univ. of Calif. Press, I954), ch. III; 15 Photius, Bibliotheca No. 62.
30 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER.PHIL. SOC.

easy to understand but that, to those who studied mends the morally and spiritually more meaningful
it with close attention and tried to see what others discourses "as aiming at Truth," TOr
0 S Ar1eaS
fis
had missed, would appear both hard to understand aTroxal[ovous, again a phrase very like that of
and full of much philosophial6as well as historia, Aristotle, Poetics I45Ib 9-IO.
yes, would appear full of variety and fantasy, not This then is the "philosophical" background of
the malicious kind which inflicts injury but the kind the style of Aristides except that for Aristides the
which with urbanity (pErawat&)rai could improve Truth is an Aristidean blending of two main streams
or delight the audience. In section 263 the critic says which flow, the one from Isocrates, the other from
that the discourse will gratify those who truly Plato.
philosophize (roTis cs&Xo0c6SplXoooapouiv). We have What Plato meant by philosophy is clear enough.
already suggested that the critic was about to Isocrates, on the other hand, had no use for what
attribute to Isocrates a deeper meaning which had seemed to him idle and inactive speculation about
not been his at all, but since Isocrates chose not to reality in the abstract but he was much interested
repudiate the criticism, it remained for Aristides to in the real ways in which ideals are realized and the
correct the exegesis and to reconsider the hidden world improved.l8He too may have consideredhim-
universals. self a Socratic.19The infinitives that corresponded
Perhaps the most interesting comment of all is to those adjectives philosophoteronand spoudaio-
that by Isocrates himself in the Panathenaic 271, teronwere philosopheinand ponein ("to toil intellect-
where he commends, not display orations, but dis- ually") or philosopheinand meletan ("to study") or
courses that are philosoph6teroiand spoudaioteroi, philosopheinand skopein ("to look carefully").20For
i.e. concerned with a deeper and more important Isocrates philosophia is an orientation based on
truth. These are exactly the adjectives which training, an orientation in the right direction.21
Aristotle, Poetics 1451 b6-7, uses of poetry as com- The Panathenaic Discourse of Aristides is rooted
pared with historia. in the eclectic Middle Platonism of Plutarch, Gaius,
Malingrey's study17 of the words philosophia, and Albinus, an d it depends from the Timaeus as
philosophos, and philosophein unfortunately does interpreted by the contemporariesof Aristides. For
not deal either with Isocrates, Panath. 271 or with Plutarch the Demiurge was infinitely remote and
Aristotle, Poetics I45I b6-7, but it shows that operated through the lesser gods and the daimones.
philosophia and aletheia (truth) were closely con- In the Panathenaic Discourse the one greatest god
nected from the fourth century B.C. On pp. 55-6I does not appear but the gods who assist him are the
she attributes to Aristotle the use of philosophiain Artisans of section 20. The Platonic Ideas perhaps
the sense of the discovery of the supreme being suggest the logoi and paradeigmata(models) of the
through contemplation of the cosmos, but the word Panathenaic Discourse 40. Middle Platonists de-
in one of its several usages certainly carriedreligious bated the question where the Ideas were located;
overtones even earlier. some inferred they were on the moon; others con-
In his own opinion the differencebetween Isocra- sidered them the thoughts of God. Aristides dis-
tes and other orators was not just one of language covers that in Attica seeds and models of all sorts
but of the attitude toward the subject. Whereas were deposited (section 42).
others, if not actually trifling, were interested in the Albinus interpreted a praxis as a uxviisXoytKfis
particular, Isocrates and his pupils sought the 9vkpyeia68&o(aboroS, action which a soul with reason
universal and tried to rise from the particularto the (logos) accomplishes through a body. Let us say,
universal. The distinction that Aristotle made be- right action inspired by reason. The pertinent sub-
tween tragedy and historia turns out to be similar division of philosophy was the praktike. In fact
to the distinction which Isocrates made between his Albinus divided philosophy into (I) the the6retike
own oratory and that of his competitors. In the (yvcCai5 TCOvOvrTov), (2) the praktike (rrp&atiTCOV
same section 27I of the PanathenaicIsocrates com- KaXcOv), and (3) the dialektike (OeopiaXoyou). Apu-
leius makes a division into philosophia naturalis,
16 K1. Ries, Isokrates und Platon im
Ringen um die Phi- moralis,rationalis.The whole Panathenaic Discourse
losophia (Diss., Munich, I959), p. I49 interprets the word
in this context as meaning "dunkle Weisheit." See rather 18 E. Mikkola, Isokrates ... (Helsinki, 1954), p. 73.
19
E. Mikkola, Isokrates ... (Helsinki, I954), pp. 73-76; George Kennedy, The Art of Persuasion in Greece
M. A. Levi, Isocrate, Saggio critico (Milan-Varese, I959), (Princeton Univ. Press, I963), p. 179.
Ch. III. 20 E. Mikkola, Isokrates ... (Helsinki, 1954) p. 202.
17 Anne-Marie Malingrey, Philosophia: Etude d'un 21 M. A. Levi, Isocrate, Saggio critico (Milan-Varese,
groupe de mots dans la literature grecque, des Prdsocratiques I959), Ch. III. For a different view see Hans Wersd6rfer,
au IVe sigcle apres J.-C. (= l:tudes et commentaires, 40, Die piXoaopfia des Isokrates im Spiegel ihrer Terminologie
I96I). (= Klassisch-Philologische Studien, Heft I3, 1949).
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] GENERAL DISCUSSION
of Aelius Aristides falls into some such pattern: The
pars naturalis,containing a descriptionof the terrain,
climate, gifts of the gods, and first beginnings of the
function of Athens, extends through section 62; the
pars moralis (or ethica)with the praxeis runs through
section 224; the pars rationalis, describable also as
the dialectic, takes up the rest of the oration except
for the brief epilogue. The three parts are not
entirely separate; they shade into each other and
are connected by many bridges.22Yet the division
is there and emboldens one to assert that Aristides
has accomplished the union which Isocrates en-
visaged in his own unsuccessful Panathenaic, a
union of a rhetorical discourse with a philosophical
discourse. Although it remains primarily an en-
comium, it supports the belief in Athens with formal
proofs not unlike the TrriaTo-r irlTacrpvr of Origen.23
For Aristides the truth about the cosmos of human
society meant a philosophical appreciation of the
story and central role of Athens. We have seen that
behind his thought lie traditions of exegesis invented
for the study of Homer and of sacred logoi. Most
of his style derives from classical antecedents. He
admired the pathos of Demosthenes, but he also
tried to give his oratory a frame of philosophy and
poetry, the philosophy and disposition of Isocrates,
the rhetoric and poetry of Plato.
And yet the "philosophy" of this circular oration
with its tripartite division into physis, gthos, and
dialectic deserves to be viewed also as a step toward
the Middle Ages, if one feels the continuity from the
atmosphere of the Panathenaic to the Bible of St.
Thierry of Rheims, in the circular schemaof Philo-
sophia with insets framing Physica, Ethica and
Logica24(Fig. I).
22 One is reminded of what
Cicero, De Finibus V 9, says
about the Peripatetic philosophy: Sed est forma eius dis-
ciplinae, sicut fere ceterarum, triplex: una pars est naturae,
disserendi altera, vivendi tertia.
23 Hal Koch, Pronoia und Paideusis: Studien iiber
Orige-
nes und sein Verhaltnis zum Platonismus (Berlin and Leip-
zig, I932), Part I, chapter V. Also Part II, "Origen and
Greek Philosophy," is very interesting, especially Chapter
III, "Origen and Contemporary School Philosophy,"
because Origen still had much the same background as
Aristides. On Origen as the inventor of the division into
three forms of non-literal interpretation see the great work
of Henri de Lubac, S. J., Exdggse mddidvale: Les quatre
sens de l'ccriture (= ltudes publiees sous la direction de
la Facult6 de Theologie S. J. de Lyon-Fourviere 41, I959),
Part I: pp. I7I-2I9. On historia (littera) as the basic literal
interpretation see Exdgese mddievale, Part I: pp. 425-487.
Does not the simplex locutio indicated by historia have a
forerunner in the haplg diegesis of writers like Aelius Aristi-
des ? Among the Christians, however, the implied antithesis
historia-aletheia naturally disappears. On the contrary,
the Christians emphasize the veritas historiae of Holy Writ.
24 Bibliotheque municipale de Reims, MS. 23, fol. 25
called to my attention by Professor Harry Bober.
31
In the Roman Oration, where Aristides condemn-
ed Athens, Sparta and Thebes as inadequate leaders
of a coalition of cities, he praised all the Hellenes as
foster-parents of the Romans (section 96). In the
Panathenaic i he calls the Athenians foster-parents
of the Hellenes and of all who belong in any way to
Hellenic civilization. In the Panathenaic, where he
does not divide the world into Greeks and Romans
but into the pupils of Athens on the one hand and
the enemies of civilized man on the other, he seems
to think of the pupils of Athens as of two types, the
mathematikoiand the akousmatikoi.25Just as the
Pythagoreans had sought to win over the men of
influence everywhere and had ruled Southern Italy
through their influential akousmatikoi, so the
Hellenes govern the world culturally through
educated Romans who were akousmatikoiof Athens.
In section 40, moreover,he places all the mathemata
in Athens, and in section 2 he claims that the
mathemata everywhere have come from Athens.
Since the Panathenaic Discourse illustrates the
meaning of akribeia and symbola we cite Porphyry,
Life of Pythagoras 36-37, a passage particularly
interesting for its referencesto akribeiaand symbola:
But whatever public addresses (Pythagoras) made to
those who visited him as students, he made as exhorta-
tions either in the way of a straightforward list of
precepts or by an interpretation of meaningful cases
(q 8?1EOS1Kcostl (VUpIPO\KcosTrapirvei).For he had a
double system in his teaching. In fact the one group of
his students were called mathematikoi,the other group
auditors (akousmatikoi). And mathematikoiwere those
who had learned the philosophy's more complicated
version worked through to subtlety and precision (ol
rTOvTrplTTT-rEpovKail rpos dKpip3EtaV8taTrEwTTovTrvov
TfilSE'rrlaTrlPl Aoyov EKPEpOaOri,KoTSr),while audi-
tors were those who had heard only the warnings and
counsels in which his writings were summarized without
a more subtle discussion (&veu&KpiPE(T3-paS SrByry-
aEcos).26
Cicero too brings together truth and akribeia
(subtilitas)when in De Officiis II io he says, alia est
illa, cum veritasipsa limatur in disputatione,subtili-
tas, alia cum ad opinionemcommunemomnis accom-
modatur oratio. Subtlety is the polishing down of
truth in discussion, the filing off of whatever hides
it. A discourse suitable for the ordinary man is
simple and superficial. Cicero's word limare does not
translate but does paraphrase expressions like the
of Thucydides27
TTEAEOecbv or the wTovETV of Isocrates.
25 Kurt von Fritz, "Mathematiker und Akusmatiker bei
den alten Pythagoreern," Bayrische Akademie der Wissen-
schaften, Phil.-hist. Kl., Sitzungsb. I960, Heft ii.
26 See further the commentary on the
contrasting phrase
at the beginning of section II9.
27 Thucydides I 22, 2: 6aov 8Uvctarv &KpipEfl rrEpi&KOrTOV
ftE?sA6c)V.
32 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
Phaedrus (ed. Herrmann) II 10, 48-49 talks of
filing down a lie by means of akribeiaso that the lie
would be clearly recognizableas such: si mendacium
subtiliterlimasset.The word limareimplies subtilitas,
and the Latin adverb limatius loosely correspondsto
the Greek adverb &Kpipoa-Erpov.
In Cicero, De Finibus V 12 Piso, speaking of
Aristotle and Theophrastus, says: De summo autem
bono,quia duogeneralibrorumsunt, unumpopulariter
scriptum, quod EcoTEplK6vapellabant,alterumlima-
tius, quod in commentariisreliquerunt,non semper
idem dicerevidentur,etc.
The Ciceronianadverb limatius passed to Ammi-
anus Marcellinus,who uses the adverb at the signifi-
cant beginning of Book XV, where he contrasts the
account he supplied in Book XIV with the account
he intends to give from this point on. He says:
residuaquaesecuturusaperiettextus,pro virium captu
limatius absolvemus,nihil obtrectatores longi (ut pu-
tant) operis formidantes. Tunc enim laudanda est
brevitas, cum moras rumpens intempestivas, nihil
subtrahitcognitionigestorum(V iustorum).Ammianus
means that to the best of his ability he will set forth
the rest with greater fullness, will take more pains
to polish away the enveloping misconceptions, than
he has permitted himself in Book XIV. The akribeia
implied in the adverb limatius probably subsumed
digressions of two sorts, the intellectual analysis
such as the denunciation of the lawyers in XXX 4
and the fullness of enlightening details such as the
long descriptionof Egypt in XXII I5 and the longer
description of the Persian Empire in XXIII 6.28The
aim of both was to make the truth more apparent.
The two meanings of akribeia as Thucydides used
the word lie behind the limatius absolvereof Ammia-
nus and the akribeiaof Aristides. For example, the
Thucydidean description of stasis at Corcyra was
both a digressionwith many enlightening details but
also an intellectual analysis. While Herodotus was
the father of historia, Thucydides was the true
father of historical akribeia, but in the Roman
period every historian has had a rhetorical educa-
tion.
A discussion of Aristides in a chapter entitled
"Aletheiaand Akribeia"should close with the boast
of Aristides to MarcusAurelius: o0vyaptaev TCOV
28 The
latter, after mention of reports in quibus aegre
vera dixere paucissimi, begins as follows: Quod autem erit
paulo prolixior textus, ad scientiam proficiet plenam. Quis-
quis enim afectat nimiam brevitatem ubi narrantur incog-
nita, non quid signatius explicet, sed quid debeat praeteriri
scrutatur. With the apology of Ammianus and the intention
signatius explicare compare the similar apology and inten-
tion of Aristides in section o09 at the beginning of a digres-
sion.
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
&AXaTCOV
oVTOrcov d&Kptiovrcov.9He prided himself
not on his memory for details as such but on akri-
beia, the subtilitas which Pythagoras supposedly
introduced and the expounders of Homer and
mythology practiced, and which he did not clearly
distinguish from that of Thucydides.
IV. DATE OF COMPOSITIONAND REACTION
TO EASTERN INFLUENCE
In sections 55-56 the Hellenic is contrasted with
all that is piratical and barbarian. The core of the
encomium of Athens is that she opposes barbarism
as her natural enemy (section 14) and she acts as an
emissary of the gods and serves as a visible image
and standard for the anthropeiaphysis (section 274).
She is the model and means through which the gods
have educated mankind. She is the city of fixed
moral principles (section 213) and traditions of
Discourse; from this mother-city of law (sections 42
and 239) and of noble traditions the higher civiliza-
tion has spread over most of the inhabitable world.
She is in fact the savior of mankind (sections 53, 54,
89, ii6, 122, 218, 220 and 230) and akin, as it were,
to the gods. She is the receiver of the seeds.
Or, if you will, the Panathenaic (cf. Ch. I) exalts
the dynamis of the Athenians when its place in the
Greek world was disputed by another dynamis. A
gnostic amulet with an oriental list of magic names
ends in the prayer "Holy dynamis, be my aid,"
&yia &OvatS,po0ei .toi.1One could read several
passages as a correction of claims for Isis.
At the end of section 4 Aristides asserts that a
special need for this oration has arisen. What is the
need? To answer this question we must determine
as precisely as possible the time and the environ-
ment in which the oration arose.
29
Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, p. 88 Kayser: "For
we are one of those who do not vomit words but work out a
speech." The phrase ^etiv oU EyEiv was probably old (com-
pare Cicero, Ad Fam. XII 2: omnibus est visus ... vomere
suo more, non dicere). In his famous saying Aristides sub,
stituted for AiyElvthe verb &Kpiptivwhich probably meant
"to elaborate with akribeia," i.e. with care and with inter-
pretation as to the deeper meaning. The wording and
authorship are supported by Eunapius, p. 488. In the Prole-
gomena of Sopater, Treatise B 9 (ed. Lenz, Mnemosyne,
Suppl. 5, I959) the saying is rendered "We are one of those
who do not vomit words but work out a speech and win
appreciation," but the last three words, Ktl -r5v &p6Eo6vrcov
(for the meaning see AJP 83 (I962): p. 254), are hardly
by Aristides.
1 Harvard Theological Review 33 (I940): p. 4. The divine
dynamis may be seen in a cosmology of the second century
published by W. C. Till, "Die gnostischen Schriften des
koptischen Papyrus Berolinensis 8502," Texte und Unter-
suchungen zur Geschichteder altchristlichen Literatur, Fiinfte
Reihe, 5, col. 28, line I2.
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 33

DATE OF COMPOSITION and creates an impression that if the Hymn to

Athena must be dated between A.D. I6I and 169, so
The birth of Aelius Aristides occurred in A.D. 117 must the Panathenaic to a large extent, even if
according to some modern scholars or in A.D. 129 Aristides worked and reworkedthe Panathenaic for
according to others. In 1953 the writer merely many years.
stated his position in favor of the year A.D. 117 and Unless the writer is much mistaken, we actually
referred the reader to discussions by others.2 More have a terminus ante quem for the publication of the
recently Lenz3 has argued persuasively that the Panathenaic Discourse in the raid of the Costoboci,
birth of Aelius Aristides fell between A.D. 126 and for the tone in which Aristides discussesthe wars and
134, because Arethas' note at the end of the Hymn festivals would have been irritatinglyfalse soon after
to Athena (XXXVII Keil) in the LaurentianusLX, 3 the shocking sack of Eleusis. The Panathenaic
states that the Hymn was deliveredin the proconsul- was completed before the raid of the Costoboci in
ship of Severus when Aristides was thirty-five years A.D. I70.6
and one month old. What makes this important is a A terminus post quem for the Panathenaic as a
reference in the Hymn4 to the "emperors," which whole, whatever earlier compositions may have
Lenz interprets as a referenceto joint rulers, namely been incorporated, can be found in the victory
Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (A.D. I6I-I69). theme. The noun nike and the verb nikao occur with
In this period it is hard to find room for a proconsul astonishing frequency, the noun 21 times, the verb
of Asia named Severus,5 but the precision is im- 86 times. This insistence in so great an artist as
pressive and one must assume that Arethas had Aristides must be taken as significant. The word
good authority for his statement. polemos itself occurs 69 times.
Lenz, furthermore, shows that the Hymn to The nike theme probably reflects an atmosphere
Athena and the Panathenaic Discourse are close to in the Greek East, following, not preceding the
each other in many themes or ideas. This of course victory of Lucius Verus over the Parthians. The
suggests that they were close to each other also in Parthian invasion of I6I caught the Roman army
date of composition. It would be possible to point unprepared.Peace and prosperity had pervaded the
out similarities between the Panathenaic and the Greek provinces of Asia, and the shock was con-
address to Commodus, XXI Keil, composed con- siderable. There were no great expectations of
siderably later, and to argue that Aristides retained victory in I6I, 162 or even 163. On the contrary,
his ideas and kept reusing his themes. Nevertheless, the interruption of prosperity must have aroused
the Hymn to Athena seems extraordinarily close serious apprehensions among the Greeks. Then in
164 and I65 brilliant victories over the Parthians
culminated in the capture of Seleuceia and Ctesi-
2 A.
Boulanger, Aelius Aristide et la sophistique dans la phon. The Great King, driven back ignominiously,
province d'Asie au IIe siecle de notre ere (Bibliotheque des
was discredited and lost control over his vassals.7
i-coles Frangaises d'Ath6nes et de Rome, 126, Paris, I923),
pp. 461-495; W. Schmid, Philologische Wochenschrift1924:
pp. I-I4; W. Hiittl, Antoninus Pius 2 (Prague, I933):
6 The basic
pp. 33-34 with addendum in 1 (Prague, 1936): p. 36I, study of the raid is that of A. von Premer-
where he accepts Groag's identification of Glabrio as the stein, "Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers Mar-
homonymous legate of the proconsul of Asia in A.D. I50- cus," Klio 12 (I912): pp. I45-I64. For their Thracian
I5I, as do also V. Chapot, Mdlanges en hommage d la mdmoi- origin I. I. Russu, "Les Costoboces," Dacia, N. S., 3 (I959):
re de Fr. Martroye (Paris, I94I), p. 84 and David Magie, pp. 341-352 may be consulted, but the pertinent inscrip-
Roman Rule in Asia Minor (Princeton Univ. Press, 1950) tions from Greece are those cited by Premerstein, namely
2: p. I587. J.H. Oliver, "The Ruling Power," Trans. BCH 8 (I884): p. 470, No. i and 19 (I895): p. II9, No. 2
Amer. Philos. Soc. 43 (I953): pp. 886-887 argues that the (both overlooked by Kirchner) and IG II2 3639 and 9898.
Roman Oration was delivered in A.D. I43 but agrees with The one important piece of new evidence was published by
Boulanger that the tenth year of Aristides' illness began A. Plassart, "Une levee de volontaires Thespiens sous Marc
probably in December, I52. See also C. A. De Leeuw, Aelius Aurele," Mdlanges Gustave Glotz (Paris, 1932), pp. 731-738,
Aristides als Bron voor de Kennis van zijn Tijd (Amster- where it is better to restore in line 9, because the
Tri-rpoTrov
dam, 1939), pp. 1-2. proposer probably consulted with the Roman commander,
3 F. W. Lenz, "Der Athenahymnos des Aristeides," L. Iulius Vehilius Gratus Iulianus, and Kai in line Io. As
Rivista di cultura classica e medioevale 5 (I963 published in Plassart indicated, the levy was raised to meet the Costo-
I964): pp. 329-347. boci. There is also a new inscription from Moesia, Annee dp.
4 XXXVII Keil 29. I964, no. 252. W. Zwikker, Studien zur Markussdule
5 R. Syme, "Proconsuls d'Afrique sous Antonin le (Amsterdam, 1941), pp. II6-173 argued convincingly
Pieux," REA 61 (I959): pp. 3Io-319 on p. 3II identified against Premerstein that the Costoboci did not come by sea.
Severus with C. Julius Severus of Ancyra, suffect consul 7 W. Schur, R.-E. 18, 4 (1949): coll. 2024-2026; K. H.
in A.D. I38. At this period a man tended to become pro- Ziegler, Die Beziehungen zwischen Rom und dem Partherreich
consul of Asia, if ever, fourteen years after his consulship. (Wiesbaden, I964), pp. II3-II6.
3
34 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

The mood changed. The victories had once again Panathenaea and the actual appearance. There is
justified Roman rule to the relieved and exhilerated nothing implausible in an invitation to the most
Greeks of Asia. brilliant student of Herodes Atticus to speak at the
The writer agrees with Fritz Eichler, "Das soge- Panathenaea, nor in his submitting a text before-
nanntePartherdenkmalvon Ephesos,"Berichtiiberden hand to the scrutiny of Herodes Atticus. The part
VI. InternationalenKongref/fir ArchdologieBerlin concerning the envy and deception of Herodes, on
21.-26. August 1939 (Berlin, I940), pp. 488-494, that the other hand, sounds like a twist given to the
the reliefsfoundat Ephesusand now in the Museumfur story by the Athenian enemies of Herodes Atticus.
V6lkerkunde at Vienna commemoratethe Parthian In fact, the long, extant Panathenaic could never
War of I6I-I65. The reliefs,over two meters high, fall have been delivered at one session. In his vanity
into four incompleteseries:A, a battle againstbarbar- Aristides may well have hoped that the Athenians
ians, "in einem gewaltigenSchlachtgemaldevon min- would redesign the Panathenaea to accommodate
destens I m Ltnge ;" B, religious ceremonies including his masterpiece by allowing him two full sessions,
adoption of Lucius Verus in I38; C, apotheosis of a just as they had done for recitations of the Iliad.
ruleramong Olympicand cosmic deities; D, personifi- Sections I40-I4I are indeed a plea to be allowed to
cations of (the rescued)cities and provinces. The size speak for more than one day and are incompatible
of the monument probablyattests the initial import- with an assumption that the whole discourse was
ance of the victory to people in Ionia. planned solely for a reading public.
ThevictoryoverXerxeshadbeen followedby a great In summary, we conclude that Aelius Aristides
expressionof faith in the old Hellenicreligion (section received an invitation to compose a Panathenaic
I42) and by the blessings which Athenian leadership Discourse for delivery at the festival of 167, at a
produced.The unexpressedcontrast of A.D. I65 lay in time when what seemed to certain others the
some, for Aristides, offensive indifferenceto the old tyranny of Herodes Atticus was still intact. The
Hellenic religion and culture and in the plague. Discourse was composed also at the time of the
One need not credit Aristides with bold indepen- Great King's humiliation in an atmosphere of
dence. The Antonine emperorsthemselves were con- victory over an ancestral enemy. Once he started
cerned to support the old Greek religion. Immedi- writing in earnest, Aristides soon had enough to
ately after the victory of A.D. I65 Lucius Verus fill two complete sessions. Whether or not Herodes
went to Eleusis, was adlected into the Eumolpidae, offended Aristides by refusing to change the
and had himself initiated, as IG II2 3592 records. A schedule, Aristides of course had to scrap his inter-
decade later Marcus Aurelius displayed a great minable Panathenaic so far as the actual speech was
interest in supporting the Panathenaic Festival at concerned but he published the intricately con-
Athens by the establishment of the Sacred Gerusia.8 structed masterpiece.
If, then, we are justified in arguing from the
PLACE OF COMPOSITION
victory psychology, revealed by insistence not only
on nike and nikao but on tropaion, kreitton, and Having established the date of composition of the
krateB,and from a scene yet unspoiled by Costoboci, Panathenaic Discourse, namely the one, two, or
we may infer that the Panathenaic in the form we three years before the festival of I67, we know
have it was completed and at least largely composed where it was composed. In this period Aristides was
between A.D. I65 and I70. The tradition recorded professor of the art of rhetoric at Smyrna. In fact,
(probably by Sopater) in the Prolegomena9 that the Panathenaic is very professorialin tone, because
Aristides fooled Herodes Atticus and circumvented the speakerkeepspointingout the perfectionof his own
his envy by showing him an inferior Panathenaic techniqueas if he wereshowingstudents how to do it.
ahead of time and then deliveringthe extant master- Aristides was writing for a panhellenic and
piece presupposes an invitation to speak at the especially Athenian audience, but he worked in a
particular locality, Smyrna. Was there anything
8
J. H. Oliver, The Sacred Gerusia (Hesperia, Supplement very special about the atmosphere of this city?
VI, I94I).
9 Treatise B Io-I I Lenz (Mnemosyne Supplement 5, I959):
In the first place Smyrna since the reign of
68 T6TE etreTv 'r6v nravac0ivaIK6VbKoA*ero irap& Trajan had become one of the most important
POUXO6VEVOS
'Hpc)6ou TOO aopiT-roO ... ph 8uv&pEvos oOv Sia T-rv 906vov centers of Christianity in the Roman world. It was
r6v 'Hpcbov, prlXavVicarrv pET-rqfev. &VacepEVOSy&p aO'rj here that Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, wrote four
&A0ov nravaO0lvalK6veTrrefi Kal pvXp6v, 8S Kalt(pETat, i8uvfiOri of the extant seven letters as he was on his way to
,acpEiv Thv &SE1av'TOiJ yelv Trap' aC'rou, vopnioavros 'HpcbSov, at Rome, but, above all, it was here
6-r acT6v p?MEi AEyeiv Kal &daXngiOVETv. EloareodV 68 dEwreVTOVTOV martyrdom
6
Tr6vKal dvaywIcorrKOEvov Katl aupial6ievov Kal &rr&vv T1uOKd-
that Polycarp, one of the most important fathers of
ITl<JEV. the early Church, exercised his long authority as
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 35
bishop. Polycarp, who was martyred at the age of a key role in the Julio-Claudian Period, Gnostics
86, links the Christianity of St. Ignatius of Antioch a hundred years later, and Clement of Alexandria
with the Christianity of St. Irenaeus, who himself (born perhaps at Athens around A.D. I50) at the
hailed from Asia Minor and became bishop rather end of the second century. The Platonic theory of
of Lyons than in Pontus Galaticus'? after I77. ideas goes through some very interesting develop-
From the standpoint of the old Greekworld Smyrna ments by the time of Neoplatonism, which Wolfson
in the time of Polycarp was the most important calls a paganized version of a Christianizedversion
center of Christianity, which thus challenged of the Philonic Jewish version of Plato's theory of
Hellenism on its home territory, an ancient Greek ideas.16 Aristides not only knew something of the
foundation. It is too early to discuss all the evi- Jewish-Christian attitudes in Asia, but he had
dence,1 but the martyrdom of the Christianbishop visited Alexandria.
Polycarp, whether it took place in A.D. 155/6 or in The Panathenaic Discourse, accordingly, was
A.D., I7712 was merely the culmination of a rising composedin or just after the time of the great bishop
antagonism so clear that it must have impressed all Polycarp and of the celebrated Platonist Albinus. It
men of Hellenic culture with the reality of the new was the period of a strong challenge to Hellenism
challenge. and the period of a strong Hellenic reaction, and
In the second place, Smyrna was precisely a city both the challenge and response occurred precisely
in which the pagan Hellenic reaction to Christianity in and around Smyrna where Aristides himself
most easily manifested itself. We do not know where taught. You would not expect in a Panathenaic
Gaius, one of the leading Platonists, established his Discourse referencesto Polycarp and the Christians
seat,13but Albinus,14who succeeded Gaius, estab- any more than to Albinus and contemporary Pla-
lished himself at Smyrna whither Galenwent to find tonists, but contemporaryPlatonism positively and
Albinus in A.D. 151/2 (Corpus medicorum graecorum contemporaryChristianpropagandanegatively have
V 4, I.I, p. 28). There were well-known expounders left their mark. The Panathenaic Discourse, though
of Platonism at Athens and elsewhere, but it is never delivered at this length at Athens or anywhere
perhaps permissible to call Albinus the most dis- else, was a serious work in support of Hellenic ideals
tinguished commentator of his generation, and and traditional values; dedicated to Athena, it was
Aristides certainly knew Albinus. at the same time addressed to all Hellenes (sections
Asia in the time of Aristides had a large popula- 214, 227, and 275) and contained one great pecu-
tion of Jews, Christians, and Judaizing Hellenes, as liarity, a new interpretation of the story of man.
we know from Christian sources and as inscriptions
a generation later reveal more and more clearly.15 THE MENACE OF BARBARISM
Hellenism itself takes on a polemically religious tone It is true that Pericles called Athens the School
in opposition to Judaism and Christianity, while of Hellas and that Isocrates added participation in
Judaism and Christianity undergo a remarkable Athenian culture to the criteria of Hellenism, but
Platonization, in which Philo of Alexandria played Aristides does something else. In a style suggested
by Plato's Menexenus he reinterprets the familiar
10Jean Colin, L'empire des Antonins et les martyrs gaulois
military and political history of Greece as an
de 177 (= Antiquitas, Reihe I, Band io, I964), Ch. V and educative
VI. process beginning with the historia
11 See L. Robert, Hellenica 11-12 (I960): p. 262, n. 9. fabularis, those legends which were regarded as
12 So H.
Gr6goire, Les persecutions dans l'empire romain perhaps untrue in a strict sense but expressing a
(M6moires de l'Academie Royale de Belgique, Classe des deeper truth and reflecting the profound wisdom of
Lettres ..., 2e s6rie, 46, I950), pp. 28 and Io6f. an ancient people. Likewise, when he reached the
13 J. H. Loenen, Mnemosyne, ser. IV, 10
(1957): pp. 35ff.; historical period, Aristides did not just retell the
G. Moreschini, "La posizione di Apuleio e della scuola di
Gaio nell'ambito del Medioplatonismo," Annali Scuola famous stories of Herodotus, Thucydides, and
Normale Pisa, Lettere.., 33 (I964): pp. I7-56. Ephorus, but he retold these stories from a special
14 R. E. Witt, Albinus and the History of Middle Plato-
point of view. The Christianswere claiming that all
nism (Cambridge University Press, I937); J. H. Loenen,
"Albinus' Metaphysics: an Attempt at Rehabilitation," history was a preparation for the coming of Christ
and the spread of Christianity. Aristides shows that
Mnemosyne, ser. IV, 9 (I956); pp. 219-319 and 10 (I957):
pp. 35-56; A. H. Armstrong," The Background of the all history was a preparation for the Athenian
Doctrine 'that the Intelligibles are not outside the In- Empire, not just for the noble and beneficial but
tellect'," Entretiens Hardt 5 (I960): pp. 391-425. A new temporary hegemony of Athens which men call the
edition of Albinus P. Louis was
by publishedin 1945at
16 H. A.
Paris. Wolfson, "Extradeical and Intradeical Inter-
16 See now L. Robert, Hellenica 11-12 (1960): Ch. XIX- pretations of Platonic Ideas," Jour. Hist. of Ideas 22
XXI. (I96I): pp. 3-32.
3*
 36 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

Athenian Empire, but for the permanent and ubiq- All history remains a struggle between the forces
uitous Athenian Empire (of the logoi) for which of the Logos and the forces of evil. Even the word
men yearn (section 226) and which arose when the daim6n (section 171 but comparesections 83 and 84)
military and political hegemony passed away. is reservedfor applicationto the forces of evil, where-
In section 25 Attica appears as a first home of as in Greek thought the daimones were usually
man. In section 42 Aristides claims that the gods beneficent intermediaries between gods and men.
chose the Athenians to be models for mankind and The big difference,however, is that the forces of the
deposited in their keeping the seeds, not only of Logos are Athena's men, the Athenians, and the
wheat and barley, but also of justice and of civilized Athenians, though never called daimones,are kins-
life in general. In section 67 the old legend of the men of the gods and beneficent intermediaries be-
burial of the Seven against Thebes is retold as a tween gods and men. On the other hand, the forces
great chapter in the moral education of mankind, of evil in the Panathenaic are the forces of disorder
and section 68 reads courage and philanthropy into and barbarism, especially from the East. "Angels"
her early legends as a whole. Perhaps the religiously in section 80 were messengersof the Barbarian.
colored section go with its emphasis on what the The Christians claimed to have the Logos in-
Battle of Marathon contributed to the ideals and carnate in Christ, the eikon. Aristides finds in the
development of Hellenism is the best example, but Athenians the eikon and standard that men should
one could point to sections 9I, II6, 122, and other follow (section 274). For him the eikon is not an
passages to illustrate the active role of Athens in individual but a community.19In section 33 it is
establishing models of right conduct. In fact the said that when the Athenians had received the gifts
polis of the Athenians appears throughout as the from the gods, they so well imitated the donors that
mediator between gods and men, at least fromabove. they themselves became representatives of the gods
Now in Homily XII St. Cyril of Alexandria says to the rest of mankind. An eikonis both an image of
there is only one mediator (luo-trils) between God the unseen perfectionand a visible model for others.20
and men, namely Christ the Logos.17 Among the charges brought against Jews and
Furthermore, the Jews and Christians were Christians was that of setting themselves apart from
claiming the Logos, or wherever reason reigned, for the rest of mankind. They were apostates,21 and
their own. Plato allegedly had learned from Moses, they were notorious for their odium humani generis,
and so they annexed the best in Greek civilization. as Tacitus Annals XV 44, 5 says of the Christians.
It was not just among Jews that one found the Aristides, on the other hand, praises the Athenian
prehistory of Christianity but in Heraclitus and koinotes(i.e. their solidarity with other cities, even
Socrates, and in all who partook of the Logos.l8 It more the communitasof Cicero, De Off. I 43) and
was time to reassert the claim of the Hellenes to the their philanthropy or love of man. The two virtues
Logos, and Aristides did so in a remarkablediscourse are coupled in section 4 and are illustrated through-
resembling a new peplos for the old Athena. The out the discourse,philanthropiaexpressly in sections
note is struck right at the beginning of the oration. 7, 8, 9, 44, 45, 54, 60, 62, 63, 66, 68, 69, 74, 122, I33,
He uses the word in various meanings nine times in 200, and 218, koinotes by implication in sections 25,
the brief space of sections 2 and 3, and then again 45, 54, 6o, 70, 149, and 252. Gylippus in the speech
at the beginning of section 4, and twice again in given by Diodorus XIII 30, 6 refers sarcastically to
section 5. For Justin Martyr Christianitysaved man Athenian claims of philanthropia; of course the
from the daimones and all history was a struggle virtue is not brought into prominencefirst by Aelius
between the forces of the Logos and the daimones Aristides, but Aristides does emphasize this aspect
led by Satan. Aristides reverses the interpretation. of Athens and illustrates it again and again. Plu-
17
Though neither author is cited by M. P. Nilsson, the
tarch, Pelopidas 6, 5 said that the love of man was
reader will find much that is pertinent in the latter's innate in Athenians. Any late encomiast would refer
article, "The High God and the Mediator," Harvard Theo- to the famous philanthropiaof Athens, but various
logical Review 56 (I963): pp. IOI-I20. encomiasts would differ widely in frequency of
18
Bengt Seeberg, "Die Geschichtstheorie Justins des mention. If Aristides chose to return again and
Martyrers," Zeitschrift fur Kirchengeschichte, 3te Folge, 58
(I939): pp. i-8I calls attention to Ap. I 2, I 46, II io and again to this by no means new theme, he probably
many other passages. For the Christian obsession with did so because the old theme had achieved a new
history see also R. A. Markus, "Pleroma and Fulfillment:
the Significance of History in St. Irenaeus' Opposition to 19For the theme see the words KoIv6oand IroA6land their
Gnosticism," Vigiliae Christianae 8 (I954): pp. I93-224 derivatives in the index.
and Carl Andresen, Logos und Nomos: die Polemik des 20 Hans
Willms, ElKcbv:Eine begriflsgeschichtlicheUnter-
Kelsos wider das Christentum (= Arbeiten zur Kirchen- suchung zum Platonismus (Miinster in Westphalia, I935).
21
geschichte 30, Berlin, 1955). E.g. Tertullian, Apol. 38: secessi de populo.
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 37
interest, which some may find in the rising odium ism demandsthe attitude of free men. In Christianity
humani generis. boasters and frauds play their damnable game; in
The Jews sought a place of their own where there Hellenismprevailsthe lofty ethos of the responsibility
would be only Jews. But Attica is a place for men which the blessingsof the past impose. Christianityis
to have as their own (section I5). merelya degenerateand oppositeformof Hellenism,the
in contrastto the True(Alethes)Logos.
St. Paul22writes that the Jews ask for a sign and deceptiveLogos
the Hellenes seek wisdom, and to both he offers All this except for the last sentence would prob-
Christ crucified, calling Him dynamis of God and ably represent the thought of Aristides. In section
wisdom of God. Aristides may never have read the i66 he stresses the lofty ethosin the deeds of Athens.
he regarded Hellenism, of which the
Epistle to the Corinthians, but as we saw in the Certainly
Athenians were the pure representatives, in the
preceding chapter, he refers frequently to signs
same way that Celsus did. On the other hand, he
(symbola). The wisdom of the Athenians is praised
implicitly whenever the cardinal virtues are men- probably regarded Christianity as one more mani-
tioned and explicitly in sections io8, 122 and 239. festation of Barbarism rather than as a degenerate
Aristides finds the dynamis and sophia of the gods form of Hellenism. He may have heard Christians
as far as men like Tatian, who Contra Graecos29f. and 35 openly
residing in the city of the Athenians,
can participate. expressed a preference for the dogmata of the
In a chapter dealing with Hellenism in opposition Barbarians against the paideiaof the Hellenes. And
to Christianitya word must be said about similarities is the contrast of the AlethesLogos, which Aristides
in a contemporary of Aristides, namely Celsus who too seeks to unveil, anything more than alogia?
attacked the Christians on philosophical and his- The encounter with Christianity, says Andresen,
torical grounds in a work called The True Logos.23 seems to have awakened in Celsus a new question,
Celsus was another Platonist with affinities to Al- the religious meaning of history.25 The religious
binus. He too lived in the time of Marcus Aurelius interpretation of history may not have been new,
and seems to have written his work in the 'seventies, but a new interest in the religious interpretation
perhaps between A.D. 177 and I80. appears in prose first in St. Justin's work sometime
To explain the thought of Celsus, Andresen says, between I50 and I6I. There is no verbal echo of
either in the extant fragments of
"Christianity is the world without Logos." This Justin's Apologia
would probably explain the thought of Aristides Celsus (as Andresen admits) or in the Panathenaic
too. In fact there would be much in common behind Oration of Aelius Aristides (where you would not
the historical view of Aristides and that of Celsus. expect it but where I have searched anyway). Yet
the Christians may well have raised it first though it
Although the intellectual power of late Hellenism
under a new challenge in the Age of the Antonines was a natural development for the theology of
in Middle Platonism, in which St. Justin was trained.
might be quite as remarkable as Andresen his
admirablestudy infers, the originality of Celsus It appears in prose next in the Panathenaic Oration
may
be less than Andresen claims, because Aristides of Aelius Aristides sometime between A.D. 165 and
Then it appears for a third time, in Celsus,
preceded Celsus, and others, though no one who 167.
it as well, probably preceded Aristides. between A.D. I70 and I80.
expressed
The passage from Andresen,24however, deserves The danger of apostasy, by which we mean
to be cited in full both because of its own value as a heterodoxy (e.g. Cynicism) or conversion to an
clarification of Celsus and because it brings out a oriental religion, was only one aspect of barbariza-
different emphasis: tion. The Persian menace still seemed to have
actuality because the Parthians remained a great
Christianity is the world without Logos; Hellenism power and because many Greek communities
is the world of the True (Aldthes)Logos. Christianity is
established in the days of the imperium Macedoni-
the trap of the stupid and uneducated; in Hellenism
the high ideal of Paideia fulfills itself. Christianity cum remained "enslaved" to the Parthians in the
reveals the base manner in which slaves think; Hellen- time of the imperiumRomanum.To a certain degree
the Arsacids and later the Sassanians courted the
22 I Corinthians I:
23 For the
22-24. Greeks. The Res Gestae Divi Saporis after the
problems see Origen, Contra Celsum, translated of 260 were published in Greek as well as in
with an introduction and notes by Henry Chadwick, victory
(Cambridge University Press, 1953), a book remarkable for
Aramaic and Middle Persian.26
the high quality of the translation, the erudition and good 25 Carl Andresen,
Logos und Nomos, pp. 292-372.
26 E. and A. Recherchessur les Res
judgment of the exegesis. Honigmann Maricq,
24 Carl Andresen, Logos und Nomos: Die Polemik des Gestaedivi Saporis (= Memoiresde l'Acad6mieRoyale de
Kelsos wider das Christentum (= Arbeiten zur Kirchenge- Belgique [Lettres], 47/4, I953). See also A. Maricq, "Res
schichte XXX, Berlin, I955), p. I83. Gestae divi Saporis," Syria 35 (I958): pp. 295-360.
38 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
There can be no doubt where the sympathies of
men like Aristides lay at the time of a war between
the Romans and the Parthians. He visualized the
Romans as champions of freedom and order; the
Parthians are of course not mentioned but present
to his thought when he equates the Persians with
the forces of evil, destruction and despotism.
Aristides' attitude toward the Roman Empire
remains in the Panathenaic (section 234) essentially
what it was in the Roman Oration of his youth. The
Roman Empire protects Hellenism and permits the
spread of Hellenic civilization in all directions.
Romanizationis not itself civilization but security.27
The center and ancient core of true civilization lies
at Athens. The basically Attic idiom in which
MarcusAurelius wrote his Meditationswas the com-
mon language of higher education everywhere ex-
cept in the law schools.
The third aspect was the increasing employment
of barbarians in the army. As we look back on the
third, fourth, and fifth centuries after Christ, we
are appalled at the barbarization of the Roman
army. One can say that Augustus himself took the
first step; Hadrian advanced further; even Marcus
Aurelius can be considered to have established a
precedent for policies which in the third century
proved disastrous. But certainly Aristides displays
no awareness of this particular danger. In fact the
system established by Hadrian never needed to lead
to the barbarization and alienation of the Roman
army into mercenariesseparate from the population.
It is not that Aristides failed to realize the danger
at the time of the Roman Oration when he praised
the Hadrianic system, which he saw as resting on
the enlistment of boys from civic communities, or
in the Panathenaic when he approved the Roman
protection. The danger did not yet exist despite a
rare precedent or two for later developments. The
danger did not exist because there were plenty of
inhabitants who could be attracted by more than
the pay. The danger arose with Caracalla'sgrant of
citizenship to all inhabitants, because the system
envisaged by Hadrian would no longer function as
in the past, and more and more reliance had to be
placed on barbarian mercenariesboth because of a
manpower shortage and because better recruits
from the empire were no longer attracted by an
ambition to earn Roman citizenship.
27That is not unfair to Rome. See Erich Swoboda, "Zur
Frage der Romanisierung: Aen. VI 851f.," Wiener An-
zeiger 1963: pp. I53-173.
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
V. COSMICTHEMES
i. ATHENS BETWEEN THE PHYSIS OF MAN AND
THE COMMON PHYSIS OF THE ALL
Having shown that with references to symbola
and aldtheiaAristides operatedin the tradition of Py-
thagorasand of those who explained the true meaning
of Homer, we may now comparehis praise of Athens
with the rehabilitation of Helen by Stesichorus and
Pythagorean interpreters. The Helen story was ex-
plained as revolving around the aCTrr(the true
Helen) and the ESco?Aov (the mere image of Helen).1
Aristides, whose referencesare not without purpose,
refers to the two Helens in the important section
I02. Just as Paris never obtained the true Helen,
so Xerxes never obtained the true city of the
Athenians. The Persians, as they first crossed the
Aegean, are said (section 83) to have sung a kind of
prooemium,but after Salamis Xerxes sang a palinode
(section 127). According to the rhetor Menander,
De encomiis414, I65 f. some said that Helen as well
as the Dioscuri and Heracles lived in communion
with the gods, oUrroKoairl v 'EAv, OUTOrc
Kal
TOaS
AlooxKovpou Kai TOV 'HpacwIa 'youcnv o'uvnroXI-
TEIEeOOal 'TrV Ecov,where the key word "live in
IETra
communionwith" is sympoliteuesthai.Aristides also
refers to the Dioscuri and Heracles in section 258,
and in section 48 Aristides explains that Athens
knew enough to grant Heracles divine honors be-
cause she was living in communion (sympoliteuo-
mene) with the gods. We need not overstress this
coloring, but we should not overlook it either.
In section 274 Aristides concludes his praise of
Athens by calling the city of the Athenians striking-
ly "a visible image for, and standard of, the human
physis," TfiS 90CEcoS TrfiSa vpcorriaS FIK6va KaCi pov
It is a horosin several senses, primarily a standard
which shows what human society can do and be-
come. It is an eik6n,a visible image of the intelligible
or of a different physis, so that it serves as a model
for the physis of mankind.
In section 70 Aristides notes the raids of the
unnatural Amazons and that at last the Athenians
stopped them: "So here too the city went to the aid
of the common physis," ipoir&nl r KOti9-paEft.
Trf
What is "the common physis ?" Does it mean "the
Hellenes" as in the famous phrase of Isocrates IV
50, "she has made the name Hellenes seem no
longer that of the race but of the mind and has
caused those who partake of our training to be
called Hellenes rather than those who partake of the
1 M. Detienne, "La 16gende pythagoricienne d'H61lne,"
Revue de l'histoire des religions 152 (I957): pp. 129-152;
Furio Jesi, "Aspetti Isfaci di Elena nell'apologetica pita-
gorica," Aegyptus 41 (196I): pp. I41-I59.
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] GENERAL DISCUSSION
common origin" (physis)? Reiske thought so, but
we need not assume this meaning in view of the
orator's date and independence. It can be the
cosmic physis of the world order, the great physis
of cooperatingNature. Or should we say, the orderly
life of human society as part of the order of the
universe ? It means to Stoics the common Nature of
the All. Or is it what Cicero, De Of. I 50 calls a
naturalissocietas,into whichthe Logosbinds all men ?
Human society may constitute a second cosmos
located in the Sensible World. A group of founders
or archegetaideveloped human culture. While the
Jews may have thought of their own patriarchs,
many Greeksand Romans assigned the credit to the
Athenians, and the success of Aristides in treating
this theme lies in the skill with which he interweaves
Eleusinian religious myths, Platonism, the words of
Isocrates, and Stoic theories of the societashumana.
Justinian's Digest I I, 3 states that cum inter nos
cognationemquandam natura constituit, consequens
est hominemhomini insidiari nefas est. The reference
to nature is a referenceto the right order of things,
the basic principles of human society. Which takes
us back to Cicero, De Officiis I 50: quae naturae
principia sint communitatis et societatis humanae,
repetendumvideturaltius. That is to say, Cicerowill
seek to uncover the basic principles which nature
has established for the communitas et societas
humana. Cicero often uses the words communitas,
communishominumusus (utilitas), and in III 2I he
says that the humani generis societas is that quae
maxime est secundum naturam, while in I 50, he
uses the phrase naturali quadam societate.Thus a
connection exists between nature and the communi-
tas et societashumana (hominum).
Cicero, De Off. I 53, furthermore,divides human
society into degrees. There is an undifferentiated
(illa infinita) societashominum.Within this we have
a closer circle, gentis, nationis, linguae. Within this
we have a still closer circle, the civitas. A still
narrowercircle is that of the societaspropinquorum.
He does not actually use the word "circle," but he
thinks in terms of cosmic zones when he says: Artior
verocolligatioest societaspropinquorum;ab illa enim
immensa societatehumani generis in exiguum angus-
tumqueconcluditur.
Philo thinks of God bringing archetypal ideas
together in an archetypal cosmos which was the
Logos. "These archetypal ideas were also seminal
powers with creative energy and the Logos differ-
entiated itself into the seminal logoi or creative
principles in things."2 Between earthly men and
2 W.
Richardson, "The Philonic Patriarchs as N6(IoS
'EpivXoS," Studia Patristica 1 (Berlin, I957): pp. 515-525
at 522.
39
God, between the Sensible and the Intelligible
World, there are human intermediaries, the Patri-
archs, who are manifestations of the divine Logos,
true sons of God. The Patriarchs, whom Philo calls
archegetai,protect and save. They have conversed
with God Himself and they carry in themselves
patterns of the law. In De AbrahamoXI 54 Philo
refers to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as "a royal
priesthood and holy group" (paciXElovipaTrrEuaKal
gevosayiov). He also says they are ostensibly men
but in fact virtues-nature, learning, practice-
which men call by another name, Graces, because
they also are three special gifts (xaprtaSioapieOouS).
Aristides would have no part of this or any Jewish
or Christian theology. It is the Athenians who are
human intermediaries.
Just as a certain kinship with the cosmic Nature,
according to Pseudo-Longinus,3gives us our feeling
for the great and the sublime in the nature around
us and in the logoswhich is literature, so too we are
drawn to the greatness of a world order. The Athe-
nians who participate more directly are like the
great writers and the logioi anthropoiin bringing
forth the logoi and uniting the race of men with the
cosmic order. The Athenians constitute the nodal
point between the common nature of the All and
the nature of all mankind. Being in communionwith
the gods (section 48) the Athenians participate
in both divine and human nature, to raise the
nature of mankind toward the divine nature.
In section I86 the nature of Athens is contrasted
with the nature of all mankind. Discussing the
dissension between the men of the Piraeus and the
men of the Town, Aristides mentions the concord
and amnesty which followed. He comments, "While
the city fell ill by the nature of all mankind, she was
cured by her own nature."
The bodies of the Seven against Thebes were cast
out. In section 67 Aristides refers to the Athenian
action in burying the dead as "a work of this city
which, as the story is told, the Athenians of that
time performedin behalf of the Argives but which
in a deeper sense and in the form of the benefaction
was accomplished for the good of all the human
race," Tr65 a'&iOdC Kai TCra oXq-aTirT1ar SEc1pycoiaS
UrrEpTris lpioE'coS&rraCS
T'rS avepco-TEaoIS
KaTrETpaxer.
In section 220 Aristides asks:
When we do not denounce the sun and moon for the
harm which they do, but admire them for the benefits
they produce, shall we judge the city on the basis of her
collisions with some few? Shall we not judge her rather
on the basis of the cooperation she has given to all and
from the standpoint of the world as a whole ?
3
"Longinus,"On the Sublime35 with the commentary
of Charles P. Segal, HSCIPh 64, (I959): pp. I34-136.
40 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS.AMER. PHIL. SOC.

The last phrase KxT'i 6SprsqpcaEcos means "from the arts. This last becomes all the more significant
the standpoint of society as a whole" but retains when the reader remembers that Aristotle, De gen.
cosmological echoes. et corr. II 32ga criticized Plato for not making any
The famous koinotes of the Athenians used to use of the third factor.
mean a feeling for the community or common
culture of the Hellenes. Aristides still may use the 2. PRINCIPIA (ARCHAI)
word koinos in that sense as in section 90 where he
argues that, if Athens had not given the glorious ex- A. H. Armstrong5 in an article on "The Back-
ample of success in the Battle of Marathon, "all ground of the Doctrine 'That the Intelligibles are
would have been lost, persons and deeds and tradi- not Outside the Intellect"' points out that Plotinus'
tions and the things which all of this race (or 'all of doctrine of the unity of the Intellect (Nous) and the
this kind of training')4naturally consider their own" Intelligibles (Noeta) is not really "demiurgic." On
TfjS (pOcsos). But again in section
(r& KOtV& IIo pages 400-40I Armstrong says:
Aristides says that the Athenians would have been
Intellect in his (Plotinus) system is not directly
justified if they had told the other Greeks before responsiblefor the formationof the visible world;the
Salamis, "The things which all men in common powerswhich are, Soul or Logos,though they are and
naturally consider their own (Ta KOIVaO T-rfS&cvpcoTrn?cas containlogoifromthe intelligibleworld,are other than
(9eos) have been relinquished by us for your and dependenton their intelligiblemodelin very much
sake." Aristides, however, gives a new dimension to the same way that the Demiurgeof the Timaeusas
the koinotesof the Athenians when he ties it to the interpretedby Cornfordis other than and dependent
Nature of the All. upon his intelligiblemodel. Intellect is certainlycalled
In conclusion,there are three physeis:the common "the true demiurge and maker" ..., but it is so
as providing Soul with the logoi which are the
physis of the All, the emotional and yet in various only forms of sensible things, not as making the universe
degrees educatable physis of all mankind, and be-
tween them a physis of reasonable and consistent directly.
men in communionwith the gods. This intermediary Armstrongpresently goes on to note that in Albinus'
physis (of the Athenians) makes their city the Epitome we meet for the first time with Aristotle's
medium through which the seminal logoi reach all doctrine of divine nous introduced into Platonism
mankind, for while the Logos or divine Nous mani- and furthermore with a critical rethinking of that
fests itself in the common Nature of the All, the doctrine on Platonic lines. This argument generally
logoi, which are humanly possible participations in satisfies unless one claims that the divine nous
the undifferentiated Logos, manifest themselves in seems to appear even in Plato, Timaeus 5id-e.
the nature and power, first of the Athenians, then At Athens, on the other hand, the leading Pla-
of those who study and imitate the Athenians. tonists, Taurus and Atticus, repudiated the Aristo-
The cosmos of human society, what Cicero calls telianization of Platonism and combatted Peripate-
the humani generis societas quae maxime est secun- tic influence within Platonism. They attached great
dum naturam,ought to be part of the universal cos- importance to pronoia (divine providence). Like
mos. Plato, Cratylus 386e said that all praxeis Plutarch they assigned the creation of the cosmos
should be carried out in accord with nature. directly to God. The differences,not always clear to
In the coming to be or genesis of the cosmos of us, should not obscure the fact that both groups,
human society there are for Aristides three factors being Platonist, argued in much the same terms, so
as in the genesis of the universe accordingto Plato's that the logoi and the archai (principia) would be
Timaeus. The Artisans (the gods) represent one familiar to anyone with any pretense to paideia, i.e.
factor, and the raw human material of all mankind, Greek culture in general.
the stuff they have to mold, is another. There is From the earliest days of Middle Platonism, three
again a third factor, the omnirecipient city of the principia were recognized: namely, the Demiurge;
Athenians which the gods have been using as the secondly, the Paradeigma or Ideal Model; and
perfect model or definition to teach men justice and thirdly, Physis or Matter. Of course, in the Timaeus
41 the Demiurge, who gives an impulse with a
4 If we agree that Isocrates IV 50 was redefining Hellen- planting of seeds, assigns the actual creation to the
ism in substituting the criterion of a sharing in Athenian lesser gods. Now in the second century after Christ,
paideia for a sharing in the common origin, we may (but while the Athenian School, or Atticus at least, tend-
need not) infer that while Isocrates contrasted physis and ed
to reducethe importanceof the secondprincipium
paideia, Aristides paradoxically identified them. Physis
means either physical or spiritual growth from a starting
point. 5 Entretiens Hardt 5 (I960): pp. 39I-425.
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 41
by subordinating it, Albinus6 and Numenius7 in- and 122 of the Panathenaic, upon the disappearance
creased the importance of the second principium of the Athenians in section I02 and elsewhere, while
by withdrawing demiurgic functions from the first in sections I49-I50 the Athenians are perpetually
and adding them in a sense to the second principium. appearing and vanishing. For number 3 we may
Accordingly when Aristides contemplated the phys- read Attica, the ch6raof section ii.
ical world of phenomena, he saw just two principia, Aristides has next in mind the comparison of
(I) the paradeigma with its demiurgic power and (2) genesis with procreationin the Timaeus5oc-d: "that
the ch6ra,for he probably had no dogmatic commit- which becomes" (= the offspring),"that in which it
ments beyond a general or neutral Middle Platonism becomes" (= the mother), and "the model in whose
in the direction of Albinus. likeness that which becomes is born" (= the father).
Perhaps it would be best to represent the back- From this point of view the city of the Athenians
ground of his thought as follows. He recognizes a may be visualized as offspring of the Logos from
division into the Intelligible and Visible Worlds. He Mother Attica. Sections 25-30 dwell on Attica as
starts with Plato, Timaeus 41, where the greatest mother and nurse.
god assigns tasks of creation to the lesser gods, and But the process of procreation is not limited to
then 52a: one generation. The offspring in its turn becomes
We must agree that there is, first, the unchanging another father.9 Also the number 2 which was an
Form, ungenerating and indestructible, which neither eikon of the original number i becomes in turn a
receives anything else into itself from elsewhere nor model to be imitated further. Thus the city of the
itself enters into anything else anywhere, invisible and Athenians becomes a new (but human) number I
otherwise imperceptible; that in fact which noesis has and begets its own offspringfrom another chora,the
for its object. Ionia of sections 57-58, which Aristides in the tra-
Second is that which bears the same name and is like dition of
that Form; is sensible; is brought into existence; is
Theophrastus (vide infra) calls an under-
lying substrate. With further genesis the Ionians
perpetually in motion, coming to be in a certain place imitate their
and againvanishingout of it; and is to be apprehended parent and beget another generation,
"the children of your children," in another ch6ra,
by belief involving perception. TobB 6 pcbvupov6(poi6v
'TE KEiVcpSEvrEpov, clorr6v, the receptacle (8EX6oievov) of the Mediterranean
yEvvarr6v, yTrEopri1pvov
aEi, yiyv6opvv TrEgv TriVtI TOr Kai wr&aXvEKETI1e Basin. The word 5EX6o1eVovthe very word with
is
TrrOXAXipevov, 8?566S pTr' aciOq'aEcoS rrEpitXTirr-rv. which Plato, Timaeus 5od paraphraseschora.
Third, there is that which in each case we must Furthermore, Aristides remembers that Plato,
distinguish as ch6ra (= country or place), not admitting Timaeus 5oa described his chora as a "mother and
destruction, and providing a situation for all things that receiver" (ilTropaKaiCrrro86oxv) but insisted that
come into being, but itself apprehendedwithout the it was neither earth nor air nor fire nor water and
senses by a sort of bastard reasoning, and hardy credible. added a
description of it as invisible but omnire-
(Cornford'stranslation reworded.) Aristides finds his chora, on the contrary,
cipient.
For number I, as reflected in the Panathenaic very visible, but it too is omnirecipient and he can
Discourse, we may read perhaps the Logos re- refer to its rroSoxhiKai rrapauevia (section 46).
presented by Athena8; for number 2 we may read Above all, Plato's assertion that it is neither earth
the city of the Athenians and of the logoi. At least nor air nor fire nor water causes Aristides to assert
there is an emphasis upon the name in sections 40 of his ch6ra that it is neither north nor south nor
east nor west (section I9), because he needs to
6 H. Dorrie, "Die Frage nach dem Transzendentenim claim land, sea, air, and
gleaming aether to per-
Mittelplatonismus," Entretiens Hardt 5 (I96o): pp. I98- fection for Attica, and perhaps also because Ari-
241, especially p. 208. stotle, De gen. et corr. 329a criticized Plato's refer-
7 E. R. Dodds, "Numenius and Ammonius," Entretiens
Hardt 5 (I960): pp. I-6i. Particularly happy is his emenda- ence to the elements.
tion of Numenius, fr. 25 Leemans: 6 SErreposacroroETroiT Trfv If the reader objects to the ambivalence of
-rE t8kaV oarroU Kia T6rv K6aClOV,?ird <6> a' (lrreTa codd.) Athens as female but also male, he may find it in
Oecop^lTrKO 6Acos. accord with syncretistic beliefs of the period. In
8 One should approach the cosmos visualized in the
Panathenaic from the cosmos visualized in the Hymn to section 62 Aristides actually likens Athens to the
Athena, recently studied in a good article by F. W. Lenz, ambivalent Dionysus whom in his Hymn to Diony-
"Der Athenahymnos des Aristeides," Rivista di Cultura sus he praises as male and female. In fact, he has
Classica e Medioevale 5 (I963, published in I964): pp. 329- also Aion in mind.
347. Zeus begets Athena out of his own head. Athena is the
perfect image of her father. Both in and out of the head 9 It is worth mentioning that Numenius refers to the
of Zeus she is the Logos. She causes the other gods to be first principium as the grandfather and to the third prin-
functions of the one greatest god Zeus. cipium as the descendant.
42 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

To return to the archai, one might say that Hymn to Mary as chlral3and mother of God, down
Aristides uses the three principia (&pxai)and makes to the mosaics in the church of the monastery of the
the city of the Athenians the second principium, Chora at Constantinople where the Holy Virgin is
i.e. the Paradeigma or Ideal Model, to which he, called ch6ra4and mother of God (representedas the
like Albinus and Numenius, assigns demiurgic Logos: see fig. 2).15
functions (in section 57 and passim). Or we may prefer to speak of physis inhabiting
Theophrastus, according to a writer of the sixth ch6rain the Timaeus, and we may certainly claim
century after Christ,l0said: (see sections 26-28) that the inhabitants of the
Platoappliedhimselfalsoto the phenomena,engaging choraAttica in the Panathenaic Discourse of Aristi-
inthe investigationof nature(physis); herehe choosesto des represent the anthropeia physis in its purest
maketwoprincipia,the oneunderlyingas a materialsub- form.Sincethe PanathenaicDiscoursewas recognized
stratewhich he calls omnirecipient,the otheras a cause as a model encomium by the rhetor Menanderin
andmoverwhich he invests with the powerof the god the third century, it is not unlikely that St. Cyril of
andof the good. Alexandria, who thought of the Virgin Mary as
Aristides was familiar with the language in which representing the anthropeia physis in its purest
many students, beginning with Aristotle and Theo- form, drew on a philosophical and rhetorical tradi-
phrastus, had tried to explain or reject Plato's views. tion which passed through Aristides himself, not
So with this controversy in mind, he isolated two just his Platonizing contemporaries,when Cyril com-
principia of a secondary cosmos, the one underlying posed his encomium and called her the little ch8ra
as a material substrate, the other a cause in the and mother of God. In one case the Logos, in the
persons of logioi anthropoi. In fact the phrase other the logoi, are passed on.
"image and standard" (eiK6vaKaIopov)11applied in Perhaps we may say that while in the Roman
section 274 to the city of the Athenians comes very OrationAristides praised the eros of Rome (a desire
close to the phrase "cause and mover" (alriov Kai to beget blessings in others), in the Panathenaic
KtvoUv)which Theophrastus used. Discourse he praise the dynamis of the Athenians,
We could representthe three primary factors and who are the originallogioi anthropoi,and so an archei.
the generations of two secondary principia in the The word arche, meaning, as it does, "empire,"
genesis of the cosmos of human society as follows: "starting-point,"etc. offersrhetoricalopportunities.
Logos - Ch6raAttica The archai of which Aristides speaks gradually be-
come the Athenian Empire of the fifth century and
Logioianthr6poi -Chora Ionia at last in the climax of section 227 the second
Logioianthropoi-- ChoraMediterranean Basin arche, the true domain of Athens, the area of the
logoi in various meanings (speech, reason, litera-
Logioianthr6poithird generation ture, stories that produce noble traditions). But
There is a line leading from Plato's description long before he reaches these heights, he draws
of the third factor as chdraand mother, through the attention to the words logos and arche by using
description of Attica as ch6ra and mother in the them with quite unnecessary and hence significant
Panathenaic Discourse of Aelius Aristides, probably insistence in other senses. The word archeoccurs in
through the Encomium of Mary as chdrion and 13 of Egon Wellesz, The Akathistos Hymn (= Monu-
mother of the God Logos composed by Cyril of mentaText Musicae Byzantinae, Transcripta, IX, Copenhagen,
Alexandria12(A.D. 376-444), through the Acathistus p. LXXV, XV, line 8: Xaipe, eEoo dXcopflTOU Xcbpa.
1957),
10 Simplicius, In Aris. Phys. Libr. Quattuor Pr. Comm., This line occurs in the oldest part of the hymn, and if
p. 26, 7-I2 (= Diels, Doxographi Graeci, pp. 484-5): Wellesz, "The Akathistos: A Study in Byzantine Hymno-
6 piVTrot eE6qpaa-ros ... 9pioaiv ... lTTArcov ... TrriScoKEv graphy," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 9-10 (1956): pp. 143-174,
KaiT-rS
aovarr6v o9axvopivoIS &6I.VOSi ae-toropiaS' is right, the author may well have been, nay, must have
evo TS rr pi (p9IEcS
v Ai86o Tr&s&pX(s po*AETal
'rroletv, Tr6ijv ITrOKEiEVOov &TSUriv been, Romanos himself in the early sixth century. These
6 rrpoaayopel1t WaV85EXeS, TO 6 bs csTT-rov Kal KIVOiV6 TrEpl&1T- studies by Wellesz were called to my attention by Pro-
rEtTO To OeouKal Tri Toi d&yaeo:8U6vvd.E.. fessor Paul A. Underwood. Very interesting are lines I6-17
11 Among the reasons why Aristides calls Athens a horos in Stanza XVII: "Hail thou who dissolvest the word-webs
may be the influence of Plato, Timaeus 5Id, where Plato of the Athenians," xaIPE,-rTv 'AOrvaiov T&STrrOK&S Stiaxrrroaa.
says, "If only some great horos were to appear clearly 14 'H Xcbpa TOO &X(opfiTou, reflecting Cyril's phrase, r6
defined in a few lines, that would best suit the occasion." XcopiovTOOdXopfiTOU, more than the Akathistos Hymn.
12 Homily XI, Patrol. Gr. LXXVII I032 D: Xaipols, 15 For the mosaics see Paul A. Underwood, The Kariye

Mapia, T6 Xcopiov ToO d&XcopprTOV, i TbV

iOV Voyevf ?E6v A6yov Djami 1 (New York, I966), pp. 40-41,who kindly gave me the
Xcopfiacao.Every educated man of the fourth century had at illustration. Harry Bober in a lecture delivered in Decem-
least a second-hand acquaintance with Plato and Aelius ber, I964, at the Johns Hopkins University spoke on figures
Aristides. St. Cyril may have deliberately substituted similar to that of the Christ Child in the mandorla as rep-
ch6rion for ch6ra in order to escape the pagan evocation. resenting the Logos.
 FIG. I. Philosophy and Its Three Parts.
Bibliotheque municipale de Reims, MS. 23, fol. 25.

FIG. 2. The Ch6ra and Mother of the Logos.

Byzantine mosaic in the Kariye Djami at Constantinople. Courtesy of Professor Paul A. Underwood.
.i r A <

FIG. 3. Philosophy and the Liberal Arts.

Miniature in the Hortus Deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg.
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] GENERAL DISCUSSION 43
the very first sentence and in section 6; after using of the world.l7 In section I72 it is explicitly stated
the word logos eight times in sections 2-4 he says, that Athens had the habit of victory and that i T-rOV
"Many as in a circle are the starting-points (archai) KpElrTTvcov poTpa, the destiny of those who by
which the case (logos) temptingly offers," and the divine appointment are superior, had been granted
reader will not forget that the circle representsAion to her as a special privilege. The destiny (moira)
(Plato, Timaeus 37-38), also the divine Logos, the or fortune (tyche)of Athens could save the cities and
Alpha and Omega. In section 15 the picture of thus the civilized world.
circles within circles has something else as one In XXI Keil I Aristides calls the Roman emperors
purpose but connects with the circle of section 6 and "our kings by plan of the gods," oiO'ev yvcb~ pacol-
the circles (circuits) of section 244. In section 19 he AETS.The Roman emperor based his legitimacy on
says that Attica is located immediately below the divine favor and proved the divine will by victories
acropolis of heaven and the archeof Zeus. In section achieved under his command. Whenever a victory
24 he comments, "One beginning (arche) of my occurred,the Roman emperoraccepted the imperial
discourse (logos)has returned to another beginning salutation for himself and advertised his own
(arche),"where the image of the circle is unmistak- felicity. Men,including the emperorhimself,believed
able as in section 32 (end). In sections I46-I47 he in the sign, and in A.D. 69 when Otho suffered
plays with the philosophical background of the several far from decisive defeats which left his main
word arche, while in sections I40-I41 he plays with force still intact, he saw in them the signs that he
the rhetorical background of the old antithesis, did not have the imperial destiny. Experti invicem
words-deeds (logoi-erga). sumus ego et fortuna.
From a cosmic point of view the Athenians are
3. FIVE ZONES OR BODIES a divinely chosen people, naturally superior (kreit-
That through them certain blessings reach
Another series of images compares the civilized tous).
mankind is the implication of section 62 and of the
world with a cosmos of five zones or bodies. In the
term prostates (patron). In section 49 reference is
center rises the Acropolis, with the city as a "body"
made to the prostasia of all men, which Heracles
all around it (section I5). The Acropolis is here
exercised. This position as unselfish of all
compared first with a tower, then with a mountain mankindis in section attributed toprotector the Athenians.
65
peak, then with the central boss of a shield with In section
five circles. In section 20 Attica is described in I94 the Athenians are credited with
behavior as unselfish prostatai in the Corinthian
terms which may suggest the cosmos in miniature,
and in section 212 the participle prostantes
a preliminarydesign, perhaps, or an imitation. Atti- War,
means that they unselfishly protected the Lacedae-
ca lies in the center of Hellas (section 15); the
monians against the dynamis of the Thebans. This
Athenians first established order in Hellas (sections
too constitutes a parallel with the position of the
56 and 57) and even beyond (section 58). The Old
good Roman emperors,whom Aristides XXI Keil 8
Dispensation of the Athenians culminates in the calls rTOiS rTCv Xcov-rpoo-aTarS,universal prostatai.
Peace of Callias which drew another circle to be a
crown upon the head of Hellas (section I56). But all In XX Keil I Aristides, telling the Hellenes that he
these circles, whether they suggest the circularity had written to the emperors, says merely that he
of the Logos or the zones of the Cosmos, merely had written to the prostatai.
At one time Athenians had played a Herculean
prefigure the fifth circle of sections 225-227, the role as
New Athenian Dispensation of the entire world.16 prostataiin the affairsof men, but everything
connected with the common fortune of mankind
declines (section 168) and now Athens no longer had
4. ATHENS AND THE EMPERORS
the military strength (section 222). While the
The nike theme, which was treated in Chapter Athenian empire of the logoi remained, the Hercu-
IV, can be regarded as part of the cosmic theme lean role had passed to others, namely to the Roman
because it concerns the freedom and organization emperors.
Of course in the theology of imperial power, the
16 The
TrprT'TOVajcpa was currently a subject of keen emperor is usually represented as the delegate of
debate (see H. D6rrie, Porphyrios' Symmikta Zetemata [= Jupiter,18but Aristides in the Panathenaic invests
Zetemata 20, Munich, I959], p. 9) in philosophical circles,
but Aristides does not specifically call the fifth zone a fifth 17 J. H. Oliver, Demokratia, the Gods, and the Free World
body. Yet Athens is both form and cause. One must not (Baltimore, I960), Ch. V, "The Nike of the Free World."
18 Jean
press these images too closely. They are just suggestions Beaujeu, La religion romaine a l'apogde de l'em-
and allusions. On the other hand, to ignore them would be pire, I, La politique religieuse des Antonins (Paris, I955),
to miss the whole style of Aristides. pp. 59-80.
 TT'
44 OLIVER: THE CIlV rTTTTT Tr
LIlZlN
riTT'"
, JrUV wh?K s [TRANS.AMER.PHIL.SOC.

the city of Athens with a position between Zeus and Theseus and Heracles (section 49) prefigured the
the emperor, who is never explicitly mentioned. In cooperation of Roman Athens and the Antonine
section 19 Athens is located immediately below the emperors.19
acropolis of heaven and the throne (arche)of Zeus; Phrases suggesting a parallelism between the
the models for human life which were deposited in emperors, the junior partners, who guided the
the safekeeping of the Athenians are still there, etc. military defense of the oikoumene,and the Atheni-
The emperor(s) like Heracles, who labored for ans, the senior partners, who, fiyE6ovs -TrCaitFiaKxa
mankind, will be initiated into the Eleusinian aopiaS c(rroT, led the poleis in civilization, are
Mysteries. Lucius Verus was just initiated or being noted in the commentaryon sections 57, 226 and 227.
initiated, and Marcus Aurelius had probably inti- Many a readerwill comparethis with the Isocratean
mated the interest which producedhis own initiation vision of a better world to be produced for Hellenes
and that of Commodus in A.D. 176. Aristides, while by the spirit of an ideal Athens and by the might of
never mentioning the emperor(s), attaches impor- Philip the Heraclid.
tance to the initiation of Heracles and the Dioscuri
(section 258), who were to achieve immortality all 19As Beaujeu, op. cit., pp. 80-87 and 360, does not fail to
three. The Dioscuri remindedthe audienceof Marcus
note, Pliny in the Panegyric and Dio of Prusa, Or. I,
Aurelius and Lucius Verus, like the Dioscuri of praised Trajan as Herculean, and also coins of Lucius Verus
contemporary Roman coins. The cooperation of reflected the myth of Hercules.
 PART II
TRANSLATION
1. It is an ancient custom among the Hellenes,
and, I think, even among the barbarians for the
most part, to repay foster-parents with all possible
gratitude. And whom anyone could consider foster-
parents prior to you, oh men of Athens, provided he
seems to belong in some way to the Hellenes, it is not
easy to find, at least in my opinion. For of this
training which has become customary and common
to us all, anyone would immediately find that it is
you especially who are namegivers and providers,
if he studies it from the beginning. Hence it can be
said that for various ones among us there are
various foster-fathers, whomever fortune and coin-
cidence might prepare as teachers in each case, but
that as common foster-parents who are teachers of
all, you are both alone and prior to the very teachers
themselves, exactly like those whom the poets call
fathers of fathers. That alone was enough for good
will from all sides to be yours by natural right.
2. Not but what everyone knows that the training
which I had in mind, the truly pure training that
pre-eminently produces a man, the training in dis-
ciplines and in arts of discourse, had its beginning
in all cases from you. In focusing attention thereon I
was merely establishing my right to speak concern-
ing it, for who is so out of touch with these things as
not to know? Accordingly, it is fitting to bring here
the discourse concerning these things and so to
honor the city with the honor due to her. It has
come about that the other expressions of gratitude
are, though just, yet not in keeping with the
circumstances,while this alone can be called genuine
thanks for the benefaction, the thanks that in a
discourse are offeredfor Discourse, for they not only
establish their right by means of themselves, but
bear out the impression that the name of logosfor a
discourse was originally derived from the Logos
which is Reason, because only this kind of thanks is
reasonable.
3. But, sirs, you who are now listening to the
words of my discourse and who will be with me for
a while, let none of you condemn for rashness or
simplicity the whole attempt because we have
undertaken so great a trial without putting forward
a pretense inferior to the subject and without
exhibiting fear of the many difficulties which
adhere to the subject. For, above all, if this is
45
worthy of censure, orations have been addressed
even to the gods, and we at least have not begged to
be excused from even these acts of audacity. Second-
ly, it has hardly escaped me that the subject re-
quires work, is difficult to cover, and has many ex-
tensions. Without great and splendid luck it would
be impossible to view all these synoptically, to
distinguish them individually, and to bring them
to complete expression. Many, moreover, are the
professions of those who have discoursed on these
matters and have borrowed your ears before! We
come after them and have a harder time to discover
what we shall avoid than what we shall use. Various
ones have treated various aspects with elegance and
detail, so that the things that have been left aside
by each of them have actually been covered com-
pletely by all of them together. So it happens that
for him who makes the last trial it becomes a double
contest both separately against each and jointly
against all.
4. Yes, but what alone has impelled me to this
discourse is the very fact that because the city is so
superior in so many important ways and because
there is no area which she had failed to render
fruitful for those who wish to honor her with praise,
no one up to this day ever yet addressed himself to
all phases or mustered the courage to do so. Some
who in poetry sing the praises of the city's ancient
history and of her partnershipwith the gods do the
best they can with these; others who narrate the
occasionalwars against Hellenes or Barbarianscover
only parts; some recount the story of the civic
constitution; others in funeral orations have
celebrated some of those who died. But even among
these there are those who did not enumerate the
deeds in the traditional manner but turned aside,
showing themselves, as it seems to me, afraid of
proving unequal to the subject. The fear they con-
ceived was not, I suppose, unpardonable, but in it
they fell far short of achieving, in their entirety at
least, an account of the glories belonging to the city.
And, in fact, some extol her wisdom, some list her
colonies, others again sing of her openness to all and
her love of man; and they do so, some by making
this material an ingredient of their compositions on
other subjects, some by citing it merely from
memory as they happen to think of it. One might
46 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
almost say simply that all men in their own inten-
tion or within their own power have delivered their
measure of homage to the city, not in proportionto
what the city or the circumstances have deserved,
but, as if it were a vast ocean which offered no
boundaries to the eye, each admires as much as he
can see. The result has been rather paradoxical:
there is such a superabundanceof themes in which
the city is entitled to honor and glory that, if a man
mentions ever so small a part of her share, he will
not completely fail. It is surely not fair, when this
is the only cause of my boldness and the reason why
a need arose for the discourse I now deliver, to
charge this responsibility of mine with that respon-
sibility which bears the name of blame.
5. Then, if among many great and fine advantages
which have to such a degree exalted the city-and
they are not just many but difficult or impossible to
enumerate-if one of these had not been the blessing
of her traditions of Discourse, it would not perhaps
be proper to run the risk but better to leave the
record of her glory just as it was. But actually, just
as she has been a leader in everything else for the
Hellenes, and, I think, even for mankind in general,
so it is well known that she has been first too in the
forms of Discourse. Hence we are not engaged in an
undertaking foreign to the scene and purpose; and
we have not chosen a path which leads elsewhere,
but one which leads directly to the city and to her
Athenians; and we do not fail to maintain the city's
tradition, but we repay some one of the city's gifts
in so far as it is granted to us.
6. It has been said by many on many occasions
that it is not easy to find a suitable beginning, but
it is I alone, I think, who really need this plea. For,
as it happens, even the beginninginvolves more than
is plainly visible and readily comprehensible, not
only because oldest of those within memory is this
city, but also because many as in a circle are the
starting points which the case temptingly offers. It
is, I suppose, impossible to treat them all together,
and it is not easy to decide which starting point will
prevail as the beginning for all the others. Various
things for various reasons, at least superficially,
have an apparent claim to be appropriately called
first.
7. To begin with, I shall take as a basis that which
I assume to be the most advantageous of all and
upon which I think I would make no mistake in
establishing the whole speech. Right or wrong, the
plan is one in which it is possible for all to join. If I
seem at some points to be conducting the oration
as if it were about my own city and as if I my-
self participated in her blessings, this will not,
I think, bring shame even to you. We shall show
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
then that the nature of the terrain befits the nature
of the men and that it is not suitable for the land to
belong to others, nor has it belonged to others; it
will appear that the inhabitants, worthy of nothing
less than this very land, never left it but remained
where they were. Both of these theses can be judged
by the spectacle of the present and by the record of
the past. Those who in each generationadministered
this land brought forth clear and admirablesigns of
their own justice in every exercise of power. For on
the one hand they displayed, in the forbearance of
their behavior and in their courteous association
with others, that which one could well call a love of
man and they left to no others an opportunity of
appearing equally urbane; while, conversely, in the
badly needed aid they supplied and in the dangers
they faced they had taken their place as a rampart
for the Hellenes.
8. As you survey the country from the land and
from the Aegean, her character is as follows. She
serves as a watchtower for the land of the Hellenes,
because she holds the post that comes to her as
first toward the rising sun as she reaches forwardin
a long projection into the sea; and it is quite clear
that, by the powers above, this country has been
made a bulwark of Hellas and that for her alone it
is natural to have the hegemony of the Hellenes.
9. Then she produces, as it were, a symbol too of
her love of man. She advances to a very great
distance into the Aegean, calming the waters. She
mingles with the islands to become one of the most
charming sights, a continent among islands, further
out in the water than some of them, first to extend,
as it were, a welcoming hand to those from the sea
and offering them all kinds of anchorages and
harbors in a circle all around her, moreover with
some shores here and some there on various arms
of the sea and of the land and with crossings to the
adjacent islands which are as near as the islands to
each other. Hence when men sail by Attica and when
they sail around it and when they traverse it afoot
and when they are still on the high seas, they can
choose their direction, as it were, with the wind and
please themselves.
10. On all sides there is variety in the Cycladesand
Sporades which lie off the coast around Attica as if
the sea had deliberately placed them at the city's
disposal to be her suburbs. They always seem to
form a constellation and their own beauty and per-
fection of pattern have turned out to be the city's
beauty and perfection of pattern. A poet might say
that like a monumental entrance serving a palace
and like stars enclosing the moon, they themselves
gain more than they contribute-from the proxim-
ity, I mean. Therefore,one might say that rule over
VOL. 58, PT. I, i968] TRANSLATION
these isles came properly to this city alone and that
it was a genuine hegemony over the Hellenic isles.
The hegemony of the others who moved into the sea
was spurious; they were in a sense supposititious
heirs who in claiming the islands did not lay hands
on property of their own ancestors but exploited an
irrationality of Fortune to seize it. Which fact soon
drove them out again.
11. While this is the form, this the location which
the country has, it is not easy to say with how much
calm, delight, and comfort the travelers land who
visit her for knowledge or for business, except as
one might cite the travelers themselves as evidence.
For, all in all, the soul is cleansed in preparation
and becomes exalted and buoyant and exceedingly
expectant at the sight of Athens, just as at a pre-
liminary initiation in sacred rites. It is distinguish-
able even to the eye that the light there becomes
more than the ordinary atmosphere, for in a deeper
sense Athena, as Homer said, already removes the
great mist from the eyes of the visitors while they
are still approaching land. Accordingly, the sights
are like a happy dream, and you might appear to
be executing a joyful dance rather than completing
a journey. All kinds of beauty-and what beauty
it is!-on each occasion surround the ship on all
sides and guide it cheerfully to Attica.
12. As the landmarks come to the eye, so too the
stories which one cannot disbelieve come to mind.
Zoster of Attica! The time has not quite arrived
to speak about the part of the gods, but there Leto
loosened her zone and gave the place its name.
Traveling from the tip of Attica ever toward the
East under the guidance of Athena Foresight, she
lighted upon the islands and put in to Delos and
now bore her divine children, Artemis and Apollo
who is ancestral to the city. The islands! It was
through them that the military expedition which
first crossed from Asia against the Hellenes ap-
proachedto land at Marathon,whither fortunately it
was forced to go by the nature of the terrain, to pay
a well-deserved penalty for the injury to Hellas it
intended.
13. Thus, the land, though situated where Hellas
begins, is none the less in the middle of all Hellas.
Wherever one leaves Attica, the most famous races
of Hellas are just over the border, and as its own
territory lies before a city, so all Hellas lies before
Attica. Therefore, it is she alone who purely rep-
resents the Hellenes and to the barbarians remains
most alien. For as different as she is in the nature
of her terrain, she is equally removed in the manners
of her men. There is no intervening river for her to
share with another; there is no border country
which, though dividing the land, produces an inter-
47
mingling. From every extremity as to a device in
the center of a shield, the signs of Hellas point to
this region, and in the circles which encompass her
land the environs on all sides are Hellenic, some from
out of the sea, some from up on the continent,
surrounding, as is natural, the nation's common
hearth.
14. To such a degree has she avoided the uncon-
genial atmosphere of barbarism that even on the
opposite continent she protected herself with an-
other Hellas, her colony, which now stands very far
removed from the barbarians. It is as if the city
had been appointed to oppose this species as its
natural enemy. As a result she has never failed to
display in her works her innocent, pure and un-
corrupted spirit, and as a linguistic model for the
whole Hellenic world she has introduced an un-
adulterated, pure and flawless idiom.
15. Her land has the same position in Hellas that
her city has in the land; it lies in the center of a
center, inclining toward the sea, enough to let it
be known to whom the harbors belong. A third
center, in succession to these, rises like a tower from
the middle of the city; it is the ancient Polis, now
the Acropolis, like a mountain peak, not intended
to be an extremity of the city but for the rest of the
city to be a body, as it were, all around it, where
the high point and the center have coincided. This
beauty already visible throughout is also the final
mark of the city's perfect situation. For, as in the
case of a shield where circles fall within circles,
there is a fifth, fairest of all, which constitutes the
central boss, if indeed Hellas lies in the middle of
the whole earth, Attica in that of Hellas, in that of
the country the polis, again in that of the polis the
Polis.
16. But in leading us here the discussion has led
us astray by adhering closely to whatever thoughts
arose at each point. We must return again to the
country and give her faithfully the honor that is
her due, because in describing her character from
the standpoint of land and sea, we tried to avoid
in as many ways as we reasonably could both a long
account and the omission of those things which it
would have been too bad not to mention.
17. However, the air overhead, which she has
received as her portion, with its temperate climate
is so exactly right that if it were possible to speak
in a manner suitable to the subject, it would be
highly desirable to do so. For she is equally removed
from all forms of bad weather, and while sharing
in the blessings of every elementary force, she has
escaped the discomforts which attach to each. It is
possible to draw such inferences not only because
of the seasonal fruits which here outgrow the seasons
48 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
claiming them and continue throughout a great
portion of the whole year, but also because of the
deviation as with a guideline.
18. For in proportion to the distance one gets
from the city by movement in this direction or in
that, he meets with heat or cold in excess of what
is desirable. Hence the city is surpassed in this
alone, where to surpass is unpleasant and where to
be surpassed is more profitable. So great is the
plenty of her good fortune that among all colonies
it is her offspring, the cities occupying the Ionia of
the present, who seem to be most temperate in
climate, as if the climate were another thing they
had inherited of their family wealth.
19. Accordingly one must not say that this or
that place is in the northernpart of the country and
that other places are in the south, and again in
respect to the two other quarters likewise. Yet
without the accessory phrase "of the country" one
may rule that the regions beyond her on one side
are north and on the other side are south, oh yes!
One may define what lies up or down as east or
west. But she herself, it might be said, truly becom-
ing a province of Athena and a proper site for the
latter's works and pupils, is, as it were, a meeting
ground, a kind of common terrain, where all the
sectors merge, one might almost say, immediately
below the acropolis of heaven and the realm of
Zeus. For of all the air the earth around, there is
none so far removed in its nature from what is
earthly and more assimilated to celestial ether.
20. To this perfection of land, sea, and air, then,
they arranged Attica, the Artisans who had these
tasks of creation. Upon these blessings, which are
of such enormous advantage, there follow others,
as it is very easy to illustrate. There are plains which
have a beautiful grace. Some lie spreading out
before the city right from its walls, or rather spread-
ing out from the Acropolis and blending with the
city. Others are strung along the coast of each sea,
and in the Mesogaea still others, divided by the
mountains which contain them like (successive)
boundary walls, appear in a form suggesting certain
inlets of the sea.
21. Again there is the cheerful grace of her
mountains. Who could help admiring them, when
they have such an abundance of beauty that they
themselves beautify the cities? For in her moun-
tains there lies a seed of grace, the means to express
gracefully man's gratitude toward the gods. This,
which it is right for her to have since she is herself
a work of gods, the country exhibits among the
first of her possessions. And so it is through nature
that she produces the grace of art. She has in them
a favor of nature, the material most suitable for
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
achieving beauty in temples and statues of gods,
so that she might be twice a leader in all this,
because it was here that all these things in the law
and custom of human conventions had their be-
ginning, and because the material used for these
adornments is material that the city has obtained
from her own estate.
22. Ah, but I do not know what subject to select.
It occurs to me to illustrate also section by section
what the country has to offer. For instance, not
lowland throughout nor entirely highland, it has
been formed to offer the advantages of each in turn
and has been given variety so that one might
rightly say that its advantages are those of a com-
plete country which preserves, as it were, a faithful
image of all the inhabitable world.
23. Moreover,there are, it is true, other places one
could mention where sea and land have been yoked
together in the harborsand cooperate harmoniously,
and where the fields and mountains wed with the
aid of spring and achieve a grace; nevertheless,
these things have never happened elsewhere as they
do here, I think. Here also are the veins of silver to
be seen which permeate like moisture all the
mountainous terrain, in order that no part might
be useless and that there might be nowhere un-
profitable ground in Attica, but the land here
unsown might surpass the good land of others. And
how fitting it was that this means of traveling the
road of independence and noble aspirations had
been preparedfor the city! Not only this, but never
damaging streams of everflowing rivers and abun-
dant springs and a harvest of all crops, of which
the cultivated fruit, here most highly perfected of
all, is, as everyone knows, <the> fairest of those
anywhere.
24. But this is like praising a banquet for what
is only its dessert. But I shall now discuss the
country's product and special glory which is most
her own and which in one form presents her whole
contribution. One beginning of my discourse has
now returned to another beginning.
25. Other countries glory in elephants and lions,
some in horses and dogs, some in animals which
frighten the children who hear about them. Your
country glories in the most noble of creatures on
earth, more worthy of mention than the winged
ants of India. For she first produced man, and she
is a first home of man; and what the whole earth is
to all terrestrial creaturesis what she has proved to
be to the race of men, a mother who also nurtured
them all and started them growing as they should,
an area set apart from every land for men to have
as their own like the special estates which are set
apart in sacred precincts.
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION
26. Therefore men she produced were in all re-
spects superior and have come furthest in develop-
ing excellence, inasmuch as the crop of men was
native to her and not alien. It was not after they
had finished a period of wandering, nor when, as
in darkness, they were seeking a home through
every land and over every sea, that they occupied
this soil, nor did they do so in violation of the name
it bore under the guidance of two misfortunes, after
yielding to those who were stronger than they and
driving out those who were weaker. On the contrary,
like water rising out of springs, their race, itself from
itself taking its origin, arose from the bosom of the
earth, and only in this land do aliens and citizens
appear clearly distinguished.
27. The rest of mankind hold their estates like
seats which they have occupied in the theater. They
do not keep the others away from their land because
the land belongs more to them but because they
preceded the others in taking the land, and they
apply the name "aliens" to those who came second
without realizing that all are aliens in the same
sense, rather that they themselves are first aliens
who differ from the naturalized aliens whom they
in their turn admit, in that without having been
judged worthy of citizenship but having forced their
way in, they pretended it was their fatherland,
using, as in a dearth of weapons, whatever they
saw. You alone have the right to boast of pure
birth and citizenship.
28. Though these are two distinct titles, each of
the two has validity for this land on account of
the other, as is meet. Some here are subject to the
designation "aliens" because the others are genuine
citizens, while the citizens vindicate their title by
having an ancestry unadulterated with aliens from
the beginning. Therefore, it is you alone against
whom no one at all could enter, if the phrase is
permissible, a suit for ejectment from the land, any
more than against a man for ejectment from his
mother's property.
29. Moreover,only those naturalized here are not
ridiculous, because you who assigned the honor to
the others by law were all of you citizens of the
country by descent. It could well be that the
majority of the others admit spurious sons, being
spurious sons themselves, because in the course of
time they corrupted their original stock by living
together with the whole world as in a tenement
house. Periodically the last of all upon moving in
call the house their own. It seems to me that one
could be excused for saying that the rest of mankind
inhabit their cities like camps, having settled down
on the sites they had occupied. Only the children
of this land have in their city a real city, and she
4
49
alone of cities, or among very few, affords them
justly an unchangeable city hearth.
30. Since there is a flood of topics, each demanding
special attention in my speech, I choose to present
next that which comes second in their development
and confirms the previous argument. After pro-
ducing her men, the land trained them and prepared
their sustenance, performing a mother's tasks, and
she did not neglect them as if they had to have a
stranger for their nurse, but out of the same bosom
she continuously gave the second gifts.
31. And there came here a gathering which was in
truth a sacred assembly, in behalf of the whole
inhabited world, and all offerings were made in
rivalry as in the presence of spectators. The earth
was eager to produce all, and deities contributing
provided, some of them plants, others seeds, others
animals, of which the productiveness was to adorn
the body of man no less than the animal's own, and
to provide the cover they share, which first the
animals have for a year and then men for as long
as it lasts. Besides these gifts there were arts and
crafts which the gods revealed, introducing the use
of fire in some cases, in others without fire.
32. And, in fact, these offeringsnot only give the
city by their number pride in what here both grew
and was revealed but present overwhelming cor-
roboration of our first argument, and make it the
clearest thing in the world that man set his foot
first on this land. And it happens that the same
proofs both excel in number and support each
other as evidence of the truth. A first generation of
men must first have experienced need, and after
praying for what they needed, they must have
actually received. Again it was impossible for them
to receive what they needed unless they were dear
to the gods, and to assume that the first deemed
worthy of being created were dear to the gods is
surely reasonable. Once more the argument returns
to a starting-point.
33. Again, there were probably two reasons why
the gods perfected the land's productiveness, first
because of requirement, since the men in this
country, being first as I have said, found themselves
in need, and second because of the honor which was
due to the best. When they had thus received the
gifts from the gods, they so well imitated the donors
that they themselves became representatives of the
gods to the rest of mankind and first gave proof of
having obtained their request according to merit
by making a properuse of what they had. They did
not think that they were doing all that was necessary
with the treasure if they buried it, but were so far
removed from conceiving fear lest others do equally
as well as they, that they actually thought there
50 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
was no better way to show by how much they
surpassed the others than if they should be seen
doing good to all.
34. It seems to me that later Heracles, because
he made this city a model for his own life, adopted
in favor of all mankind that attitude which has
placed him among the gods. The clear sign of this
was his friendship for Theseus which entirely
surpassed not only the ties of association which
they had with others but the ties that any men
whatsoever had with each other. Again, in return
it was this city which first honored him with divine
honors and which alone preserved his sons. But the
argument has lifted me like a river in flood and
swept me away; it is time to work back to the point
from which I strayed.
35. They now sent in a divine mission over the
whole earth today's life-giving resources, a distri-
bution, as it were, of some public fund, for which
according to the story they appointed one of the
pupils of Demeter. A report prevailed that his
chariot had wings because he went everywhere
more quickly than hope and for him nothing was
hard or inaccessible, but as through the mere air,
thus he traveled. It seems to me that they were the
first to confirmthe saying with action and so prove
that favors are in their very nature swift. For in
conferring benefits they anticipated the desires of
those who needed to receive benefits. A reminder
and symbol of that divine mission and of the
benefaction to all were the first fruits which used
to come here annually from the Hellenes in former
times-furthermore, the oracles of the god, in
which he designates the city as mother-city of the
crops and attests to both facts, that she first had the
fruits and that the fruits reachedthe others fromher.
She first of all cities instituted today's games and the
prize as a consequenceof these benefactions,because
she had the honor of being entrusted with the gifts.
36. And indeed it is true that they were, while
children of gods, also pupils of gods and were an-
cestors from whom community life for all men has
descended-models who, after such honor as this
came to them first from the gods, bequeath for
emulation finer things in general to their descen-
dants. Such was their attitude toward the gods who
bestowed the gifts and again that was the way they
dealt with mankind in general.
37. With this subject which has ended here we
have completely finished. The subjects from here
on, like forks in a road, lead in two or more direc-
tions. Whether it is possible, while treating each
subject in connection with what has been said, to
treat it in its turn and to preserve the succession
which ties the subjects together is not yet apparent.
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
38. It is best perhaps to complete an account
first of the city's relations with the gods, and then
with this behind us to discourseconcerningAthenian
excellence in general; further on, what things the
Athenians of each successive period accomplished
both by themselves and in cooperation with others.
39. I shall go back a little. Not only in the ways I
mention did the gods honor your land, but also in
many other important ways. The most important-
it were enough perhaps merely to mention it. Of all
the cities underthe sun this is the only one for which,
in attempts to seize the Acropolis as if to rule alone
over the city, they contended whom one might al-
most call the first of the gods. Of equal importance
with this was the second honor, which the gods
later offered when they allowed those who at that
time possessed the country to form a jury and be
their judges, because they thought a verdict given
in a court of his or her own favorites delightful for
one and supportable for the other in either out-
come. When both parties had displayed their seals
or symbols, the rush of water and the olive branch,
Athena won the case and proved the olive branch
to be a symbol of victory. Poseidon withdrew; he
did not, however, end his loving care. His and her
subsequent behavior affordedno less evidence of the
attention and honor which the Athenians enjoyed
from both. For she granted to the city superiority
in wisdom, while he granted superiority in naval
battles, not only over their opponents but over their
partners, indeed, I think, beyond any who at any
time or place have fought and won battles at sea.
But the discussion of these matters comes in a later
section.
40. Upon receiving the support of their ballots,
Athena named the city, since it was hers, with the
name it has, and as her own property she put it into
good condition, amply provided both for peace
and for war. First she taught her people arts of
discourse and a system of laws and showed them a
civic constitution far removed from a government of
force. As a result of these advantages all disciplines
were discovered, and models on which to pattern
ways of living enteredinto view. Next she instructed
them in the use of arms, and it was they whom she
first dressed in the equipment with which we now
invest her. Besides, she revealed the worth of
chariots drawn by race horses or by war horses, and
in this land for the first time in human history a
complete chariot was yoked with steeds by the
attendant of this goddess and with the help of the
goddess, and the art of perfect horsemanship was
shown to all.
41. In addition, various dances and mystic rites
and festivals came to prevail through visits from
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION
various deities. For the gifts from the gods kept
pace with the honors for the gods, who gave, and
received from those to whom they gave, the proper
share for each side.
42. Not only for the city did gods dispute with
one another, but here in the city they actually
sought adjudications of their disputes with one an-
other; they were thereby drawing the attention of
all men towards the city from all sides, and like
those who teach children by example they were
deliberately depositing in her keeping precedents
and models of all procedure,in order that, just as it
goes well with the pupils when their teachers in all
subjects are best, so men too might turn out com-
plete in respect to the development of their potential
excellence by following the right models, and in
order that the seeds which came to them from gods,
might be the seeds, not only of wheat and barley,
but also of justice and of civilized life in general.
Poseidon was granted the action concerninghis son
against Ares and won it in a court of all the gods;
the site received therefrom its present name, which
itself was a symbol both of the event that had
occurred and of justice, some general attestation
and guarantee, as it were, to mankind.
43. For it is not possible to find anything superior
to the Areopagus, if one were looking for an un-
surpassable example. But just as all the waters and
exhalations which are mantic rise always from the
same place, so this locality too is apparently one
which "sends up," as they say of a mantic source,
the clear knowledge, as close as possible to that
among the gods, of what is just. From all parties the
deference with which it has been honored is so
great that those who lose their case are equally as
satisfied as those who have prevailed, while all
magistrates, councils, and the other organs of
government, and, last but not least, the Demos,
before the decisions of the court at this place are
all mere private citizens in the way they yield. On
this one site alone, I suppose, change has not fasten-
ed in the case of human institutions. It has been
left as an assembly place for the gods and for those
who have had the duty since that time, and all,
consideringit a model of justice, honorit accordingly
in awe of the gods.
44. There occurred another trial later, with the
parties differing from each other in status. This too
was for the jurors a strange trial, in which an un-
happy man of the house of Pelops stood against the
dread deities who now dwell beside the spot wherehe
took refuge and made, as it were, an appeal to the
city in the thought that here,if anywhere,existed the
philanthropy which was not unjust and, obtaining
the support of the goddess, rid himself of the furies.
4*
51
45. Well then, concerningtheir origin and nurture
and the honor from the gods, and the gifts which
they themselves received and distributed to the
rest, an account has now been given, inferior per-
haps to what actually happened, but not more in-
adequate than were the accounts given by our
predecessors. Now, when all sorts of topics suggest
themselves, it is perhaps in keeping to treat sub-
jects of which a partial descriptionhas been included
in the discussion that has occurred, namely the
extent and quality of the overflowing philanthropy
they showed to all, and the way in which they
worked as a city for the common good of mankind.
Here too I shall go back a little.
46. Just as it did not satisfy the gods to show
their good will to the city in some single way, so
those ancient Athenians did not deem it enough to
impart to mankind the use of grain but continued
methodically increasing their gift to society, as
those who plant a field do more than plant seeds. A
very great benefaction of theirs, very important for
the community of Hellas, was the kind and consoling
reception of those from everywhere who were
unfortunate.
47. In brief, there is no branch of the Hellenic
race which has not experienced this help from the
city and has not at times been homeless, but both
as cities and nations and as individuals too, more
or less the most distinguished, they have come to her
and taken refuge. It is quite impossible to recall
them all in the first place and then to give an account
commensuratewith the story, so that not only do I
make no list of those who migrated privately but I
make no list of those who came in groups in the
course of disaster. On the other hand, it is possible
to narrate cases which among those of antiquity
were most highly esteemed and especially the case
of Heracles, inasmuch as it was a precedent for the
many later.
48. When Heracles departed from life among men,
it was this city which first established today's
temples and altars, just as previously she had
honored him at the Mysteries, first of foreigners to
be initiated. From that time on he has continued to
be and to seem a god. Not only for those considered
the oldest of the gods did she inaugurate honors,
outstanding honors at that, beyond all who followed
her example, but when the gods admitted the
strangers, this city did too, living, as she did, in
communion with the gods. For as soon as they
were receptive, it came at once to her attention,
and she revealed it in proclamations to the rest of
mankind. Accordinglyshe proved that the Thebans,
in whose land he was born, had little connection
with him, likewise any others who as kinsmen had
52 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
a claim upon his memory. For she alone saw what
he deserved. To him, then, she has given in recogni-
tion this free gift, because of which one might justly
describe all that Heracles received from the rest of
mankind as so many favors of this city. For all the
rest merely followed her example when they accord-
ed him his due.
49. When Eurystheus, on the other hand, drove
from the Peloponnese the sons of Heracles and
added another mistake, more important and more
terrible, the proclamation that not a single one of
the other cities was to receive them, and made the
most extreme threats, all the others, though they
were indignant, found themselves unable to aid.
But this city received them, she alone of all hating
the threats more than she feared them, and the
protection which Heracles provided for all men she
preserved for his sons, a contribution, as it were, to
a fund raised by friends. She had good reason.
Heracles she had helped in the greatest part of his
labors by means of Theseus, and she had long
consideredhim an ally, ever since she had seen him
thinking her own thoughts.
50. While the work she now accomplished with
the sons of Heracles and in their behalf is a story
which must be told in another part of the speech,
she did indeed look after their interests, and her
guardianship was so brilliant that their misfortune
became an advantage to them. She not only dis-
pelled their feeling that they were orphans, when
she assumed for them the role of their father, but
she regarded them as traditionally benefactors of
mankind and honoredthem accordinglyby granting
them four towns to possess of those then existing
in her land and by initiating in their case a raising
of children at public expense when the father was a
benefactor, not unlike the custom she later adopted
of raising children whose fathers had died in war.
And of course she obtained for herself the reward
which her pains deserved, for she found them
worthy of the start she had given them.
51. The voyage they made in taking refuge here
became a common experiencelater of all the exiles;
rather, the majority of the earlier exiles anticipated
even the Heraclidsin fleeing here. For the city made
herself available to all those in need, right from the
start. It seemed to all the Hellenes-and what they
believed was true-that they were moored with
two anchors, in that as members of separate cities
they named their own fatherlands of origin, while
they named this city as a fatherland common to
them all, and to their first home they virtually
assigned second place, while to their later home
they gave precedence. For as they thought about it
correctly on the basis of what they had actually
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
experienced, they decided that this city was more
secure and more advantageous for them by as
much as it was more unassailable and really sacred.
This was the case of those who met disaster at
Thebes and were banished together from all Boeo-
tia. This was the case of others, the routed Thessa-
lians who took refuge here, and the Tanagraeans
who migrated when they were driven out by men
who themselves had withdrawn in face of the
Dorians who conquered the Peloponnese. All these
refugees made up Ionia.
52. She acted in the same way toward those from
both shores, both the western and the eastern. For
she received with a welcome the latter as well as
the former in their hour of need. Some races now
who were quite outside the ranks of Hellas were
fleeing to her for refuge and she took them in, the
Dryopians and the Pelasgians for example, traces
of whose rescue survive to this very day, for the
names of places named after them attest at the
same time to their residence and to their rescue.
Thus of old she gave herself to all, and she con-
tinuously maintained this attitude as a rule of
conduct. In all the crises of Hellenic history through
which she passed she kept her gates open a little for
those who as a result of wars or even through civil
dissension or through some other chance were going
into exile, for she ever called to them from afar to
rest assured that no Hellene would be a man with-
out a city as long as there remained the city of the
Athenians, but that those in trouble would have a
change of home.
53. For instance, when one of the three divisions
in the Peloponnese was destroyed, that of the
Messenians,she alone saved their remnants, for she
received them and then looked around for places
where they were to settle. And if today there are
Messenians, it is because of this city. Again, when
the disaster by Boeotia occurredand the city which
had once made her territory available to the
Hellenes for victory suffered most unexpected and
undeserved destruction, none relieved her with a
memory equal to her service; but while as far as the
others were concerned, the breed of Plataea was
extinct, this city with her characteristic nobility
raised them again from their misfortune by de-
creeing Athenian citizenship to replace the Plataean
and by preserving for the site its commemoration,
as was meet for her to do who at that time was the
common protectress of all. Those who had lost their
estates there she reimbursed. On another occasion,
moreover, when the Thebans were being maltreated
by the Laconian garrison,she supportedthe Demos,
and the exiles lived like Athenians during this
period, until with the help of Athens they were
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION
destined once again to recover their own land. Once
again, when the Plataeans were expelled from their
homes and the Thespiaeans along with them, she
received them and all who belonged to them. And
on another occasion the Thebans in circumstances
of the most extreme misfortune, and before the
latter the people of the Thracewardregion who had
fared badly, all who remained of two and thirty
cities, those from Corinth, Thasos, Byzantium, and
everywhere else-who could enumerate them all?
For it is not easy, I think, to enumerate even those
from the islands alone.
54. She alone, one might almost say, has always
been engaged in competition with those changes for
the worse which are the fortune of all and in an
effort to turn the disasters of all into benefits for
them. And so she has reversed the proverb. She has
shown that she does not keep out of the way of a
friend who has been unfortunate, but that many
even of those with whom she was previously at
odds she has in their adversity adopted as friends.
She has not regulated her generosity by Fortune
associating with them in their prosperity and
disdaining them as soon as they had trouble, but
has made their occasions of misfortune occasions of
good fortune, in that she gave her own blessings
to the many and made them partners in things
which they never even dreamed of acquiring when
they were most prosperous. As a result, each at
every moment of need saw one road of escape, this
one leading here. And so, being most venerable
among the cities of Hellas, more because of the
reception she gives to those from everywhere than
because of the precedence she has acquired by age,
she is for the nation, as it were, a home and common
hearth. And her loyal service to all she showed not
only in the forces she herself sent out from herself
but in the offer of land to those who were taking
refuge with her from outside and in the admission
of all as a part of herself.
55. One, then, is this, of the type and importance
indicated, a form of benefaction, in keeping with
those which had first been placed at her disposal
(by the gods). Another there is which in the time
of its action comes next and which in importance
is not inferior. She took as her partner him who is
the common exegete of the Hellenes but for her an
ancestral deity, the Pythian Apollo, and then she
led out to all parts of the earth the Hellenic race,
establishing the protection which at the same time
was itself an increase for the nation.
56. And so first she cleaned the adjacent sea,
though this I mention first does not seem to be the
first in rank among her achievements. And an eye-
sore of Hellas, as it were, she took away when she
53
displaced the troublemakers at her front door-I
mean all the pirates and barbarians-and compelled
them to remove as far as possible from the Hellenic
shore and its ports of entry. As a result the islands
which curve around her were securely settled, and
it became possible to take an Aegean cruise through
the most civilized waters, in some areas passing
groups of two or three cities of one island as on a
mainland. Such were the fine conditions she estab-
lished on the sea.
57. In addition to these achievements, she coloniz-
ed the islands which lie off the Peloponnese, making
the regions of the West her own special concern and
holding back the barbarianflood from all directions
as with barriers. When she had established its pro-
tection on both sides so that Hellas was defended
all around as if with closable harbors, she now
crossed the sea even to foreign soil and transported
to Asia the settlers who formed her many great
colonies. In the thought that the earth was naturally
one and that the lands beyond the confines of
Hellas were not distinct, she knit the earth to-
gether until she established, if it is permissible to
say so, the Asian counterpartfacing the old Hellas.
In so doing, she increased by a great portion the
possessions of the Hellenes and planned for the
safety of all, as time showed, with great foresight.
Moreover,she thus bestowed upon each of the two
branches of the Hellenic family a most beautiful
world of order to live in, not only because their
country was spacious and favorably located, but
also because she demonstrated how many and how
fine are the blessings of which concord is the cause.
58. Since this country, being such as I have said,
was an underlying support like a stone foundation
or a living root, the colonies of the Hellenes went
forth, in fact over every land now. For after they
had been sent out to Ionia and had made good, there
came a yearning upon them, a desire to imitate the
pattern set by the mother-city. And so they divided
the land of the Mediterraneanworld among them
and settled upon it, extending the measure of Hellas
to some other mark, as it were, until they had filled
the whole basin. Even now, at both ends of our
world there dwell children of your children, for
some have moved all the way to Gades from
Massalia, while others have taken possession of
allotments along the Tanais and Lake Maeotis.
Consequently I have to laugh as I hear the many
other much larger cities of today vying with each
other in their adornments and priding themselves
on what they think are glories, when I find in my
observation that by your city an orderly whole had
been created on land and sea without them for all
their size and importance.
54 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
59. I wish to go back a little and show in specific
cases the consistency of the policy which the city
has followed in respect to the Hellenic world, and
to show that it is impossible to apply a better term
than the one I have just pronounced, consistency.
When the children of Heracles needed assistance,
it was she alone who provided it and gave them a
share in all things, at once outstripping their want
with the nobility of her great spirit. On the other
hand, since it was fated for the Peloponnese to be-
come Dorian, she joined the god in effecting their
restoration, but when the return of the Heraclids
had occurred and a revolution took place in the
Peloponnese, again she received the element ejected.
On this occasion the affairs of her previous suppli-
ants were secure, while others in turn had changed
into the latter's garb.
60. After she had already received any and all
men and had bestowed gifts of land and a share in
laws and civic life, she determined to use this
surplus population in the interests of Hellas and to
employ the many cities which had taken refuge with
her as a nucleus for the foundation of many great
cities abroad. And indeed how could the policies
which she adopted for those who placed themselves
in her hands have been of greater philanthropy and
distinction than if she first gave them a share in her
own land and citizenship, then helped to prepare
them for the acquisition of other land and citizen-
ship, feeling much the same obligation to welcome
the needy to her own and to champion them in the
land of others, and never failed to do what was
proper in the crises of both situations? When they
were weak, she relieved them of their fear and raised
them out of the troubles overwhelming them; but
when they had later fared better than in adversity,
then and then only she mustered them and sent
them forth, appointing leaders for them individu-
ally, inasmuch as she herself had become a common
leader and protector of them all, and she joined with
them people of her own.
61. One would find these things consistent not
only in what actually was done but even in their
intention. Just as she received and then restored
the earlier suppliants, the Heraclids I mentioned,
so she first received and then later led out to a new
home those who came after them, earning in each
of the two cases credit for a double instead of a
single benefaction. And since the city's concern for
the Hellenes appears in the way I described from
first to last on all occasions, it resembles a fixed
policy being maintained consistently over a long
uninterrupted period.
62. Again in respect to the reception of exiles,
even if this is undeniably a sign of a love felt for all,
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
still one just might say it was only those who ex-
perienced this fortune whom she aided. But what
she did in the preparationof colonizing expeditions
was a community gain of the Hellenes, not just a
gain of those who went away. For actually the
Hellenes received the increment of many great
cities and lands and powers into their community,
as a result of which they became much stronger.
Accordingly I maintain that the city has a claim
on the gratitude of the Hellenes more for the
dispatch of expeditions from herself than for the
admission of those who begged to be admitted. And
in consequence,it has happenedthat only the people
here have a good reputation even through their
contrarities. For the same who are most ancient of
all the Hellenes count also as youthful Hellenes, old
but also young as men describe Dionysus. Having
immigrated from nowhere but having sprung from
the land itself, they received those from everywhere
who needed a city. And again having received men
from everywhere. they have also sent men every-
where, maintaining also here the proper course as
these situations arose one after the other. Old but
also young. For it is the oldest whose descendants
are likely to be most numerous, and the reception
of those who ask for protection devolves upon the
stronger rather than any others. And again it was
in keeping with the original distribution of grain to
send out swarms of colonists in all directions and to
settle the land. Was it not undeniably so, especially
when all now had the power to work and to earn
the necessities of life more easily because of resour-
ces ?
63. Next comes that part of the speech for which,
I suspect, many have long been waiting, the record
of her deeds in the dangers of war. They are, I fear,
even more perilous for the speaker to put into words
than the actual labors were for the city when she
was toiling. Still it is necessary to come to grips with
these also, for two reasons: first, because after hav-
ing recalled sufficiently the blessings of her peace
and the means by which she formed our way of life,
it would, I suppose, be meet not to leave unmention-
ed either those exploits which she performed in
different circumstances, especially when her ex-
ploits in war are more numerous than those of all
the others together, and more important than all
those we have in the traditions of the others; second-
ly, because the examination of what the city ac-
complished in her wars tallies with the account we
have just finished of her philanthropytoward all. So
once again a beginning has come to us out of an
ending.
64. Now one would more or less find that the
colonies also have a place in this part of our argu-
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION
ment. Even they, I suppose, did not come into
existence without great risks and struggles in which
they everywhere prevailed. But I shall go back to
where I stopped.
65. In truth, it is not only by the special grants
with which she took care of those who came to her
for refuge, protected them, and so forth, nor by the
increments with which, in the ways we have said,
she increased the Hellenic world, it is not only in
these ways that the city has displayed to us clear
samples of the excellence and greatness of spirit
which mark her dealings with all. Rather, there is
no risk or trial of strength she hesitated to undergo
when there was a call. On the contrary, she proved
herself better for her suppliants than the champion
they wished her to be.
66. Let the incidents with which a little while ago
we began an examination of her perfect philan-
thropy be for us now a starting point of her concern
for others in the trials of courage. How great was
the superiority of might which Eurystheus and the
Peloponnesians had, when in defense of the Herac-
lids she resisted them, and how she reversed the
situation! No city, no hero, no group at all of those
among the Hellenes resisted him. This man who had
such an excess of insolence that he included both the
children of Heracles and the cities in the threats he
was uttering, threats of what he would do to the
children if they were discovered, and to the cities
if they accepted them, this man she brought to the
point where he himself did not obtain a burial at
home. Of the power which Eurystheus had unde-
servedly enjoyed the city found it possible to make
the well-deserved end. Perhaps all this outrageous
behavior of his came at a good time, for he relied
on his wealth and accepted trial. This matter was
adjudicated in Attica, and by saving the suppliants
she set free all the Peloponnese, which was worse off
than the children of Heracles in that the latter had
not been excluded from taking refuge while the
former had been excluded from giving refuge: the
former, through the city, obtained a freedom from
fear, while the latter had no way of not doing what
was ordered.
67. There is another exploit of the city earlier
than these; it occurred in the middle of Boeotia,
and is typical of all the other exploits of the city,
a work which, as the story is told, the Athenians of
that time performedin behalf of the Argives at the
request of the suppliants but which in the deeper
sense and in the form of the benefaction was ac-
complished for the good of all the human race. For
when they learned that those who had met mis-
fortune beneath the Cadmea had been thrown on
the ground and left unburied, the Athenians did not
55
fear the ruthless violence of those who had deliber-
ately committed this outrage nor did they worry as
they fought for unfortunates,what kind of intentions
for their own victims the latter had in case of vic-
tory. Instead, the Athenians by fighting gave to the
man of conscience the hope that right would prevail
over might and they felt the same indignation as if
it had happened to themselves. Thus accepting the
request in defense of the universal law, they gave
the proper honor to the one side and to the other
the punishment that was its due.
68. And again consider first that for refuge all
those in need of aid would, in a manner of speaking,
run to this city as fast as their legs could carry them,
and would look to none of the other cities. This it-
self is better than a marble inscription; it is a great
and vivid indication that the city was in the lead
right from the beginning by a wide margin; and it
is evidence of two virtues in her-and they are the
noblest-courage and philanthropy-though if you
wish, I mean justice instead of philanthropy. All
these have become, as it were, heralds announcing
her, and have from the very time of the incidents
themselves proclaimed publicly that none care for
justice more than the Athenians and that none are
better at stopping whatever movements occur out-
side the limits of good behavior, but that the other
cities, being in need of Athens, were mere ciphers in
Hellas, while Athens, like an acropolis rising among
unprotected districts, was truly the same in her
performanceas in her intentions, being morestrongly
fortified than those who honored justice, while
more equitable than those who had power, or rather,
being more exact than those who honored justice,
while more powerful than those who <had power>
in respect to applying force effectively, so that she
surpasses both types on both scores.
69. Let these incidents, chosen from the earliest
traditions, serve as samples of what I meant by a
combination of courage and philanthropy. But now
for the spirit they exhibited in defense of their own
land in the face of aggression on each occasion!
Though there is, I suppose, no one unacquainted
with them, we must include on our speech also these
traditions from which we have made brief selections.
70. There were the Amazons, who in their ex-
ploits went beyond the limitation of nature. With
these the Athenians engaged in a cavalry battle and
destroyed them totally, whereas there was no
opposition to the Amazons until they reached
Attica. On the contrary, they had already made
the continents equal; having started from a fixed
point, the Thermodon,they stretched across Asia as
far as Lycia and Caria and Pamphylia as in a camp,
across Europe as far as their camp which faced the
56 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
city. But then and there all their acquisitions
slipped back as when a cable breaks; the empire of
the Amazons had dissolved and their raiding was
finished. So here too the city went to the aid of the
common Nature of the All, and now it has become
incredible that the Amazons ever existed.
71. The Thracians too, I imagine, found their
disaster quite enough, who still earlier learned a
lesson when they had come hither with Eumolpus
and their partisans among the Hellenes after making
plans as if they were trying to cross the sea on
foot.
72. Here, moreoveris a fact worth adding, which
has been neglected by the majority of those who
deliver the customary oration at the state funerals:
Not only the zeal and energy of the city for public
service have been so great whereverthere was need,
but even privately there have appeared at times of
disasters certain individuals who were willing to
make them occasions for public service, and quite
logically. For they saw the spirit in which their
fatherland associated with the Hellenes, and they
thought that they themselves should assume the
same attitude toward the fatherland, when oppor-
tunity called. Consequently, as a result both of the
public and of the private response the city's whole
generosity is doubled. Which is more important than
the fact that some of the foreignersbecame similarly
disposed toward her.
73. It is said, for example, that Erechtheus during
the war against Eumolpus gave his daughter to the
latter in behalf of the city after an utterance of the
god, and that the mother adorned her and then
brought her in as if she were sending her on a religi-
ous embassy. It is said that Leos resolved to do as
Erechtheus and then gave up his daughters, he too,
in the famine. It is said that Codrusduring the war
against the Dorians and Peloponnesians laid down
his own life voluntarily in behalf of the country.
Consequently, even those who do have such stories
of their own tradition to relate can mention nothing
which outdoes the material in your tradition, but
even when it comes to such deeds the city shows the
way by examples which are just as great and even
more numerous, and there remains no possibility of
surpassing her record either publicly or privately.
Moreoverit has not happened that the city, while
defeated by the others in absolutely nothing and
having prevailed over all the enemies I mentioned,
yet in gratitude fell behind those in her ranks who
made these sacrifices.On the contrary,it will appear
that even over these she has prevailed in benefac-
tions. For in the case of Codrusshe granted to him
an office for his children to have, and she honored
the family both at home and abroad; in the case
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
of the Maidens she established sacred offerings and
a sanctuary and with these honors she pronounced
them worthy of a divine instead of a mortal destiny;
in the case of Erechtheus she recognized his title
to a place beside the gods of the Acropolis.
74. So much for these samples of the philan-
thropy which the ancestors displayed toward those
from outside and of their good courage on their own
behalf in times of stress, and again of how the
notables and the many treated each other! We must
in the same manner, as far as space permits, call
also the rest of her history to mind, surveying both
the things accomplished in behalf of others and
what she endured in defense of her own land, in
whatever way may suit the discourse so as not to
overstep our time in treating her exploits. As the
cases themselves come up, you can as you listen
divide them into those that were for the com-
munity of Hellas and those that were for the city
alone.
75. If the discourse concerned any other city,
it would not be possible to omit exploits which, as
it is, will have to be omitted; on the contrary it
would have been enough to mention these exploits
alone, for they are such as a speaker would have
sought and as many would, if they could, give much
to have as their own. But in the present situation it
is equally hard to select the things one must leave
out and to mention worthily those which have won
their place, and no one even in a straightforward
report of the record has ever yet gone through all
the incidents, though concerning this one city all
speakers and writers have said very much indeed,
nay rather, concerning her alone they have said
more almost than about all the other cities. Given
the situation, it is not possible to relate particulars
in a way to produce an exact understanding; on the
contrary, we are obliged to leave out most partic-
ulars, in order to make use of the most important.
For who would not have been delighted to present
also these, which for others would be enough all by
themselves ?
76. For instance, when three leagues, the most
important in Hellas, were attacking the city, the
one league, the Dorian, passed sentence of banish-
ment upon itself and went away, but as for the
other two, the Boeotians in hand to hand fighting
were worsted, and on the same day the Euboeans
in Euboea itself, so great was the city's superiority.
But in orderthat I may not use up my time relating
many such cases, I shall omit all the intervening
material, and in respect to this very matter I shall
take further advantage of the city's magnanimity
and turn to the main illustrations of the argument
themselves. For when the affairs of Hellas and of
VOL. 58, PT. I, x968] TRANSLATION
the Barbarian World were being decided and a
small part was fighting against a large part of the
earth and it was a struggle for our survival and, at
the same time, a test of our excellence, then it was
that the city prevailed over both races in an un-
expectedly wonderful manner, inasmuch as it was
found that the one side proved a small addition to
her, while the side that was larger proved inferior
by more than it was larger.
77. Now it is possible to give credit for the whole
achievement to one of the gods who was eager to
make, as it were, a trial of the men who had joined
his company, and to hold this contest, just as we
ourselves hold the usual contests. But even so, this
city's excellence made a very great contribution. She
contributed not only quite within reason but on a
scale worthy of her future destiny. She was challeng-
ing the Barbarians in order to display both herself
and all the Hellenic world, to show what kind she
was herself and what kind were those whom she
represented. In this way she attracted the Hellenes
not by offering them the wrong principle, and not
like those who later crossed to Asia, by appealing to
a desire for more than was just, but by resisting the
Barbariansimmediately at that time and demanding
that they pay the penalty for the enslavement of the
Hellenes on the mainland of Ionia, whom she alone
had received when they were being ruined through-
out all Hellas and whom she alone had established
on the land they needed.
78. As first of the Hellenes to do so up to that
time Athenians made the march upcountry to
Sardis in a joint expedition and sacked the place
before departing, whereas until then the Hellenes
in their admiration placed Sardis in a class with
Babylon and the cities of India. When Darius re-
ceived this excuse he could not remain still, but set
about mobilizingthe empireand collecting his forces,
and no labor was too much for him. His alleged
intention was retaliation upon the Athenians and
Eretrians, for he threw in the Eretrians in order to
make it credible, I suppose. But in truth there were
two motives: one was a fear and suspicion of the
city which he now conceived, lest she cease to be
satisfied at all; the other was a yearning and longing
to increase the empire with a glorious addition, that
of the Hellenic world, and to rule the earth, not
within limits of its division, but with rule even over
the whole. This was by no means too much for him
to hope, in view of the numerous nations already
enslaved, which he was ambitious to know by
name, whereas to traverse them in a march without
heavy armor was indeed beyond his hope. For all
at that time followed the Persians to war, inasmuch
as they were unable to live otherwise. Having, as I
57
said, a reason within himself consisting of his fear
and his yearning, he came. That is, he decided not
to try to cross personally, he had in mind to send
the nations.
79. First, when the heralds were sent on a tour
through Hellas by that King and his successor in
quest of earth and water, they would begin with
this city, and their negotiations would all be ad-
dressed to her. In the letters to Hellas, and in all the
frequent orders to the sub-kings nothing but
Athens was mentioned, as though it were the same
to say Athens as to say Hellas. In fact, it was not
just a manner of speaking but an actual situation
in which, if one gained control of the Athenians, he
had all the cities. All policies that these latter had
to execute or plan concerning their interests as a
whole the city would examine, having placed herself
in front of the Hellenes right from the start. And
now the war was already taking shape in two
quarters from the conflict of attitudes in Persia and
Athens, the one government threatening and
testing, Athens resisting and prevailingimmediately
in her replies. And so, from both sides came evidence
that the war for Hellas was a war between Athenians
and Persians, the Persians trying to seize it, the
Athenians to hinder them.
80. In those days, however, deeds were surpassed
by words, by which I mean the deeds of others were
surpassed by words which emanated from you. A
decree better than a trophy won through to ever-
lasting memory, when it won a victory at the same
time in word and deed. For in a decision of hands
and hand to hand fighting it prevailed immediately,
not only in the show of hands when it came up for
vote as a bill but also when they laid hands on the
messengers and destroyed them. As for the man
who interpreted the letter, they granted him a
special hearing and count of hands in order that,
since he was a Hellene, he might have a distinction
in the formality of the trial, but they killed him too
on the grounds that it was improper to serve the
Barbarians even with his voice. It was actually his
special recommendation which effected his ruin,
because they deemed it unpardonable for a man
from a colony of Athens to act as an interpreter
against the interest of Athens and of the Hellenes,
for him who was by nature their enemy. And so,
since they hurled into the Cleft those who had been
sent, others had to report the replies to the King,
and it was not granted to him to obtain his informa-
tion from his own envoys.
81. The King's excitement was immediately
apparent.The fetters which he commandedthe sub-
kings to make ready at once he orderedfor a larger
number than he thought the Athenians to be, so
58 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
that none of them might go unfettered, and he
indulged his anger as far as he could. Upon the
multitudes he enjoined various tasks.
82. After this the heralds no longer visited
Greece; the fleet which he was already dispatching
would announce itself. He appointed the best of the
Persians in command and assigned a multitudinous
host, which surpassed on strict adherence to what
the narrators individually relate by so much as to
constitute the greatest fleet on record. For he did
not wish to leave any excuse, either to them or to
himself, for failing to execute the plans concerning
which he was issuing orders. These plans were to
destroy the city and to carry off to him all the race
in the style he had threatened.
83. To this degree of anger and preparation the
King was moved. His men, as they sailed, outroared
the Aegean, deprived of sight those they met, and
filled the sea with fugitives. Hence, there was no
one in those days who wished to live on an island.
While they were still at sea and only a short distance
from their destination, they decided to offer first-
fruits to the King's commands and to sing, as it
were, a prelude of the war. And when it was so
decided, they made a landing, imitated a fishing by
dragnet from a ship, and were off with their catch
of Eretrians. The race of Eretria was thus suddenly
snatched away, as if abducted by some kind of
demon <from the sea>, and the King's men moved
against their second victim, in the expectation that
they would now carry off the Athenians themselves
in a raid and take Hellas by storm. For they little
knew what kind of quarry they were after, and they
failed to realize that they were not abiding by the
fable, inasmuch as they were pursuing, not the
animals that fled, but rather those who were them-
selves in the habit of pursuing.
84. Thus the Persians had started forward and
when they were moving toward the mainland like
some evil thing or other from the deep, all the
Hellenes except one city, though they had long
foreseen the invasion which they were then be-
holding, now sat still in utter dismay, each of them
paralyzed as they looked into the future, by the
nightmare of the fate of Eretria, and by the thought
that they themselves were as close to ruin as the
Persian expedition was to them. But not Athens!
She more resembled a city organizing a religious
procession than one equippingherself for a struggle.
She opened all the shrines and convoked the priests
of all categories and dispatched missions to the gods
in the ancient way, calling upon their aid and plac-
ing herself in their trust. However, after she had
first honored the divine, nothing else was left un-
done: as guardians of the sanctuaries and of the
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
town the men over fifty were left behind; the city's
youth went forth.
85. At first they cast a shadow over the races in
those games which offera crownas prize, because the
zeal they displayed was as much more remarkableas
the prizes for which they contended were more
noble. Afterwards they showed themselves even
better in the last laps than when they were leaving
their starting gates.
86. And mark you, when they were halfway on
their march, a wind, as it were, from the sea struck
them, a mixed shout of horses, men, and of all the
rest of the creatures in the baggage for the camp,
some of whom had been transported because of use-
fulness and others for the sake of a Barbarian's
entertainment.And when the Athenians had crossed
the ridge, they saw those strange and hostile figures
everywhere they looked. Bronze and iron from afar
forbade them to approach, while the enemy were so
contemptuous of the Athenian armament and of
their efforts that, to win, the Barbarians thought it
enough merely to be seen. For they believed that
all would immediately despair and, in the language
of prize contests, yield without acquiring the dust
of a struggle.
87. This became among mankind the first public
trial organizedby a city to match excellence against
wealth and to match Hellenic mind against barba-
rian mass and material preparation, a trial decided
not by the speciousness of words but by theproof of
deeds and by the requirement of the moment. For
they did not let the sight frighten them but used
the sight to spur them on, and blenched not at the
strangeness of the foe who met their eyes but
rejoiced as they saw how many were those over
whom they would show their superiority. In this
confidence they thought that they had received
from fortune an opportunity, as it were, to surpass
all mankind in courage and that it was better for
them to have this advantage over the great ex-
pedition than to have material things to use without
stint, and they concluded that they would now be
"magnificently entertained" by the Barbarians and
in a manner worthy of the excellence which was
theirs. For, in fact, steeds, weapons, ships, armlets,
collars of twisted metal, hunting dogs, and all sorts
of things were gifts of fortune at the disposition of
those who proved superior,and all these things were
for victory to transfer.
88. When the <men> individually as well as the
generals had said this silently to themselves and
expressed it aloud to each other, they began with
the gods and their native paean, and soon they were
advancing at a run as the field through which they
dashed was unencumbered.They did not give the
VOL. 58, PT. i, i968] TRANSLATION
Barbarians time to see what was happening, but no
sooner were their ranks broken than the men were
being killed, the horses captured, the ships dragged
ashore, the goods collected, and the action turned
into a dance of Pan. There was one man now who,
though dead and riddled by them with arrows, yet
stood erect and terrified the remnants of the Bar-
barians by seeming to be immortal. As they were
being destroyed, the Barbarians, these men who
had dared the great crimes and were carrying
triumphal monuments in their ships, seemed to the
Athenians more numerous even than they had pre-
viously. For neither the marsh nor the sea gave
them a sufficiently good reception, and therefore
there was for the coward no free space or avenue of
escape. Then it was perceived that they were veri-
tably a disorderly mass and a very great hindrance
to each other. A goodly number was badly defeated,
larger than many at first would have dared to
resist, so that the streams of blood sufficed to float
their ships onto the high sea.
89. So great did the glory of those men of Athens
become, and so great the prestige of their victory,
that they made even the locality a kind of symbol
of excellence. There is surely no one who upon
hearing the name of Marathonfails to be uplifted in
his spirit and to greet with at least as much rever-
ence and joy as he accords to the memory of any
deed elsewhere the deed which takes its name from
here. It happenedin fact that Athens was the first of
the continental Greeksto run the risk and that she
alone sufficed to win the victory, and that of dangers
which were her own she made the rewards common
to all and that she who was the nurse of Hellas did
the opposite of what had become customary. For
the law decrees that all those who have raised their
children have the right to be maintained by them,
but this city, in addition to her foster care and to
the gifts she originally gave, assigned to Hellas also
freedom along with salvation, in the course of risks
which were her own, as if she owed it to the Hellenes
to keep on helping them in everything and as if she
had so promised their forebears.Hence it is possible
to say with reason that while for Athens to honor
Zeus, Patron of Free Men, for the deeds accom-
plished is only fitting, it is fitting for the other
Greeks to honor Athens, and to consider the Demos
of the Athenians as the Patron of Freedom for the
Hellenes.
90. In the allotment of destiny by race the battle,
it seems to me, was joined to the fortune of the city
and belongs to none but the Athenians. For, even if
it is a rather enthusiastic way to put it, the battle
became for the Hellenes a mother city and starting
point, as it were, of all that happened later, not only
59
of the tests they met in their wars but of all their
ways of living and habits of thought and purpose,
preaccomplishedto serve as a foundation or model
or, in an all-embracing term, as the seed which
produced the Hellenes. If at that time the city had
not so excelled, all would have been lost, persons
and deeds and traditions and the things which all
of this race naturally consider their own. The many
wonder at the vast number of the Barbarians the
Athenians defeated, but to me it seems that it was
over all mankind, not just over those against whom
they contended that they could be said to have
prevailed, though one must ask others not to take
offense and then must say, prevailed not only by
becoming the cause of such blessings to all but by
so far surpassing in the glory of their own record
the glorious record of any others. Hence if not to
have an equal share is equivalent to having been
made inferior, it is all mankind over whom they
have prevailed.
91. Well then, had I stopped after having selected
these matters alone, the argument would, I believe,
have gone far enough, and nothing further would
be needed to prove that the city gave of herself
generously and behaved excellently in respect to
those of the same race. She who was the first to
produce men, the first to discover a means of liveli-
hood, who nurtured not only her own offspring but
all mankind, who as first to do so received the many,
many exiles, individually and in whole groups, and
then with proper organizationdispatched thousands
in all directions, and who again during all the time
of the battles for survival stood forth as the cham-
pion of both sections of the Hellenes, those abroad
and those in Old Hellas, has surely-even as one
might say of the athletes who make the long run-
come the whole way and finished the course. No
city, therefore, can be allowed to take precedence
over her, when in an assembly of the Hellenes the
roll of honor is proclaimed. For ere the others were
beginning similar deeds and customs, this city had
long preceded.
92. Yet the acts which reveal her true character
do not let me break off but call to me and lead me
further into her story, all the more so as events in
this part of her story have been examined in a way
to produce a more exact understanding. For, in the
events which followed, the city so surpassed the
performance of all that she outdid herself by as
much as she formerly outdid the others.
93. Before anyone gave the first achievements a
worthy tribute, she laid the second achievements
there, being, as she was, in emulation with herself.
After the outrageous attempt at Marathon had
occurred and the Barbarians had been driven from
60 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
Hellas like a cloud of dust, Darius did not know
what he would do, but, like one stricken by a god,
he immediately succumbed to the city and blamed
those responsible for the expedition for having
suggested the Athenians to him, and then he died,
before he carried out any second evil deed.
94. But there was one who went beyond all other
kings in his plans and made it impossible for any-
thing afterwards to surprise mankind, Xerxes, son
of Darius. He criticized his father severely as having
made the attempt with insufficient preparation,
and he underrated Athens and the Hellenes in
thinking that they would not confront him any-
where. The contest in which he contended was a
double contest, to surpass his father and to take
vengeance on Athens with his superiority of might;
and in doing what no one else had ever done he
became so overweeningthat he decided to make the
previous expedition look as if it were child's play.
95. In my opinion it was not just with his father,
that Xerxes at that time placed himself in com-
petition, but with the signs from Zeus also and with
all that men never expected to see or hear, since he
wished to show that the earth of a certainty belong-
ed to him. For what influx of the sea or what bolt
of lightning or what tremors of the earth or what
descent of mist or of hail, or what unusual stars did
he not treat as things of lesser import? Or what
terrors on land or at sea did he not minimize to
those who accompanied him?
96. First it was impossible to hear his threats
without dismay; they carried to the ends of the
earth and proclaimed demands for which no ex-
ample could be found but his alone. For he used to
claim that he was asking nothing that belonged to
others but merely first fruits of land and sea, that
of all these things he was the lord. There was one
way of redeeming the contumacious behavior at
Marathon and of averting its consequences, he
would say, namely, that they yield to him in these
things and join the rest of mankind in recognizing
the universal master. Otherwise he would teach
them a fine lesson with the help of the gods of his
forefathers. For to gods and Xerxes, he said, this
seemed good for the empire of Xerxes. He would
come, he said, bringing everything, more ships than
the Hellenic sea could hold, and with his cavalry
and infantry he would cover every inch of Attica
and fill the city with the sound of horses; he would
burn the sanctuaries and dig up the graves and
spare nothing. Besides, he threatened to give them
estates on the Atlantic Ocean which would be no
honor, and to make them construct a land outside
the inhabited earth; he would force them, after they
had been mutilated, to pour land into the sea. They
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
could bail out water and dig up stones, because they
would still have whatever parts of their bodies were
necessary for that work.
97. He did not merely threaten such unusual and
outlandish punishments, worse than the worst
fears, and stop there, but by his deeds he caused
these threats to fade from memory, though there
was something he could not do-I mean, use the
city. What land of the interior or what rocky
Atlantic coast did he not shake to its foundations?
Of the gulfs known to mankind, those, I mean,
which turn inward from the external sea, which did
he leave untaxed? Not that toward Phasis, not the
inner Persian Gulf, not the Red Sea, not the Hyr-
canian. For did he not lead them all? Did he not
ransack all the corners of the earth more minutely
than Datis searched the land of Eretria ? Did he not
issue orders for the expedition at the outer reaches
of land and sea, gathering his own empire as in a
dragnet ? What unrealistic venture was not then set
in motion ? Or which of the realities was not over-
looked? Or what impossibility did not occur? Did
not the straits seem to him to differ from rivers only
in so much as they did not permit one to drink from
them? The everflowing rivers were brought into
quite the same condition as the torrents;rather they
were placed in the opposite condition from torrents.
Whereas their streams rise when the rainwater
comes from Zeus, under Xerxes all ran short.
98. Neither land nor sea was good enough for
him. Not only did all elements give way to satisfy
his demand but he changed them into each other.
Some land had to be made, other land had to be
destroyed, part of the sea had to withdraw, other
parts again had to come together for the King. His
new sea lasted as long as it took him to cross, and
Athos has been left in place of an inscription com-
memorating the work. It seemed that people were
moving and changing virtually everything to suit
his fancy. Camels gleaming with gold and silver
went the whole distance, long as it was. If he desired
shade, there was a golden tree for him as shade.
Consequentlyat night he shone with silver and gold,
while in the daytime he produced night as often as
he ordered a volley of arrows.
99. Many of those he led remained in the dark as
to where their present location was. Of the tribes
along the line of march there was none large enough
not to be hidden. Upon becoming ambitious to
learn the number of those he led-this too was
destined to become possible for him-the altogether
fantastic King was obliged to measure in a certain
way rather than to count the expedition, and having
constructed a walled enclosurefor a myriad of men,
he actually numberedthem by taking their measure.
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION
100. While he thus went about disturbing every-
thing, and taking whatever he encountered, all the
tribes, cities, and clans of Europe cowered, and all
those in Asia too, and, in their great fear, they
yielded like air in the face of his aggression. Athens,
on the other hand, gave contrasting displays of an-
other sort. It was impossible to marvel any more at
Xerxes for his arrogance than at Athens for not
marveling at anything done by him. When the
great tumult burst over the entire earth and when
the decision between the two continents occurredin
Hellas, Athens resisted, a bulwark and barrier, as
it were, because she had begun at the beginning to
give samples of what she too could do.
101. First there were the letters in which the
King made trial of Hellas. In these opening skirm-
ishes Athens showed herself superior in pride and
so far removed from fright at the assaults of those
strange terrors, that she no longer needed a decree
for them, but as if one unanimous opinion in respect
to Darius already existed, namely for no one to
listen to the Barbarians, she did not even grant
them a hearing in the Assembly, but annihilated
the messengers along with their equipment and
finery, and so for the right-thinking Greeks she
became the author of their reply.
102. Secondly, when it was being announcedfrom
all sides that a mingling of all things was occurring
and that of the Hellenes those furthest away would
have an advantage, but that all would be engulfed
by the war as by a wave, and that when such great
astonishment at the Barbarian paralyzed Hellas
that you would have thought it was the advance of
some god marchingwith the rest of mankind against
Hellas, Athens was no more discouragedand did not
change her mind concerning the decisions she had
taken, nor did she scold Hellas for the reply. No,
she called the Hellenes together for the common
struggle, because she was ashamed, I think, to show
herself all alone to the Barbarian, as she did at
Marathon. For it was not she who placed in others
her hopes for salvation, but all placed in her the
hopes they entertained for themselves, those at
least who needed equally salvation and freedom.
Both sides had their precedent in the previous
crisis, and she was searching to find a plan by which
she would first disconcert the Barbarian. In fact,
she did surpass him by her own miracles. For she
packed her people off and changed her residence,
and this is the greatest thing of all: with no land
anywhere-for it was all occupied-she retired to
the sea, and in this act of boldness she gave a coun-
ter-performance more sensational than the canal
through Mount Athos or the bridge over the Strait
and superior to these in intelligence, appearing on
61
the sea and leaving on the land merely her footprint
for Xerxes to behold. Hence he did not find the city
when he went there; he was not able to obtain it as
he expected, though he had it. Thus he found him-
self cornered in an inescapable and exceedingly
paradoxical situation. Just as Paris, according to
the poets, obtained the phantom of Helen, but
could not obtain Helen herself, so did Xerxes have
the terrain of the city, but never found the city her-
self, except, of course, that he found her nicely at
Artemisium and Salamis and did not endure the
sight, which affected him like that of some Gorgon
in a myth, but in his terror he feared not only for
the rest, but even for his own person, whereas
throughout all the previous time he was unaccus-
tomed to fear and had passed his life in causing this
to others.
103. Before undertaking these arguments, I had
said that both races were conspicuously defeated by
the city, both the Hellenic race and the Barbarian,
in that the latter failed in all its aims, while the
former was never even close to her. Again just now
I said that it was from shame that she brought the
Hellenes together, not from need. Now one can
actually see by the events that this remark was
justified. For to one who examines it on every side
she will appear to have so transcendenta recordthat
she might properly be called not the first nor even
the one chiefly responsible for the freedom of the
Hellenic cities, but the sole accomplisher of every-
thing. First, all would agree that for those so far
behind in ships, arms, men, money, and all the
equipment of war one sole counter-weight was left
and a counter-weightgenuinely Hellenic, the ability
to plan well, or they were destined to be ignomini-
ously trampledupon like things that rise only a short
distance above ground. For not only did the Hellenes
not match their adversaries' number, but, if they
had been given to the King and so increased his
forces, the differencewould have been unnoticeable.
It cannot be denied that when such was the situation
and when all, both wise men and the many too,
would thus have cast their ballots in the same
verdict, it was this city which provided the man
who gave the good advice as to what should be done
both concerning themselves and concerning the
others, the advice that was destined to save them.
104. Let us re-examinethe result which has follow-
ed from this and which in itself offers the proof that
applies throughout. No one is so stupid or, when
the situation is obvious, so contrary, that he will
not agree that at that time the fortunes of the
Hellenes depended on their ships, and that this part
was an excellent part of their plan. For of those who
went forth to Thermopylae and posted themselves
62 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
at the approachessome did not wait, as it were, for
an advancing cloud to reach them, but ignobly
wrecked the plan when they were "forced" to flee
and to save themselves separately as individuals
while the dangers were still in the future. So unlike
the Battle of Marathonwas their imitation! The
others who were left could not equal the achieve-
ment of the men who fought at Marathon,but they
stayed just in order to obey rather than to accom-
plish anything, and they were overwhelmed and
killed, after having brought honor to Hellas by their
noble death and having put on a great spectacle.
For it was only a spectacle, whereas the Persians,
whom all now received, went on through like a
torrent.
105. Now this is an indication of two things: on
land it was shown that the city or what those men
of hers had accomplished on the previous occasion
was not to be matched by any of the Hellenes,
rather not to be matched even by all of them to-
gether, and their chances at sea were all that were
left to the Hellenes. Further, when this was so
clear that it left no one the possibility of two
opinions, the city distinguished herself to such a
degree in naval affairs that we would have blushed
for the rest of Hellas. For, first in the number of
triremes, the city achieved so brilliant a superiority
that if one were to isolate the quality and strength
of the Athenian contingent for comparisonwith the
amount of shipping pooled together, one might
think that the city's ships were those of the whole
coalition, and that the ships of the whole coalition
belonged to some one city among the Hellenes.
Accordingly, if some god had asked the Hellenes at
that time, supposing it were neither necessary nor
possible for all the ships to fight, whether they
would prefer to have those of all the others or those
of the Athenians alone, they would have replied
that no choice existed, but that the only possibility
left was for the Athenians to fight for all.
106. And suppose the god himself again asked
them a question. "Do you not admit that in the
Athenians you have greater confidence about your
future than in yourselves?" There would be no
denial, I suspect. For compared with what the
Athenians contributed to the coalition it was
nothing, not even a fraction; rather, the contribu-
tion from the others became a fraction of the city's
own. Then again the optimism and daring which the
Athenians contributed were so great that their
immense superiority in ships was but a small part.
They are the only ones of all mankind who endured
leaving their own land in order not to look on, while
the land of all the rest suffered an enforced depop-
ulation. They are the only ones who, having ex-
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
perienced this, not at the hands of enemies, but at
their own, suffered an expulsion from their homes
in order to conquer. They suffered, not in defeat
at the hands of the opponents; rather what to the
rest of mankind seems to be the ultimate among
the misfortunes which occur in wars, this they turn-
ed into a virtue and deprived Xerxes of his hopes as
far as they were concerned,having proved that, even
if he occupied the land ten thousand times, even if
he searched the homes, even if he pulled all the
statues from their bases, he would none the more
destroy the dignity of Athens or take from them
the pride of being Athenians. No, endless was the
task at which he failed, like that of those condemned
in Hades!
107. Well then, who among the Hellenes or, for
that matter, who among men will appear, to one
who examines closely, to have a manliness more
glorious, a courage more illustrious? They moved
out of their land in order not to submit to slavery
either on land or on sea, having decided that the
retention of their belongings was the beginning of
slavery and having regarded the loss of what they
had as a starting point for future blessings. They
saved these, they gave up their own country. Be-
sides, their courage before the dangers and for the
dangers was so great and one might almost say, so
unthinking, or, to speak in a deeper sense, so well
thought out, their courage in the danger of the
struggle itself was so conspicuous, that one can say
they conquered by themselves alone. For it was
they who caused the turn.
108. I wish to go back a little further and make a
statement in justice to the naval battle. All the other
speakers extol the numbers of her ships and the
courageous spirit if the city and her daring deed,
but I, even if it seems a curious thing to say, claim
that they have all omitted one point no less worthy
of observation and admiration than any of the
aforesaid, one which now I myself shall bring into
view, unashamed of the truth. I hold that when-
ever, because of embarrassment, a speaker omits
this in good will toward the city, it is much as if he
omitted the battle itself in good will toward the
city. For they achieved both victories in the most
obvious of all ways. The men of that time were resi-
dents of Athens from far back and now recoveredit
with a still more glorious title. They conquered
their foes with weapons and with fairness their
friends. For when they were providing such a
courageous spirit in behalf of the common safety,
were making so great a contribution for the use of
all, and were themselves everything, and when the
fortunes of Greece depended on the city, and when
all the others, as in a storm, were taking refuge with
VOL. 58, PT. i, i968] TRANSLATION
the strength of the Athenians and were mooring
themselves on the excellence and felicity of the
latter, and when, as I have said, the others them-
selves would not deny that this was the case, the
Athenians showed such forbearance and greatness
of spirit that they were in the lead in yielding to
others the titular leadership and did not contend for
it at all, not even <when>the most sluggish in temper-
ament, whether directly or through the mouths of
others, advanced a claim, and did not utter or come
to the point of uttering a word and in general, as
far as these questions were concerned, they were
seen to resemble the voiceless. Surely in a deeper
sense this finally proves full wisdom to reside in them
and shows them as the best of all men, both as a
nation and individually, and by any test. For if at
that time they had become angry at such stupidity
and had therefore stood out of the way or had
entered into rivalry, what means of salvation, or
what good hope remainedfor the others, or what ship
of any contingent large or small would still have been
available to the Hellenes for their needs ?
109. Bear with me, in Heaven's name, that I may
spend a little more time on the subject so that one
may see their true character and all that I mean
more clearly. If they themselves at that time had
asked the Hellenes for the hegemony, telling them
that if they were defeated in the naval battle, they
would not have the right to choose the hegemony
they desired and the Barbarian would not arrange
for them the chance of talking concerningthose who
would exercise the hegemony among them, but they
would have to follow him in his train ignominiously
and become slaves and be dragged up country,
perhaps not even have a place in his train, but be
put away in whatever manner appealed to him and
depart from the world together with their cults,
their arms and their laws, telling them:
110. "We, foreseeing this, have transferred the
entire city to the triremes, and if it is necessary to
have dared the greatest risks, the ordinary things
which all men in common naturally consider their
own have been relinquished by us for your sake, or
if it is necessary to be at such a point of preparation
that life in defeat is unlivable, we have reached this
point of view. For us alone it is imperative to win.
Hence, you may have someneed of victory, but this
is the point to which our affairshave advanced, and
if one ought to look at the material contribution, we
constitute two-thirds of the whole coalition, all by
ourselves, while these people have a twentieth of
the strength that comes from us."
111. If they said this and imposed conditions:
"If you accept, do so on these terms. If you do not
accept, consider that you will not deprive us of
63
greater benefits than you will deprive yourselves."
If indeed they had also added-here I do not
mention the leader who was so superior to all the
rest that he as one man was worth all the rest, he
who alone expounded like a prophet which were
the right places and times and what were the secrets
of the King and what the future would be-but if
they had added to the challenge only this, "If, after
all, you have decided otherwise, then another will
give us rule over you gladly, and will add Median
money and presents. Take into consideration which
of these situations you prefer and then choose."
112. Would they have spoken words which failed
to conform with justice or words such as one in the
grip of the attendant circumstances could ignore, if
this had been the language they were using ? Surely
not, for with the sea remaining the only possibility,
they were supplying so many ships of their own and
were themselves the chief hope and in a position to
tip the scale of salvation and were alone champions
of the cause worthy of the name and had placed
themselves forward as defenders of all, not only in
the role of leaders but as ancestors too, and had
virtually from themselves the force of which they
were creating the leadership. They would have been
justified even if all things were kept in common with
no one taking precedence over anyone else, all con-
tributing on an equal basis, the captains resembling
each other in their natural gifts, the spirit that of a
friendly group's loan, but it were necessary to make
an examination and to appoint on the basis of their
recordsome to act as leaders. Did not the Athenians
shine forth among all like stars, or did they not rise
above all in the votes to which they were entitled
on the basis of their record, not just by virtue of
their knowledge?
113. And yet this latter standard is, I think, the
ultimate in justice in such matters. For surely it was
unjust that while in the case of single triremes the
captains would exercise for them these limited
commands after a selection on the basis of skill, in
the case of the overall commandit was not consider-
ed necessary for those who were best at this to
assume the leadership for all, but even this claim
seemed to them small! But when a coalition had
been gathered together and it was necessary to
have some definite leaders in charge of the war
against the Barbarian, surely this one point was
both clear and alone sufficient, was it not, that those
should now have the hegemony who alone in behalf
of all risked the battle against the formerexpedition
of these same Barbarians? Though they were shar-
ing the same resources with the members of the
coalition, they were contributing more in the way
of their own, winning thereby a victory over all.
64 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
Yes, over all the Hellenes, and the credit they were
gaining would be proportionatelyless, if having won
the freedom of all, they were to assume the crown
of hegemony over those merely who were present.
114. From another point of view-suppose no one
opposed them in regard to this, but all withdrew on
both sides, the Athenian attitude was surely to be
admired for greatness of spirit. They everywhere
neglected what concerned themselves, and though
they had undertaken so much in the previous war
and again in the present war were giving of them-
selves beyond the nature of men, they demanded
nothing more. If they in anger had abandoned
Hellas when the Hellenes were not going to give
them their attention, what was there to prevent
that Hellas which has never been deprived of ad-
miration even among the Barbarians<not only from
being stripped of it then) but from not surviving
today even as a concept?
115. One of three possibilities was inevitable,
either with all yielding for the Athenians to hold the
hegemony, than which one could propose no greater
exhibition of their virtue in trying to free the
Hellenes at their own cost, or with no one granting
them these opportunities for all then remaining to
go away, or else to be split in their votes, wherein
dissension and fights with each other lay, because
they did not know how to deal with the Barbarians.
It appears that the foresight of the Athenians pre-
vented what would have happened if the situation
had taken its natural course.
116. From another point of view, if these experi-
ences which I have just related disturbed them in-
wardly, if then they kept to themselves their
reasons and were silent, they gave proof of patient
endurance to the last. If, on the other hand, they
had no feeling at all of being unfairly treated, who
can rightly be classed with those who could feel
anger against none but the Barbarians? But in my
opinion they brought everything into conformity
with this one aim, to save both the present and the
absent, the ones who were willing, the others who
were not; and this alone they considered right, be-
cause if they tried on each occasion to examine
everything precisely, none of the Hellenes would
then have been at Salamis- for I shall add in her
praise the tale of Salamis too.
117. But now they decided that for them it was
enough to serve Hellas and put the affairs of the
Hellenes in order. For this reason they gave up not
only the hegemony but even their city itself, having
placed the common interests before their own
security and advantage, with the thought that they
would create a really great leadership if they were
to lead the way for the Hellenes toward freedomand
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
safety. Like those who teach children by example,
they wished to make the Lacedaemonians more
courageous.And for this reason they educated them
in orderthat they might be encouragedand that the
things which they themselves had done might be
imitated. This they did also by means of the de-
crees. Surely they did not, as in the case of the title
and place of honor on the wing, cede to others
anywhere the leadership in action. How could they ?
Rather, the one group were leaders in name, the
other group were leaders in performance,and their
role was made all the finer for them by the fact that
they possessed the leadership of the leaders them-
selves. For all that did not meet with the approval
of a certain man of Athens was invalid, so that the
admiral of the Lacedaemonians commanded the
admirals from the various states, but the man of
Athens commanded the commander of the com-
manders.
118. So, comprehendingthis, the Hellenesassigned
to the city the award for prowessin the naval battles
and gave testimony as witnesses who were present
and had seen who they were who had led the way
to their salvation. In fact it turned out that the city
received the first prize from the two sources. For
among the cities, Athens towered; among the men
one man of Athens. Thus, they furnished proof of a
gentleness of character in their yielding, but rec-
ognition of true leadership was offered to them by
all. And furthermore, for the rest of the war, the
Hellenes now placed the city openly in command.
For after this Athens was host to all their congresses
and gatherings and sent out the invitations. In fact,
the city became a common hall of council for the
war against the Barbarian.
119. But the importance we attach to the demon-
strations of an unseen reality and the fact that one
argument leads to another have carried us too far.
I shall return again to the deeds themselves, since I
have interrupted the thoughts which I wished to
treat. But let no one suppose that we are spending
more time on them than is necessary and that we
are resuming subjects already exhausted. On the
contrary, let him consider with what pregnancy we
have presented each argument of our plea and
whither each argumentleads. If he looks at it in that
way, he will think that many are the subjects being
treated, but that each subject has been treated only
once, and that all are so equally indispensable that
one can omit none of them as of secondary import-
ance, and he will know that in their order they
happened to be impossible to treat otherwise, that
the subject left over on each occasion belonged to
the continuation and sequel. He will know this if he
takes these things up again in his own mind by
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TRANSLATION
himself and considers whether it were more suitable
in some other way.
120. Moreover, if we were making this examin-
ation of phenomena and study of hidden causes
concerning things of no value or concerning things
of which the examples are everywhere, one would
have reason to say that we were talking trivialities.
But as it is, themes to which all the poets telling
the tale have proved unequal, on which all the
rhetorical talent has met with defeat and of which
all express their admiration as if stunned rather
than like men who have looked at each case through
exact understanding, these are the themes with
which we struggle, a struggle in finding the words
which is almost as great as that which those men of
yore sustained in performing the deeds. Hence we
cannot afford to leave any area unworked and un-
examined. Zeal to uncover hidden causes in the
petty subjects is no more reprehensiblethan not to
preserve throughout for the great subjects like this
the importance that is their due. For one could call
even that another way of talking trivialities. But
I shall now return to the subject.
121. After the disaster at the Gates there could
be no hiding the fact that it had occurredand that
Greece had been perilously laid open to the Bar-
barians. The Gates of Thermopylae were like gates
in a wall, and the Barbarians, having forced them,
were pouring in, not without support from each of
two groups. The one group were those who joined
them willingly, the other were those who joined
under compulsion as the war flowed around them,
while all the rest were fleeing as before an advancing
fire.
122. But Athena's men, who had already shown
on many occasions at many times that they rightly
bore her name and indeed enjoyed the gracious care
of the goddess, and who recognized that protection
for the city was protection from outside, now passed
a decree to entrust the city to the goddess who
keeps the city, to deposit women and children at
Troezen, and themselves, stripped of all that was
not essential, to make the sea their wall, by pro-
ducing on one day tokens of all that one might call
greatest in man, tokens of piety, endurance,
prudence, philanthropy, greatness of spirit. Piety,
because of the trust they had in the gods; endurance
because they were separated by their patient spirit
from their wives and children and from the familiar
scene of the things that were dearest; philanthropy,
because they endured this in behalf of the salvation
of the others. And in the idealism of a great spirit,
furthermore,among all mankind who is comparable
to those who gave up their estates and property in
defense of freedom? Then again the recognition of
5
65
the only course destined to save the whole situation!
This I call the wisdom through which they sur-
passed all who have ever lived at any time, by
decreeing loyal obedience to their commanders, the
discipline that all honor in telling the story.
123. Having packed up and left in this fashion,
the Athenians kept the Hellenes at Salamis, but
Xerxes arrived with both arms of his forces, having
among his troops the Hellenes as far as Attica along
with the Barbarians.Now he sent again to Salamis,
in order to receive land and water. He made the
same demands as previously, thinking that if his
words were delivered while the dangerswere present
and in view, then the Athenians would be somewhat
more inclined to lend their ears. Here he was very
greatly disappointed in his hope. So far from fear
or from changing their original decisions were they,
that when someone dared to say that they had to
submit, they killed him at once, while their wives at-
tacked his wife and killed her too. And this became
for the Hellenes a first summons to the naval battle,
a summons in which both the men and the women
shared.
124. Surely they did not disgrace this summons
in their actions immediately afterwards, but first,
while the Hellenes were discussing plans unworthy
of their boldness at Artemisium and of the presence
of the Athenians, and the plan to flee was already
prevailing,the Atheniansthemselvesintervenedand,
treating them like unwilling children, compelled
them to stay and meet the enemy. They effected
this by their skill in courting them, persuadingmen
who at first would hardly grant them a voice; then,
when no decision could be reached, unexpectedly
they placed compulsions about them and arranged
the naval battle, so that they were forced to be bold.
Then after the Barbarians, while the meeting was
still taking place, covered with their ships all the
outside area, then at last the Athenians, already
cut off not only by land but by sea except for as
far as the triremes reached in actual fact, and be-
holding as in a sea of waves nothing but enemies
wherever they looked, relinquished nothing to
others, but as first in line, they themselves, as at
Euboea, began the battle when all were hesitating,
and theirs alone was the whole accomplishment.
Thanks to foresight on the part of a general, they
had prepared in advance whatever was destined
to injure the King, so that in the ranks of their
enemies they had a multitude of friendly people who
would sympathize-I refer to the service performed
in connection with the Ionians. On the other hand,
best of all those under a witnessing sun they both
dared and accomplished with their ordinary stout-
ness of heart, what in hand-to-hand fighting had
66 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
to be done, in that they placed themselves opposite
whoever constituted the spearhead of the enemy
fleet, and they were the first to rout and destroy
various ships in various places in all kinds of actions
and presented the rest with the task of pursuing
instead of fighting.
125. Hence it seems to me that the Hellenes won
that naval battle in much the same way as they
would have won at Marathonif they had been there
and shared in the victory, for at Salamis the city
did what was necessary by herself and the rest
enjoyed the results. Then it was the whole fight for
which the Lacedaemonians arrived one day too
late; now, on the day of that naval battle, it was
only the turning point for which the partnerswere
too late. The city had made such a difference that
one might reasonably have said that the Hellenes
rightly owed gratitude to her not only for their
freedom and the prizes which resulted from the
naval battle, but even for the victory itself. For
this also no less than any other gain, they took to
themselves, it appears, and shared jointly in her
noble offering.
126. On that occasion every shore had been strewn
with wrecks, all the straits had been blocked, and
the journey out of Greece toward the continent of
Asia brought the King dreadful sights in very ill
accord with what he had known in a life of luxury.
It is worth mentioning also the finishing touch to
the disasters which befell the Barbarians. For, in
fact, the bywork has been made to look no less
humiliating than the results of the main work.
What then was it ? Three areas the Barbariansheld
at first, the continent, the sea, the island before
Salamis, in order that the Hellenes might be more
perfectly enclosed than by a net. It seems that it
constitutes a great disaster and an outrage against
the law of the Medes if any of those who dared to
war against the King escapes. So to deal with who-
ever were cast ashore from the wreckageof the naval
battle, the supreme authorities of the expedition
were assigned, the first men of Persia, and they
occupied the island, standing by for ready victims
as they thought. But when their ships failed in the
first encounters and the victory lay with the
Hellenes and the attempt had been frustrated, one
man of Athens, a volunteer, assumed the risk, and
taking those of the Athenians who were on Salamis,
namely the men over fifty, he crossed to the island
and slew all this group of Persians.
127. Xerxes had taken his seat upon the mainland,
having adorned himself as if he were conducting
some contest or other or as if he were some arbiter
from heaven to judge the events, thinking that the
fear he inspired would be enough for his men; and
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
all he did, it seems, was to wax indignant with some
of his warriorsand to give honor to others. But when
he saw the sea boiling with blood and foam and all
full of corpses and wreckage, and others in a
stronger position to inspire fear in his men and in
himself, then appalled and convinced that the city
was a worker of miracles, he sang a different note.
He turned and went the same way back, not, how-
ever, with the same bearing because his one goal
now was to reach the bridge of rafts.
128. Thus, altogether the city saved the entire
Hellenic world and in the judgment of all she was
shown to be a unique watchtower for the Hellenes
and, I think, for the rest of the civilized world.
What do I mean by the judgment of all? I refer to
those for whom previously she had been the sole
victor at Marathon, to those in whose opinion she
later so surpassed the rest of the coalition, to those
in whose opinion, she by herself constituted for both
expeditions a main objective in the war, to those
who at Thermopylaewere faring badly without the
city, to those who at Artemisium were victorious
through the aid of the city, to the oracles of the
God, some of which declared she was the gift of
Athena, others that the Hellenes would be destroyed
if the Athenians sided with the Barbarians.Accord-
ingly, on the basis of what the Hellenes did not
suffer, and on the basis of what they were about to
suffer, this city alone, both because of the things she
did and the things she did not do, wins the recogni-
tion of the whole Hellenic world. Besides this, more-
over, she wins it because of the general she con-
tributed, because of the number of her triremes,
because she was the first to engage in naval battles,
because she found the right places to make a stand,
because she kept the Hellenes in line, because she
was the first to win a victory and over the largest
part of their naval force too, because she destroyed
the greatest number, because of the visions from
Eleusis, because of the "bywork" on Psyttalia,
because of the judgment implied by her <friends
and> enemies. For while the former assigned to the
city the first prize for prowess and bade her exercise
hegemony in the present situation, the King of the
latter fled away. Thus, both from gods and from
men, both from friend and from foe are the votes
which have been given to the city. Now these re-
wards are hers for two reasons, first because of what
the city as a community carried out so famously,
secondly because of what she accomplishedthrough
her general.
129. To return to the narrative, thus stood the
affairs of the King, but Mardoniusremained, and
he was desperate and deadly because he knew that
he himself had been partly responsible for the ex-
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION
pedition. Since his fate would be the same, he re-
solved <to be mindful of it> after having done some-
thing bold. He received from the King the best of
the infantry and with this he settled down to a siege.
Yet even then the Hellenes found no need of help
elsewhere,but like any other task that remainedthe
city accomplished this too and completed the series
as those who string leaves or flowers together com-
plete their wreath.
130. The others pride themselves on their partici-
pation in the battle, absolutely all who attended,
and at that without coming anywhere near the
citizens of Athens, either in the size of their army
or in their zeal. But our city again, long before this
battle, won a truly private victory of her own over
Mardoniusand the King, a victory such as became
only the Athenians. For when the whole Hellenic
world looked to her and by both sides it had been
clearly discerned where the real strength lay-I
mean both by the Hellenes and by the Barbarians-
it gave the King and Mardoniusan idea, which one
may call both sensible and foolish. On the one hand
it would clearly have been the best of all, if it had
succeeded, but on the other, it was more than any
other plan impossible.
131. What was this plan? They resolved to move
the city to their own side and to leave the Hellenic
cause stripped of Athens. For they not only knew
the past but they saw the present being guided by
the Athenians. In addition to this the oracles from
Delphi, it is said, were specifically testifying that
if the Athenians joined the Barbarians,the affairs
of Hellas would be ruined. So it seemed to the King
good to buy off the fear they inspired and to take
the profit they represented into calculation and to
make trial of the city. He actually sent out heralds
with a message quite the opposite of their former
words. On the former occasion he was demanding
earth and water; this time, instead, he was offering
them. Not in the same measure, but, on the one
hand, with restitution of their city and of all their
territory and, on the other, with the addition of the
rest of Hellas as an estate by royal grant. Apart
from this there was an offer of more wealth than
existed among the Hellenes and a guaranteedstatus
as friends and allies. By this he gave evidence both
that they were the only ones he feared and that in
them alone, if they were persuaded, he had more
confidence than in all he had of his own. Such then
was the burden of the embassy.
132. As a herald came Alexander king of Macedon.
The Athenians were so far from being impressed by
the offer or from thinking, even if he were offering
all that he possessed, that it was worthy of them,
that while they treated his ambassadorwith respect
5*
67
due to his status as proxenos, they did not even so
send him back absolutely free from fear, but only if
he were across the border before sundown, and they
warned him in the future rather to give the Athen-
ians a different kind of proxeny service, because
another embassy like that would cost him his life.
Along with this, an escort conducted him through
the country, both lest anyone lay hands upon him
and lest he talk with anyone. This reply in my
opinion is no less worthy of admiration than the
sea fight at Salamis and the trophies, and it shows
a no less noble ambition to be of service in those
who gave it and in him who persuaded them. There
they had to use also arms and triremes and tools;
here they used merely what they in themselves had,
namely intelligence and language.
133. Who, then, are nobler contestants in the trial
of excellence, or who among those who have ever
contended displayed excellence with greater staying
power? They were assailed with gold, silver, and
iron, but to these metals and to all assaults they
were invincible throughout, and all weapons they
proved just as useless to the King as if these metals
were still hidden in the earth, for they honored
poverty instead of wealth, dangers instead of
security, justice instead of the King's enormous
gifts.
134. And while toward the promises of the King
they had so hostile and unyielding an attitude, in
respect to offers of the Hellenes, if accompanied by
pleas from necessity, it cannot be said that they
gave in or prolonged the audience beyond a word.
On the contrary, when the Lacedaemonians came
to them full of fear and were opposing the requests
of the King's embassy with entreaties of their own
and were promising to take care of the women and
children and old men for the Athenians as long as
the war lasted, the Athenians did not accept. Rather
they pardoned them, for they thought the Lacedae-
monians good men in their fear, but in their offers
they were still inexperienced with Athens. In fact,
they showed their greatness of spirit no less in re-
straining their anger than in rejecting the offers.
Naturally disposed to do good, they felt that they
themselves owed a reward to those who benefited
the Hellenic world, but that they themselves ought
not to receive from others a reward for their ex-
cellenceand that it ought not to be for selfish reasons
that they cherished those who placed themselves
in their trust any more than it ought to be for selfish
reasons that they cherished their children and
parents, but that even if it cost them much, they
ought to preserve them, as was reasonablefor those
to do who in their intentions were ready to act as in
behalf of their own families.
68 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
135. This very impressive performance,significant
for an appraisal of excellence, shone forth in those
days of war which came between the sea fight at
Salamis and the Battle of Plataea. As in the cases
I previously described, so again in this case it was
the King and the Hellenes jointly who made the
ideal apparent, as they kept applying to the Athen-
ians alone out of all Greece, he calling upon them
through Mardonius with these proposals, the Hel-
lenes begging them throughthe Lacedaemoniansnot
to do these things. For the fact that both sides, each
pulling against the other, were inviting the Athe-
nians to join them constitutes an obvious endorse-
ment and a clear sign of belief from both sides that
they knew the Athenians were better than they and
their opponents by no mean margin. Though such
were the hopes they had conceived at the start, they
admired the Athenians even more when they left.
For with the one side the Athenians would have no
dealings, but the other side they received favorably
when they themselves were in a position of great
superiority. Accordinglyit happened, as might have
been expected, that the Athenians added their just
endorsement of themselves, and so three witnesses
in succession were on record, their enemies, their
allies, and they themselves by virtue of having been
in reality like themselves in all situations.
136. Having gathered the Hellenes, who now could
follow them in greater force, there they were at
Plataea. To describe the strength of the armies or
the battle array of the Barbariansas their army was
posted throughout Boeotia or what took place
before the battle is a time-consuming operation not
arriving at what we seek to uncover. But again an
amazing testimonial to the city occurredfrom both
sides during the battle. For the Lacedaemoniansre-
linquished to the Athenians the position opposite
the Persians, as if it had been destined by some
natural necessity that the Persians be defeated by
the Athenians. But again Mardonius withdrew,
choosing the Lacedaemoniansinstead, in the thought
that the noble death of the Lacedaemonians was
more expedient than the noble victory of the
Athenians, for this was what he had found in the
battles against them which served him as precedents.
137. As boxers do, they contended first for posi-
tion. They were ready to engage the Persians, were
ready to engage any men, they were available for
everything, surpassing the Persians in excellence,
the Hellenes in excellence and numbers. They
decided the battle when they distinguished them-
selves preeminently by destroying the leaders of the
enemy cavalry. And when need of a siege arose, the
others were dependent upon the Athenians to such
a degree that one might be ashamed to mention how
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
much so. Finally, some of the Barbarianswere hold-
ing Boeotia in a different way from before, namely,
by lying on it; others, disarmed and disorderly as
after a shipwreck, prizing night more than day,
reduced from many to a few, and many in groups of
a few, slunk away with many memories of their
proud expedition and of the Athenians in mind.
138. With these things settled thus, all the rest of
the Hellenes, as soon as they had recovered their
breath, were delighted that they had come through
a greater storm than they would ever have expected
to survive. They crowned the city, treated her with
admiration, consideredmean whatever citation they
could give her, so far were they from thinking them-
selves able to do anything that was worthy of her.
But she-it was then especially that she showed
the abundance of her virtue and ability. For she
accomplished so much at the head of affairs that
even more outside Hellas she showed the Barbarians
who it was that had done these things to them in-
side Hellas and from whom they had judged escape
a fortunate thing at their departure.
139. Well, I see the speech is becoming long, and
after such subjects have been treated, it is not easy
for the speaker himself either to say anything more
which will give pleasure or to find an audience in
a mood to take pleasure in anything further. For it
is as when another enters the ring after a champion
of established fame. However, I undertook these
words, these stories, less to entertain than to show
the city's worth in all its aspects. Hence, I am more
concernedlest I do injustice by letting the plan drop
than cause discomfort by continuing to speak.
140. Then quite apart from what the words and
stories symbolically reveal, one must rememberthat
we are not at all obliged to limit the Panathenaic
Festival itself to one day, but if it is necessary to
increase the number of days, this too has been left
free for the sake of a beautiful order and dignity.
Accordingly, the number of words is not out of
season either, at a time which is such a season for
deeds. Of course we acknowledge for the athletic
contest, and it applies still more to the effort in-
spired by the Muses, that the trial is not limited
once for all but ends and begins over again virtually
every day and need not be complete on any one day
even in the classes of events, so that what outlasts
the present meeting has by no means passed beyond
the whole season of this festival.
141. Or considerthis. It was the lawgivers who ex-
tended the meetings; especially, by Zeus, in the
name itself they gave it, "the sacred month," they
went beyond the duration with an addition of more
time, in order that we might associate with each
other for a very long period. If we, instead of using
VOL. 58, PT. x, i968] TRANSLATION
it, were to find fault with this extra time, it would be
very odd indeed. Just as we are not irritated by the
gymnastic games, coming upon them day after day,
but think that we are getting more in the bargain
as we enjoy the spectacle before us on each occasion,
so it is logical to feel this way also about words,
especially when they are an integral part of the
festival. At any rate you will not find them stale,
as you come upon those left over in each case, or less
worth attending than the previous words. But in
order that I may not make it longer than necessary
with these same apologies, I shall now turn to the
next subjects and continue.
142. When Hellas recovered control of itself and
all-ships, cavalry, infantry, sub-kings and the
King-had departed, first there were festal assemb-
lies and religious processions for the gods such as
have never occurred, as far as anyone remembers,
either before or since, in their Greece which was
free. It was no law which brought them together,
no fixed event in the calendar; on the contrary, it
stemmed from the situation itself that individually
and by cities they rejoiced and put on garlands and
thanked the gods with testimonials for the present
happiness. For one thing, an altar of Zeus, Patron
of Free Men, was erected on the battlefield itself,
both as a thank-offeringto the god and as a memor-
ial to those who had achieved the deeds there, con-
stituting a general appeal to all the Hellenes to
maintain concord among themselves and thus to
despise the Barbarians. For another, the common
sanctuary of the Hellenes at Delphi was adornedwith
its noble and becoming epigrams. And the cities
gained not only the glory that comes from a display
of excellence but also that which comes from a
display of fine installations, because the wealth of
the Barbarians was distributed to those who had
bested them.
143. And, here too of course it will again appear
that the city excelled. In this activity she excelled
as much as in the achievements of the war itself.
For one thing, she adorned the Acropolis with its
memorials of the deeds, and beside the beauty of
nature placed as a rival the beauty in treasures of
art, so that the whole Acropolis stood out as a
sacred dedication, or rather as an object of worship.
For another, she paid, partly at home, partly
abroad, all the rest of the honors due to the gods,
and thereby bested every Greek power. The town
itself, enlarging also its circle in accord with the
dignity of its public monuments, passed beyond its
ancient limits in every direction. In brief, while this
city alone became through its excellence a deserted
city, she alone was built up again by excellence and
occupied more than the sites previously deserted,
69
having become simultaneouslyin publicmonuments,
in reputation and in adornmentboth more beautiful
and larger.
144. But I have fallen into these observations
which lay in the path of my speech, unwillingly, as
it were, rather than with premeditation. For I
pressed on, with my eyes not on them, but with a
desire to show that if association with gods in pro-
cessions and religious gatherings is an excellent ex-
perience for men, both most profitable in itself and
supreme as a pleasure, you could rightly attribute
it to this one city that this practice too flowered at
that time to such a degree for the Hellenes, first in
the very fact that they truly established honors for
the gods-it is the gods whom we all requite as, of
course, authors of our blessings, but both gods and
men were responsible for the results, and as far as
it was up to men at that time this city appears
chiefly so-secondly because she so surpassed the
Hellenes not only in the dedications themselves but
in the graceful thank-offerings, for these tokens of
her piety symbolize her full beauty and growth.
145. However, she did not think it enough to be
grateful to the gods for what had occurred and to
seek nothing further, nor did she think it enough to
sit idly by her trophies as if she lacked full confi-
dence in herself, but she judged the present means
as an approach to the future and entered into com-
petition with herself, taking a noble decision in
accord with the occasion. For in this second period
she deemed it right to carry on with the second task.
And this was to start a counter-offensiveagainst the
former assailants and so transfer the fear and
danger to their own country.
146. In those operations it was the form and
structure of the war which were particularly ad-
mirable. For there are two different kinds of war:
in one kind one originates the action, while in the
other kind one wards it off; with the one kind justice
is not associated, in the other kind the additional
factor of compulsion leaves less room for the play
of a noble ambition, because judgment is a thing
naturally distinct from compulsion.Yet he who does
right under compulsion is better, I think, than the
one who transgresses voluntarily. However, he is
not quite the moving spirit of the whole. In the
particular case of the former war, while the Bar-
barians were disqualified because of the foul, the
Hellenes observed the rules. Hence the Hellenes had
marked up a victory, but that was all.
147. So the city invented what might be called a
third kind of war, one in which they themselves,
exercising the freedom of first movers, but the
justice of defenders, took the offensive against
their former assailants. In her own behalf and in
70 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
that of the rest of the Hellenes she planned to show
the Barbarians that it was not in their power to
come at any time and make the Hellenes good
fighters, and that not by an accident of compulsion
had their successes been achieved by the Hellenes.
On the contrary, she wanted the Barbarians to
think themselves in trouble because they were
originators of war. "Now that the initiative has
come around to the side of justice, you will soon
know well what kind of men you have stirred."
148. Because of this I claim that as a display of
justice and of true courage the second task per-
formed by the city was-lest I say anything offen-
sive-no less clear than the former. In coming to
this task she assumed that there was no security
and salvation for the Hellenes if she checked them
and kept them at home or if either she did nothing
through them or they did nothing in their own
behalf, but if they could drive the Barbarians away
as far as possible from Hellas, in that case she
thought there would be an excellent and unimpaired
tranquility for all. She calculated rightly and saw
the situation as it really was. For it is more or less
true that only those enjoy unimpaired tranquility
who prove that they are not at all obliged to lie
quiet.
149. This then was the city's reasoning, which
took into view all that one could call finest in human
society. In this way they made up their minds what
to propose as necessary first, or what as necessary
at the end. Having done so, they won the outstand-
ing victory at Mycale, they searched the coasts of
the European side for any of the aggressors who
might still be hiding there, and they drove some
from the Strymon, others from Sestos, others from
Byzantium. They visited every corner as in a
ritual cleansing and, no less frequently than those
who sail as traders, they came to anchor. They
emulated the fabled journey on which Triptolemus
passed through the air. He went around doing good
to all in common; they went around chastising those
from whom it was necessary to exact a penalty, in
the belief that it was profitable to the human race
as a whole to subject those who committed outrage
and were inhumanly overweening to condign
punishment.
150. Having so resolved, they were at one and
the same time sailing around Asia Minor, then
suddenly up the navigable rivers; suddenly they
would arrive within earshot, then suddenly be
seen. They put on a marvelous display, a Pyrrhic
dance, which was, in truth, a dance of war. They
sprang forth so frequently and eagerly in their
conduct of affairs, that the Lacedaemonians,
though they went along in the first actions, later
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
departed, unable to keep up, as it were, with wing-
borne leaders. In exactly the same way those of the
other Hellenes who had at first sailed out with them
became dizzy and departed, but the Athenians,
having the Hellenes from Asia whom the King had
come leading against Hellas and against those
other Hellenes, used them and they were enough.
151. As a means of war against the King the
Athenians had the King's own possessions. For in
fact havens and walls and camps and everything
were waiting for them, and arms and ships became
theirs. They left no area unacquainted with their
excellence, as they fought naval battles with
Phoenicians, Cilicians and Cyprianstogether in the
middle of the Egyptian Sea and captured many
fleets, and as they risked battles on land against the
whole Persian Empire combined, destroying and
capturing, not a number of individuals, but groups
of nations. And now, in fact, two trophies arose for
one day, when a naval battle was matched by a
land battle. To such a turn of fortune did the King
come that the Athenians rendered his empire and
the sites more famous by their victories; certainly
Eurymedon enjoys its greatest fame through them.
152. As they proved, it is not necessary to cross
the ferry-crossingson a pontoon bridge bound with
flaxen cables or to contend with the highest moun-
tains as something more noble, but when men excel
in courage and intelligence they prevail everywhere
with the noblest means of all, I think, and with
means that are purely their own because these alone
belong permanently to those who have them. The
other means are not private; they are there, you
might almost say, for anyone to use, gifts of
fortune, and if you will, of excellence, because,
often available even to the inferiorat the start, they
are fairly secure only for the superior.
153. Thus the Athenians exposed the whole
empire for what it was, and shook it to its founda-
tions. Those who belonged to the Persian world felt
a sudden contempt; the city made all courageous
by her example. They came so far, the former in
their contempt, the latter in the courage she in-
spired, that the Libyans by Pharos rebelled, the
Egyptians defected with them, and the King, though
seeming to do as he liked with them in other re-
spects, lost of Egypt no small part, the marsh land.
Before this he had already captured all Egypt
twice, but the advent of the triremes from Athens
was like a bolt from the blue.
154. Alone among men who organized a city, the
Athenians used their own land as if it belonged to
others, while the land of others they considered as
really their own but held by others with defective
title. They lived like guardians and like guardians
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION
who did not have a settled mode of life and did not
patrol some one locality either, rather you must call
them patrolling protectors of Hellenic interests in
every land. They chose for enemies not the weakest
but those best able to hold up a spear. For two
thoughts prompted them, (I) that the Hellenes had
come very close to knowing from experience all the
extreme punishments which had entered into a
plan and actual preparation of the Barbarians, and
against which it was necessary to give aid in no
small degree, (2) the future security of Hellas, until
the King learned that in raising war against the
city he was doing much the same as if he had
picked up wood in a struggle against a great ad-
vancing fire.
155. For he was escaping no torment, but was
being consumed by his own wood and he perceived
that he had the country as a barrier to his own
safety; and as he proceeded on his way he came
to believe the third choice better than the first
choice, or rather, more necessary. At first he had
desired to acquire Hellas and the rest of Europe,
but he gradually perceived that he had his heart
set on impossibilities. His second aim was to keep
the empire he already had, but the city did not
permit him this. Well, now to his safety he attached
greater importance, and, yielding to the city, he
made once and for all his great withdrawal by land
and sea, not just enough to back water, as the
phrase goes, or to make a strategic retirement on
land; rather he relinquished all the lower part of
Asia Minor, whole regions of ten thousand stades,
in total extent no less than a great empire, so that
not only the islands with the Hellenes of all branches
thereon were free, but also the Hellenes who dwelt
on his mainland were furtheraway fromhis dominion
and rule than those who dwelt in Old Hellas had
previously been. Yes, he used to hold the region as
far as the Peneius. But what am I saying? That is
not the really amazing part! He used to hold all
the region as far as Attica, until he met the men of
Attica on the sea. So far beyond Delphi had he
gone, navel of the earth and of Hellas.
156. But as a result of all the battles in which the
city's expeditionary forces engaged he was reduced
to the point where he actually agreed no longer to
sail within two limits, namely the Chelidoneae to
the south, the Blue Rocks to the north, and to
keep away from the Aegean equally at all points
for five hundred stades, so that this circle represent-
ed another crown upon the head of Hellas, and the
Hellenes established their watch from the very land
of the King.
157. Such then was the war the city waged against
the Barbarians, the war on her own soil and that
71
in their land; such again was the peace she made.
By both she showed that she had gone out, not in
the pursuit of wealth and delighting in a profit, but
in the search for just one thing, a secure freedom
for the Hellenes from the Barbarians.And yet what
nobler crowning act of peace or war could anyone
name, either with Hellenes or with Barbarians,than
the one with which the city at that time closed her
conduct of affairs? These last, which were so great
and fine, she carried through, of course, in spite of
much opposition from the Hellenes and while all
were, in a sense, pulling against her; the Lacedae-
monians were alienated, the Boeotians were fighting
against her on land, against her on the sea the
Aeginetans whom one thing kept from being first
in naval affairs, the city with her great victory.
Besides this, the Corinthians were provoked on
account of the Megariansand were waging war both
on land and on sea; the Epidaurians and Sicyo-
nians were found on the side of the Corinthians;the
Naxians, Thasians, and Carystians were taking
ill-advised decisions concerning the naval alliance;
the Phocians were calling to her; the Lacedaemo-
nians were calling to her. There was a remarkable
round of troubles throughout Hellas so that, if to
these problems alone she had been equal, and if we
were able to mention merely the achievements
which occurredat that time in her Hellenic policies,
and if the dazzling successes of her policy in respect
to the Medes did not enter into account at all, there
would still be enough material to recount for ages.
158. Therefore, the city outstandingly deserves
to be congratulated, not only on her strength, but
also on her greatness of spirit. For consider that
when the Hellenes were at war with her and in
rivalry, she never relaxed her vigilance in behalf of
the Hellenes, but, in behalf of the common interests,
continuously fought the King on every land and
sea! How stupendous was the greatness of spirit
to which one must attribute this! Besides, the fact
that she was torn in so many directionsand achieved
all aims as if each had been her only aim gives reason
to admire the courage of her resolve and the per-
fection of her preparation.
159. I mean, she so managed her affairs against
the Barbarians,as if she were on a complete vacation
from everything in Greece, but at the same time
those of the Hellenes who were giving trouble had
no better opportunity to exploit the occasion. These
too she met and in such a way that she had to
count off the events in batches of five or more, like
certain other things that cannot well be counted
one by one. A victory, for instance, the Athenians
won over the Peloponnesians in a naval battle
off Cecryphalia,a victory over the Aeginetans before
72 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
Aegina, and over the Peloponnesiansa second time.
For the Megariansthey built walls down to the sea,
and they protected their freedom at the same time
as their land. They won a victory over the Corin-
thians in defense of the Megarians,and before twelve
days had passed, they won another victory as the
Corinthianswere ignobly stealing the trophy.
160. Actually, I have not yet shown the greatness
of these last achievements, but you shall hear,
even if I am pressed for time. The additional factor
will make it clear. The additional factor is that the
expeditionary forces were absent from the city. The
one force was engaged in the help which the Egyp-
tians had asked, more ships almost than all the
navies together among the Hellenes of that time.
The other blockadedAegina. It was, in fact, precise-
ly this latter circumstance which more than any-
thing else gave their opponents the courage for the
attack on Megara, for they thought that they
themselves had a vacation from the Athenians to
use for the task. If, after all, they won less than the
victory they most wanted, at least they would
break up another siege, that of Aegina. For Aegina
was the only place fromwhich they would now come.
161. However, the Athenians made the sly trick
look absurd when they eluded it to such a degree
that their men beforeAegina were no more disturbed
at that time than those in Egypt who had heard
nothing at all about it. Instead, the remnant left at
home because of its age, namely, the very old and
the very young, took the field and brought aid to
Megara, and in two successive battles they showed
themselves superior to the finest age group of the
Corinthians and Peloponnesians, so that the Co-
rinthians and Peloponnesians now conceded it un-
equivocally and had nothing to say further, not
even that they had inflicted these present whippings
in addition without just cause.
162. In fact, it seems to me that because one of
the gods was well disposed and took an active
interest in the city, this was contrived like the
second episode in a play. For if the Corinthiansand
Peloponnesians had gone away for good after they
had been defeated once, they would perhaps have
had some argument later, but the fact that they
were reproached by their own people, and under
these reproaches went out to fight again, and in
setting up a counter-trophy suffered a greater
disaster than the former one, caused the Athenians
to set their seal upon the victory, so that the action
seems to have been decided less by fortune than
on the basis of superiority,both then and previously.
At any rate, the third trial they never attempted,
even though they themselves force the contestants
at the Isthmian Games to go on with a third trial.
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
163. Is this all we can say about those men of
Athens? We should, if it were, be stripping them of
many mighty accomplishments.They sailed around
the Peloponnese, not on patrols of a blockade of the
ordinary type but in such a way as to dominate the
advantageous sections of the country and to win
victories over their opponents with little labor, as
one general after another did. And they crossed to
the opposite continent where all they encountered
gave way before them. Again, when the Lacedae-
monians had gone to Phocis, the CrisaeanGulf was
closed at once, and the Athenians went to the
boundaries to meet them. Apart from this, they
stood above Megaraat Geraneia, so that the Lace-
daemonians were unable to do what they would
need to do but, stranded in Boeotia, were at a loss
how to get safely home. So completely had the city
outmaneuvered them and hemmed them in.
164. Finally, they joined battle at Tanagra of
Boeotia, and when both sides had proved worthy
of their boldness, the Lacedaemoniansin this one
encounter seemed to have obtained an advantage.
How can I put it becomingly, when I hesitate to
say that they were not destroyed? For, in fact,
this was a decisive moment-for the Athenians to
close the passage, or for the Lacedaemonians to
come safely home. And I am afraid that what this
engagement alone has had as a token of victory is
the flight, because, except to many who had so
decided even previously, the sequel showed which
had been superior both at the moment of the battle
and in all the situations. For there are three parties
who had testified forthwith that the victory be-
longed to the Athenians, to wit, the Athenians, the
Lacedaemonians, the Boeotians. The Lacedaemo-
nians were delighted when they got away; the
Athenians advanced right after the battle; the
Boeotians did not stand their ground, but, defeated
at Oenophyta, they yielded, and with them the
Phocians and Locrians in a single victory. And so
from these the city exacted this penalty in return
for the help they had given to the Barbariansduring
the common perils of Hellas.
165. It is worth while mentioning another deed
of hers, since this too proclaimspowerfully the kind
of men she had, or makes it clear to the eye from
yet greater distance. After the earthquake which
occurred in Laconia, the dwellers around about
were threatening the Lacedaemonians and truly it
was as if everything of the old orderin the Pelopon-
nese had been shaken in an earthquake; but no
sooner did the Lacedaemonians appeal than the
Athenian Demos arrived in arms, bold with its own
courage, fearful concerning their salvation as if it
were its own. This both liberated the Lacedae-
VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] TRANSLATION
monians from the terrorsof the moment and enabled
them to exact punishment again.
166. It is, then, not so much the city's exploits
or her acts of daring which are to be acclaimed, as
the character of her deeds; the character of deeds
shows more accurately than a trophy what they
were who have performed them. The expedition
in defense of the Milesians, the naval battles at
Samos, the curbing of the Euboean Revolt, and
many other events, it is quite permissible for us to
ignore. But in the end, having subdued all, the city
made a lasting peace. It is that peace which is worth
recalling, for she did not settle with the Hellenes
in the same way as with the Barbarians, but
changed. From the Barbarians she took away all
the down country and the sea within the limits I
have mentioned; to the Hellenes, on the other hand,
she restored the lands of which she had assumed
the government during the war-Megara, Troezen,
Pegae, all the Achaean coast. Thereby it is clear that
she made her peace while predominant. For she
accepted absolutely nothing in return, but pro-
duced in one and the same token an indication of
two things, both of her superiority in the war and
of her innate goodness, deeming that against the
Barbariansshe must fight to the limit of her ability,
but against the Hellenes merely to a position of
superiority.
167. Having in this way carried through the
struggle against the Barbarians, again in this way
having carried through that against the Hellenes,
such was the peace she made with the former, such
was the peace she made with the latter, having
proved herself superior to both, together and
separately. What is more, she alone of all cities,
with risks exclusively her own, provided the ad-
vantage in which the whole nation shared; and she
alone as a result of the common benefits acquired
the hegemony and changed the institution. For she
obtained the leadership not by means with which
she had enslaved the cities, but by ways with which
she had made them free. Hence, the same years
brought to the Hellenes the gain of freedom and to
the city the gain of her leadership. For they were
the only ones who acquired rule over willing
followers, and among republics this republic alone
won out to be single archon, as it were, chosen from
all, one who had coerced the Barbarians with arms,
who had persuaded kinsmen-no, not persuaded,
but been persuaded by them to rule, with her rule
a symbol of justice, and not injustice. If one must
make distinctions and so express it, she alone of
cities, against the will of the Barbarians and at
the request of the Hellenes, obtained the leader-
ship.
73
168. Thus the Hellenes had made a great advance.
There was tranquility up to a certain point and the
cities enjoyed the happiness at their disposal; but,
after all, in the common fortune of mankind which
changes everything, the Hellenes and the city had
a share. The Hellenes were not eternally grateful for
the blessings they had received but came to resent
the unprecedented scale of the enterprises. With
those for whom she had undertaken everything, the
city came into conflict showing in two ways that she
did not want it so. She both restrained them while
their revolt was still incipient and kept asking that
their differencesbe settled by discussions, and when,
after being forced to fight, she had won, she made
no further demand, but released those who had
contended with her for the hegemony, and she led
them out of detention with no less joy than she had
originally put them in upon obtaining their surren-
der. Actually what use could anyone make of these
prisoners?
169. I am ashamed of the battles in which they
were captured. In shame I pass over the naval
fights at Naupactus which the Athenians won by
no small margin against a much larger number, as
if they had gone out for a prize that chanced their
way; and other battles in the Thraceward region;
and how they saved Corcyra; and those deeds at
Ambracia, which were the greatest Hellenic cam-
paigns of that time, besides being deeds performed
in a noble spirit, not for any mercenaryreason; and
especially the battles at the famous site of Pylos
which were both naval battles fought off shore, and
land battles, fought later on the island; and while
this was still going on, the driving of other Lace-
daemonians out of Cythera, and trophies won over
the Corinthians, and many other subjects which
rival these for mention and admiration.
170. The time suitable for these subjects does
not extend indefinitely; rather restraint seems to
me of greater felicity. Besides, as we have indicated,
we set out, not to narrate the city's achievements
in a work which without interpretation collects all
the data, for in that case the discourse would go on
and on into the next festal assembly four years
hence, but to mention of the city's exploits in her
wars the best known and, on the other hand, to omit
nothing, as far as possible, of the blessings which
the city enjoys. We reach these goals, not by re-
cording particulars thoughout but by omitting no
form of praise.
171. In the judgment of the deity these misfor-
tunes were not enough for Hellas, but in addition
the cities had to be overwhelmedon land and at sea
and, while some enemies must come upon them
from overseas, Hellenes also had to sail out into
74 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
alien waters to disaster. Who among the Hellenes
or who among the Barbarianscould name others who
did as much then as the men from this city, who felt
obliged to go to sea in defense of the freedom of the
Leontines, who deemed it good to run risks in de-
fense of that of Segesta, who had in mind to cross
over against the Carthaginians in repayment for
Carthaginian attacks upon the Hellenes in Sicily
and who filled triremes and freighters as if sending
forth an expedition from all Hellas?
172. As for the battles, she was in the habit of
winning them always, and it was the city's fortune
to be superiorin most situations, a destiny that had
been granted to her people like a special privilege
of their own. So there is less reason for us to be
astonished at her <winningsea battles and> infantry
battles and cavalry engagements. But that she
nonetheless fought on when affairs went against her
is more astonishing. Gone were the hoplites and
cavalry, whose match in number and quality was
not to be found. Gone, in addition, such a quantity
of ships, weapons, supplies, skilled workmen and
allies, what one might almost call the whole colo-
nizing expedition which had migrated to a new site,
as if Sicily were only then being settled. The Acro-
polis had been emptied of almost ten thousand
talents; on the other hand, the Lacedaemonians,
Boeotians and the rest were no longer making their
incursions from the Peloponnese but from Deceleia
in the heart of Attica. No less a number of her slave
labor had left her than would probably amount to
a whole nation, and there was immunity for any
who wished to desert. Yet with such a war surround-
ing her, the city displayed such reserves of endur-
ance, of strength, of ambition, as to send forth an-
other expedition equal to the former, with generals
of matching quality, and as to think herself able to
lay siege, out there, to the Lacedaemonians and
their allies. With what merely human spirit can
one compare these acts? Whose non-prosperity can
one more admire ?
173. And when the great disaster occurred-for
I shall certainly not cover it with silence, but
emphasize it, because this too seems to me to show
the city even greater-she met the rest of her
responsibilities as if she had received all of Sicily
as a resource. I mean, she did not resemble a city
stripped of power, but one that had just acquired
more. No speaker could do justice to the calm self-
restraint and routine of life which they imposed
upon themselves deliberately in order not to permit
anything disgraceful. All the Hellenes took up
positions around them, and the enemies they al-
ready had, then for the first time, conceived hope
and were spurred on by the spectacle of changing
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
fortune, while new enemies came upon them from
Sicily. Almost all their allies of both islands and
mainland defected, and practically all became
enemies, and so their encirclement was completed
from all sides. Moreover, an unexpected stupidity
occurred: they who had been saved from the King
by the city's deeds now invoked his aid against the
city. He of course acceded very willingly and shared
in the war by contributions of men, ships, gold,
everything. What base on land or sea did he not
offer for the war? There was no one who, as a
mere onlooker from outside, would not have ex-
pected the city now at last to be taken by storm and
plundered, since she was involved in so universal a
war with Barbarians and Hellenes. But the Athen-
ians at once reversed the situation, as if all these
factors were operatingin their favor and not against
them, or as if their enemies were maneuvering for
their advantage.
174. But the greatest thing of all is this. The con-
stitution had been unlawfully changed for them and
some had been deprived of their rights at home.
They had no place on which to stand except Samos,
as in the time of the peril from the Mede they had
only Salamis. But though it was in a differentway,
this generation too acted like the men of that time
and, for the most part, abandoned the city. Then
this generation too reestablished affairs at home,
conquered their enemies abroad, marked out the
Hellespont with trophies, pursuing various enemies
in various directions, as if they were practicing
among themselves rather than fighting naval battles
against those whom they met on each occasion. That
is all I have to say about the story, which, as I took
into consideration, has been told before by another.
175. Finally at Cyzicus they encountered the
Lacedaemonians together with their men from
Hellas, and Pharnabazus with the Barbarians from
Asia. They captured their ships, all but those they
destroyed. As Pharnabazus was trying to repair
the disaster by bringingup his cavalry against them,
the Athenians, some on foot after engaging cavalry,
some on shipboard, prevailed over all and every-
thing together, navy, cavalry, archers from Sicily,
the men from the Peloponnese,the financialsupport
of the King, the hopes of the Lacedaemonians.The
war was now fruitless for their opponents, and truly
it was as if everything had been lost as the result of
some shipwreck. Accordingly, the city, though
overwhelmedby civil dissension, at that time never
even thought of peace, while the others, starting
from so many great advantages, when stricken,
immediately fled to the refuge of peace.
176. Now on each occasion I have found fault
with those who criticize the city of the Lacedaemo-
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION
nians and think it right to do so in defense of your
city. While they offend the Lacedaemonians, they
do not, as they think, honor you. On the contrary,
even if I say something that must surprise you, to
me they seem to do the opposite of what they wish.
For they elevate the Lacedaemonians more than
they praise you, and I think that they have more
thanks from the Lacedaemoniansfor their evil words
than from you for their good words. It is no insult
for Sparta to be ranked after this city; on the other
hand, they do not honor you by proving your
superiority, but by the very comparison are seen to
know you ill. Hence it is not at all unlikely that
you more than the Lacedaemonians find it un-
pleasant when these arguments are used.
177. Not but what this is the place to comparethe
cities. Since I have reached this part of my oration,
we must perhaps meet this obligation too, in order
to show by how much the city is superior, not only
in the separate events, but also in the whole. It will
appear that the Lacedaemonians, deprived of three
hundred men, did not hold out but gave way imme-
diately, which brings the city of Athens greater
credit than victory in the battle. For in the battle
she showed herself superior to her immediate
opponents, while in the circumstances where the
rest gave up, she showed herselfsuperiorto just about
all, as when everyone of the contestants declines
to meet the champion in the games. Conversely,
it will appear that when she later suffered the
terrible disaster in Sicily, not only did she not lose
her morale and run gratefully to peace for refuge,
but so impressed her enemies that, if anyone could
have persuaded the city to be at peace, they would
have been glad to see it.
178. Again, when the Athenians heard that
Conon was under siege at Mytilene, they did not
become panic-stricken,but sailed along the Arginu-
sae with ships, more than anyone would have
guessed, yet fewer than those of their opponents,
and faced the entire fleet of their enemies, as if
someone else kept supplying them with triremes,
while they kept making their efforts with the man-
power of Caria and not with their own persons.
And they gave no thought either to the number of
those arrayed against them or to the fame of Calli-
cratidas, either to a holding of islands or to the
loss of Fortune who, one might almost say, had
already been alienated. Not because of a storm
were they defeated; they did not let that discourage
them for the rest of the war, but if it suffices, as it
does indeed, to look at what happened on the sea,
they routed the Lacedaemonians and prevailed
over all the Peloponnesians; their triremes they
captured in part, in part they sank them like a bolt
75
of lightning. And so in combat with their enemies
they made this enormous change from the state of
siege. The greatest thing of all is that they saved a
man who alone sufficed to destroy the Lacedae-
monian domination.
179. As all after their defeat at sea were once
more seeking peace, so it might be said that not
only had the city then long been accustomed to
defeat those who actually participated in the
contests, but she even frightened off the others and
won over all. For another thing, it will appear that
when she had carried off the greatest victories of
all time, she then bore disasters in a way that
would make one admire the city's courage in ad-
versity more than the deeds of those who had
prevailed. Hence I for one am impelled to say that
her victory in prosperity has been striking, her
victory in adversity no less so, if it is true, as indeed
it is, that no one has ever carried his disasters in a
comparablefashion.
180. Not to be disputed, then, are two proofs of
her victory in her successes, quite apart from what
had been performed against her opponents them-
selves. What she achieved by herself in some of the
things that were done without help from others is
so extraordinarythat it cannot be unknown; in re-
spect to what she achieved when they formed a
coalition, all are found to be inferiorby comparison.
Again in her hour of trouble she has risen above her
conquerors, for they have been shown yielding to
Fortune, but she resisting. Therefore, both the
victories are hers: she wins by no small margin and
prevails over the cities similarly, both where she
succeeded and where she failed.
181. From another standpoint, she by herself has
at times prevailed over leagues and city states
simultaneously whereas no one has prevailed over
her, no one who did not come with numerous allies.
Whereas, by herself, she had been compelled to
fight against all together who were making or in-
citing attacks, the majority of her enemies have
faced merely a part of her force, while of her total
strength, either rarely or never did anyone make
trial. Hence, the city of the Athenians has indeed
won many victories on many occasions, while, on
the other hand, it is as if she herself were uncon-
querable.
182. The most important point of all is that no
one conquered her because no one subdued her
mind; on the contrary, all such reverses have be-
come in each case unsuccessful issues of a mere
campaign. On the other hand, she has at the mo-
ment of her victories enslaved the minds of her
opponents; she caused Xerxes to long for an escape
from his commitments, and she bent the Lacedae-
76 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
monians, those of them who merely heard no less
than those who when present at the battles had
failed therein.
183. One will recognize that the situation in the
cases of these two cities is not the same or even
similar, either in the grandeurof their achievements
or in the acts of daring or absolutely in anything
which can be cited. The Lacedaemonians, having
met with misfortune at Leuctra, did not recover,
but in their case something as final as human death
occurred. They were too proud to make peace with
the Thebans, as they thought yielding to any city
but that of the Athenians was beneath their dignity.
But, having joined company with the rest of the
Peloponnesians,they were less in a position to save
others than in need of others to save them, and
indeed this city gave the very greatest aid and
prevented them from being carried off in one fell
swoop, as by the gust of some hurricane or cyclone.
184. When this city was cheated in the naval
battle at the Hellespont and stripped of her ships
and of her walls, and when she subsequently suffered
civil dissension within herself, and the Lacedae-
monians were restraining themselves nowhere, she,
through one man, deprived them of the rule of the
sea and assumed the leadership in Hellenic affairs,
as if she were only now coming to them from the
MedianWar.
185. Further, not only did she support the losses
of her wars more nobly than others their prosperity,
but she so handled her troubles at home as to be a
model of self-restraint for all mankind, and no one,
even later, could invent anything better than was
done by those Athenians. She displayed it in the
change of the Constitution of the Four Hundred,
which she quietly abolished, and in the War against
the Thirty, which did not at all become a war
against more than the Thirty after them.
186. I say in this connection that no men have
produced clearer proof of self-restraint and daring
simultaneously than those who, numbering only a
little more than fifty, first made plans together
against the empire of the Lacedaemonians, which
extended over land and sea, and against the faction
in the city itself, and who faced the risks of war in
the thought that they had to live in freedom or else
not see the sun made witness of their abasement.
They struggled against the faction from the town
and drew up against the Lacedaemonians and ob-
tained the Piraeus and became to mankind an ex-
ample of hope in adversity. After they had already
come together as the Demos, they reached the point
of shaking hands and making speeches more or less
to the effect that they would wage their wars, each
side in behalf of the other, not in its own behalf.
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
Hence it was impossible, once the civil discord had
been abolishedin this way, to distinguish which was
the faction of the subversives to be cursed and
which the side of the patriots to be prayed for.
While the city fell ill by the nature of all mankind,
she was cured by her own nature, so that even this,
her civil discord, brought her envy rather than
disaster.
187. This much more I wish to say about those
men: in their boldness they surpassed not only the
Lacedaemonians, but almost those heroes at Mar-
athon who were their ancestors. The latter, though
numerically much inferior to their opponents, still
did constitute a complete force and took courage
therefrom,while these men, when they seized Phyle,
were all together only a little more numerous than
the total of the very tyrants against whom they
were struggling. The heroes at Marathon,when the
city was flourishing, conquered foreign barbarians,
while the heroes of Phyle, when the city had fared
otherwise, defeated Lacedaemonianswho had ruled
over the Hellenes, and they defeated those men of
their own from the town. Having defeated the
enemy by courage, they conqueredtheir own kin by
equity.
188. Not only by bravery at the time of their
battles but by good planning after their successful
deeds, by both these means they recovered their
city so completely that, if one wished to give less
than a complete account, it would be possible to
suppress the misfortune which occurred during the
war, so in keeping with their previous deeds were
those they not only resolved but executed after-
wards. And yet if the Lacedaemonians were so
inferior to her when she had been stripped of every-
thing, how great is the margin, must one think, by
which this city surpassed them ordinarily?
189. But none of the things they did was more
worthy of mention and respect than the following.
The Lacedaemonianswere calling upon the Demos
for payment of what they had loaned to the Thirty.
Since the Thirty had entered into an agreement,
the whole Demos together paid the debt in order
that it might in reality render contracts inviolable.
Again, how the Lacedaemonians dealt with each
other we could not say, for they kept it hidden, but
our city, as she disposed her affairs in this way, did
so in the view of many witnesses and so became a
model for the others. At least later, when the Argive
people were sick with dissension she cured them by
act and word. For having sent an embassy to them
and remindedthem of her own behavior, she effected
a reconciliation.
190. Further, they alone of all appear to have
conducted similarly both their own public affairs
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION
and the common public affairs of the Hellenes. They
thought it necessary not only to save the Hellenes
from their enemies, but also to reconcile them when
they were sick with dissension, and showed them-
selves better than expectation both against the
outside enemies and against the difficulties at home.
191. It is a fact that those who had come from else-
where and as a much younger race to people who
were autochthonous and older, <kept practicing in
secrecy hoplite tactics), whereas our city had
revealed the invention to others, and it is a fact
that they did so because they concernedthemselves
with nothing except with what pertains to war,
while our city wins a greater victory in the other
ways than in this. Not only do these things show
their inequality, but so does the fact that our city
seems quite superior even in the very actions and
crises of war, both when they go well and when they
go badly for her, as both the stories already related
make clear and as it is possible to see in what we
shall add.
192. The exploits of the city have on me the same
effect that boys and girls in the flowerof their youth
have on one. What meets the eye among her deeds
always seems to me on each occasion fairest, and I
regard it in this light as I speak. Some god, yes,
could make a selection of these deeds on the merits.
I, however, shall do as I have undertaken, namely
narrate of the remaining deeds the best known from
which it is possible to estimate both the city's
judgment and, at the same time, her power.
193. Well, then, absolutely unique is a curious
and astonishing war they assumed in defence of the
Thebans. After we had abdicated, the Lacedaemo-
nians, judging all the rest child's play, were be-
ginning their arbitrary rule with their own allies
and calling up a levy against the Thebans. Both
developments stunned the Hellenes. But though
this city had not found more bitter enemies, and
the Lacedaemonians had not found more enthusi-
astic and powerful allies against her than the
Thebans, not only when the war was starting or
halfway through, but even when it had finally
stopped, yet, despite all this, the Demos did not
exult over what was happening nor again did they
let the awkward situation discourage them that
they still had neither ships nor wall at that time,
but, as if, wherever the Lacedaemonians moved,
there they had to be the ones to meet them; thus,
committing their city to the dangers of war despite
the reminders of their disasters, they marched out
to Haliartus against Lysander and Pausanius and
took Boeotia from them. It was then that Lysander
realized that he had not conquered,as he supposed,
the city of the Athenians, but had fooled himself
77
with childish dreams. She had at once retrieved her
losses, whereas he no longer administeredthe affairs
of the Hellenes, but merely was one of the crowd.
194. Not long afterwards the city obtained a
dignified Hellenic revenge on the Corinthians,when
they too turned to the city for help. From the record
everyone would have inferred that no matter what
harm she did them she would never acknowledge
that she was exacting the penalty they deserved.
But the Athenians made the same decision con-
cerning the Corinthiansas concerning the Thebans
and marched to Corinthto their aid as a man might
in defense of his own country. When it grew into a
big and continuous war at Corinth, they risked
many battles in their defense and fortifiedthem and
guarded their town in all ways. Then they com-
pleted their task very nobly as follows. In control
of Acrocorinth and in a position to seize the town
whenever they wished, they refused to adopt this
idea or even to considerit, showing by their behavior
that in waging war they acted in defense of others
and were not doing anything for themselves
privately.
195. Finally, they brought the Lacedaemonians
to such a degree of desperation that they turned
again to the King of the Persians and through him
made for themselves the notorious peace, surrender-
ing the Hellenes who lived in Asia, concerningwhom
I for my part make no accusation. But suppose
someone were to ask the Lacedaemonians whether
they had made these concessions willingly or under
duress. If they say "willingly,"it would be necessary
to claim that they have committed a betrayal, and
who would believe it ? If they say, "unwillingly and
under compulsion," they confess themselves, I
presume, inferior to the city in the whole conduct
of affairs. If at least they knew how to conduct
affairs, they would not deliberately undergo a
disgrace of such a character. Hence in the only
field of argument that remains, they themselves
attest that in those days the city was superior in
war, and in no small degree at that.
196. But since I have mentioned the peace, I
wish to return to it for a moment. There are two
conditions by which cities are judged, war and
peace. Both these conditions were established for
this city with the Barbarians. In war the city so
distinguished herself that the greatest achievements
are those which she carried out alone. Or if one
were to judge by the later actions, she rose above
her partners quite as much as if she bore the
struggle all alone. Apart from this, her behavior on
all three occasions meets with praise. In the first
phase of the war she alone succeeded; in the second
phase she actually bore the brunt of the battle
78 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
against the King and carried off the prize of ex-
cellence; the achievements of the final phase are
private achievements of her own, that is to say,
the naval and land battles around Cyprus and
Pamphylia and the long run between them. Hence,
alone and first to do so, she has defeated the Bar-
barians; upon forming a coalition with others she
was victorious over her companions no less than
over her opponents; and she alone persevered.
197. Again, in the kind of peace what a difference!
The peace treaty which the city made dictates to
the King and reads that he must do what he is
ordered. It forbids him to sail within the Chelido-
neae and the Blue Rocks. "Though you pride your-
self on your cavalry, you shall none the more ride
to the sea, but shall," it says, "keep a day's run of
this same cavalry away from the sea, and you
shall obey concerning the Hellenes without distin-
guishing between those in Greeceand those in your
own country." While that is what the peace treaty
made by the city says, the other treaty bids the
Hellenes who dwell in Asia to obey the King and
invites him to do whatever he may wish with them,
and has imposed upon the others a limitation of
their rights. Does it really amount to the same
thing, or is the differenceso slight ? Is it not rather
quite the reverse?
198. (Let us look) once more at her relations with
the Hellenes and her settlements of the wars among
them. Well then, the city did no harm to Lacedae-
monians whom she captured, and sent them back
in peace, as if it were enough to have prevailed by
excellence, whereas Lacedaemoniansat the Helles-
pont-it is decent to put it in this way-immediate-
ly slaughtered Athenians whom they took by guile
in the naval battle. And they did so-I add nothing
else-although the Lacedaemonians had an ex-
ample in their own history as to how this city
treated those who had met disaster. But even so
they did not imitate it, so far were they from being
able to originate it.
199. Moreover, while the Lacedaemonians re-
jected all terms and went so far as to pull down the
walls, this city after having defeated all the Pelopon-
nesians back in the days when she recovered Eu-
boea, went no further, rather she even returned
willingly the places she had taken in the war pre-
viously, Megara, Nisaea, Troezen, Achaea, Pegae.
200. It seems to me that the treatment of the
captives, and in general everything like that, is a
sign testifying to the city's double virtue, not as
one might assert, merely to her humanity alone. For
in my opinion, all who obtain such success beyond
expectation or power, cling to their fortune of the
moment, just as those who are unable to hunt will
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
not relinquish the catch made unexpectedly; and
if one asked them to sell it, they would not price
it at its value, but, making allowance for their own
weakness, they charge more than it is worth. She,
on the other hand, knowing, I think, that she was
altogether superior, was never mean, because in her
expectations she equated what she did not have
with what she did have. For this reason, she was
quicker to make restitution to her enemies than
they to ask for restitution.
201. Again, whereas no one could name a Lace-
daemonian who conquered this city single-handed,
that is, where they were unsupported by any group
at all with a common purpose, a man of Athens
single-handed did deprive the Lacedaemonians of
their command of the sea. He was the only human
being who ever served as general simultaneously for
the King and for the city, nay, rather for the
Hellenes. For, after doing no injustice whatsoever
to one who had trusted him, he fortified the city
and liberated the Hellenes, by defeating the Lace-
daemonians,island by island and city by city.
202. Moreover, the thalassocracy itself! This
city acquired it as a result of the defeats she in-
flicted upon the Barbarians, our natural enemies;
the Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, acquired
it as a result of the disasters the city suffered.Well,
having acquired the command, the Athenians so
divided every burden that among the Hellenes
themselves their organizer was called "just," alone
of the Hellenes to be so called as a result of this.
And the surname is proof positive, for no evidence
more extrordinary than the recognition which the
city at that time acquired through him need be
mentioned. The Lacedaemonians, on the other
hand, so disposed the Hellenes that those who had
entrusted themselves to the Lacedaemoniansmade
the best speeches of any men in defense of Athens
at certain times when charges were being brought
from several sources against her. The reason for
this was not cruelty in the Lacedaemoniansnor any
of the things which one of those prone to censure
might aver, but merely the failure of their nature
to go forth all the way to fairness.
203. Again, the Athenians held the command of
the sea more than seventy years, while the Lace-
daemonians did not keep it even for three Olymp-
iads. In truth, it would have been less than three if
they had not received it the year before an Olympic
Festival.
204. There you have comparisons, and I for one
am annoyed with those who want them. Now per-
haps there are some to whom I myself seem to be
acting strangely in finding fault, when I myself
have finally enteredinto the same kind of arguments
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] TRANSLATION
and have used the arguments for the very reasons
for which I say they should not be used. Still it is
from these same comparisonsthat one may best see
the gratitude men think they are storing up for
themselves in the city: it is not stupendous and a
contest should not be made deliberately in efforts
of this sort. Hence if there is anyone who thinks
that these are unusable for us too, our discussion
has been more or less in this very hope; and apart
from these the arguments have been made without
abuse and as the need occurred. Hence, the reasons
why I kept avoiding comparisonsare those by which
I was finally led to use them, for it was impossible
otherwise to carry out my design.
205. It appears to me that the Lacedaemonians
in respect to this city have fared like the Homeric
Teucer in respect to Ajax. For he too, braving
danger in front of the others, retires to Ajax and
distinguishes himself through him and is over-
shadowed in the same way; likewise the Lacedae-
monians, preeminent among the Hellenes, and
fighting for them in their needs, are children by
comparison with this city. By way of illustration:
greatest of what they have to show as their ac-
complishmentsare those in which they have worked
together with this city. In fact, they failed in what
they did separately, while in what they did with the
help of those from this city, they had a most
brilliant success. Thus, it is through this city that
they both distinguish themselves and are over-
shadowed again.
206. Nevertheless, I have gone so far, as I was
carried away unintentionally into these subjects,
that I, for my part, would wish that even the
trophies I am about to relate as dedicated from
time to time came to the city from others and that
it were not necessary continually to add to the
many examples the comment "from the Lacedae-
monians." But as it is, the situation imposes this
method so that the comment will be made not for
the sake of the parallel examination, but in order
not to pass the achievements by altogether. For
there are those too, which I discarded. Apparently,
something more than the ordinary course is needed.
207. Well then, they won a victory at Lechaeum
and destroyed almost all the host. They seized the
forts at Corinth and expelled the Lacedaemonians
who were stationed therein and they tore down the
walls. They entered Arcadia and penetrated as far
as Laconia. They enclosed them in Phlius and
erected a trophy over those who came out to fight,
and again over the Mantineansand further over the
Sicyonians in the plain and over their allies. They
sailed along the coast as far as Byzantium and
made all the Thraceward region their own; they
79
defeated the rest of the harmosts and the garrisons
at Methymne and by Abydos. They so much ex-
ceeded success as even to reconcile the kings of
Thrace. And when that unexpected act of wicked-
ness in connection with the Cadmea occurred, they
alone of the Hellenes lived up to the commitment
assumed in the disgraceful peace and preserved the
true honor and justice of the Hellenes by taking the
field against the Lacedaemonians.
208. This war and this peace! Which of the two
must one say is more important in a discussion of
the city? The Athenians were the last of the
Hellenes to accept this peace and they did not do so
until they recognized that they would have to fight
not only the Lacedaemoniansand at the same time
the King and Seuthes and Dionysius and the
Peloponnesians. For this they were prepared. But
they would have to fight their own allies too. They
had been so betrayed. Even under these conditions
they did not persist in all their votes, but con-
demned those at any rate who had persuadedthem,
because they deemed it contrary to their own nature
and sacrilegious, in the presence of the trophies, to
permit any of the Hellenes to remain subject to the
King.
209. After those whose names under the circum-
stances I avoid mentioning actually entered into
Thebes in violation of this peace, the Athenians not
only as first of the Hellenes, but even as the only
Hellenes, acted vigorously, laying hold of affairs
as if seizing a windfall. And it was not just one type
of benefaction they displayed; rather there was no
type of benefaction they omitted. On the one hand,
they received the exiles and contrived for them the
plot which succeeded and showed them beforehand
as if assigning among them parts in a drama. On
the other hand, they granted to them a tax-free
status, and citizenship, and a sharing in all privi-
leges, just as to those who had moved from Corinth
and Thasos and Byzantium. Next when need for
military aid arose, they marched out in almost a
complete levy as if they were going to participate
in a procession and not in the dangers of war; they
imitated their former expedition but actually rose
to new heights in their spirit. For on that previous
occasion they went out without having an alliance
with the Thebans, whereas at this time, though the
Thebans had removed the inscriptions concerning
the alliance, they nevertheless did not let the folly
of the latter influence them in the Thebans' hour
of need, and did not turn their anger against those
who righteously were facing danger rather than
against unrighteous aggressors. Thus splendid were
the plans they followed, fitting was the conclusion
they placed upon them. For it was not a close
80 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
victory which they won nor such as merely to
frighten the Lacedaemonians. On the contrary,
under a safe-conduct they expelled the garrison
and the harmostsand restoredthe city to its original
position.
210. While this contest they endured for the
freedom of the Thebans, the next was for the very
salvation of the latter. For when the Lacedae-
monians, enraged at what had happened, had
mobilized every ally for the attack, the Athenians
opposed them in defense of Thebes, appointing
against the Lacedaemoniansgenerals more frighten-
ing than Agesilaus and his staff whom the Lacedae-
monians placed in line, and becoming throughout
saviors of that city. One who composes an account
of this period finds all sorts of deeds. I am surround-
ed by them. It is not only not easy to narrate them
all; it is not easy to give an orderly account of all
the exploits of even one general. What shall I leave
out, which of them should I mention? The naval
victory at Naxos? An immense achievement! Or
the struggles around Corcyra? Or the efforts made
in the Thracewardregion in behalf of the Hellenes
there? Or those in Acarnania? Or those anywhere?
211. Or let me put all this aside and narrate the
following. It is the most important thing I have
and most amazing and alone worthy of the Athen-
ians. Let me narrate what happened when the
Thebans, having defeated the Lacedaemonians at
Leuctra, were planning to annihilate them and the
Lacedaemonians suddenly found their affairs in
such a state that they needed either a god or this
city, some god to hold his protecting hand over them
or the Athenians to enter voluntarily into the
inheritance of the dangers besetting them. In fact,
right at the beginning, a herald, garlanded as in a
case of good tidings, had arrived from Thebes. Soon
the whole Peloponnesecame with an offerto become
followers and with an invitation to hegemony,
provided Sparta were destroyed; and in case the
city did not accept, they threatened to join the
Thebans. The Athenians, on the other hand, upon
the tidings from the herald, wept as if they had
heard the news of some disaster of their own; and
as if he had come from the Barbarians, they sent
him back greatly cheated of his expectation. They
chose for themselves, instead of the willing alliance
of the Peloponnesians and the friendship of the
victors, the cause of the deserted Lacedaemonians,
not reviving the memory of what they themselves
had suffered,but conceiving the thought that it was
in their own power to cancel the penalty which the
Lacedaemonianswould suffer, if neglected.
212. It is particularlythis which must be admired
as worthy of their nature, and which one must
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
consider superhuman. It was possible for them to
have the Lacedaemoniansin their following on land
and sea or to sit idly by as the Lacedaemonianswere
hurled headlong, with allies, perioeci, slaves, all in
revolt. Instead they received them on equal terms.
When the mighty host of the Thebans advanced to-
ward Lacedaemon and the rest of the Peloponnese
like a blazing fire, they alone of Hellenes or Bar-
barians stood forth and stopped it. As a result, all
so respected Athens that they appointed the city as
meeting place of the whole Alliance.
213. Now I wonder where those who bring up
against the city the stories of Melosand Scione have
been all their lives. Is this all they ever heard of
what has been done by the high-principled, con-
sistently behaved city of the Athenians? Or would
not they have shared the wish of the Athenians and
wished their own fatherlands to have as much ? If
they deny it, let them show the record on which
they pride themselves instead. Since they could not
escape the same choice if some god were offering it
to them, let them cease trying their hand at argu-
ments which are greater than those they would use
in their own case. Again, is it the city or the con-
tingent results which they denounce? If they
denouncethe city, they apparentlyunderstandnoth-
ing of the most important things; rather those by
which the city is recognizedhave escaped them. But
if they criticize the results, considering them
apparently not in conformity with the general
intentions of the city, they criticize in such a way
that on the grounds on which they denigrate the
city's action they laud the city itself. For wicked-
ness both in city and in individual is shown when
either it or he has only a reprehensible record or
when one proves the evil to be more or greater than
the good. If such is the case, let this be stated also.
But when you find fault with one or two things in
the course of a complete examination, without
realizing it you praise by what you let pass, especi-
ally if it is not at all an individual whom you are
judging but a city, and at that the oldest among the
Hellenic cities, which has a record of very many
policieswherethe results were just as they should be.
214. But if it is necessary to reply concerning
these points too, I shall not state how those who
came to power afterwards dealt with these same
troubles, for I, for my part, have no intention of
hurting any of the Hellenes-on the contrary, the
discourse is an offering to the race of the Hellenes
from my store, a gift to all of them in common-and
to show that others have of course perpetratedmore
serious and more terrible deeds is not a defense of
the city, but rather a confession appealing for
pardon. I do not need to defend her in that way.
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TRANSLATION
215. On the contrary, I think that the people who
bring up such arguments have completely mistaken
the necessary nature of affairs and are living, as it
were, outside our world. For how could anyone
credit them with reasoning about the realities of
the situation in a pertinent manner, or grant that
they can discuss rule, when they have failed to
understand this first, the nature of rule ? All rule is
presumably rule by the superior, and against the
very law of equality. Otherwise, how is it fair or
just either to collect tribute from another's land or
to make laws for those who do not request it at all,
or to judge their suits or to impose commands upon
them or to go to war or to acquire alien property?
Absolutely none of this arises from equality.
216. Hence, if one quibbles about rights and
prefers to be sophistical rather than to allow for the
necessary nature of affairs, he will soon just cancel
all positions of rule and power on the grounds that
all such are by decree of the superior. Next from
sheer cleverness he will ascend right up to the gods
in his examination, saying that not even these ad-
dress men on a basis of equality but have preferred
to be superior. But this, I think, is the talk of men
with the outlook of a secluded cornerwho have seen
the stars but have never seen the sun which takes
away from the other lights their brilliance.
217. If it is necessary that every government and
every superior authority have such advantages, and
this is what rulership ordains, namely, not to sub-
mit to trial on an equal basis with the followers,
then let a critic depart victorious, if he proves that
among either the Hellenic powers or the barbarian
kingdoms it is possible to find any state whatsoever
using the vice of encroachment less than the
Republic of the Athenians. For it will appear that
the Republic of the Athenians in what it planned
in a superior manner had used an habitual attitude
of one man, its best, whereas in the policies which
some criticize, it did not err in the manner natural
to mankind, but followed the necessity of rule, and
while it had been appointed ruler in the beginning
because of ability, because of a generous leniency
it willingly gave up the fear that rulership inspires
and so has more or less brought the charges upon
itself by its own accord. For having shown itself
very unselfish and moderate toward all and in a way
having made them sharers in its constitution rather
than restraining them by a law of absolute author-
ity, it had the same experience as the good among
masters. From some it received no thanks for its
fairness, but if it brought any compulsion to bear,
it was thought to be openly using violence.
218. Again, if the Republic of the Athenians is
shown to have done these things to loyal followers,
6
81
let us allow the critics who so wish their hard words.
But if it appears that the Republic did these things
to ingrates who apostasized and provoked it out-
rageously and to outright enemies, which side right-
fully is to blame ? In my opinion, those who made
these actions necessary. I believe that the aforesaid
were carried away because they had, as it were, an
assurance in which they placed their trust as they
went astray, not that they would in the end prevail
over the city, but that even if they were defeated,
they would suffer no great harm, inasmuch as the
Athenians were by nature saviors.
219. Undoubtedly so. For instance what city can
surpass the decree which the Athenians adopted
concerning Mytilene when they changed their
original plan? What they decided on the first day
was the result of the sudden turn and of the injuries
they had sustained; what they decided in the
change of plan on the second day was the deed of
the city alone, and the trireme immediately over-
took the trireme.
220. It astonishes me that, whereas in the case
of individuals all accept the plea that a good deed
militates in a defendant's favor, in the case of the
city those fine critics do not look at her deeds to see
the variety and number of good deeds by which
she stands excused. When we do not denounce the
sun and moon for the harm they do but admire
them for the benefits they produce, shall we judge
the city on the basis of her collisions with some few ?
Shall we not judge her rather on the basis of the
cooperation she has given to all and from the
standpoint of the world as a whole? I think that
not to do so would be as if one denounced the gods
for the bolts of lightning and the claps of thunder
and for an earthquake, without having troubled to
examine their ubiquitous and universal benefac-
tions! Well, the city expelled the Scionaeans, yes,
but she saved the Hellenes both all together and
individually and did so on thousands of occasions.
I should like to ask those who readily find them-
selves good enough to make such charges, whom,
they claim, she drove out like the Thebans whose
expulsion she prevented, or whose walls she tore
down like the walls she built for the Corinthians,or
whom she annihilated like the Lacedaemoniansand
the cities which stood by them that she preserved
in many noble deeds of long ago and lastly in the
cavalry action around Mantinea, finest of the
Hellenic and, I think, even of all known cavalry
actions.
221. An achievement, which is, as it were, a
crowning achievement of those times, gave to all
the city did both previously and now the impress of
a distinct character. Dionysius, the tyrant of
82 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
Sicily and ruler also of many Greek cities in Italy,
was planning to attack Hellas, worn out by her long
wars. He had for a long while courted the Barbarians
who dwelt near the Hellenes and was calling in the
King of the Persians. When the plot was already
simmering, two Athenian generals checked the
attempt. One captured, men and all, the ships that
were approaching from Sicily; the other defeated
the Lacedaemoniansnear Leucas and made the sea
his own.
222. For she alone of cities did not bring in a
tyrant, was not impressed by wealth; for security,
for pleasures she did not exchange her righteous-
ness, but as having been born to live for all, she kept
herself so. And in consequence all who conceived a
desire for dominion over Hellenes always found
themselves at war with the city. In fact, as regards
the rest of the Hellenes, some Philip ignored and
with promises and gifts he persuaded others to
collaborate with him, but with this city he re-
mained at war right from the beginning, as if ful-
filling some inevitable law of nature. As long as her
strength lasted, she used to destroy the aggressors,
while for the others she became another fatherland;
like a mother in defense of her brood, she fought for
all; it was she alone who preserved the posture of
the true Hellas and overshadowed the then pre-
vailing disasters. When her affairs declined, nothing
stood in Philip's way; rather, it became apparent
that the victories of this city were actually victories
of the Hellenes and that the reverses of this city
were reverses of all the Hellenes. They did not
abandon her leadership for Philip until the city
adopted the peace.
223. I have much to say concerninglater events,
too, of strange battles, wonderful acts of daring,
superhumanacts of endurance, but I see that there
is no longer time. This much only shall I add before
I finish with the discussion of these topics. The city
has waged four distinct kinds of wars: the private
wars of her own, wars in defense of the community
of Hellas, wars in defense of those who one after
the other appealed to her, and among these very
ones who appealed to her were some by whom she
had been injured and against whom she had griev-
ances of yore. Well, then, I assert that this type of
war by itself takes precedence over all the Hellenic
exploits together since those whom the city saved
after they had acted foolishly toward her out-
number those she rememberedfor favors they had
done for her. I have in mind the occasions when she
saved the Thebans from the Lacedaemonians, the
Corinthians from the Thebans, the Euboeans from
the Thebans-occasions on which she gave proof of a
double virtue. For some she protected their cities
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
and their land, though they had deprived her of her
own; others whom Philip had conqueredshe released
under a treaty, namely, the Euboeans again, the
Byzantines, the Perinthians, the Chersonites, the
Chalcidians on the opposite shore to her own,
thousands of others. In return for these Hellenic
exploits the Hellenes, in the way they erect a statue
of an individual, should have honored a city, and
if so, the city of the Athenians alone deserved a
statue, yes, one to be honored as an image where
the spirit of Hellas would delight to reside, an ob-
ject of worship to all Hellenes jointly. For what the
prytaneum is to the city, this the city has been in
their emergencies,to all the Hellenes jointly, having
provided the subjects, ever more noble, of trophies
and epigrams.
224. Moreover, a deed performed, yes, without
danger but which shows as well as anything what
the excellence of the Athenians really was escaped
us in the preceding arguments, but perhaps it is
better to give it its due now. An agreement had
been made by them with the Lacedaemonians to
annihilate, if they defeated the Barbarians, those
who had Medized. Yet when the dangers passed,
they forgot their hatred, and as the Lacedaemonians
had rushed to do what had been decreed, they
stopped them, for they saw by how many cities
Hellas was about to be decreased. Hence, the city
always contributed, not only to the common inter-
ests of the Hellenic race, but even to the interests of
those who originally offended both against her and
against the Hellenes, and whatever victories she
won she won precisely in behalf of all.
225. Enough about this! There are things which
no one up to the present has recalled in the public
eulogies, as far at least as we know. I shall not stop
before I mention these. In fact it seems to me like
an offense against the divine order for one adorning
your deeds with the art of words to pass by the
memory of your part in the very development of the
art of words. For this and no other is "the bloodless
trophy." You, alone of men, have raised a bloodless
trophy, not over Boeotians or Lacedaemonians or
Corinthians either, but over all those of the same
race. I say this, not as one might name Hellenes,
contrasting them with barbarians-but over the
common family of Mankind. And you have carried
off a victory, honorable and great throughout all
time, not on a par with the disputed Battle of Tana-
gra nor even, by Zeus, with the enormous victory
at Marathon, but in truth the victory becoming to
man and a perpetual one that we can call without
impiety "child of Zeus." For all the cities and all
the races of men have turned toward you and your
way of life and your language.
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TRANSLATION
226. It is not through garrisonsof occupation that
the power of the city remains firm, but because all
have chosen your ways deliberately and are, so far
as possible, adopting the city as their mother,
praying to have both their children and themselves
acquire a share in the good life at your side. The
Pillars of Heracles do not limit this power, nor is it
bounded by the hills of Libya or by either Bosporus
or by the Gates of Syria and Cilicia, but over the
whole earth by some divine fortune there comes a
yearning for your wisdom and your way of life, and
this one idiom all have ordained to be the common
language of the human race. And so through you
the whole civilized world has become united by a
common tongue, and one will find that even the
Heniochi, both the herdsmen and those who live
off the sea, and all nations not only in cities but on
the countryside lay hold of the language that comes
from you, clinging to it and trying their powers,
just as one will find those unable to swim keep a
hold on the land.
227. I claim that this especially, oh Lacedae-
monians and all ye Hellenes, is the testimonial with
which you and the first among you are every day up
to the present still attesting her victory. The Hel-
lenes have abandoned their ancestral idioms and
would be ashamed to speak the old dialects among
themselves in the presence of witnesses; all have
come to this tongue of yours, men of Athens, con-
sidering it, as they do, a standard of culture. I call
this the great dominion of the Athenians, not two
hundred or more triremes, not Ionia, nor the Helles-
pont, nor the Thraceward region, which have
changed rulers ten thousand times. The superiority
of these modes of speech compared with all others
existed at the beginning and appeared still more
clearly with the passage of time, so that not only
do these modes so flourish after all the others have
more or less failed, but one could say that all the
idioms of the others, not only of the Barbariansbut
even of the Hellenes, resembled the words of in-
articulate infants in comparison with the tongue in
your country. Whether one hears only two or three
words or, as it were, gaily enjoys himself to the full,
for the rest of his life the taste for all other idioms
is already lost; only this tongue, suitable for all
festal gatherings, all assemblies and council halls,
suffices for all occasions and places, and is equally
appropriate.Two qualities, which one might almost
say, are the first, it alone possesses. I mean state-
liness and grace. Why certainly! For in the all
around test of effort, speed, and strength who with
another tongue would be able to compete on a
nearly equal basis and not indeed go away defeated
like a mere boy against a man, to put it gently?
83
228. And in consequence every poetic form deriv-
ed from you is excellent and most fully developed,
not only all that represents stateliness but all that
represents grace. And if one must recall the poetry
of Homer, the city has a share even in this noble
offering, not only through her colony, his city, but
because the languageclearly came from here. More-
over, there are all the discourses which are best
among you in all the categories, and those which
men from your environment composed; and it is
more or less true that they who have won laurels in
any field among the Hellenes, have all prevailed by
means of the power of the Athenians.
229. And even as to this engagement of ours, if
in any respect-now is a time for gods who are
propitious-if in any respect this also traces its
ancestry back to you, it is not possible to charge the
words of my discourse with a usurpation of rights
here. For as if she had foreseen from the beginning
how much this city would rise above all the others
in her accomplishments, Nature equipped her
worthily with the arts of discourse so that the city
herself might be adorned by her own blessings, and
if any of the others had need, she might be able to
give them this gift along with the others.
230. Formerly you used to save those of the
Hellenes who took refuge with you. Now it is
actually all men and all races whom with the fairest
of benefactions you sustain, making yourselves
leaders in all education and wisdom and purifying
all men everywhere. For because of the initiation
of the Eleusinian festival you have by the visiting
pilgrims been called expounders of the sacred rites
and introducers to mysteries, while throughout all
time to all men you have stood as teachers and
expounders of the sacred contributions for the
common benefit. In return for these things you
attract all with the incantations which become you,
moving them not with a spell, but with the finest of
enchantments, Discourse, precisely the gift which
the gods gave to man alone, and which is worth all
the other gifts.
231. Accordingly, while individuals would, I
think, esteem after their own the other cities which
they honor, in the case of the city of the Athenians
the situation is reversed and all would deny that
they honored your city after their own, thinking
that this city was truly their own in first place, and
no one would take it ill. For just as it is a fixed
custom to honor the gods before one's parents as
being common ancestors and benefactors of all, so
it is in accord with piety to honor the common
fatherland of the human race before one's own.
232. It is furthermoreright to mention the subject
of the reverence she receives, how much of it there
84 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
both is and has been for this city, from all people and
at all times, on every occasion. She was deemed
worthy of the first honors not only when Hellas was
prospering, but even amid the loss of prosperity
there is no city which has become equal to her. For
while Philip, having had good fortune in the Battle
of Chaeronea,immediately occupied the city of the
Thebans, he did not suffer himself even to look
upon the city of the Athenians immediately, but
stayed in the countryside because of reverence for
what is superior. I need not mention the courteous
attention which Alexander always paid to her. The
present empire of land and sea, which, I pray, may
last forever, recognizes the Athenians as teachers
and foster-parents. Not only does it treat Athens
accordingly, but the honors so abound that while
the city fares differently now in that she is not so
busy with administrative chores, her happiness in
general is almost identical with her happiness in the
days when she held the command of Greece,because
of revenues and precedence and the deference from
all.
233. It is an absolutely supreme mark of divine
favor that when the affairs of Hellas were in flower,
she continually prevailed over both Hellenes and
Barbarians, while those who alone seemed to
surpass her fared in later times so much less honor-
ably and less fortunately. In the case of some their
cities are ruined, while all the rest are governed by
the law of the ruling power and are subject to
taxation and to the other obligatory contributions.
She, on the other hand, was not so badly humiliated
nor for so long a time, as she has from then up to
this day been honored not only above those who
once seemed to surpass her but even above all. For
no one preens himself on being from Pella or Aegae,
while there is no Hellene who would not give much
to have been born an Athenian rather than a
citizen of his original city. Not only do individuals
in their hearts, but even cities, revere Athens. Some
which were truly founded from here and with men
of yours would rather say that they are descended
from you than acquire the same power you had;
others gather around seeking some way to attach
themselves to you.
234. Again, history recordsfive empires, and may
their number not increase. In the time of the oldest
of these, the Assyrian, occurred the first deeds of
the city's history, and the anecdotes about the gods
fall in this period. In the time of the second occurred
the rise of the city. The third she completely defeat-
ed. In the fourth, she alone held out and came off
best of all. In the time of the empire now estab-
lished, which is in all respects the best and greatest,
she holds the place of honor in the whole Hellenic
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
world, and has so fared that one could not wish for
her the old circumstancesinstead of the present.
235. How great a superabundance of titles to
fame the city holds from her entire past could be
realized if one were to distribute her titles and give
them to various cities and countries-in the case of
all the titles, this would perhaps not be possible, or
rather it would be clearly impossible, but at least
as many as lent themselves-to distribute them
and then to stage an oratorical contest like those of
poets or choruses. For, I think, it can be no easy
task to select the city which wins over all. For ex-
ample, if one city were to preen herself that she
first gave birth to the human race,another that she
first producedthe crops of agriculture, another that
she gave to very many a share therein, some other
that she invented laws, another festivals, another
that she was once and for all located in the fairest
parts of the land and sea, another that she rejoiced
in the blessings of wisdom, while another listed her
exploits in the wars, another the numbers of Hel-
lenes she received in their troubles, another the
colonies she sent forth, another whichever of the
titles of Athens one might give to this city, in this
way, I claim, it might best become clear with how
many titles of superiority the city has surpassed the
others. In short, Athens alone has enough for all
Hellas to divide. And, furthermore, just as she so
greatly surpasses by the combination of all her
titles, so she in each individual title rejoices again
in many proofs which lead to the same conclu-
sion.
236. For example, in the anecdotes concerning
the gods two things are at once of the first import-
ance, her honor from the gods and her zeal for the
gods. Here again, consider the honor from the gods.
Should one prize more highly the sojourns among
you with which they honored the community or the
nurture with which they fostered those in office
like their very own children? Or the trials they
arranged? And again among the trials, should one
prize more highly the cases where they stood trial
against one another for the city or those mixed
trials of heroes and gods transferred to the city
before a jury of gods?
237. Again in the case of the gifts, it is just as
hard to pick out the most important. Let one city
contend with another also concerning these, one
having the crops of Demeter, another those of
Dionysus, the latter being those not only from the
vine, but also from the cultivated trees in general.
Let the third recount the gift of Athena, this too
being double. Are not the honors from the gods
enough for distribution to many cities for each to
pride itself on having the very best ?
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION
238. Again, the acts of devotion toward the gods:
on the one hand, the temples, on the other, the
annual sacrifices and processions. Of these some
have arisen among you first, while others are still
today carried out among you in an unsurpassable
manner. Since those who once partake of the
ineffable mysteries fare, it seems, better after the
end of life, who would not say that the mysteries as
one title suffice to balance against all?
239. But her intercourse with mankind has left
ungranted what manner of benefaction? It has
produced all kinds: in the first place, the sharing
of the gift of crops; next the second sharing of a
gift, that of the mysteries; thirdly, the protection
in wars; fourthly, the aid ever given to all through
wisdom, both for the individual families of the
cities and for their communities. Furthermore, in
the case of wisdom itself should we select the laws,
since those the majority still use are yours, or the
traditional forms of discourse? And of the tradition-
al forms of discourse, whether those of oratory or
those of dialectic, whether those of poetry, or the
other style of composition, and if you will, what
form of poetry? For in whatever you may name
as first or last, the first prize belongs to this
city.
240. Examine now the subject of her wars: on
the one hand, her private struggles, on the other,
those in behalf of all the rest, again her achieve-
ments on her own soil, and again, those on foreign
soil, Hellenic as well as Barbarian. And will you
select her courage or her philanthropy exhibited in
these same wars ? For as in one stream all divisions
you may make flow together again and coalesce, so
the wars in the service of her suppliants and the
blessings of her wisdom flow together again into
the theme of her benefactions, while her own
quarrels and those in behalf of her suppliants flow
together into the theme of her wars.
241. Again, in the case of the wars, in behalf of
themselves or the wars in behalf of others, must one
choose the naval battles or the infantry battles or
the cavalry battles or the battles against the walls
of fortifications? For in all these respects the city
was very strong. And if you will, what was the most
important among her battles on the sea, or what
among those on the mainland? But here, certainly,
let three battles be recognized as records with
which she has surpassed, if not herself, at least all
the others indisputably: the infantry battle at
Marathon, the naval battle at Salamis-as cavalry
battle I am at a loss what to choose, but that at
Mantinea will do. I stop here, for no one has ever
even questioned her supremacy in battles against
fortifications.
85
242. And furthermore shall we make the award
on the number of her trophies or on the importance
of her achievements? Or how shall we define the
merit? Thus, she wins through each and all in
many ways. In fact, she has fought many, many
superlatively great contests in behalf of the noblest
ideals, and many noble trophies have been erected
by Athens and very many and very noble and
superior in all ways are the traditions of this city.
I shall add that she has producedmilitary and naval
commandersof the greatest wisdom, keenness, and
justice, and in greater number than have all the
other Hellenes together.
243. To sum it up, men obtain a fullness of life
in three ways, by the good supply of necessities, by
the noble fruits of culture, by preparation for war.
The first is common to both peace and war-for
there are two situations-the second a relaxation
in time of peace, the third enables them to defend
what they have. Of these, accordingly, let whatever
one wishes be most important. Let these be granted
to three cities as their titles to fame, one each to
each one. Well then, I assert that against which-
ever of those cities one judges this city, the victory
belongs to this city. For she will appear to have
produced all three and to have progressed furthest
in all. So she wins with any judges and besides in all
areas. Hence one could not hesitate to say that she
ought to be proclaimedamong the Hellenes the first
and second and third, as they do in the chariot
races. Fair enough, since it was Athens, not Sicily,
which originated the chariot!
244. Well, such is the case with these advantages.
But again consider her size and her architecture in
general. Who could find words worthy of her whole
felicity and the great repute of the Athenians? On
the one hand, the very circuit of the town is largest
of the cities in Hellas, fairest of those anywhere!
And I do not count the walls which once stretched
to the sea, altogether a day's journey in length, and
near the sea other circuits, counterpartsof the walls
around the city. But the demes can surely be in-
spected, some of which have been made more noble
in appearance than the cities in other lands, and
the rivalry of all their beauty can be seen, that
from nature and that from art, that in town and
that out in the country.
245. Of the natural advantages there is here air
superior to the ordinary, and such harbors that
each of them alone is worth many ordinary harbors.
Moreover,there is the position of the Acropolis it-
self and the charm of a fresh breeze, as it were,
which strikes one everywhere. This too is worth
noting among these same advantages: that other
cities, whatever kind of sky they may have, are
86 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
usually surpassed by their own rural areas, while,
with the air of all Attica being as good and pure
as it is, best and purest is that above the city. One
would recognize her by the way the air above her
head gleams, as it were, from afar.
246. And such are the advantages from nature,
though I did not begin to list all she has. But
again-among the advantages from art what
should one assume to be most important or what
mention first? For here temples are the largest and
most beautiful of those anywhere. And as for
statues, quite apart from those which dropped from
heaven, there are the best works, both ancient and
modern, of the best art. Besides, there are veritable
treasuries of books such as appear nowhere else on
earth and constitute indeed a native, home-grown
glory of Athens. And as there should be with
today's opportunity and way of life, there are baths,
athletic grounds, and gymnasia overpowering in
their magnificence and luxury. Hence, if one were
to deprive the city of her heroic figures of legend
like Erichthonius and Cecrops, her myths, the
stories about her part in the gift of crops, her
trophies both on land and sea, her literature, her
men, all that through which she has passed in the
course of endless time, and would look at her as at
the cities of today which are so proud of themselves,
she has enough to win on the basis of what meets
the eye alone.
247. Again some things she has had, other things
she does have. And she has neither been stripped
of the record of the pre-eminenceshe used to have
nor again has she been left out of the present
felicity, in case one likes to have this too recalled,
but alone among cities she wins over the ancient
with the ancient, over the modern with the modern,
and if you wish, over the ancient with the modern,
over the modern with the ancient-with her own,
I mean, over that of others.
248. One will see her superiority also from the
following illustrations. All who have even a little
something in common with the city pose as better
than the rest of the Hellenes. She falls behind in no
distinction which any at all pride themselves on
having, yet she has no rival sharing throughout in
her own titles to fame. For instance, the Argives
claim to be very old among the Hellenes. Then so
is the city of the Athenians. And the antiquities of
the Argives are not at all in a class with those of
the Athenians nor would any impartial judge say
so. The Arcadians were autochthonous, yes, after
the Athenians, and in the second tests they are
surpassed with the discovery and gift of the crops.
It is quite clear from the fact that the Hellenes
bring their first fruits here but not there. Very good
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
are the Lacedaemoniansin respect to war, but so is
the city of the Athenians, while in the second
test, a noble ambition to take risks for others, honors
are awarded to the Athenians. The birth of deities
gives Thebes grace and honor. Of these deities,
however, one revealed his gift in Attica, the other
the Athenians proclaimed a god as first of the
Hellenes to do so, quite apart from the adventures
which Theseus shared with him. All recall the
strength of the Thebans at the end. Well, this city
was responsible for it. And when resistance was
necessary, Athens did not hesitate. One would have
reason to praise the Corinthians for justice. How-
ever, this city has not merely willed justice, but has
continuously been making just awards to others.
249. Most famous of all are the games in Greece;
again of these oldest are the Panathenaea, and if
you wish, the Eleusinia. Then it is the gift of the
city which permits the staging of all these games.
I say "the gift of the city" because the gift from
Athena is indeed the city's. The Samothracians
pride themselves on their sacred rites, and these
are the most famous of all, except the Eleusinian
rites. Well yes, Delos is dedicated to the gods. But
Delos belongs to this city. And to think that the
open road to Delphi is an achievement of this city,
that the sacred embassy, the Pythaid, is an ances-
tral custom of the Athenians alone! What reason
for all this could one offer except the will of the gods
who wish that everywhere Athens have first rank
and that this city, as it were, have a hand in all the
noble enterprises?
250. Moreover,among the cities of Asia there are
those who pride themselves on the size of their
temples, others on the architecture of their baths
which are provided in excess of the need. This city
has even these things to an unsurpassable degree,
just as a recently founded city might. And best of
all! It is you who possess the temples and the
theaters for the display of distinction which the
others particularly desire to show the world by
means of statues. There are wonderful statues, and
among these the one which you have on the Acro-
polis wins first place. The primacy in sculpture is
yours quite apart from the fact that also the most
beautiful statues anywhere in a certain sense belong
to this city. For of all the most gifted, as it seems,
she is a home and she is leader in all wisdom and
art, so that she excels not only in her sculpture but
in her sculptors too.
251. Again, I must not omit this either: of seven
men who became famous for wisdom, one has come
from this city, and of two excellent lawgivers one
was this same man. Furthermore, to two men of
yore, a vote of confidence has been given by the
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TRANSLATION
gods as we have heard, namely to Lycurgus the
Lacedaemonian and to Socrates from your own
midst. Hence, the city shares in the pride in the
common things and the pride in the finest things,
and there is nothing of renown to which the name
of Athens is not applied.
252. Furthermore, if one could ask which of the
courts among the Hellenes was most honored and
revered, all would name the court of the Areopagus.
"And who adopted customs of the greatest
community spirit and concern for those in need?"
"The city of the Athenians," both Athenians and
non-Athenians alike would have to say if they
wished to tell the truth.
253. To submit complete proofs of all this would
be a long task and take a long time, but here are
three customs which you alone of men instituted:
that of pronouncing each year at their graves a
funeral oration in praise of the men themselves who
died in defense of the city, that of supporting their
children at public expense until maturity, and of
then sending them back to their paternal estates
with a complete suit of armor, that of supporting
the economically weak among the citizens at public
expense. Hence, honoring both strength and weak-
ness, you have taught the proper respect in each
case.
254. Moreover, whence have come decrees either
more brilliant or more generous? They have been
mentioned in the foregoing discussion and I pass
them by, but let one of them serve me as a sample
for the whole argument in connection therewith,
namely, the decree passed against Arthmius of
Zeleia. When in the service of the King, he carried
gold to the Peloponnese, they passed a decree
declaring him an enemy of the Athenian people and
depriving him and his family of their rights and
privileges. Surely all the decrees of the others to-
gether are inferior to this one decree of the Athen-
ians.
255. Embassies, moreover, were most frequent.
Very many were those she received, very many
those she sent out. And this is important if it is
accepted without arguments as applying to every
situation; if it is not so accepted, it becomes more
important as you add the specification. For in-
stance, very many were those she dispatched in
behalf of her petitioners from time to time. Then all
the embassies she carried through on each occasion
that she was persuading the Hellenes jointly not to
keep warring upon each other or when she was
consoling those in need! One must make omissions
because the embassies were numerous, but here I
shall recall just two of them. The Argives were
engaged in civil dissensions, and she stopped them.
87
The Cretans were waging war on one another, and
she effected a conciliation.
256. Moreover, piety, forbearance, self-respect!
Who could cite a finer example of these qualities
than this ? When the Corinthianshad voted not to
receive at their festal assembly the festal delegation
from here but had even through an embassy for-
bidden the city to send one, the Athenians equipped
both their delegates and their hoplites and dis-
patched them together; but when the latter reached
Eleusis, the Corinthiansarrived with a peace offer,
and the Athenians, sending their delegation on,
led the hoplites back.
257. Ah yes, Eleusis. Of the mysteries, some have
been revered as ancient, others as indispensable,
still others as familiar to very many. By any test,
however, the Eleusinian Mysteries come out first.
In fact, concerning the others it is not our duty to
speak, but you alone of the Hellenes every year put
on a festival inferior to no quadriennialfestival and
receive in the Eleusinion more than others receive
in their whole city. Indeed all on each occasion
contend with the past to make the current festival
the greatest on recordin multitude of human beings.
258. Ah yes, human beings! But Heracles and the
Dioscuri! All presumably hold that these at least
are gods. Well it was while they were consorting
with men that the city revealed the sacred rites to
these, first of strangers. Hence she is clearly the one
who sanctified these heroes to whom we now offer
sacred rites.
259. Again, in respect to contests! This one city
even today celebrates more games than all the rest.
One might almost say that all festivals are either
among you alone or from you. In fact at least one
of three things has occurred: in some cases the
festival began with you; in others it is best performed
among you; here in still others it has the most
events.
260. Moreover,there are some poor souls who, not
having any immediately usable asset of their own
to show or any field of accomplishment to mention
or anything in which to take a legitimate pride, go
back to Homeric times and dispute about some
hero's distinction without adducing, even so, any
common deed of their own but associating them-
selves with one man's fame. The Phthiotes and
Pylians and Ithacans, for instance, like some who,
poor in land of their own, deem themselves among
the rich because of one man. But this city, while
she does not need to go back for that reason to
Homeric times, is not deprived even of that satis-
faction. On the contrary, the common poet of the
Hellenes says in the catalogue of ships and cities
that the commander of the Athenians reached the
88 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
highest perfection in the "marshalling of chariots
and of shield-bearingmen." And what gives greater
value to the compliment and makes it so neat is
this: the others whom he praises as best in respect
to their physical condition or even in some other
respect, if it so happens, he praises as best of the
Achaeans or as best of such and such. In one case,
at any rate, he says best "of men and steeds who
followed the sons of Atreus," and on another
occasion he says that "of those who were then at
Ilion" he was supreme in archery. And his Nestor
refers to some of the brilliant figures of his own
time, "For I once consorted with even better men
than you," and straightway counts many such, here
again with a qualification that they were similar
to each other and that no one of them was visibly
superior. But in making mention of Menestheus,the
poet has used no such qualifications, but concisely,
without these remarks, he says at once, "His peer
has not yet arisen on the earth." Among the things
that occurred a little earlier than these he narrates
concerning Erechtheus that the goddess nurtured
him, the Earth herself bore him. Therefore, it is
perhaps not at all unnatural that in proclaiming
those whom he has selected as definitely best in
each respect, he makes a differencewhen he praises
one of those born in this country. He proclaims the
others with a qualification either of time or of race,
but when he praises as best one of those born in
this country, he praises him once and for all as best
of all those born anywhere on the earth. Finally,
when he makes two of the Achaeans best in respect
to the deeds of war, Salamis of course supplies one
of the ethnics by which he identifies them.
261. Of course one impressive thing that they say
about the constitution of the Lacedaemonians is
that the god originally ordainedtheir laws for them.
But this same god obviously made for our city its
divisions into tribes and clans, when he appointed
for each the proper sacrifices to offer, exactly as he
determinedfor them, kings and archons and practic-
ally the whole constitution. Hence the god would
be lawgiver of this city no less than of theirs.
262. I wish in a few words to remind you of her
constitution, as far as I am able. For in fact all
praise it, yet almost no one has searchingly detected
all that lies in it. I call it both simple and not
simple. For to make a distinction as far back as
possible, there are three constitutions and which-
ever one a man prefers he assigns to this city.
Kingships she has obviously been using right from
the beginning, a goodly number of generations,
kingships not only of the Erechtheidae, but even
of those who later were deemed worthy. Again
democracy! Every child knows the democracy
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
which has arisen among you: it is democracy in its
purest form and of all the most important. And
finally, everyone who has looked into the Council
of the Areopagus would say, I think, that it is not
possible to find a nobler ideal of aristocracy or one
which better preserves the name.
263. Thus all types of constitution have taken
their start from here. For as if the city were drafting
formulas to serve mankind, for each group to
choose what suited its own inclinations and customs,
so she discovered all types and presented them in
public, aiding mankind everywhere, which is the
same intention she had had, according to our inter-
pretation, with regard to the crops and in many
other different activities.
264. There is a fact even more important and
more conclusive. It will appear that the kings
themselves were to a higher degree than all the
others pleased with her equality of rights and
privileges and especially, I believe, became in their
sentiments of one mind with the Many, and that
the People, wherever they find, in case they do,
someone superior to the Many, voluntarily make
him their chief and use him as a perpetual ruler but
keep the same reward also for the Few, in case they
perceive that a few are better than the others but
rivals among themselves. Likewise it will appear
that the Councilis ever looking for ways to strength-
en the People, having never made a separate
reckoning of its own interest but judging that it
was a noble advantage and one consistent with its
dignity to preside over the Many salutarily with
good repute.
265. Hence no wonder the city can be famous
beyond all the others not only in respect to each
form of constitution but even in respect to the
mixture of constitutions. For just as, on the one
hand, this whole universe, I think, came together
from four elements as the ancient tale says, but, on
the other hand, each of these itself partakes, by its
natural development, also of the rest, while sepa-
rately each kind of element has received its name
by its excess, so also in respect to the constitutions,
even if they happen to be as distinct as possible, it
is right for them in some way or other to partake of
each other, if we really are going to behold a king-
ship that is upright and just or a government of the
Few, likewise of the Many, that is upright and just.
266. One would understand if he were to study
the kingships which have arisen in this city against
those which have arisen anywhere else either in
Hellas or on barbarian soil, again the democracy
which has arisen at Athens against the democracies
of the others, and finally the Council of the Areo-
pagus against the sovereign and guiding bodies any-
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TRANSLATION
where else. For if we ought to leave the others aside
and speak of democracy alone, all who have shared
in this form will appear in their designs and appe-
tites to have been much more reckless and out-
rageous but in the dignity and splendor of their
achievement not to have come anywhere near the
men from this city.
267. Again there is the following which this city
was the first to teach: not to give one's vote to
wealth nor to be impressed by it either. She never
exalted those who were superior merely because of
their estates but she deemed that only protection
from injury on that account was due them from
her; nor did she ever in any way assign less to those
who were superiorin virtue while inferiorin wealth;
she, who knew that of household slaves one con-
siders as best not the richest but the most loyal,
considered it, I presume, disgraceful that the worth
of those who claim to be free should be defined in
terms of wealth instead of each man being con-
sidered such as he personally is. And in consequence
she alone of cities did not transpose the rule and
make the third by natural right the first by law,
nor has she ever been seen behaving like some of
those who claim to be philosophers, whom one can
see speaking in this way about these matters but
in action ever bowing and yielding to whoever they
feel are economically stronger. But she is seen
conducting to high office and trusting and deeming
worthy of all honor, not those from the highest
census classes but those who are most suitable in
respect to their characters, in the opinion that he
who would win in respect to virtue wins in the over-
all reckoning. She showed these qualities not least
at the time she reached her greatest strength.
268. For while among the famous men at Athens
in those days some were rich beyond the first houses
of Hellas, but others as poor as could be, she chose
for the presidency of Hellenic interests one of the
latter. And in consequence he achieved glory by his
assessments, the city by her decisions.
269. While there are many things that one could
say about the constitution, many remarks actually
have been anticipated and time is being subtracted,
and it is not absolutely necessary to mention them.
But one point I shall add and then finish the dis-
cussion of this topic too.
270. The best group and the group in power have
coincided here, and while the posts of honor are
allowed only to the most suitable, to live their
lives is in the highest degree the common right of
all. This is surely a mark, is it not, of a truly free
city and constitution? Though it is possible to live
here as one wishes, honor and power are not for
those who want them but for those who have been
89
tested. And in consequence both in the struggles of
war and in the discharge of duties they acted
reasonably throughout; they would not go about
their public tasks with an interest that was half-
hearted or even less, but all in the same way vied
with each other in zeal to the best of their ability.
Commonthe fatherland for which they fought and
toiled, and in common the battles, and no arrange-
ment for one group merely to run the risks and for
the other group to be masters in case of conquest.
From these roots accordingly flowered concord and
mutual trust throughout the city. If a disagreement
anywhere were actually to arise, without much
difficulty they would come to a mutual under-
standing, and for courage, if anywhere it might be
needed, there was nothing to compare with them.
To me it seems that not even five-game champions
who win all the events prevail to such a degree in
the overall test.
271. On what occasionswould any speakernot be
better off in remembering the city? On military
expeditions? And where would he get nobler ex-
amples? Or by using which stories of courage
would he produce a better exhortation? Well, at
the festal assemblies? But she herself is leader in
these. Well, at the political assemblies and in the
management of city affairs? And what people in
its history combines more keenness and gentleness
or what popular leaders in history are more worthy
of admiration? Well, in the training in Discourse
and other knowledge? No, even now it is here that
they all congregate, and by the good fortune of the
city the generations of the lovers of knowledge
have not died without it being constantly necessary
for those anywhere on earth who mention the forms
of Discourse to mention the Athenians at the same
time, and they would never cast the image from
their souls, where they see the forms as in a mirror.
272. And in consequencefor all mankind the name
and the soil of this city is greatly revered, because
all think that nothing else is one and the same. In
fact, both commoners and kings have honored her,
in neither case with some small tokens but in such
a way that they themselves rejoiced in the unpre-
cedented characterof the honors they were showing.
273. Unmistakable also is the good will shown by
the gods themselves and the supporting vote even
through the common mantis and exegete who is
ancestral to the city, as they invite her to offer in
behalf of the Hellenes the sacrifices before the time
of tillage and as they name her mother-city of the
crops, nay more, deem her worthy to wear a crown,
her crown of victory, throughout her life. "An eagle
among the clouds" the gods call her in comparison
with other cities.
90 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER
274. To this alone among cities, as it seems, two
incongruousthings have happened. Both very many
and very fine are the tributes spoken by men con-
cerning this city, and yet no city has received less.
For she has been admired above all others, yet has
heard no song of praise worthy of her. Yes, formerly
I used to rejoice to hear the city called "the hall of
wisdom," and "the hearth of Hellas," and "the
pillar of Hellas" and by all such lyrical terms. Now,
on the other hand, it seems to me that all these ex-
pressions fall too short, but if ever a city were to be
addressed as "legate of gods" or as "kin" thereof
or as "image of the virtue and standard of the power
in human nature," this city, I think, would have
deserved the acclamation.
275. Because of these things, oh men of Hellas,
it is reasonable not to feel either envy or shame in
yielding to the city, but actually to take pride in
magnifying her with all one's power. For when the
[TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.
Athenians are victorious, the victory lies with you.
It is impossible for all to be best among all. But as
when a chief magistrate is eminent, the city sharesin
his fame, so when the leading city is being honored
with the honors that are her due, all share in the
pride. I believe it causes the Athenians themselves
no shame either, if anyone worships their Acropolis.
Therefore, you too must think the city a kind of
acropolis or crown of Hellas and of your race,
honoring her by act and by word and sharing in her
glory, but you must not think that you yourselves
are being deprived.
276. It is finished; we too have wrought a work
of art, the reasoned discourse of our logos instead
of the peplos, an adornment for the spectacle of the
Panathenaea. To give it a grace is for her, the very
goddess of both the Logos which is Reason and the
city.
 PART III

COMMENTARY

1. "Foster-parents," TpoqcpaS. In the sermo pub- "Fathers of fathers." Tyrtaeus apud Strabo VI 3,
licus of contemporary Greek, this word meant a 3 (C. 280), aiXprriTaiwra-rTpcov fpE?T-rpcov
rraTppEs.
benefactor who gave grain; Louis Robert, Hellen- Artabanus in Herodotus VII 5I, 2 implies that the
ica 7 (I949): ch. VII, cites inscriptions, coins, and Athenians are fathers of the fathers of the Ionians,
Dio of Prusa XLVIII (ed. von Arnim, 2: p. 90), when he calls the Athenians "the fathers." The
and other references may be found by consulting opposite phrase "children's children" occurred in
the Bull. ep. 1960: p. 438. In early Greek poetry the oath at Plataea according to Diodorus IX
the word meant someone other than the actual I0, 2.
parent, someone who raised and taught a child. "Good will from all." Demosthenes XVIII 94
An appreciation of the importance of foster-parents says that Athens has earned the good will from all.
in early times is offered by L. Gernet, "Fosterage For other examples see J. de Romilly, "Eunoia in
et legende," Melanges Glotz (Paris, I932), pp. 385- Isocrates or the Political Importance of Creating
395. The Athenians, as the audience will hear, gave Good Will," JHS 78, (I958): pp. 92-IOI.
mankind both grain and paideia. Marcus Aurelius 2. "The truly pure training that pre-eminently
uses tropheusfor magistriand educator(Farquharson, produces a man, the training in disciplines and in
P. 437). arts of discourse," Tpopiqs ... TTiSEv pa"cOaaicKai
"Belonging in some way to the Hellenes." Con- X6yoiS. The usual Greek word for education and
trast Demosthenes IX 31, "Philip belonging in no training was paideia, which H. I. Marrou, Histoire
way to the Hellenes." Aristides means "by descent de l'educationdans l'antiquite (2nd ed., Paris, I950),
or perhaps even by education" (cf. Isocrates IV 50). p. 299 explains as the treatment which one should
See Aristides, The Rhodian Oration beginning ... apply to a child and which the Romans translated
"to those in general who belong to the Hellenes." as humanitasbecause it was designed to produce an
"Namegivers and providers," CrrovvJiouS Kai rropi- adult man. Aulus Gellius XIII 17, I says that those
crTaS.The phrase constitutes a pair of synonyms who use the word humanitas correctly apply it to
such as Demosthenes often used for emphasis, e.g. paideia and that it is called humanitasbecause the
IV 33, -raciia Kai rroplacrai.In his own Panathenaic urge to train himself in this knowledge has been
Isocrates (XII IOI) called the Lacedaemonians given to man alone. Albinus, Epitome (ed. Louis)
&pXrlyoiKaila8ocu<aAolof crimes, while he excused I 4 couples the terms paideia and trophe, rraiS6iaS
some Athenians as mere imitators of such deeds. 6p0fiS Kai Tpocpfis TTiSTrpocrnKoUorl.In the Timaeus
The Athenians are not here called "namesakes" of 44b-c Plato speaks of "a correct training (-rpoqpl
Athena despite the popularity of interpretations of 6p6i rrraitEraE?coS), whole and completely sound." A
proper names (cf. Rhet. Gr. II I09 Spengel) but general account of different theories of education
"namegivers" of the civilized way of life. On may be found in H.-I. Marrou,Histoirede l'education
this subject see L. Ph. Rank, Etymologiseeringen dans l'antiquite (2nd ed., Paris, I950). Aristides ex-
verwanteVerschijnselenbij Homerus (Etymologizing presses himself broadly enough to cover both the
and Related Phenomena in Homer), Diss. Utrecht, rhetorical and the philosophical ideal. The mathe-
1951, and literature therein cited. On the power mata and logoi, which reappear in section 40, are
which namegivershave over the future see Neustadt, mentioned together by Isocrates, Panath. 26-29.
Hermes 64 (I929): p. 246. For Isocrates the mathematawere more elementary
"Various foster-parents ... but as universal studies; for the Academy the mathematawere a
fosterparents who are teachers of all." For the Jews higher training in arithmetic, geometry, harmonics,
according to Philo the patriarchs were the arche- and astronomy, as outlined by Ph. Merlan, From
getai, such as Aristides might call foster-parents,but Platonism to Neoplatonism (The Hague, 1953), ch.
the Athenians in the mind of Aristides were the IV, "The Origin of the Quadrivium,"who refers the
ancestors of the civilization in which even the Jews reader to the Protagoras 3I8e and to other passages
have a part. The Athenians are prior to Philo's of Plato and particularly to the Epinomis gg d-e.
archegetai. The broad word logoi would cover persuasion and
91
92 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

instruction as manifested in public speaking and and arts. On philosophiaand Athens see Isocrates IV
writing (Plato, Phaedrus259e-26 a). Here it means 47-5I, who speaks also of logoi.
grammatic (literature), dialectic (philosophy) and "In keeping with the circumstances,"rTCV rrpay-
rhetoric. Two Athenian inscriptions, IG II2 3801 avriKpus. In his study of the Panegyric
aTrrcov
and 11551, call the head of the Stoic School at of Isocrates (Historia, Einzelschrift 2 [I958]: pp.
Athens "the succeedingprofessorof the logoiderived 24-26) Buchner explains the term "circumstances"
from Zenon" (Trov86a8o0XovT-rV &rroZivcovoSX6ycov). which Isocrates uses in the epilogue (? 187) by the
An inscription of Iasos, GIBM 925, speaks of three terms which Isocrates uses in the prooemium
education in the logoi of philosophy (ev TOisKacTa (? 14), namely, the subject, the speaker's reputation
piXoao<piavX6yois). Diogenes Laertius VII I68 (== and the time.
SVF I 463) describes Cleanthes as toiling in the 3. This section is derived partly from Isocrates,
at
gardens night and practicing in the logoi during Paneg. 74 ("It has not escaped me," the difficulty
the day. Plato, Laws I 641 e speaks of Athens as the of coming last) and partly from rhetorical prefaces.
city that delights in discourse (philologos and Hyperides VI 2 is confident that "the things left
polylogos). The four mathemataand the skills sub- out by me you, the hearers, will add." Diodorus
sumed by Aristides as logoi constitute the Seven Siculus I 3 criticizes most historians for having
Liberal Arts of the enkykliospaideia. Today Marrou written of isolated wars, finds that only a few have
provides the best general study, but in 1845 F. attempted something big and of these some have
Ritschl traced them as far back as Varro in an not covered everything that they should have
article, "De M. Terentii Varronis disciplinarum covered, and notes that this or that was omitted by
libris commentarius,"best consulted in his Opuscula others because of the difficulty of treating it.
philologica III 352-402. See also H. J. Mette, "Extensions," 'KSpovas. Philo De somniis I 8-9
"'EyIUKAxtosTlaiSdia," Gymnasium 67 (I960): pp. writes: "The ends pursued in the different branches
300-307. The term technai eleutherioi occurs in of knowledgeprove to be not only hard to reach, but
Plutarch but would not have been pure enough for absolutely beyond finding. That is why one man is a
the style of Aristides. A. Katzenellenbogen, "The better scholar or geometricianthan another because
Representation of the Seven Liberal Arts," publ- no limit can be set to the extensions (TrrrlTra'eS) and
ished apud M. Clagett, G. Post and R. Reynolds enlargements (TapauvloaeS)of his subject in all
(editors), Twelfth-centuryEurope and the Founda- directions" (translation of Colson and Whitaker).
tions of Modern Society (University of Wisconsin Aristides of course intends to show that he is a
Press, I96I), pp. 39-55 studies the twelfth-century better orator by indicating (not exhausting) all the
miniature in the Hortus Deliciarum of Herrad of forms of praise (see section I70).
Landsberg (fig. 3), which illustrates the tradition 4. "Story of the constitution." See F. Jacoby,
in which the Athens of Aelius Aristides is described Atthis: The Local Chroniclesof Ancient Athens (Ox-
as the source of the mathemataand the logoi. In the ford, I949).
inner circle sits Philosophia enthroned with a crown "Funeral orations": cf. Demosthenes XX I45.
of three heads which represent the three parts of Extant are those of Thucydides (Pericles), Lysias,
Philosophy and are identified by inscriptions as Plato (Menexenus), Demosthenes, and Hyperides.
Logica, Ethica, Phisica (sic). Seven streams emanate See Josef Walz, Der lysianische Epitaphios (Philo-
from Philosophia, and immediately below her are logus, Supplementband XXIX, Heft 4 [I936]).
Socrates and Plato. The seven streams from "Turned aside, showing themselves afraid." Cf.
Philosophia have filled the space enclosed by the Demosthenes VI II. Aristides, however, probably
outer circle so that it is occupied by the Seven has in mind the absurd dialogue which Isocrates
Liberal Arts each distinctly separated from the appended to his Panathenaic.
other. The seven Liberal Arts are here actually "Afraid of proving unequal to the subject." Is
identified by inscriptions as Astronomia, Geome- he thinking of Plato, Menexenus239 b-c ?
tria, Arithmetica, Musica, Rethorica (sic), Dialetica "Her openness to all and her love of man,"
(sic), and at the very top Grammatica. Much inter- rT^VKlvoTriTa KCi9icavepcoTriCav. The voluntary re-
esting material was collected in the fifth century linquishing of holdings in Greek cities doubtless im-
after Christ by Martianus Capella, De nuptiis pressed Ephorus: Diodorus XV 29, 7 comments,
Mercurii et Philologiae, on which Remigius com- 6ia 6ETaurrrnvT-rVptXcavepcorriav the Athenians re-
mentated. See Cora E. Lutz, "Remigius' Ideas on covered the leadership of allies. Pericles says, "We
the Classificationof the Seven Liberal Arts," Tra- present our city open to all," -rTv rT yap -rrw6v KOIVtn
ditio 12 (1956): pp. 65-86, especially pp. 72f. on Trap?xop?v(Thucyd. II 39). Isocrates IV 52 says of
the old problem of the differencebetween disciplines ancestors: raravra yap r Xpov
pv 81E?T-?Eav,KOIVTVV
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 93
TrV 'wapxov-rEs.Isocrates, Antidosis 300 says aitia see L. Pearson, "Prophasis and Aitia," TAPA
Trw6Av
part of Hellas recognizes that "there are none more 73 (I952): pp. 205-223.
kindly and concerned for all" (o086vacS yap elvac 5. "Her traditions of Discourse," T-rvA6ycov.Her
1rpaoTrpovS o08? KOlvo"rtpous) than the Athenians. logoi embraceall the various fields of legend, science,
The phrase applied at one time to the ideal which eloquence, philosophy, history, etc. The word at
Demosthenes embraced for the foreign policy of first meant myths, stories, accounts which trans-
Athens as we may infer from Aeschines III 249, mitted knowledge of the past. It came to mean a
cited below in the commentary to section 252. kind of history, and with Gorgias and the writers
Demosthenes saw the interests of Athens in the of the fourth century three new meanings were
interests of Greece and promoted his policy as added, the logoi of scientists, the logoi of orators,
primarily in the interests of Athens. Demosthenes and the logoi of philosophical debate (Georg
XL 32: vvi vle'TS
5' p?V OOUTCS EcrrT KotVOi Kcl Pfligersdorffer,"A6yio5und die Aoyioi vOepcoTroi bei
Tr&vTrpi'owvraceS upvya- Demokrit,"
9iNa(vepcootoidoar' ouSCTroVS Wiener Studien, 61-62 [I943-I947]:
X 'icS CaaTe. For various implica-
6EVCaai aK TIS Tr6'EcoS PP. 5-49).
tions of the word philanthropiasee Hubert Martin, 6. "For, as it happens, even the beginning in-
"The Concept of philanthropiain Plutarch's Lives," volves more than is plainly visible and readily com-
AJP 82 (I96I): pp. I64-I75 with bibliography, and prehensible," ovppaivEl Kai -Trfv apXiv avfiKEtvEIS
83 (I962): pp. 329f. Polybius II 38, 8 praises the -rTOrrAeov
Tro qpavEpoU
KcaiwrpoX)(Epo. To an audience
Achaean League for its iao6rTS Kai qptXavOpco7ria: accustomed to exegesis the term phaneronkai pro-
"For by preserving no special privileges for original cheironindicated a literal interpretation, a surface
members, and putting all new adherents exactly meaning. A. Kerrigan, "The Objects of the Literal
on the same footing, it soon attained the aim it and Spiritual Senses of the New Testament accord-
had set itself, being aided by two very powerful ing to St. Cyril of Alexandria," Studia Patristica 1
coadjutors, equality and humanity" (Paton's trans- (I957): PP. 354-374 cites among expressions that
lation). are exclusively exegetical ti ... &nrTA
Kai Trp6xEipos
"Some by making this material an ingredient of -rTCVEiprinvcov 86uvaptS (PG 72.749 B). Aristides
their compositions on other subjects." Compare alerts the audience to expect more than a literal in-
Isocrates, Panath. 35. terpretation in the description and narrative. In
"As if it were a vast ocean which offered no sections 140 and 170 Aristides reminds the audience
boundaries to the eye," dca-rrEp TEXcayous &irEipou of the symbolism or spiritual exegesis in his oration.
Kai rTOT'6opQ)Oipos
1 oX opilovoros (mss., 6palroU Section go presents a fine specimen of this spiritual
Ovro5H. Holleck, Conjectaneacritica [Breslau, 1874], exegesis.
pp. 3-4). Compare Albinus, Epit. X 6, "the vast "Oldest of those within memory is this city,"
ocean of the beautiful." ETvalTCOVEVIViPl,l TVrV r6XAv. Solon
TrpECpUrTa&TrlV
"They fell far short ... a need arose for the called Athens the oldest city of Ionia. The insistence
discourse." Compare Plato, Phaedrus 247c, on the on the priority of Athens may reflect a tradition of
description of the vrrEpovpavloST'r6oS. the autochthonous origin of the Athenians or even
"Responsibility ... blame." The section ends a comparison with the Logos. Aristotle, Metaph.
with a play on the two meanings of the word aiTria, A 3, 983b32 says TltcobT-rrovyap TO1TpEacpuTTrrov,
"cause" and "blame." These ideas are associated and the subject is well discussed by B. A. van Gro-
in the word as used by Herodotus and many Greek ningen, In the Grip of the Past: Essay on an Aspect
writers. The sentence seems a facetious imitation of of Greek Thought (Leyden, I953).
distinctions in general such as in Prodicus of Ceus "Many as in a circle are the starting-points which
or Plato or more specifically in the speech of the the case temptingly offers," iKai iroAAas
C oTrEp v
Corinthiansof Thucyd. I 69, 6. Furthermore,he has KUKAcp r&as apXaS 6? Ayos rrpo6EiKVCaiv.The
not "put forwarda pretext (axipfa)inferiorto the word 7rpoSEiKvuaIV
here receives much the same
subject" (section 3). Hence he is playing not only meaning that it has in Themistius (cited in the
with two meanings of the word airiac but with a GEL).Thoughthe wordapx&smeans"beginnings"
Thucydidean distinction between true and false or "starting-points" and the word Aoyos means
atriac. In view of a tradition beginning with Hesiod's "case," there is a deliberate pun on the language of
Good and Bad Eris, the passage sounds less stilted contemporary philosophy. According to Clement,
in Greek than in English. For aitia see B. A. van Strom. IV 156-7 (cited and translated by E. F. Os-
Groningen, In the Grip of the Past: Essay on an born, The Philosophy of Clement of Alexandria
Aspect of Greek Thought (Leyden, 1953), pp. 26-43, [Cambridge, 1957], p. 43) the Son of God is the
and for the distinction between true and false Logos: "All things come from Him. For He is the
94 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

circle of all the powers rolled into one and united... the Boeotians immediately lost the hegemony was
<Because He is the circle) the Logos is called the their neglect of logoi and of courteous association
Alpha and Omega. In Him alone the end becomes with others (rTO X6ycovKal 6piXias t-rfs rpS &dvpdb-
the beginning without any gaps." Every point in a TrovS6tlycopf'ai, where one notes the contrast with
circleis an dpxp. Forthe manyformsandopportun- philanthropia).
ities which subjects of general applicability and 8. "By the powers above," nrro TCOV Kperrr6vcov.
credibility present and the difficulty of learning For the gods as Kpeilrroussee Wilamowitz, Der
and describing them see Isocrates, Helen ii. For Glaube der Hellenen 1 (Berlin, I939): p. 19 and Ed.
the a&PX1 as the startingpoint of an encomiumsee Fraenkel's commentary on Aeschylus, Agamemnon
Isocrates, Helen I6. For implications of the word 60. See Iamblichus, De mysteriis, passim.
&PXilsee also B. A. van Groningen,In theGrip of the 9. "She produces ... a symbol of her love of
Past (Leyden, I953), pp. 74-79. The poet of the man," -rTijSpAavOpcoTricaS &rrwepEio'at3o7ov oip pEt.
Odyssey I io prays to the Muse to start from some He has just said that the city was entitled to the
place or other. hegemony, and now he assigns to the city philan-
7. "It will appear that the inhabitants, worthy thropia,one outstanding virtue of the ideal ruler.
of nothing less than this very land, never left it but "A continent among islands." Compare his Ad-
remained where they were." Ephorus F 119 (= dress to the Aegean Sea, 250 Jebb = 405 Dindorf.
Strabo IX, 400-I) pointed out that the Boeotians "Welcominghand." The islands virtually extend
were not equal to the opportunities which Boeotia a hand in the Address to the Aegean Sea, 250 Jebb
offered. That the Athenians (unlike the Boeotians) = 405 Dindorf.
were autochthonous was of course a commonplace 10. The islands which lie TreTroiKtlipval in the sea
of Herodotus, Thucydides, Euripides, and the may be compared with T'r&v -rT oCpavc TroiKi?qtcrra
orators, particularly the funeral oration. of Plato, Rep. VII 529c. The same image occurs in
"Judged by the spectacle of the present and by his Address to the Aegean Sea, 250 Jebb = 405 Din-
the record of the past." Justin Martyr, The First dorf: "As the sky has been adorned with stars, so
Apology 55, had said: "Everything concerning the the Aegean Sea has been adorned with islands."
crucifixion was foretold symbolically; this is the In the Smyrnaicus, XV Dindorf, p. 375, Aristides
greatest sign of His power and dominion, as pre- has the sea and the suburbs similarly united.
dicted by the Prophet and as is shown by all that "Like stars enclosing the moon." Pindar, fr. 87,
is visible." says that the gods call Delos a far-shining star of
"Those who in each generation administered this the blue earth. In the famous ithyphallus (Athenae-
land brought forth clear and admirable signs of us, Deipn. VI 253), which the Athenians sang to
their own justice in every exercise of power," Demetrius the Besieger, they compared Demetrius
o'i r y&p oiKiaCreS &EiTIVX)pavXp vapyfi KaOiau- with the sun surrounded by stars. Bruni, Landatio
pIaroT& 'TS arcorrv aTIlea LvSEyKav (v rravri FlorentinaeUrbis: "lunam a stellis circumdaripoeta
iTienKetxaS
"rTwrapacoX6vrt.In the passage just cited Ephorus, recte diceret quispiam" (Baron, The Crisis, p. 5I7).
criticizing the Boeotians for a lack of culture, says, "Rule over these isles came properly to this city
"not even those who in each generationpresidedover alone ... the hegemony of the others who moved
Boeotia" (prt8 TroCs&Edi etc. The into the sea was spurious." In discussing the un-
Trpotcrcrauvous),
fairness (7rEiKEta) of the Athenians may be another written law within the soul of a philosopher Maxi-
echo of Ephorus as some would argue from the mus of Tyre, Or. VI 5f, says, "This alone may be
speech of Nicolaus the Syracusan in Diodorus XIII regarded as law; the others are deceptive dogmas
21, 8 and 24, 4, but A. W. Gomme, A Historical which contain error and deceit," Kai po6vos&v Eltr
Commentaryon Thucydides2 (Oxford, I956): p. 326 ofrroS v6pos' oit 6 Xoi (or iXAcos), ol KaXopiEvoi,
assigns the speech to Timaeus. The "signs" may 066at UEvu?SKai 5irpIapTrilivat KalapaAp6M6pevai.
reflect the above-cited argument of Justin Martyr, 11. "With how much calm, delight and comfort
Apol. I 55, and may be compared with the pvapy?s the travelers land who visit her for' knowledge or for
yvcopiopaof Celsusfr. 167 and with clear samples of business," T-OVE&r6pcov're KIL Kal la-ropiav XpE(av
section 65 below. Eicaq)lpKvoujvvcv. For the last word and its fre-
"In the forbearance of their behavior and their quent association with pilgrims see Hesperia 21
courteous association with others," Tri'rov TrpO6ov (1952): p. 385. Dio Chrysostom XXXVIII 27
rrpa6TrTiKai'TaT60iA(atiS. For the famous rrpaoT6n (von Arnim) says that when men travel they do so
of the Athenians see Ath. Pol. 22, I9 and Dem- either for pleasure or for business (i,grropias). Aeneas
osthenes, Timocr. 5I. Ephorus, F. Gr. Hist. 2 A 70 Tacticus X 10 refers to visitors fq Kcrra& rraSEUvav q
F II9 from Strabo IX 2, 2, says that the reason why KaTr' MlVv T'nvaXpeiav iTrrilloOvras.
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 95
"Exalted and buoyant,")iETE'COpoS Kai Ko0Vprl. 14. "AnotherHellas, her colony, which now stands
Compare Timaeus of Locri Io4e: pETrETV8uop^ovv T-aV far removed from the barbarians,"Ionia. Xenophon,
WuIXaV... -rOVKoV9pooKai pETEbCpcov TrTTlVCVCEPO- De Vect. I 8 had said that the nearest neighbors of
Trrpcov(acolnaTa), cited by H. Holleck, Conjectanea Attica were far removed from the barbarians.
critica, pp. 4-5, who nevertheless would emend "To oppose this species as its natural enemy."
Koiprl to read 6p9iT.Compare above all Plato's de- Plato, Menexenus 245c speaks of the Athenian
scription of the souls approachingthe uOTrpoupavloScharacter as naturally antibarbarian, pvac?E1 iCaoPap-
rTOTOrin Phaedrus 246d-247e. papov, and in 245d he says "We live as very Helle-
"Athena ... removes the great mist" (cXX)uv). nes, not meixobarbaroi;hence in a pure form the
Whereas Homer, E 127 and O 668, means that hatred of the opposite nature has sunk into the
Athena enabled men to see reality, Aristides means city." Plato applied the word "pure" to hatred;
that Athena enables men to see dreams. Aristides reappliesit to the Attic dialect and genius.
12. "The stories which one cannot disbelieve," 15. "The center of a center." Contrast Libanius
T-rAEyosEvao OUK o VEOCTIV
t&rrTcrEiv.Strabo III 147 XI 14: "I shall not be persuadedto comply with the
denouncesPosidoniusfor his gullibility concerningthe usage of most orators, who strain themselves to
Spanish mines, oi yap a'rrTorivTC'Outco qC(praiv, KTA. show that whatever particular place they are
"Zoster of Attica." The aition of Zoster was told praising is the center of the earth" (Downey's
in this way by Hyperides in his Deliaczus,fr. 67 translation). This passage of Aristides is treated by
Jensen, and perhaps by Phanodemus too. W. H. Roscher, "Der Omphalosgedanke bei ver-
"From the tip of Attica ... she lighted upon the schiedenen Volkern, besonders den semitischen,"
e'Tr3paaT'rcvvrCoCv, Berichteiiber die Verhandlingender sdchsischenGe-
aipaS T'fS'ArrTTIKiS
islands," aTTr'
is a deliberate evocation and alteration of Hype- sellschaft der Wissenschaftenzu Leipzig, Phil.-hist.
rides, Deliacus fr. 67, &rT'aKpas T'rf 'ArTTiKfSi K1. 70 (I918), fasc. 2: pp. 61-63, who cites Xeno-
ArTro iTrT3r rfi vicaov.
TPl phon, De Vectigalibus I 6: "Indeed it would be
"Athena Forethought" was associated with Leto, scarcely irrational to maintain that the city of
Apollo and Artemis in the cursing of the enemies of Athens lies at the centre, not of Hellas merely, but
Hellenic religion, as Aeschines III I07-II2 reports of the habitable world. So true is it, that the farther
the consecration of Cirrhaeto Apollo. All four re- we remove from Athens the greater the extreme of
appear in Aristides XXXVII Keil I8. heat or cold to be encountered; or to use another
"Marathon, whither fortunately it was forced to illustration, the traveller who desires to traverse the
go by the nature of the terrain." Since Athena confines of Hellas from end to end will find that,
touched at Marathon on her way to Athens (Od. whether he voyages by sea or by land, he is de-
VII 80), Marathon was the old approach, particul- scribing a circle, the centre of which is Athens"
arly when Salamis was in hostile hands. Herodotus (Dakyns' translation). Athens is described in terms
VI I02 says merely that Marathon was very well proper for the cosmic city; H. P. L'Orange begins
suited to cavalry and was very near Eretria. De- his discussion of "The Cosmic City of the Ancient
mosthenes IX 5I speaks of the nature of the Mace- East" (= Studies on the Iconography of Cosmic
donian terrain helping the Athenians. Kingship in the Ancient World [published by In-
13. "The most famous races of Hellas are just stituttet for SammenlignendeKulturforskning,Serie
over the border." Xenophon, De Vectigalibas I 8 A, 23, Oslo, I953], ch. I) with the words: "Explain-
says that next to the Athenians are cities which ing how the ideal state is to be laid out, Plato in
themselves are far removed from the barbarians. 'The Laws' (745 sq.) shows us a 'cosmic' city."
Thus Aristides surpasses Xenophon on the nearest There are circles within circles. See also H. P.
neighbors and transfers Xenophon's phrase to the L'Orange, "Expressions of Cosmic Kingship in the
Ionians of his day. Ancient World," Numen Suppl. IV, The Sacral
"It is she alone who purely represents the Kingship (Leiden, I959), pp. 481-492 with biblio-
Hellenes." Plato, Menexenus 245c-d stresses that graphy. The word aoicr which Aristides uses is
the Athenians are pure Hellenes unmixed with applied to the universe in the phrase Evcripca: cf.
barbarians. In Anth. Pal. VII 45, attributed to U. Wickert, Studien zur PauluskommentarenTheo-
Thucydides, the tomb of Euripides is said to be all dors von Mopsuestia (= Beihefte zur Zeitschr.
Hellas, and his birthplace, the Hellas of Hellas, neutest. Wiss. 27, I962), pp. 9-I4.
Athens. In other words, Athens represents the "The ancient Polis, now the Acropolis." Thucy-
quintessence of Hellenism. dides uses the term Acropolis, but the transition
"The nation's common hearth." See section 275 from Polis to Acropolis in the official documents of
and commentary. Athens takes place around 387 B.C.
96 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

"This beauty already visible throughout is also rebus a marittimis urbibus Florentina superatur
the final mark of the city's perfect situation," rT
in quibus vinci victoria est."
Sta TlTaVcovfi5rl TOITo
Kadr O Koal
S 6 TeXEUrTaos
Opo5 "As if the climate were another thing they had
T1rS rEEpiy?fv EuKaipias. A horos, whether adver- inherited of their family wealth," correp &AAoTI
tisement, standard or sacred precinct, is something -TOVO11KOEV Reiske would insert rTOUTO
peT6iArElpuTai.
to see, though the word has many meanings: J. V. A. after otKoOEv.
Holleck would insert it after aiAo Tr,
Fine, Horoi ... (= Hesperia, Suppl. IX, I95I); which he discusses, Conjectanea,pp. 5-7. The phrase
J. H. Oliver, "Horoi as Reserved Areas," GRBS 4 CdoaTrrpa -oT- TCOV OiKOOEVapproaches &o'TEp&AAo
(I963) pp. 141-143 with further bibliography. Reiske av
Ti y?pas (Isocrates, Panegyricus 22), or CooCrrrp
thought something had fallen out of the text, but aXAo rt in Demosthenes XIX I25, or coCTEp&aAoTi
he was probably mistaken. The word horos means T-rO&vayKaicov in Julian, Discourse IV 245D. The
the Acropolis here, all Attica in section 25, and the phrase &axo
CaorEp Tr occurs also in sections 89,
Athenian community in section 274. 125, and I29, but in a different and Thucydidean
"Inclining toward the sea," rp6s Oi&a'rraav eiTi- sense. For Ionia as the finest climate in the world see
KAivouaa,reminiscent of Odyssey XIII 235, &ai Herodotus I I42. For the Aegean see Aristides him-
KEKuIpEvri. self, Addressto the AegeanSea 248 Jebb = 402 Din-
"A shield where circles fall within circles." Com- dorf: "Both those who claim that Attica is located
pare the Homeric phrases &crarri8og ECnKXNo and in the very best climate and those again who make
&orrriSaS eCnOKXKovu and in VI II8 &oarifos 6 ipacAo0cF- the claim for Ionia presumably agree concerning
Ocrn.On the omphalos motif see A. Piganiol "Le this region that on the whole it is the best."
hdmisphairion ... Lieux Saints," Cahiers archdolo- 19. "Accordinglyone must not say (&vErroi)that
giques 1, I (I945). Pseudo-Heraclitus, Homeric this or that place is in the northern part of the
2
Questions48, says that Hephaestus forged a shield country and that other places are in the south, and
circular in its shape as an image of the contour of again in respect to the two other quarterslikewise."
the cosmos. Bruni, Laudatio: "Quemadmodum This extraordinary passage, in which Aristides
enim in clipeo, circulis sese ad invicem includenti- stresses the unity of Attica, is inspired by Plato's
bus, intimus orbis in umbelicum desinit." description of the third factor (xcopa)which he adds
17. "Temperateclimate." ComparePlato, Phaedo to the Intelligible and Visible worlds as a receptacle
iiib and Timaeus 24c. For the medical writers, (viro5ooxil)of all Becoming, where earth, water, air,
Plato, and Aristotle on the healthy mean see Fritz and fire merge and constantly change into one an-
Wehrli, "Ethik und Medizin: Zur Vorgeschichteder other (Timaeus 48e-51d, prudently consulted with
aristotelischen Mesonlehre,"Museum Helveticum8 the help of H. Cherniss, "A much misread Passage
(195I): pp. 36-62. See also Xenophon, De Vect. I of the Timaeus," AJP 75, (1954): pp. II3-I30) so
6, cited above under section 15, and Isocrates, that you cannot speak in fixed terms of this or that
Busiris 12 on Egypt as situated in the fairest part of element. Aristides reflects especially Timaeus 62c-
the earth. On the eukrasia theme see E. Kienzle, 63e on the heavy and the light, and he does so in
Der Lobpreisvon Stddtenund Ldndernin der ilteren terms not unlike Albinus, Epitome (ed. Louis) II.
griechischen Dichtung (Diss. Basel, I936), pp. 14-18. &vE?TrfS
"Yet without the accessory phrase," &A?A'
On the air over Athens compare what Aristides TrpooreiKTS.That is, without the phrase "of the
says about the air over the Aegean in his Addressto country." In the Timaeus49e-5oa it is a question of
the Aegean Sea 248 Jebb - 402 Dindorf: "Both the using the accessory -ro0 or TOrTO (irpoaXpdCbIEvot).
least extreme in temperature and the most uniform- "One may rule that the regions beyond her on one
ly tolerable in all seasons is the air over the Aegean." side are north and on the other side are south, oh
"But also because of the deviation as with a guide- yes! One may define what lies up or down as east
line," &aXa Kali T-rnI rooaTaCrl KaOITEp iV oTa6('II or west," eEorTIv T'C&v EvoevaOUTT'apKTOV
6piCaaoOIai
OTravrl ovXrOlecjEv i8Eiv &Kn<pl3s}.The word
{COo-rrEp Elval, TOa6&EvEv pCarlppiav f5 rI, &vaTOXAaSTE Kai
CoO-rrEp omitted in R and deleted by Reiske and
is 0SuCaS6aoV TO &vco Kai KrTC). Compare Herodotus I
Dindorf. The whole clause CoTIEp ... &Kplp3os is I42, 2: ovre yap ra &vco aTirfs Xcopia TrcbUTO
TroiEl Tri
probably a gloss to explain the phrase KaeaTrEp ?V 'Icovill Ov0-rTa K(TCr)o,{oirT Ta wrpoS ThIV iCa ov0E Ta
crTaOuO, because otherwise it is hard to account for TlrpOSTrV io-rrprjv}, where Stein deleted the last
the intrusion of d6Trsp. words as a gloss. In denying the predominance of
18. "Hence the city is surpassed in this alone, north, east, south, or west in Attica, Aristides
where to surpass is unpleasant and where to be perhaps prepares the reader for a naming of the
surpassed is more profitable." Bruni, Laudatio city by the predominance of Athena in section 40.
Florentinae Urbis says, "Itaque in his dumtaxat In any case, Attica, nearest to the apxi of Zeus, is
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] COMMENTARY 97
the apX'ilwhere north, east, south, and west are tween the great god and the lesser gods, while it
not yet separated. Moreover, the terms north, east, gives an unmistakable Platonic color to the passage.
south, and west were pretty generally avoided in "In the Mesogaea still other (plain)s, divided by
the foundation of a city; not only are these terms the mountains which contain them like <successive>
strikingly absent from Greek place names, but the boundary walls,"'rTv Trv
6' Ev
petvoyaia TroS OpEra
Etruscans, from whom the Romans learned the art TOIS 7TEptiXO1ucvcorTTEpa\XoiS 6pfolS 8ietIrlPEvcov.
of centuriation, apparently avoided them. Reiske pointed out that &a7Xoiwas suspect. The
"Province of Athena and a proper site," fdiiv passage perhaps reflects Parmenides on the visible
rTis'AOrlvas... Kai TrrrOVoiIKov. This is a reminis- world, and a source of the account by Aetius of
cence or correction of Plato, Critias I09C about what Parmenides means (A 37): Kai TO TrrepiXov68
Athena and Hephaestus receiving Attica as their lot: aoepEOV
Traaas (all zones) TEiXOUSSfiKqV If
UOTrapXEtv.
OUTCro jiav appco Afi tv TrfvSE TTrVXCbpav
ErPIXIaTOV there is a connection between v Tri pecoyaia (Aris-
cbSOiKEcaV KcaiTrp6aOopovaperTjKali ppovioCal ITEpU- tides) and ?v ocp c (Parmenides), between ?rEpi?-
KUiav.Contrast Herodotus VII 53, 2: roTse0oTai oo Xouclv (Aristides) and 'rrEpixov(Aetius), then per-
TTEpoi6ayfiv XA6oyXaai. haps there is a connection between the suspect
"The acropolis of heaven (oCipavou) and the realm a7Xoti (Aristides) and ETraXXlXiouS (Parmenides),
of Zeus" (-rTvTOUAi6S &pXfiv).The seat of the gods perhaps the corrupt a&Xoisshould be emended to
is the sky according to Hesiod, Theogony 128, &XX<(EraXArXX)oi or <rap)aXA<il>)ots.The plains
bracketed by Jacoby but certainly ancient if not (rreSia)are like successive zones, and the phrase
Hesiodic. Zeus like a Mycenaean king had his throne WcrrEp ... 6piots may well have been suggested not
on an acropolis. The word &pXflestablishes a link only by the ?TraXXiXous
of Parmenides but by the
with the empire of Athens in section 227 and else- 8iKrivof Aetius' source. This passage
phrase TriXOUS
where and with the idea of principia. and the next phrase ("in a scheme suggesting
"Celestial ether." Compare section 245. An ex- certain inlets of the sea") seem to have been imit-
cellent discussion of ether by W. K. C. Guthrie, The ated by Leonardo Bruni in his LaudatioFlorentinae
Greeks and their Gods (London, Methuen, I950), Urbis (Baron, The Crisis, p. 517): "regiones quasi
pp. 207-216 begins as follows: circulos quosdam ad invicem clausas ac circum-
fusas." The confusion of Aetius and the meaning of
The Greek word which approaches most nearly to
the English "heaven," with all its associations, is not Parmenides have been studied by L. Taran, Par-
ouranos but aither. A Greek of any period would agree menides (Princeton Univ. Press, I965), ch. III, "The
that it was in the aither, if anywhere, that the gods World of Appearance." For opia as walls see Hesy-
dwelt, and that the aither itself was divine, the epithet chius and Thucydides VI 74 (cited in GEL, s.v.). In
with which Prometheus addresses it in one of the best- section 22 Attica is called a faithful image of all the
known passages of Greekliterature. In ordinary parlance inhabitable world (oikoumene).
the aer belongs, as much as the earth itself, to the region 21. "Seed ... nature ... statues." Reiske ex-
of corruption and decay and mortality. It is the sub-
plains: "Semen pietatis erga deos aut gratiae apud
lunary atmosphere, the air that we breathe, fog, mist, deos videtur auctor appellare templa deorum
cloud, even darkness-all these can be represented by marmore e montibus exciso structa. nam a com-
the word aer. The root meaning of aither, on the other
hand, is "blazing."
memoratione montium delabitur ad templa." The
backgroundmay be inferredfrom Cicero,De Finibus
20. "To this perfection of land, sea, and air, then, V 15, 43: Est enim natura sic generatavis hominis,
they arranged Attica, the Artisans who had these ut ad omnemvirtutempercipiendamfacta videatur,ob
tasks of creation," yfiS pVv6STKai0aXaTrrrsKaci&apcov eamque causam parvi virtutum simulacris, quarum
EeEaavTrV 'ATrTIKiV
elS TroIUr' ols TauCra?TTpErE8rlit- in se habent semina, sine doctrina moventur;sunt
oupyois. The gods EeEaav also in Plato, Critias enim prima elementanaturae, quibus auctis virtutis
Iogd. Herodotus II 52 derives the word theoi (gods) quasi germenefficitur.And in IV 7, i8 Cicero uses
from tithemi (arrange):'Oes S6Irpoccov6opacav c7pEas the same metaphor, seminibus a natura datis, in
Ta wrraVTaTTp6cy- speaking of the beginnings of virtues. Here Cicero
aTrr TOv TrotITOU OTIKOClCp EVTrrES
laTCraKai TracaS vouas EIXOv.In the Timaeus Plato is thought to have derived his material from Anti-
applies the word demiourgosto the chief god only, ochus of Ascalon. The language and images of
but the chief god assigns the details of creation to Middle Platonist discussions are reapplied to the
the lesser gods (Tim. 4I). In a Panathenaic oration beginnings of Athens.
Athena and Poseidon cannot be represented as Others produce through art the grace of nature;
lesser gods, and the use of the word demiourgoisas Attica produces through nature the grace of art. On
a plural aesthetically effaces the distinction be- the antithesis natura-gratia(whichare here paradox-
7
98 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

ically identified) see E. N. Kantorowicz, Harvard through concord and valor in the source (Ephorus?)
Theol. Rev. 45 (1952): pp. 253-277. On the antithe- of Diodorus VII 14, 2-4 on what the Pythia said to
sis physis-nomos see F. Heinimann, Nomos und Lycurgus. In coupling independence (eleutheria)
Physis (= SchweizerischeBeitrage zur Altertumsw. and megalopsychia Aristides may reflect their
1 [I945]). The unseeded land of Xenophon's Vect. opposites aneleutheria and smikrologia in Plato's
I, 4-5 paradoxically becomes the land producing discussion of the megaloprepeiaof a philosopher.But
the seed of grace. Instead of the dXapicrrovonr?pp(a) more than the megalopsychiaof philosophersthis is
of orators (Euripides, Hecuba 254-255) Aristides the megalopsychia of Isocrates and Demosthenes
sees a orreppa'r s XaplTos. (Gauthier, pp. 21-36, La magnanimit6 des politi-
22. "I do not know what subject to select." So ques).
also Isocrates, Helen 29. "Of which the cultivated fruit, here most highly
"What the country has to offer": T-rv trr1TrrlE6- perfected of all, is, as everyone knows, <the> fairest
TrTa, its goodness for this and that purpose. Cf. of those anywhere," Jbv 6 rravrcovi1pEpcrTaTrosEv-
Herodotus I, IIo. raiO' <6> (correxi, ivraOaacodd.) TCOvTravraXoOKid-
"Not lowland throughout nor entirely highland." AlTroSwirEp<pavcoS.Canter,who translates, (fructuum)
Bruni, Laudatio: "Nec planitiei nec montis expers." "quorumqui est mansuetissimus, hoc in loco crescit
"A faithful image of all the inhabitable world." pulcherrime,"leaves out several words and connects
See the mundusimagery of section 20. Ev'raoea with Kdalcrrosratherthan with wi1EpcbrraTos,
23. "Sea and land have been yoked together in but he was probably right in his marginal note,
the harbors and cooperateharmoniously."Compare "Oleam autem intelligit." If at the Panathenaic
discussion of the harmony of the sea and moon by Festival (supposedly) Aristides chooses to praise
the Venerable Bede, De Temporum Ratione (ed. one crop as fairest of all, it must be the olive because
C.W. Jones, MediaevalAcademy of America, I943), this is the crop of Athena. Diodorus V 73, 7 says:
ch. XXIX "To Athena men ascribe the gift to mankind of the
"Wed with the aid of spring and achieve a grace." domestication and cultivation (fjiplpcoaiv KCal9prEiav)
'H oav cSpa StgisKalX&pisis a reference to Pindar, of the olive-tree, as well as the preparation of its
fragm. 75 Schroeder = fragm. 91 Turyn, which has fruit; for before the birth of this goddess this kind
now received an excellent commentary from K. of tree was found only along with the other wild
Friis Johansen, "Eine Dithyrambos-Auffiihrung." woody growths, and this goddess is the source of the
Arkaeologisk-kunsthistoriskeMeddelelserIV 2 (I959). care and the experiencewhich men even to this day
"Veins of silver." Cicero, De Nat. Deor. II 151, devote to these trees" (C. H. Oldfather's trans-
venas penitus abditas invenimus et ad usum aptas et lation). Athena and the olive tree appear together
ad ornatumdecoras. on Roman medallions, and even in the time of
"Permeate like moisture." Compare Aeschylus, Aelius Aristides legislation had to be passed to re-
Persae 40, dpyOIpouiTrnyiv,and what Athenaeus, serve enough of the highly prized Attic oil in Attica
DeipnosophistaeVI 233e says of the Alps: dpyOpcp for Athenian use (The Ruling Power, ch. VI). Jo-
SIEpprl . hannes Hoops, "Geschichtedes Olbaums,"Sitzungsb.
"In order that no part might be useless and that Heidelberg, Phil.-hist. K1. 1942/43, 3te Abh. does
there might be nowhere unprofitable ground in not concernhimself with the artistic representations
Attica," rorwSapa pnrlv d&pyOv EriT ArS'ArrTIKS prl8' of myths, for which the reader may consult, in ad-
EIrl -raTSrrpoa68ots b8uaXcopfapTl6aii. Thus men dition to common reference works, Goffredo Ben-
could occupy any part of Attica. Albinus, Epitome dinelli, "La civetta di Atena e l'olivo," Riv. di
XV (p. 89 Louis): "In order that no part of the filologia, N.S. 37 (I959): pp. 40-66. Therefore, the
cosmos might be without souls and beings of an fruit fairest of those anywhere is probably not
order higher than mortals." grain, as the scholiast imagined, but the olive,
"The road of independenceand nobleaspirations." which is said to have been "domesticated to the
For megalopsychiacompare Sandys' note on Dem- highest perfection" in Attica, I believe, by Hero-
osthenes XVIII 68, and the whole book of R.-A. dotus V 82. Accordingto the Father of History the
Gauthier, Magnanimiti, l'ideal de la grandeurdans Epidaurians consult Delphi after a crop failure. The
la philosophiepaienne et dans la theologiechritienne priestess bids them set up cult statues of Damia and
(Paris, I95I) (= Bibliotheque Thomiste 28). The Auxesia. The Epidaurians next inquire whether the
silver represents the external goods which a man cult statues are to be of bronze or marble: i 6 lvelia
must first have in order to be megalopsychos(Gau- oOUe6-rEpa Trorrcov Ea, &axa SjXou iprlIs XAa'iTs.&86-
thier, pp. 86-104,L'autarcie du magnanime). The OVTo &v oi 'EwiSacioptoil
'A vaicov&Xairlvaop1Bovai
road of independence occurs as the road of freedom Trapiciatl, <fiPE>pcoTaTaS(correxi, ipcoTararaut
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 99
voEidovTras
ipoTrraS codd.) 5rl KEivaS elvac. The "Your country glories in the most noble of
change here postulated in the text of Herodotus was creatures on earth, more worthy of mention than
easy because every reader naturally thought of the the winged ants of India. For she first produced man,
sacred olives of Athena commemorated by Sopho- and she is a first home of man." For the parallel see
cles, Oedipusat Colonus694-706, etc. Plato, Menexe- Plato, Menexenus 237d:
ntts 238a, who says that Attica first fV?yKEVTOVTCOV In that time when the whole earth was sendingup
-Tupov Kai KpiltoV Kapw6ov,c Ki&'to-ra Kai apiorra and producing all sorts of beings, both beasts and
TpE9rTai TO avOpcoTElov yEvoS, does not call the plants, our land appeared barren of wild beasts and
grain itself the fairest crop, and he continues: clean. Of the living creatures it selected and bore man.
r
pETa TOUTOEcaiXou yvEcatv, rr6vov apcoyfiv, d&VTKEVThis creature surpasses all other living creatures by
TrosEKyovois.Aristides gives a new application to intelligence, and it alone practices morality and worship
the praise suggested by Plato. With 1i'pEpcbaToSof gods.
rTEpliqavcocompare Plutarch, Pericles 15, 3: &Scopo- See also Isocrates, Areopagiticus 74. For the con-
TroroJuTrrEpavos. trast see FGrHist III B 565 F I on the beasts of
24. "One beginning of my discourse has returned Samos, and Herodotus III 102-112, especially
to another beginning, apxh 8sE po TOU X6oyou I02-IO5 on the winged ants of India. The words
KoaTEXiXueevEiS dpXTlv Tlva 9rTpav. "Heracli- "She first produced man" seem to be a reminiscence
tus," HomericQuestions47, 6 says of the circle that of the melic poet cited by Hippolytus Refut. omn.
what was taken for an end could equally well be- haeres. v 17, I34 Duncker-Scheidewin, v 7, 2, p. 79
come a beginning. In section 6 Aristides says that Wendland: "Earth, say the Hellenes, first sent up
"the logos (= speech) shows as in a circle many man, producing for herself a fair gift because she
archai," by which he means "beginnings," "points wished to mother ... a civilized and godloving
of departure,"but hints at philosophical or theolog- creature" (cited by D. M. Page, Poetae melici graeci
ical debates concerning archai (= principia or first 995).
things). Here also in section 24 he hints at principia "An area set apart from every land for men to
and at the circularity of Becoming in Plato, Timae- have as their own like the special estates which are
us 49c, and at the circularity of the Logos. E. F. set apart in sacred precincts," Xc&p6o TiS avepcorrcov
Osborne, The Philosophy of Clementof Alexandria i8loS EK raoTrisyls 'Enp
ril'voS, coarep oi TCOV
TrEEVCV
(Cambridge,I957) says that for Clement the Logos opot. The Panathenaea, which commemorated the
(the second principium) was the Son of God, and synoecism of the twelve cities of Attica into one
he cites (p. 43): "All things come from Him: for state by Theseus, reminded the orator of the
He is the circle of all the powers rolled into one and Panionia, the common festival of the twelve cities
united" (Strom. IV 56). Again because He is the of Ionia. The Panionia were celebrated at the
circle, "the Logos is called the Alpha and Omega. Panionion, which had been set apart to be a precinct
In Him alone the end becomes the beginning and belonging to all the Ionians and which Herodotus I
ends again at the original beginning without any 148 calls a XcoposiEp6o, Kotivi, EapaiprjpEvos. Aristi-
gaps" (Strom. IV I57). Those who will object that des likewise has in mind the Funeral Oration of
it is far-fetched to attribute such deliberate evoca- Pericles (Thucyd. II 38): "Again we have provided
tions to Aelius Aristides underrate the complexity the mind with many relaxations from toil, not only
of the orations of Aristides. One may compare the by celebrating games and sacrifices throughout the
meaning of Athena in Plato, Cratylus407b. year (as also others do), but in a special way i8iai {S}
25. "Some in horses and dogs." A reads rrrotKicl or ii<(co)s with beautiful architecture, the daily
K6VEs,while other mss. read iTrTrotKuVES.Since we sight of which drives away boredom. On account
should emend to inrrToKuvotherwise, it is easier of the city's greatness all things from every land
to accept the reading of A. Herodotus III Io6 says (EKTraornS yfS) come in here, and it happens that
that the extremities of the inhabitable world have the good things from the rest of mankind are no
obtained for their portion the finest things just as less ours to enjoy than the good things we obtain
Hellas has obtained the best blended seasons; then from here." Pericles said that the blessings of the
he says that India has the largest quadrupeds and rest of mankind belonged to Athens, but Aristides
winged creatures except for horses: "these are says that Attica belongs to the rest of mankind.
surpassed by the Median horses called Nesaean Later Ammianus Marcellinus XVII 4, I3 was to say
horses." In VII 40, 3 Herodotus says, "Horses are Romae ... id est, in templo mundi totius. The word
called Nesaean for this reason: in the Mediancoun- horos is here used as in the old Attic phrase "the
try there is a great plain which has the nameNesaeon. horoi of the Pelasgians"; the usage is discussed in
This plain produces the great horses." the author's article "Horoi," GRBS 4 (I963): pp.
7*
100 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

200-210. The comparison of Attica with a horos same land which was their mother and their father-
and an cpopnfi-T'ris qpaeog (a mother who started land." Isocrates, Panegyricus 24 says that the
men growing in the right way) constitutes a word Athenians did not occupy the land after driving
link with section 274, where Aristides calls the city out others.
of the Athenians 5ri crecoS T-rSa&vpcowTria EIK6va 27. In referring, however contemptuously, to a
Kaiopov, where, characteristically, horoshas a very claim based on prior occupancy Aristides alludes to
different meaning. Aristotle's distinction between the Stoic argument known from Cicero,De officiis I
an sitos Tor6rroand a KOivoSTorroSand even Plato, 7, 21: aut vetere occupatione ut qui quondam in vacua
Timaeus 52a-b may have influenced this passage. venerunt,a passage ending in a referenceto the ius
Attica is an 6los X&poSfor the race of man, but a humanaesocietatis.
for all men. In section 19 Attica from a
KOlVIlWraTrpis "You alone have the right to boast of pure birth
different point of view is called Kotv6v-rva
c Xpov. and citizenship" (KaOap&v
eOyvetav TEKalTrolaTElrav).
26. "Men she produced ... have come furthest The ErOyvsiaof Athens-the word not only means
in developing excellence." In Plato's Laws I 642c good birth but retains an old implication of super-
the Spartan Megillussays to the Athenian Stranger: iority-was a topic of the funeral orations: Plato,
To this day, I love the soundof yourdialect,and am Menexenus 237a, 'T^rVEOyIveta aTCrrov wrrporTOV EyKCO-
persuaded of the truth of the currentsaying that when Demosthenes
t&lcojtgEv. LX 4, 'H yap eOyiveia TcoV&E
an Athenianis a good man, he is exceptionallygood. It TCOVdvSpo~v ( i 'XrirowTouXp6vov iTap& wrrclt
is only at Athens that goodnessis an unconstrained, dvepcbwrots avcopoX6oyrrai. Hypereides, Epitaph.
spontaneousgrowth,a genuine"gift of God"in the full 5, f1 KOIv yivactS a[OTr6X]JO cmvoiaciv &cvuTrppATrrov
senseof the words(Taylor'stranslation). TrlvErOyvElav?XEI. In the fragmentary Erechtheus of
II
Thucydides 40, 4 and similar passages in other Euripides, Erechtheus says first that the Athenians
funeral orations are not really parallel. are autochthonous while other cities are founded
"The crop of men was native to her." See the like a transposition of pieces in a game of draughts,
passage cited from Plato, Menexenus 237d in the some brought in from one place, others from an-
commentary on section 25. other, and secondly that only at Athens are men
"Wandering." What Cicero, De re pub. I 25, 40 citizens in more than name.
calls the erraticavita of primitive man is probably 28. "An ancestry unadulterated with aliens from
not pertinent. The comment may well reflect what the beginning." This point is stressed by Isocrates,
a "Hellene" said of the Holy Family to which the Panegyricus 24, Plato, Menexenus 237b and De-
Christian community traced back its origin. As mosthenes LX 4.
cited by Origen128, Celsussaid that MaryTrravcojivn "It is you alone against whom no one could enter
?yEvvFoE 'r6v 'Ilaoiv.
oa6OTIov
drTIpcoS ... a suit for ejectment from the land, any more
"Nor when, as in darkness, (cwcrrrEprl CoKTrouS) than against a man for ejectment from his mother's
they were seeking a home through every land and property." Plato, Menexenus 237e compares Attica
hr1 oxKOTOU with a real mother by contrast with a woman who
over every sea." The metaphor dCorrEp
may be understood by comparison with Minucius is merely passing off a supposititious child. The
Felix 8: latebrosaet lucifuga natio (the Christians). children of Attica were genuine, not spurious, nor
T'ri (see Demosthenes LX 4) even adopted. Suit for
"In violation of the name it bore," Plaaa&pEvoi
frrcowuCiav. Isocrates, Panegyricus 24 describes ejectment (SiKrl o*XArlS)could be brought against
the Athenians as "being autochthonous and having a supposititious heir. It was originally an action
the right to call their city with the same names as based on ejectment so that the plaintiff might be
they called their nearest and dearest" (-r&v6vopd&- allowed to enforce his claim by way of self-help.
rTCOV olTrEp
TOlS CXaTOTS
Tro0S ?Tr V Orr6tv
OiKElOT&'TOUS See E. Rabel, "A'iKnrEoiArl und Verwandtes,"
namely nurse and fatherland
9XoVT-r 'TrpocsaE1'ETv), Zeitschriftder Savigny-Stiftungfiir Rechtsgeschichte,
and mother. Roman. Abt., 36 (I9I5): pp. 340-390; H. J. Wolff,
"After yielding to those who were stronger than Traditio 4 (1946): pp. 51-52 (== Wolff, Beitrdge ...,
they." Thucydides I 2, speaking of migrations, says 36-38). The contrast between genuine and spurious
that each group leaves its own country under heirs may be found also in Demosthenes IX 30-3I,
pressure from still larger groups. who says that whatever injustice they may have
"Driving out those who were weaker." Lysias II done, the Athenians and Lacedaemonians were at
17 says that the Athenians "were not, like most, a least genuine Hellenes, but that Philip may be
conglomeration of men collected from everywhere compared with a supposititious heir. The ancient
who drove out others and settled upon the alien antithesis genuine-spurious concerned not only
land, but being autochthonous, they possessed the family property but the religious basis for rule over
VOL. 58, PT. x, I968] COMMENTARY 101
the whole community: there were disputes over domination of some component section. The first
genuine and spurious kings before citizenship arose settlements of the Greeks in Egypt were "camps"
as the kratos was transferred to Demos. (Herodotus, II I54). In Plato's Republic 420aI
29. "Only those naturalized here are not ridicu- Adeimantus says that the ideal city resembles
lous." Aristides may have received or wooed Athen- a camp; for Aristides all cities resemble camps ex-
ian citizenship. A grant of citizenship by almost any cept Athens, his ideal city.
city was like an honorary degree, but Athenian "The children of this land." The reading of TU
citizenship, accepted by the king Philopappus, the should be preferred as an echo of Plato, Menexenus
future emperor Hadrian, the emperor Commodus, 239d2, oi TrioCETTrSXc.bpaSEKyOVOt.
and many Greek and Roman notables, conferred 30. "I choose to present next that which comes
recognition of a very special worth. It is quite second in their development" (rb6rTi poraEl 8E' rEpov).
possible that, from the reign of Hadrian on, the Plato, Menexenus 237a: "It seems to me necessary,
prestige of honorary grants from other Greek cities inasmuch as they have grown into good men, so
had declined sharply. In general see A. Billheimer, also to praise them KaTraqpcaiv" (i.e. in a manner
Naturalizationin Athenian Law and Practice, Diss. which traces their development). Plato, Menexenus
Princeton, I922; 0. W. Reinmuth, "The Ephebate 237c-d continues, "It is very right indeed to honor
and Citizenship in Attica," TAPA 79 (I948): pp. first their mother ... a second praise of her would
211-231. rightly be that she," etc.
"In the course of time they corrupted their "Performing a mother's tasks, and she did not
original stock by living together with the whole neglect them as if they had to have a stranger for
world as in a tenement house." The tenement house their nurse (craTrrep aXXo'rpiaS"rms
TrpopoOU8Sre0wvras),
or multiple dwelling, ovvoiKia, was especially in but out of the same bosom she continuously gave
classical times the characteristic dwelling of the the second gifts." In this passage inspired by Plato,
non-citizens, who could not of course own land. Menexenus 237b-c and e, Attica is described in
The reader may consult M.I. Finley, Studies in terms suitable for Ge or Tellus (cf. J. M. C. Toynbee,
Land and Creditin Ancient Athens (Rutgers Univ. The Hadrianic School [Cambridge, 1934], pp. I40-
Press, I95I), pp. 64f. and 255f. with references to 143 with illustrations of Tellus nursing her babies).
the ancient literature. Multiple dwellings abounded Plato, Menexenus 237e says:
in the Piraeus. Aristides found his inspiration in
Every mother produces a food suitable for her off-
Plato, Menexenus 245d, where a subtle contrast spring. By this it is clear whether a woman has truly
between crvotKoUiaI and OiKoupEVoccurs: ou yap born issue or not. It is clear that she has not done so but
TTiXoiresoU6E Kav6poto58E AIyyuwrroirT Kai Aavavoi is passing off a supposititious child, if she does not have
o86 &XAXot wiroXooi pUr?aEpv p3appapotiOVSr, v6cp sources of nourishment for her baby. In this respect our
86 "EXArivE,ovvooIKOUOv niTv, &WA'acrroi "EAATrvEs,land and mother certainly furnishes evidence that she
OU teioopappapol oiKOUpiEV, 0eEV KaOapOV TO paiOS has given birth to human beings. For she alone at that
EVTrTT-rKE 6X
'ri TToi T
"S &odroTpias vpUoacoS.. The time, and first, produced human food, the crop of wheat
is not and barley, by which the human race is best and most
attitude, however, only pagan. Philo, Legat.
30.200 (cited by Wolfson, Philo 2: pp. 366f.) says:
excellently nourished, because she herself had really
born this creature.
There is a city called Jamnia, one of the most popu-
lous cities in Judea, which is inhabited by a promiscuous H. Holleck, Conjectaneacritica in Aelii Aristidis
multitude, the greatest number of whom are Jews; but Panathenaicum (Breslau, 1874), pp. 7-8, when he
there are also some persons of other tribes from the proposed emendation (i-rTpuvtafor &Ao-rpica5),was
neighboring nations who have mischievously made their impressed by Menexenus 237b, but Aristides usually
way in, who are in a manner metics among the original varies the wording. Lysias II 17 says the Athenians
native citizens (aOi0yEvcal),and who do them a great "were not, like most, a conglomeration of men
deal of injury and cause them a great deal of trouble, as collected from
everywhere who drove out others
they are constantly undoing (rrapacxAovrEs) some of the and settled
ancestral national customs of the Jews. upon the alien land (-r'v aX&orpiav)but,
being autochthonous, they possessed the same land
"The rest of mankind inhabit their cities like which was both their mother (pJ-rETpa) and father-
camps, having settled down on the sites they had land." Isocrates, Panegyricus 25 says, "For us
occupied," oi plEv&aiAol ras wr6oeiS OIKoUCIVbCrrwEp alone of the Hellenes is it proper to call the same
orTpcoTr6oTEa, ols KaTrAIapov uPIEvavTrES.The Athenian land, 'nurse, fatherland, and mother."' For Attica
Stranger in Plato's Laws IV 7I3a criticizes cities as mother and nurse see Euripides, Heraclidae
without mixed constitutions as not being polities 826-827, Plato, Menexenus 237c2 ('rfs -rEKouOrTls Kca
but settlements (wTroAcovoiKKcreIS) enslaved to the 0peyaorlS Kai 0uro6aSEcpvrls),Demosthenes LX 5,
102 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

and Isocrates IV 25. The terms mother and nurse "They were dear to the gods," OEoiAEiTs ovras.
are used by Plato, Timaeus 49-52 of the factor Plato, Menexenus 237c says that the country was
through which the visible cosmos comes into being. dear to the gods oaocaa
Oeoplris. Isocrates, Panegy-
For Philo of AlexandriaWisdom is the "motherand ricus 29 says they were not only dear to the gods
nurse of the All" (cf.H. A. Wolfson, Philo [Harvard but lovers of humanity.
University Press, I947] 1: pp. 266-268, who cites 33. "They so well imitated the donors that they
Ebr. 8, 3I). Cicero, Pro Flacco 26 uses the phrase themselves becamerepresentativesof the gods to the
parens et altrix. According to the Suda, s.v. Koupo- rest of mankind" (actrroiroTsaAolis avOpcblroisdvrl
Tp6pOs, Erichthonius,who organizedthe precursorof TCOVOVco KrorraTrlaav).
This may perhaps be called
the Panathenaic Festival, ordered that with every recurrentimage of the eikon.
sacrificeto Athena a preliminarysacrificebe offered "If they buried" (the treasure). Compare the
to Ge Kourotrophos.Comparealso the phrase yaia parable of the talents, Matthew 25: i8.
Iaoca. "So far from conceiving fear lest others do equally
31. "Animals, of which the productiveness was well." Plato, Menexenus 238a: "She did not be-
to adorn the body of man no less than the animal's grudge all the others this crop but distributed it to
own, and to provide the cover they share." Philo, them." Isocrates, Panegyricus 29: "The city did
De aeternitatemundi 66-67, in denouncing the folly not begrudge it to the others but of what she re-
of myths concerning earth-born men, says that ceived she gave to all."
Earth would have had to producemilk and clothing. 34. "Heracles." Isocrates, Philippus 33 says that
"Arts and crafts," T-rvas. As in the Hymn to Athens was partly responsible for the immortality
Athena, so here Aristides divides the technai into of Heracles. On Athenian primacy in the recognition
two classes accordingto whether or not they involve of Heracles see the commentary on section 48 infra.
the use of fire. In Plato, Gorgias450c (with Dodds' Aristides now turns to Athenian love of the whole
commentary) Socrates divides the technai into two of mankind. Heracles, the Dorian hero, represented
classes according to whether or not they involve the chief protector of man in Greek mythology.
logos. Aristides does not pass over Heracles in silence but
32. "These offerings not only give the city by captures him for Athens by substituting a partner-
their number pride in what here both grew and was ship of Theseus and Heracles for Heracles alone. In
revealed, but present overwhelming corroboration fact Aristides reverses the usual argument that
of our first argument (TmEKripia TOUwrpcb- Theseus made Heracles his model (so Plutarch,
wraFPE?ykOe
rou A6you)and make it the clearest thing in the Theseus6). On Theseus see Hans Herter, "Theseus
world that man set his foot first on this land." der Ionier," Rh. Mus. 85 (I936): pp. I77-239, and
Plato, Menexenus 237e-238a, after stating that "Theseus der Athener," Rh. Mus. 88 (I939): pp.
Attica produced man, says a great corroborationof 244-326. The partnership is one inspired by the
this argument (vuya 86 TaKi'plovTroOrcp T-r X
Ayc) spirit of Athens, which the prose poet reads from a
is that this land first producedhuman food. sign.
"A first generation of men must first have ex- "But ... it is time to work back." For this way
perienced need, and after praying for what they of breaking off after a digression see Demosthenes
needed, they must have actually received,"TrpcbTouSXVIII 211. The latter too begins a sentence with
PVvyap qpvrTaS?6?I TrpCbTTOUS , 8Erl0iVraS X&AAyap and finishes it with braveX0elvo0iv 6irt6ev
Kal 8ErlefvaC
8i rTOV
Kal TvEiTv. Compare the sentence struct- ikPTqvPoo?Xouat.
ure of Herodotus V 44, TroS 65 KporcoviriTas TrEpl- 35. "Some public fund," ecoplKo'rTiOS. The
BEoaSYEVOpiVOU8ErleqfivaAcoptios a9pia Tilcopiqat theoric fund of the fourth century was a dole to the
r
KaI TUXEv 8mOvrTaS. Isocrates Panegyricus 32 asks poor. See J. J. Buchanan, Theorika: A Study of
Tivas oiv XPl vIA&ovvo,ifLE?v f 8capeav,rapa T-CO Monetary Distribution to the Athenian Citizenry
Evru)(v. On the
fq [TroOUvrraacCrroivs
OEoVXapETiv during the Fifth and Fourth Centuries(Diss. Prince-
SiBaKoxaAooS
XpEla and primitive man see Diodorus ton, 1954), pp. 48ff.
18, 9 with commentaryof K. Reinhardt, "Hekataios "Pupil of Demeter." Triptolemus is the greatest
von Abdera und Demokrit," Hermes47 (I9I2): pp. of positive benefactors. In addition to the standard
492-5I3, and G. Pfligersdorffer, "A6yios und die articles on Triptolemussee for his mission Ch. Dugas,
a&vpcorlTo bei Demokrit," Wiener Studien "La mission de Triptoleme dans l'imagerie athdn-
Xoyito
61-62 (1943-1947, published in I948): pp. 5-49, ienne," Mdlangesd'archeologieet d'histoire62 (I950):
especially pp. 21-27. Aristides speaks as if he be- pp. 7-31, who lists 112 representations of Triptole-
lieved not in a Hesiodic Golden Age but in the idea mus on Athenian pottery of the sixth to fourth
of progress. centuries and gives some good photographs; Ch.
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 103
Picard, "La Patere d'Aquileia et 1'Eleusinisme a "In attempts to seize the Acropolis as if to rule
Rome aux debuts de l'epoque imperial," Antiquite alone over the city," Kac-raAaitpavoualTT-vdcKp6rroXAv
classique 20 (1951): pp. 351-381; A. Delatte, "Le cOa'rrrpEIrri iovapXia. The word IovapXia usually
papyrus d'Antinoopolis relatif aux mysteres," means "tyranny." The wording is patterned on
Bulletin de l'Academie Royale de Belgique, Classes Thucydides I 126, 5 (concerning Cylon): KaTcrAapE
des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques, T-rvaKp6Tro7Xv cos 7Ti TupavviSl.
5e ser., 38 (I953): pp. I94-208, a propos of P. "Poseidon ... did not end his loving care." This
Antinoopolis I8; M. P. Nilsson, "Royal Mysteries corrects the version about Poseidon's anger (Apollo-
in Egypt," Harvard Theological Review 50 (I957): dorus III 14).
pp. 65-66. 40. "Upon receiving the support of their ballots
"The Graces and favors are swift," ras Xaplrra Athena named the city, since it was hers, with the
TaXEiaSElvai. Holleck, Coniectanea, pp. 8-io, would name it has, and as her own property she put it
capitalize XaplTasand has rightly cited the phrase into good condition," Aapouvca6 'ras Tyiqpous fi 08ES
bis dat qui cito dat. Seneca, De Beneficiis II i tells TTrVETrCvvupiavTri TroAE
6iX 8cocnv CoS auTfs KiKaiT
KEa-
us how to bestow a benefit: "Let us give in the KeuaaaTOcos KTrfla icauTvrS. See Apollodorus III 14
same way as we would like to receive, but above all who says, "Athena called the city Athens after her-
things, what we do, let us do gladly, speedily, and self." The surface meaning is, I think, as I have
without any doubting" (ante omnia libenter, cito, translated it, but there is another meaning or sug-
sine ulla dubitatione),cited along with many other gestion, playful of course, namely that Athena ob-
pagan and Christianpassages by E. Bruck, "Ethics tained Athens in the manner of a republican chief
vs. Law: St. Paul, the Fathers of the Church and magistrate and thus like a republican chief magi-
the 'Cheerful Giver' in Roman Law," Traditio 2 strate became the city's eponymous official and
(I944): pp. 97-I2I. proceeded to display the kingly art of the true
36. "Ancestors from whom community life for statesman or of the genuine king. To the particular
all men has descended." For this way of looking on formula that she treated the city as her own posses-
forms of life as being "descended" from men, sion, Aristides has been led by Plato, Timaels 23d,
compare Plato, Symposium 209 where the laws of "Athena received your city," and by Isocrates,
Solon and Lycurgus are called their children. Plato, Letterto Nicocles I9, where Isocrates bids Nicocles
Menexenus 24od-e says that the men who fought to administer the city cooarEpTOV TraTrpcov oTKov
at Marathon are fathers not only of our bodies but railS pE KCaraoCKEUaClS XaiTrpcos Kai paCCOKXl?KCS,
TaTS 6E
of that freedom which we and all on this continent TrpaCEMV,KTA. The wording that Aristides chooses
enjoy. here and reflects is important because Athens, the
37. "The subjects from here on, like forks in a eikon, will imitate the gods, and this section touches
road, lead in two or more directions." Isocrates, a theme or note which reappears in sections I42-I43.
Helen I-I5 denounces those who praise trivial sub- A readerwho wishes to explore possible connections
jects like the bumblebee or salt. He says (Helen iI) with a "naming by predominance" may consult
that for such compositions there is only one road, Fondation Hardt, Entretiens 5 (1957): pp. 105-I57.
easy to find, to learn and to imitate, but if you take The contrast lies in section I9, where Aristides
a subject which is known to all and where belief denies the predominance of north, south, east, or
exists, there are many forms and opportunities west in Attica. Accordingto the scholiast on Vergil,
which are hard to learn. This is a more difficult GeorgicsI 2 f., Neptune and Minervawere contend-
composition by as much as it requires more work ing for the right to give his or her name to Athens
to compose a serious oration than to compose a and that Neptune gave the horse; but to line i8 the
joke. scholiast says that Neptune produced water in the
39. The contest of Athena and Poseidon was rep- contest for the right to name Athens. Right names
resented on the west pediment of the Parthenon. are those given by gods according to some (Plato,
See also J. M. B. Toynbee, Roman Medallions (= Cratylus 39gd). Compare section 122, "Athena's
Numismatic Studies 5 [New York, I944]), pp. 216- men," with commentary. For the present tense of
218 and the references there given to illustrations the verb s1iSocav, a praesens pro perfecto, see
in other works. Apollodorus III I4, i cites the trial Schwyzer-Debrunner, Griechische Grammatik 2
as held among the Twelve Gods, but Varro, quoted (I950): pp. 274-275.
by St. Augustine, De Civitate Dei XVIII 9, knew "First she taught her people arts of discourse and
the version that they were tried among the Athen- a system of laws and showed them a civic con-
ians. See also Plato, Menexenus 237c without stitution far removed from a government of force,"
mention of names. T
wTpCTroV Ev
Av yous TE Kail v6opcovT-ract KTaSEra6aaa
104 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

On discourse
KaiITrroArEdav68vacrrTiaS rrlXAayVpvrlv. infers that hoplite equipment was adopted at
(logous)see section 2 and commentary.The tradition- Sparta in the first quarter of the seventh century
al date for the first Athenian archon (eponymous) and somewhat later elsewhere. The evidence, there-
is 752/I B.C. Aristotle, Ath. Pol. 41, carries the first fore, does not support Aristides at all, but it does
civic constitution all the way back to Theseus, but not quite disprove his claim for Athens of priority in
even Aristotle and the Atthis (of Androtion) never hoplite equipment, except that a claim for priority
pretendedthat the KcaTaroracal of Ion was a TroAWTira. in everything is being made without evidence. For
In section 235 Aristides seems to date this establish- the colonial custom of contributing a panoply of
ment of the civic constitution to a time which armor at the Great Panathenaea of Athens see In-
could have been for him the time of Theseus. Aris- schriften von Priene 5 and M. N. Tod, GHI 44
tides, however, attributes to Athena what Euripi- (Brea). Plato, Menexenus 238b attributes instruction
des and the Atthis attribute to Theseus without in the use of arms not to Athena alone but to gods.
claiming that Theseus was a manifestation of the Herodotus IV I89 attributes the dress and aegis of
power of Athena. Lysias II I8 makes the same Athena to the Libyans.
contrast between dynasteia and polity when he "And in this land for the first time in human
says: "They first and alone in that period, drove history a complete chariot was yoked with steeds
out the local institutions of arbitrary rule and by the attendant of this goddess and with the help
established a republic" (rrpCTro6 Kca ipiovoi (v of the goddess, and the art of perfect horsemanship
~KEiVcp Tr Xp6vcpi<x3p 6vTrE Trc wapa aoqicivaOcroT was shown to all," Kal EVyvu
r&S CI '?vT'iS Ti y_ Trpc)-
SuvcriarriSBrlloKpaTiav iaTrrrijcaavro). A civic con- rTS &vepcbTcov 6 Trfa8ETriS Eo0UwrapESpoS&pIaT-rXEov
stitution, as Lysias II I8 emphasizes, implies the aOiv T-r Oe8 Kai pailvE1TrrCnaT r'v 're,Eiaivirrrtmilv.
rule of law as an ideal. By discourse (logoi)Aristides With this statement compare Pseudo-Eratosthenes,
here primarily means rational modes of thinking Cataterismi13:
and speaking, whereas he may mean something else Charioteer:They call it this because when he saw
in section 2. Erichthoniusyoke a chariotwith steeds as first among
"All disciplines (ufia a'-rTa)
were discovered."The mortals to do so (irpCT'rov?v
&vpc7rots &ppcalEiav-ra
model of this passsage was derided by Theopompus inrTrcov)..., and admired him for having made him-
(fr. 90 Jacoby) who spoke of demagogues establish- self a chariot closely imitating that of Helius, Zeus
ing mathemata:"The mathimaof bribery, it is clear, <raisedhim to the stars> ... He was named Erichthonius
first descended from him (Cimon?) upon the ma- and when he grewup, he madethis inventionand won
gistrates of Athens." admirationthereby when he appearedat the festival
"Modelson which to pattern ways of living entered (dycovtorirlyEvo6iEvo). He celebratedthe Panathenaea,
into view," 3icov TrapacSBiyIaca drivingthe chariot.
erfiTAeEv.Pericles
in Thucydides II 41 called Athens the school of On Erichthonius as the first to yoke steeds to a
Hellas, and in section 274 Aristides will emphasize chariot see also Hyginus, AstronomicaII 13:
that Athens was the eikon or visible model of every- Heniochus. Hunc nos Aurigam Latine dicimus
thing proper for man. Solon, fr. i Diehl, lines 43ff., nomineErichthonium,ut Eratosthenesmonstratquem
missed the opportunity of attributing the invention Iuppiter cum vidisset primum inter homines equos
of all the bioi to Athena's activity at Athens, quadrigisiunxisseadmiratusest ingeniumhominis,ad
though Athena's importance in the festivals of Solisinventaaccessisse,quodis princepsquadrigisinter
various professions at Athens certainly suggested deos est usus. sed Erichthoniuset quadrigas,ut ante
it. See Wilamowitz Hermes 15 (I88o): pp. 515f., diximus, et sacrificiaMinervae,et templum in arce
F. Leo, Die griechisch-romische Biographie (Leipzig, Atheniensium primus instituit ... Alii ... dixerunt
Erichthonium ... primo tempore adulescentiae ludos
190I), pp. 95-99.
"It was they whom she first dressed in the equip- MinervaePanathenaeafecisse, et ipsum quadrigiscu-
factisintersideradiciturcollocatus.
ment with which we now invest her." The claim of currisse,proquibus
priority in hoplite equipment is made for the Most famous is Vergil, GeorgicsIII II3-4: "Primus
Athenians also in the Hymn to Athena, but with Erichthoniuscursuset quattuor ausus iungereequos,
the explanation "first in Europe." Section 26I rapidusque rotis insistere victor." Philargyrius on
contains a suggestive reference to gene which were Georgics III 113: "Erichthonius: Varro in qui
quadri di leva in the old hoplite army. For the so- Admirabiliuminscribitur Erichthoniumait primum
called hoplite revolution see H. L. Lorimer, "The equos quattuor iunxisse ludis qui Panathenaea
Hoplite Phalanx with special referenceto the Poems appellantur." Harpocration s.v. nlavaOivata cites
of Archilochus and Tyrtaeus," The Annual of the Hellenicus and Androtion for the establishment of
British School at Athens 42 (1947): pp. 76-I38, who the Panathenaea by Erichthonius. On the Marmor
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 105
Parium also it is stated Erichthonius harnessed a 43. "Just as all the waters and exhalations which
chariot at the first Panathenaea and showed them are mantic rise always from the same place," coSarEp
how to hold the contest (FGrHist239 A io). For the T-a i6o-ra o:aa pavTrKa KatiTrrveWcaTra aUir6oOvavicXai.
word -rrapE8pos see the Hellenistic inscription of The correction in L has cvicXEi above the line, and
Magnesia ad Maeandrum (SIG3 695 = F. Soko- this reading was adopted by Canter. Reiske wrote
lowski, Lois sacreesde l'Asie Mineure, No. 33), line "Probo Canteri &vioXEt,exhalant, efflant, sublime
26, and the inscription of Roman date at Mytilene emittunt, quemadmodum fontium quotquotsunt fati-
(IG XII 2, 484 = Schwyzer, Dial. gr. ex. 628), lines dici auras de semet ipsi eructant."Jebb and Dindorf
8-II cited with other examples in the Bulletin returned to iaXruEl, but in support of the reading or
epigraphique I952, No. I55. On Athena and the art correction aviCXEiStrabo XVII p. 814 may be
of horsemanship see N. Yalouris, "Athena als cited: Trpoo-rpaycpSE8 6S TOUT'roI6 KaAAXXtovril,'OT
Herrin der Pferde," Mus. Helv. 7 (I950): pp. I9-IOI, Troi 'ATrrocovoS TO iv BpayXicais pavT-rEov EKXEAO1-
especially 58-61. 16TOTOS,? OTOV TO iepov Virr TCrv BpayTX6SvV cUEcU-
All of section 40 should be compared with rl-rTO ETi Ep0ou TrEpcaicarvTcov, EK?XOlT0oTiaS SE Kai T5iS
Aristides' Hymn to Athena, in which Athena appears Kp vrlS, TO-rE TE KplvrI
Kpai avacrXOI pavTlea wroA?0a
as patroness of both infantry and cavalry and which oi MiArXoicov Ko0i.ralev EiSMepiv TrEpiTTS
WrrpEo'pstS
offers other points of agreement. See also F. W. EK Ai6S yevEcaecoSTOU 'AAe&avSpou.Mantic waters
Lenz, "Der Athenahymnos des Aristides," Rivista existed at Branchidae, mantic exhalations at
di Cultura Classica e Medioevale 5 (1963): pp. 329-347. Delphi.
41. "Gave, and received ..., the proper share for "From all parties the deference with which it has
each side." This prefiguresthe proper organization been honored is so great," Kai -rocTrOTCr TETiIrlTail
and cooperation of human society. TC) CuVYKEXCoprlK6rTI.
Trap Trarvrcov W. Dindorf (De-
42. "Not only for the city did gods dispute with mosthenes 6 [1849]: p. 783) in his commentary on
one another, but here in the city they actually Demosthenes, Against Midias 59, cites not only
sought adjudications of their disputes with one this passage, but Aristides as of Jebb I, p. 183, 7,
another." Plato, Menexenus237c: "The contest and lTpoESpias Kai TOU Trrapa TravTrcovavYKEXCoprlK6roT5,
judging of the gods who contended concerning her and as of Jebb I, p. 519, 9,1 TrapaTrCVlyEio6vcovaiS6os
(Attica) bear witness in support of our argument." Kai 91Xcavepcorria Kai TO CVYKEXCooprK6S, and Pseudo-
"Is this, you mean, the Athens to seek out which Aristides as of Jebb II, p. 151, I, Tr6rE TroiVV avUTO
the gods left heaven? Is this the ballot urn they TTpooCeTTiov 'OAU?Orriov TOCrOUTOV
r V TOa-UyKEXCOppl-
chose when they assigned the realms?" (Hasne dei, KOS.In all these passages, Sandys thinks, Aristides
dices, caelo petiere relicto? I Regnaquepartitis haec is imitating Demosthenes, Against Midias 59,
fuit u<r>na deis?) asks the stranger in Seneca's rTOCOUTOVTrTSEUCE3PEia(s Ev EKa'acp T uis S &v ov i8oi TO
Epigram V 3-4, ed. Prato, with the emendationand ovyKEX)ooplK6s, "we can see the pious spirit of for-
commentary of Hans Herter, "Athen im Bilde der bearance so strong in each of you." The word is six
R6merzeit: Zu einem Epigramm Senecas," Serta hundred years old, but the rational deferencewhich
philologica Aenipontana, Innsbrucker Beitrdge zur Aristides means is the obsequium of the second
Kulturwissenschaft 7-8 (I96I): pp. 347-358). century after Christ. For obsequiumsee R. Syme,
"Seeds ... of justice." The semina iustitiae of Tacitus (Oxford, I958) 1: p. 28.
Cicero,De Finibus go back apparently to Antiochus "Those who lose their case are equally as satisfied
of Ascalon, and belong to the favorite concepts of as those who have prevailed." This praise is applied
Middle Platonism. They are discussed by Carl An- by Pseudo-Aristides, EiSPaocaiEa,p. I04 Dindorf
dresen, "Justin und der mittlere Platonismus," = XXXV Keil 19, to the decisions of the emperor.
Zeitschr. fiir die neutestamentlicheWissenschaft44 Lycurgus, Against Leocrates12 says the Areopagus
(1952/53): pp. I57-I95, especially pp. I69-I78. so far surpasses all the other courts that even those
"A court of all the gods." For the Twelve Gods as who lose their case admit the decision is just.
jurors see 0. Weinreich, "Zwolfg6tter"in Roscher's "A model of justice." Its reputation for justice
Lexikon, especially col. 834. The chief ancient refer- might be supported by Aeschines I 92 and by the
ences to the trial of Ares for the killing of Halir- Areopagiticusof Isocrates.
rhothius are Apollodorus III 14, 2; Pausanias I 2I, 44. "The philanthropy which was not unjust."
7 and 28, 5. Comparesection 236. Students of the word philanthropia, notably S.
"The site received therefrom its present name." Tromp de Ruiter, "De vocis quae est 9(plavepowria
The MarmorParium, FGrHist 239 A 4: q)' oi 8iKrl significatione atque usu," Mnemosyne 59 (I932):
'Aivvroai EYyEvETro'ApEiKai FToaoEi6viVrrErp
'AXtppo0iou pp. 27I-306 and H. Martin, "The Concept of
TOv ToaE5c18CvoS, Kai 6 TO-rOS
rKXiWerl "ApEloS TrayoS, KTX. Philanthropia in Plutarch's Lives," AJP 82 (I96I):
106 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

pp. I64-I75, start with Aeschylus, Prometheus "Cometo her and taken refuge." Xenophon, Hell.
Bound. Martin (p. i66) has already compared the VI 5, 45 makes Procles of Phlius say: "For my part,
philanthropiaof the ancient Athenians (incidentally men of Athens, I have hitherto on hearsay admired
extolled by Plutarch, Cimon IO, 6-7) with that of and envied this great state, whither, I was told,
Prometheus, but the differencelies therein that the every one who was wronged or stood in terror of
philanthropy of Prometheuswas unjust. So was the aught needed only to betake himself and he would
enormous philanthropia of Xerxes in section I33. obtain assistance. Today I no longer hear, I am
Aristides reflects Panaetius (Cicero,De Of. I xiv). present myself and see these famous citizens of
"Rid himself of the Furies." The trial of Orestes Lacedaemon here, and by their side their trustiest
is the famous subject of Aeschylus, Eumenides. See friends, who have come to you and ask you in their
particularly G. Hafner, ludicium Orestis (= II3. day of need to give them help" (Dakyns' trans-
Winkelmannsprogram,Berlin, 1958); also A. Cam- lation).
bitoglu and A. D. Trendall, Apulian Red-figured 48. "It was this city which first established to-
Vase Painters of the Plain Style (= Archaeological day's temples and altars" (for Heracles). So also in
Institute of America, Monograph 10, I962), pp. the Hymn to Heracles, XL Keil ii. According to
16-17, on the bell-kraterin Berlin (8). Diodorus IV 39 the Athenians were the first of all to
45. "The philanthropy they showed to all, and honor Heracleswith sacrificesas a god. In Euripides,
the way in which they worked as a city for the Heracles 1323-1337, Theseus invites the hero to
common good" (esi Tr KoIVOvETroXAiTrEavro). This Athens with a promise of temples and sacrifices,
is the theme which Aristides in section 2 calls Triv when he dies. Pausanias I 32, 4 says that the Mara-
Kolvo6TTraKai TpiCavepcoTriav. thonians claim to have been the first of the Hellenes
46. "Continuedmethodically increasing their gift to recognize Heracles officially as a god.
to society ... a very great benefaction of theirs, "Just as previously she had honored him at the
very important for the development of society," Mysteries, first of foreigners" (to be admitted). See
669 wTrpoilEaoav TE
avOovrTs V tiAoT-riTav,coarrtpoi ra the speech of Calliasin Xenophon, Hell. VI 3, 6.
orEpplaTa, PeyiorrT 6 1
Kai TroyV
KOIVOTrrTTI EOEpyEacicv, "He has continued to be and to seem a god."
KTrA.Demosthenes III 26 spoke of increasing the Arrian, Anabasis V 26, 5 represents Alexander as
commonwealth (TOKOIVOV aviEtv), likewise Xeno- saying that Heracles "reached so great a height of
phon, Hell. I 4, 13. The metaphor is from working glory as from being a man to become a god, or to
the soil to increase growth, but it also implies the seem to become one" (yEvoOai fl 8OKEIV).
public spirit of a philotimia in the concrete sense, "When the gods admitted the strangers, this city
that is, a benefaction not to an individual but to a did too, living as she did in communion with the
community. Kal TOis brrivqXuas
gods," d&Xaa an-rrl E-rTa &Acov
T-rOv
"The kind and consoling reception of those from OEcOVEVEKptVEv, Co00rp ov'proAXT?EvUOpjpVTOIS EOwiS.
everywhere who were unfortunate," 1rT-CV Troav- For the participlesee ch. V and MarcusAurelius X i.
raX6oev uTcruxoOvvrcov iurroSox Kal rrapaouieia. On the deification of a mortal by action of the gods
The word *rro6ox suggested to any educated man see U. Wilcken, Sitzungsb. Berlin 1938: pp.3I3f.
the third factor of Plato, Timaeus 48e-55c, the Communion with the gods suggests the role of
factor which is described as a kind receiver like a intermediaries.Athens is the syndesmosof the world.
Elval yevEaEcos irrro8ox)v aOCriv olov
nurse, crTIrjlS "She has given in recognition this free gift,"
'TiOirlv (49a5-6), and which is said to receive Tr^VXc&ptv.In Euripides, Herac-
all, TalrrT v &rTo6S6cbKEi
Trravra(5ob8). This shows how
8bXE'rai-r y&p aei r&a les I336f. Theseus had said, X6&plv
ao.... r.Tlv6' &wT-
Aristides understood the above-cited comparison &bcyco.
with a nurse; at the first move the nurse kindly "For all the rest merely followed her example."
receivesthe new-borninfant and stops it from crying. Diodorus IV 39 says that Athens here gave an ex-
47. "Both cities and nations," KalTrortS Kal gevrl. ample first to all Hellenes and afterwardsto all men
These are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The throughout the civilized world.
phrase in the fourth century B.C. indicated all the 49. "Most extreme threats." So also Diodorus IV
states of the Hellenic world (IG IV2 i, 68); in the 57, 3.
ChristianPeriod it meant all the communities of the "This city received them, she alone of all," i TrroA6X
Roman Empire (Roman Oration 3I). Dio of Prusa 6E Crrre6iSarop6OV -rT v Trarvrcov.In the debate with
XXXVIII ii (von Arnim) speaks of demoi and the Tegeates before the Battle of Plataea the Athen-
ethne,while Constantius II (AJP 83 [I962]: p. 248) ians say: 'HpaKAEiSas... rTOrUOS rsp6OrEpoVE eAauvo-
both speaks of populi and nationes and contrasts tivovs vr6 -rroavrcov 'EAAivcov ... ,oOVvotIinro6&-
communities with individuals. pIvoi T'iv E*puaos 3ppltvKaTEi,OoEv (Herodotus IX
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] COMMENTARY 107
27, 2). Diodorus IV 57, 4 says: pO6vo TCV aXXcov (I944): pp. 201-237. In reply to a recent attempt
'AOrvcaotSita T-rvEpvUTOv aCTroTsETrEiKEiavTrpocaEE- to bring the date of settlement far down see Carl
cavrro
Tro0s'HpaKAiSas. See also II
Apollodorus 8, the Roebuck, "The Economic Development of Ionia,"
Heraclidaeof Euripides, and the speech of Procles Class. Phil. 48 (I953): pp. 9-I6. See also Roebuck,
of Phlius in Xenophon, Hell. VI 5, 49. But compare Ionian Tradeand Colonization(New York, I959).
Diodorus XIV 6, 2 on the Argives receiving the With sections 51-52 compare Bruni, Laudatio,
Athenian exiles despite the Spartan threats in the passage cited above, p. xx, n. 3.
404-403. 52. "The Dryopians and the Pelasgians, traces of
"Protection," TrpoarTaciav.See also Hymn to whose rescue survive to this day, for the names of
Heracles, XL Keil I4. places named after them attest ... to their residence
"Heracles" and "Theseus." See B. B. Shefton, and to their rescue." The Pelargikon is expressly
"Heraklesand Theseus on a Red-figuredLouterion," mentioned by Herodotus V 64; Thucydides II 17;
Hesperia 31 (I962): pp. 330-368 for archaeological IG I2 76 - Tod 74, line 55; Aristophanes, Birds
material and Hans Herter, "Theseus der Athener," 832; Ath. Pol. 19. Moreover. Herodotus VI I37-I40
Rh. Mus. 88 (I939): pp. 244-326 for literary refer- mentions Pelasgians in Athens and cites a story from
ences. Hecataeus which connects the Pelasgians with the
50. "Granted them four towns." Diodorus IV old Pelargikon around the Acropolis. The place
57, 4 says Tricorythus, one of the so-called Tetra- name which recalls the Dryopians may have been
polis. the sanctuary of Artemis Kolainis (PausaniasI 3I, 5
"A raising of children at public expense when the and IV 34, 5).
father was a benefactor." Examples are the cases of "Thus of old ... for those who as a result of wars
Harmodius and Aristogeiton (IG I2 77 = AJP 75 or even through civil dissension or through some
[I954]: p. I72) and Cephisodorus in a decree of other chance were going into exile," OUTrco 8' EK
I96/5 B.C. (Hesperia 5 [I936]: p. 422, line 35). For TraCXaou ... TOTS ?KTCOV Cov
WTroATo 1 KarTaorTacv {I
the custom see Plato, Menexenus 249a; Thucyd. II KaT' aAXXrvrtva (pevyouvciTurxTv.Thucydides I 2, 6:
46; Isocrates, On the Peace 82; Aeschines III I53- oi TrroAEpp F aoraa'i Err'TTOVTreS
a ... Kai TroAi'Tai
I54, 204; Hyperides, Epitaph., peroration; Aristotle, yiyv6oEvoi EuOus&T6o rraXaiouo.When Aristides bor-
Politics II 8, 5 (I268a); Diogenes Laertius I 55. rows from an older writer, he paraphrasesand does
51. "Moored with two anchors." This is what not copy.
Solon said of the Athenians according to Plutarch, 53. "If today there are Messenians, it is because
Solon 19, on which see Felix Stahelin, "Der solo- of this city." See Isocrates, Phil. 34.
nische Rat der Vierhundert," Hermes 68 (I933): "Plataea ... Athenian citizenship to replace the
pp. 343-345. The metaphor occurs again in section Plataean." See Thucydides III 55, 3 (rroXITrias pE?T-
io8. Aristides interprets the famous phrase in quite XaPEV), Demosthenes LIX 104-106 (pETE'8oTeTrfi
a new sense. Lysias XXIII 2, Isocrates, Panathenaic
WToAXiTiaS),
"Those who met disaster at Thebes." The Seven 94, and G. Mathieu, "La Reorganisation du corps
against Thebes. civique athenien a la fin du Ve siecle," REG 40
"Tanagraeans." Herodotus V 57 and 6I on the (I927): pp. 65-II6, who points out with reference
Tanagraeanorigin of the genos of the Gephyraeans. to the Plataic of Isocrates that it was not full
"All these refugees made up Ionia." This is a citizenship. E. Kirsten, RE 20 (I950) coll. 2308f.,
reference to the version, perhaps launched in the describes them as citizens de iure, privileged metics
time of Pisistratus (see commentary to section 5), de facto.
publicized by Pherecydes and certainly not con- "Once again when the Plataeans were expelled
tradicted by Thucydides I, that Athens was the from their homes and the Thespiaeans along with
metropolis of the cities of the Ionian coast, a version them." Xenophon, Hell. VI 3, i and the speech of
which explained older legends connecting the cities Callias in Xenophon, Hell. VI 3, 5.
with other parts of Greece by assuming that the "People of the Thraceward region ... two and
founders had first taken refuge in Athens before thirty cities," Demosthenes IX 26.
going out on one great expedition (certainly untrue) "Corinth, Thasos, Byzantium," Demosthenes,
to colonize Ionia. The tradition is discussed partic- Against Leptines 59, with the discussion by J.
ularly by U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff,"Qber Pouilloux, Recherchessur l'histoire et les cultes de
die Ionische Wanderung," Sitzungsb. Berlin 1906: Thasos 1 (= Etudes Thasiennes 3 I954): pp. I93-
pp. 59-79 (= Kleine Schriften 5 I: pp. I52-I76), 204.
and later but not better, Th. Lenschau, "Die Griin- 54. "Proverb."Hear Alcibiades in Thucyd. VI I6,
dung Ioniens und der Bund am Panionien," Klio 36 4. CompareAristides XX Keil I8.
108 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

Athens as Pronoia against Tyche. See Sophocles, the Corinthians later (Thucyd. I I3, 5). Plutarch,
Oed. Rex. 977 (&vepco-rroS ca T'a -r T5r)(TxKporaTr Theseus7 mentions that Heraclescleaned the pirates
rrpovota S' oa-riv
o08Ev6oS cacxfs); the prooem of Dio- out of land and sea. Aristides, however, has in mind
dorus Siculus; Plutarch, Pericles 4, 6. Athena chiefly Isocrates XII 43, who says that the Cyclades
Pronoia has been mentioned in section 12, while after the time of Minos were occupied by Carians
Tyche will reappear in section I58. Demetrius of and that the Athenians drove them out and settled
Phalerum wrote a work on Tyche, fTEpiTXTns. the needy Hellenes there without taking anything
Demosthenes XVIII 253-254 contrasts the good for themselves. One of the aims of international
Tyche of Athens with the cruel Tyche of all the cooperation in the fourth century B.C. was the
others, and in XVIII 178 he contrasts the desper- clean sea (I.G. IV2, i, 68, line 38).
ation of Thebes with the foresight of Athens. "Eye-sore of Hellas." The famous phrase (Plut-
Plutarch, Timoleon 19, I contrasts pronoia and arch, Pericles 8; Aristotle, Rhet. I4IIa I5) about
aretewith tyche. Artabanos in Herodotus VII 10 6 2 Aegina, "the eye-sore of the Piraeus," is adapted to
contraststycheand bouleuma.The contrast of divine another and better situation.
Pronoia and Tyche may be found in the Middle 57. When Philo, Leg. ad Gaium, 21, 147 calls
Platonists, Maximus of Tyre (Or. 5, 4) and Atticus Augustus 6 Triv CEV 'EA&Saa'EAacalr roAcaT5 rrapau-
(in Eusebius, Praep. Ev. XV 4) as G. Soury, iocas, Trlv86 pa&ppapov EVTOl d&vayKatOTaTotISTrIl a-
Aperfus de philosophie religieuse chez Maxime de he
Col &apEXXrlvicaS, was, I think, reapplying to
Tyr, These, Paris, I942, 24-32 and C. Andresen, Augustus the praise of Alexander in an encomium
Logos und Nomos (Berlin, 1955), p. 273 have noted. of Alexandria. Aristides may well have the same
"One road." Bacchylides fr. ii (Snell): p[ia ppo- encomium of Alexandria in mind.
roicriv ECTV ?ErTUvXxia6865. See O. Becker, "Das Bild "She colonized the islands which lie off the
des Weges," Hermes,Einzelschriften, 4 (I957). Peloponnese, making the regions of the West her
"Most venerable among the cities of Hellas," a own special concern (otKIovupivrlv) and holding back
reflectionof Solon fr. 4 (Diehl), "the oldest of Ionian the barbarian flood from all directions as with
states." Aristides of course surpasses Solon in the barriers" (Trpopo6ois).Compare Isocrates, Philip-
extent of the compliment. pus 122, Trp6oTOUS p3cppappovs ... lTpopaX7orOai. For
55. "Him who is common exegete of the Hellenes the phrase "making the regions of the West her own
but for her an ancestral deity, the Pythian Apollo." special concern"Herodotus IV I48 may be compar-
Compare Plato, Repuzblic,IV, 427c: ov0i xprlaon6oa ed, where Theras is said to have sailed with col-
ErlnyTrTi&aX' V1 -rCTwTarpiCp oiCros yap 8firrou 6 onists to an island in orderto join with the islanders
06ESTrEpiTa -rTlaxra wrraClV avepcbTrols TraTpitoS rlyrl- in a synoecism, oiuSai8coseAXv caOiTros &?A& K6pTa
TrS V pcactp rfiS y Eri
s irTOo6ciopa0 Kaomejpvos~i*- OIKIltievEVOs. The three islands, Cephallenia,
yETral.For Apollo as exegete and mantis see Aeschy- Zacynthus, and Ithaca, are here claimed as Athenian
lus, Eumenides,595 (Murray).In a speech delivered colonies, because they formed in the historiafabula-
at Cyzicus Aelius Aristides (Or. XXVII Keil, 5) ris the realm of the Attic hero Cephalus(see Rapp's
plays on the phrase "exegete and mantis" by calling article in Roscher's Lexikon 2 [I894] coll. Io94f.).
Apollo oiKlarfisKcailaprvus. Cephalus participated in the famous expedition
Manya one, I believe,even of those who dwellamong his against the Taphians or Teleboans and received as
the Hyperboreans,has alreadyheardof the oraclecon- share these islands, one of which afterwards
cerningCyzicusand of Him who confirmedits happiness
owed its name to him. From Cephalus, too, on
for the city, namely Him, who is exegete to all other Ithaca the family of Laertes was said to be descend-
cities but to this city actuallyfounder.For He founded ed. The ancient "claim" of Athens to Cephallenia
the othercitiesthroughthe oecistswhomHe dispatched gave Hadrian an excuse to hand over the island and
to each destination,but He himselfwithout intermedi- its revenues to Athens (Dio Cassius 69, i6, 2).
ary has becomeoecist for this city. So Cyzicusis indeed Furthermore, Herodotus VIII 62, 2 makes The-
blessed, in that it began from such a beginningand mistocles say "to Siris in Italy, which is still ours
traces its history back to such an oecistand confirmer. from of old."
Compare Herodotus I 4, 4 on the
Against the oracle of Apollo exegete and mantis for Persians making Asia their own. For a city as oiKTac
all other cities is set the oracle of Apollo oecist and of the emperor see L. Robert, Hellenica II (I946)
martys for Cyzicus. I45f. The emperor Claudius, whose maternal
56. "She cleaned the adjacent sea" with reference grandfather was Mark Antony and whose brother
shortly thereafter to the barbarian and piratical was Germanicus,writes to Alexandria, iav TroiTrcO
element. Minos presumably cleaned the pirates out TrrorxTavrT &P9OTEpoi (Jews and Alexandrians)
I
of the sea, Thucydides 4 conjectures, and so did rrpa6rrlros Kaci liXaveOpowiacS
IJ-rTax Trp6o &XAXiXous
Tfis
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 109
Lfjv EX?ArflT?rE,
Kaci-yco rrp6volav TTrS'rr6ocoSTroilco- by W. Jaeger, Early Christianityand GreekPaideia
r avo-raTcoxKaecaIrEpxKwrpoy6vcovOiKEiacSipi
pil TilV (Harvard Univ. Press, I96I), pp. I3-I4 and 113-II4.
vTrapXoucrlj (CPJ I53). Other references to a city 58. "An underlying support," rTTOKEI,IpV7S.
C. J.
as oikeia of the emperors are cited by A. M. Wood- Classen, SprachlicheDeutung als Triebkraftplato-
ward, Numismatic Chronicle, ser. VII, 3 (1963), p. 6. nischen und sokratischenPhilosophierens (= Zete-
A Late Roman inscription, ILS 1265 in honor of mata 22, Munich, I959), ch. V. "Die Umdeutungen
Amnicius Probus, reads: Veneti atque Histri pecul- von VTrro6EaiS
und SaipfpEclS."
The Hellenes according
iares eius patrono praestantissimo. See also the to Aristides had an arche (beginning) and a real
speech of Agelaus of Naupactus in Polybius V 104, 5. base; the Christians according to Celsus had no real
"In the thought that the earth was naturally one base (cf. Carl Andresen, Logos und Nomos [Berlin,
and that the lands beyond the confines of Hellas I955], Part II).
were not distinct, she knit the earth together," "Like a stone foundation or a living root," coarrep
auvaTTourovaTriv yfiv cos piav oiacIv Tri ICat Kaci-ra KpiTyriSoso piLris.Pindar, fr. 194 Snell, says, KEKp6-
TTjS'EA?axos ou KEXCopicypva.c
errEpav The passage re- TrlTai XpuvoaoKprrlTi iEpaialv aoiBcai. "Root" is a
flects the Stoic argument about three types of reflection of a famous phrase of Pindar, Pyth. IV
unity as we have it from Sextus Empiricus, Adv. I5, who calls Cyrene "a root of cities." But the
Math. IX 78 = SVF II 1013, with differentiation comparisonwith Ge, rra&vrcov E'8oS&cpayESaoiiE(He-
between those EKcuvaITTropVCcov and those EKStEo- siod, Theog. 117), enters also. The word KprlrTiS and
-rcrcov and with the conception of a cosmos held the idea of "root" are combined in the opening
together like a plant by an inner physis (cf. Karl sentence of Clement's Paedagogus.Plotinus III 3, 7
Reinhardt, Poseidonios [Munich, I92I], pp. 345- (Henry-Schwyzer)compares an archewith a root.
347). Athens, unifying the world, carries out the "For after they had been sent out to Ionia and
design of the Demiurge(s). In certain cosmological had made good, there came a yearning upon them
theories man was created to bind together the two to imitate the pattern set by the mother-city," Trot
parts of the universe, the Intelligible and the yap WTrEppEieTo' K pri
KpaTo cai Epcos Epi7TrWTE1
tpjiiio''C-aa
Visible (see U. Wickert, Studien zum Pauluskom- Oal -rTv pi-rTp6oroXAv.Isocrates, Panegyricus 35-36
mentarTheodorsvon Mopsuestia(- Zeitschr.neutest. says that Athenian leaders became military com-
Wiss. Beiheft 27, I962), p. 18. manders of colonizing expeditions and succeeded in
"The Asian counterpart," Tro 'rriTfiS 'Acias a&vri- conquering the barbarians (KpraTrilav-rs Tro0Spap-
wrrpcopov,Eiolov Tr'eirEiT, 'EAAXXSiri traXaia. Compare Pa3pous),and for those who later wanted to found
Euripides, Medea 210: 'EAXXS'eiSav-rTiropov. For colonies, they made it easy "to imitate (pilpiacaeial)
the colonization of Asia see J. M. Cook, Cambridge our city." Plotinus III 3, 7, comparingan archewith
Ancient History, rev. ed., 2 (I96I): ch. XXXVIII. a root, speaks of it producing eidola of itself. G.
"Each of the two branches," aP9poT?pcpTCryEVEt. Pfligersdorffer, "A6ylo5 und die A6yioi avOpco-rrot
Asia and Italy, as Reiske recognizedby comparison bei Demokrit," Wiener Studien 61-62 (1943-1947):
with the phrase "at both ends of the earth" in pp. 21-27, discusses the notion that civilization arose
section 58. Pausanias I 29, 5 says that the Athenians through imitation of logioi anthropoi.
led with Iolaus a first expedition to Sardinia, and "Extending the measure of Hellas to some other
then the Athenians sent a second expedition to mark, as it were, until they had filled the whole
Ionia. cos <ETr'>6Ao
(Mediterranean) basin," cEKTEvov-rES
"Concord."Hans Kramer, Quid valeat 6povoia in Ti pTrpov To
ri S 'EAX68os ECOAS oTrav TO
ETrf11ipoCoacv
litteris graecis (Diss., G6ttingen, I915), has collected Instead of cbaorrior cbaoTr'manuscripts
6EX6OPEvov.
a wealth of material from classical literature and read C;a)crep,which would have been a familiar com-
inscriptions; on p. 44 he says that the orators of the bination. By itself it was a plausible reading, but in
fourth century used it to mean "concordiamomnium the context it makes no sense. The correct reading
gentium Graecarum adversus hostes externos se is suggested by the Middle Platonist Albinus,
convertentium." The Concord of the Hellenes, a Epitome (ed. Louis) IV 8: p. I56 Hermann:
slogan also of the second century after Christ, is dCS CE 'i"iETpa rtvva
avcaqppovTr Erri Tas spuaiKaSEVVOias
commemorated on coins of Asia (referencesin D. cbpioauva,KpiVOpEV. It is significant that Albinus,
Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor [Princeton Univ. Epitome IX, calls the Idea a metron. The word
Press, I950], pp. 638-639 and I499-I50I) and in 8EX6oEvov suggests a receptacle like a basin, and the
priesthoods of Old Greece (Hesperia 10 [1941]: p. 71; Greek expansion is presently defined by Gades and
IG II2 3623; IG VII 25Io and 3426). On the history Lake Maeotis as the furthest limits. Aristides is
of homonoia (Concord) see further R. Andreotti, thinking in terms which go back to the receptacle
Historia 5 (I956): pp. 282-302, and the works cited and cosmos of the Timaeus 49-50 and passim.
110 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

"At both ends of the earth there dwell children of means a nobility in helping others to bear bad for-
your children, for some have moved all the way to tune. See R. A. Gauthier, Magnanimite:l'ideal de la
Gades from Massalia." There is no reference to a grandeur dans la philosophie paienne et dans la
Greekcommunity at Gades (= Cadiz)in the rest of theologiechretienne(Paris, I95I).
our extant sources, but in the Roman Period many 60. "Bestowed gifts of land and a share in laws
Greeks settled in all the coastal towns of Spain, so and civic life," PE-raSoioaa
XcbpasKalv6ocovKai-rro?l-
there is nothing surprisingin the presence of Greeks TEraS. In Herodotus V 57, Thucydides I 26, and
in Spain's foremost commercialcity. Aristides does Plutarch, Solon 24, a share in civic life may imply
not pretend that the community dates from the days lands and laws. The tricolon is rhetorical.
of the Phocaean thalassocracy. It is a community "To use this surplus population in the interest of
which may date from any period after 206 B.C.when Hellas," rmepT-riS'EXA8aosXpfioial T-r Tr?EovrKTri-
Gadesjoined the Romans. It is, however, interesting IraTi.For XpfiaOatcompareHerodotus II Io8 where
that the Greekcommunity of Gades is visualized as Sesostris "used"the people whom he captured to
of Massaliote rather than Italiote, Sicilian or East- construct canals, etc.
ern origin. The question arises whether this inter- "Of greater philanthropy and distinction," (ptiav-
esting comment goes back to an earlier literary epcOT-rrEpov ... Xaiprrpo6rpov. For the distinction of
source. Asclepiades of Myrlea or Posidonius or Athenian policy see the third speech of Pericles in
someone else may have inspired this comment. Did Thucydides II 64, 5.
Aristides here with his sweep from Gades to the "She ... never failed to do what was proper in
Tanais and Lake Maeotis reply to the proud state- the crises of both situations," Kai -r&rrprrovra&ca-
ment of Augustus, Res Gestae 26, that he had TEpoiSTrot KatpoTSiTfiprlaEv. Her actions were guided
pacified the provinces from Gades to the mouth of not by passion but by reason (logos). Contrast the
the Elbe? Or was Augustus replying to a Greek specious arguments (prophaseis alogous) of those
predecessor of Aristides? For the expression whose behavior was guided not by reason but by
"childrenof your children"compare Herodotus VII passions, whom Polybius III 15, 9 calls "those who
ga where Mardoniussays of the Greeks "we hold disregard that which is proper because they are
their children after having subdued them, namely prepossessed by passion" (oi Sia TraSrrpoEyKaOlmivaS
those who have settled in our continent and are acOTOIS6ptUas 6Xtycopo0ivTrsTO Ka6c1KovroS). See
called Ionians and Aeolians and Dorians." T. also Gorgias, Epitaph, fr. 6 Diels-Kranz, TOCrOV
Pekary, Mitteilungendes DeutschenArchdologischen EIOTaTOV
volUilovTrrEs a KOI6TaTOVV6pov, rO8ov iv
Kai
Instituts in Istanbul 15 (I965): p. I22, publishes an TC tovrn Kai AEyEI Kal aIYCaV.
inscription of the time of Commodus, wherein "Then and then only she mustered them and sent
Miletusis describedas mother of cities in many parts them forth, appointing leaders for them individu-
of the oikoumene. ally, inasmuch as she herself had become a common
"Allotmentsalong the Tanais and Lake Maeotis." leader and protector of them all, and she joined
See M. Rostovtzeff, "South Russia in the Prehistoric with them people of her own," oOrrcosfi8r 61e-
and Classical Period," AHR 26 (I92I): pp. 203-224 K6O(7atKal WTpoT7rWI.Trev, 'a&orois qptorra-
TE?
lyEp?6vaS
and H. Bengtson, Gr. Geschichte2(Munich, I960), aa, CSrorEp fiyecva Kal9OXaalyFy6-
acrrh oaunrrcvTrcov
p. 95f. Strabo VII 4, 5 (= C. 3I0) mentions the VEI KOtVi,Kai EtbuvOiKoOEVTwapal[Eyvaca. Isocrates
emporium of Tanais. Panegyricus 35 said that the Athenians sent out to
"I have to laugh." Herodotus IV 36, 2. the cities leaders (fiyeovaS) who took those most
"The many other much larger cities of today." in need of a livelihood and who, having become their
Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Carthage come im- military commanders and having conquered with
mediately to mind. them the barbarians, founded many cities on each
59. "Consistency" (ouvvXeia)suggests fi0os which continent. Whereas Isocrates uses the story of the
the ancients derived from e0oS(see commentary on colonization of Ionia for a propagandistic purpose,
the consistently behaved city of the Athenians in i.e., he praises the Panhellenism of the Athenians
section 213), but also the sameness of the soul (cf. to encourage the Hellenes to unite around Athens
Ph. Merlan, From Platonism to Neoplatonism [The for the invasion of Asia Minor,Aristides praises the
Hague, 1953], ch. II). On consistency see also foresight, the philanthropiaand brilliant success of
section 6I. the Athenians in order to show at the end that the
"Nobility of her great spirit," peuyaAoyuXia, here Athenians are, as it were, an image of the gods.
seems to mean something different from Pseudo- Aristides may reflect also the version of Thucydides
Aristotle's definition of megalopsychiaas the ability I 2, 6 on the colonization of Ionia as having two
to bear good fortune and bad fortune well. It stages (migration to Attica and emigration) and as
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 111
having a double origin, partly non-Athenian and Cyrene (IX) says &AX'aO'rS &yilpaos | Ai&v 6 TraXal-
partly Athenian. Isocrates says nothing about yevril, I vo cov a&ia Kal y?pcov. Herodotus II I45
Athenian emigrants. Nor does Isocrates explain the points out that Dionysus was the youngest of the
leaders (iyEP6oves),which E. Buchner in his com- gods, in saying that among the Hellenes Heracles,
mentary (Historia, Einzelschrift 2 [I958]: p. 49) Dionysus and Pan were consideredyoungest, where-
thinks are a transference to Athens of what Thucy- as among the Egyptians Dionysus alone of these
dides I 4 says about the thalassocracy of Minos. It three was thought to belong to a youngest gener-
is true that Isocrates goes on to say they colonized ation. The influence of Plato's Symposium on the
all the islands, and that Thucydides attributes to Hymn to Dionysus has been noted also by Wilfried
the sons of Minos the colonization of some of the Uerschels, Der Dionysoshymnos des Ailios Aristeides
Cyclades. It might be more exact to say that Iso- (Diss. Bonn, I962), pp. 8if. and 113f., n. 246, who
crates exaggerated the historia fabularis of the says that in Symposium I78c Phaedrus calls Diony-
colonization of the Ionian islands in the West and sus "oldest," and that Agathon "in Entgegnung auf
of Ionia in the East by adding the Thucydidean die Phaidrosrede" calls him "youngest of gods."
account of the colonization of the Cyclades by Uerschelsleaves the question open whetherAristides
Minosand his sons, or rather that Isocrates selected called Dionysus "oldest" on purely hymnodic
the most suitable legends with or without borrowing grounds or because of Plato's Symposium.Uerschels
the word 'yEo6ovEs from Thucydides' account of an hits the nail on the head by saying that the age of
unsuitable legend. Dionysus is part of the androgynousgod's ambiva-
61. "Consistent," ouvvxfV. The consistency of lence accordingto Aristides. Smyrna too became old
Athenian policy is extolled by Isocrates XII I96- and young (Aristides XX Keil I9). See also Fr.
I98. The consistency of Achaean policy toward the r
Matz, "AtovuaiaKi TeAXE'," Abhandlungen Mainz,
Hellenes is extolled by Polybius II 42. The con- I963, Nr. 5, pp. I420-I427, with references to
sistency (cauvEXela)of Athenian policy appears in Nilsson and others.
section 59, also in section 60 on their unfailing habit "Maintainingalso here the proper course as these
of doing the right thing. See the commentary on situations arose one after the other," acjblovrEs KaV
section 213, where Athens will be called fa KTr' 'OoS TOiTOISTO 'rpoafiKov ?EEfTS.The comment reflects a
Trr67As. desire to show that the Athenians are truly Athena's
"The city's concernforthe Hellenes," i rf'roescoS
TS men. According to one etymology (see Democritus
irrrp -rCv 'EAXivcov irp6voia. Those interested in of Abdera, 68 B 2 Diels-Kranz) Athena was called
the deliberate coloring with philosophical terms Tritogeneiabecause the name impliedgoodplanning,
may compare the pronoia or providentia of God, perfect speech, and ability to do just the right thing
particularly the E'rroupavios
OE6S,the second god, of in every situation. Other reflections of the last
Albinus. occur in sections 60 and 253. In Thucydides I 43, 4
62. "Oldbut also young as men describeDionysus." the Corinthians appeal to the Athenians to do
The manuscripts read KacOrrEp
TOv Al6vuvov ypa- -Ta rrpooiKKovra. Demosthenes VI 8 says the Athen-
pouonlv,and the scholiast too had this text. Further- ians recognize TrravO' & TrpoOriKEi ahead of time.
more, at the end of the Hymn to Dionysus (XLI "Old but also young. For it is the oldest whose
Keil) the orator calls Dionysus "oldest of the gods descendants are likely to be most numerous," Kai
and youngest." F. W. Lenz, "Der Dionysoshymnos yTp TCOVTrpEoaprTaT-rV iTriwT-rovTElval TOvS arro-
des Aristeides," Rivista di culturaclassica e medioe- yovous EiKOS. This is the kind of argument used by
vale 3 (I96I): pp. 153-166 (= Aristidesstudien 8) Thucydides VI 55 to prove that Hippias was the
shows that in Aristides' Hymn to Dionysus there oldest of the sons of Pisistratus: TraTESs yap auctr
are echoes of Agathon's speech in Plato's Symposium pO6vvwpaivovTai TCOVv yvrlaicov ?a6s8EApv yEvopEvot ...
(so also A. Hug, Leben und Werke des Redners ElKos yap iv TOY TrrpEopUcTaTov TTpcoTovyqifai. The
Aristeides [Diss. Freiburg in Switzerland, I912], particles Kaiyap indicate that Aristides is adding a
p. 55), and he argues that Aristides has transferred second explanation of the phrase "old but also
to Dionysus what Agathon said of Eros. It could, young.
however, be the other way around: Agathon has "Andthe receptionof those who ask for protection
transferred to Eros what another has said about devolves upon the stronger rather than any others,"
Dionysus, while Aristides in the Hymn to Dionysus Kai p&AXov rTIVCOVOXAAovKai rTO5XE?aea TO roS 60o-
gives the patronage of paideia back to Dionysus, pEvoug T-rV KpEITTrvooVE?CT. In R, above the word
with, of course, allusions to the Symposium, where KpEtrTTOvovthe scholiast has written iaXuporEpcov,
Agathon called Eros the youngest but not the which catches the surface meaning perfectly as a
oldest of the gods. It is Aion of whom Synesius of synonym for "younger." The orator varies the
112 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

terms: "oldest" is a rather precise superlative; GEL. s.v. TrEpietil III 2b. The hybris of Eurystheus
KpElTTrr6oov,which suggests superiority of several is mentioned by Isocrates, Philippus 34.
sorts (including the divine), is an ambiguous com- "This man himself," TrorroV... aro6v. Holleck,
parative and leaves the audience with the surprise ConiectaneaI3f. was right in shifting the comma to
of two meanings. Dindorf and other editors have so a position before -roUrrovand in identifying TroUrov
punctuated as to assign the phrase Kai IaiNov 1 with Eurystheus.
ItvCOv&XXcov wrongly to the preceding clause, while "Relied on his wealth,"Trosy)ap rrrtpxouvaiapprl-
Canter omitted the phrase in his translation. Com- craS.Not power, but the wealth or resources on
pare Sallust Bel. Jug. XIV I6, vos implorarem,patres which tyrannical power rested and by which venal
conscripti, quibus pro magnitudine imperi ius et jurors could be corrupted. For wealth as a basis of
iniurias omnis curaeesse decet. the tyrant's power, see Aeschylus, Ag. 1638 and
63. "Herdeeds in the dangers of war," al peraTrcov Fraenkel's commentary.
KIV8uvcovrrpalEts. That this was indeed a favorite The background is the Heracleidaeof Euripides,
theme at Athens is attested by the sarcasm of but the story is also one of those selected by Procles
Tacitus, Annals II 53 on the visit of Germanicus of Phlius (speech in Xenophon, Hell. VI 5, 47), and
to Athens in A.D. i8: excepereGraeciquaesitissimis it occurs in the funeral orations and Isocrates,
honoribus,veterasuorumfacta dictaquepraeferentes, Paneg. 54-60, Panath. I94 ('rraeev &trpoaiKEv
quo plus dignitatis adulatio haberet.For the role of aOTcT),also Herodotus IX 27.
praxeis see W. Siegfried, Studien zur geschichtlichen 67. This exploit, mentioned by Herodotus IX 27,
Anschauungdes Polybios (Diss. Leipzig, I928), pp. Procles of Phlius (in Xenophon, Hell. VI 5, 46), and
33-57, and of course Xenophon's Agesilaus. Diodorus IV 65, 9 ("the Athenians who excelled all
65. "Clearsamples of the excellence and greatness others in goodness"), was the proud theme of the
of spirit which mark her dealings with all," TriSEIS Suppliants of Euripides and of the lost Eleusinians
IrrTlasTapETriSK}alvEycaXovuxia5:vapyi 8EiyCIaTa. of Aeschylus. It constituted a traditional theme of
Diodorus XV 63, 2 (doubtless from Ephorus) men- funeral orations among which Lysias II 7-10 offers
tions the demos of the Athenians as great-spirited a good example. Isocrates, Panegyric 54-60 men-
and generousto all, pieycNA6yuXos covKal(piX&vpcorros.tions it and says that Adrastus asked the city to aid
66. "A little while ago we began an examination rTaTK<ovaTlT*Xais and not to allow the ancient
of her perfect philanthropy" (r^viviXrl xvepco- custom and ancestral law of burying the dead to be
Triav). In section 45 the phrase was ooaI T-iviKal ota dissolved. But the inspiration of our passage is
Tri 7rEpiouvaia Trf;sqniavepcowftasels &nravras&XPi- primarily due to Isocrates, Panathenaic 168-174.
ctavro.Aristides referredin sections 45-51 to a close Isocrates XII I69 said: 8EITeo TOIOUTOUS
txi rTepIiSETv
connection between Athenians on the one hand and &vSpaS &c-r6ouSyEvopvouS nrlSe rracai6lv 0eoSKai
Heraclesand Heraclidson the other. Plato, Politicus rr6rplov vO6ov KcaTcWUOv6VOv C&TrrVT6Sa&vepcowlo
258e contrasts -rTv6XTrv hrr\ltrixrlvwith the two XPCAPEVOlSaTEXO0CriVoV0Xcob r1'r'&vpco'rrivrs KEI[iVCvo
types of knowledge. In Plato, RepublicI 344 Thra- (pV9cos EC & S' CMnrb SailoviaS rrpooT6rrc
aypvcp 6uva-
symachus, who speaks of the perfect (= complete IecOS.The Isocratean &vepcowrrvrlS <pCocoS(human
and entire) injustice as Tfv 6X\rv&StKiCav,also uses society) has a very different meaning from the
the phrases r-v TrEXEoTaTrrlv a8lKiav and dSBKica ... phrase T-rSpaecoS 6crr&anrS (= all
rfis d&vpcoTreEas
iKavcos yiyvolpEvrl (344a and c). The rhetor Men- the human race) which Aristides uses, but the one
ander in his book on Display Oratory (Spengel III suggests the other. Isocrates XII 170 continues to
377, 8-9 - Bursian I04, 3) speaks of a perfect say that the city sent an embassy to the Thebans
kingship, TrpoS6oirvpacaiXFiav avuypivopEv. It could and told them that she would not permit their
be argued that the "perfect" philanthropy of the violation of the common (koinon) law of all the
Athenians was a philanthropy fully developed, Hellenes. It is significant that Aristides takes the
especially if one contrasted it with the failure of the first step toward the phrase koine physis (Nature of
Spartan nature to develop all the way to fairness the All) as he tells the story of Adrastus (see section
(section 202). 70 Ti, KOIVilq(pcE and commentary). And how
"No city, no hero, no group (y?vos) at all." different the meaning of anthr6peiaphysis in Aristi-
CompareAeschylus, PrometheusBound 56I, TiSy?q; des and in Thucydides!
TryEvos; riva (pcoAeioaa'v | -r6v8EXalvois ?v TreTpi- 68. "Philanthropy, though if you wish ...
i
votaiv XPeial6poevov; justice." For the justice of Athens see Lysias II IO
"Who had such an excess of insolence," cr TOCOU- and I4, Demosthenes LX ii. Athens transcends the
-roV'lpijv (sc. Tfis Ppecos),in imitation of Demosthe- old antithesis of philanthropy and justice (compare
nes XXI 17, TOCrOUTOV as cited by the
aorco TTEplfiv, sections 44 and I33).
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] COMMENTARY 113
"While more powerful than those who <had and Pamphylia as in a camp, across Europe as far
power) in respect to applying force effectively." as their camp which faced the city," &dA' itclcoKe.Cav
As Holleck, Coniectanea I5f. saw, something has i"rreipous, co-rrrep&rr6 oCrl iou TOUOEppcb-
fi86r TCrS
fallen out. The first time the phrase T-rv ?EvTr&6iKala Sov-ros 6ppcbEval, TViv p?v 'Aaciav Expi AuKiQaKai
-ricbvTcov is used, it is followed by the adjective Kapias Kai nTacpuXiaSTrapaTEivoUcraicoorTrp ?Vcrpa-
6XUpcoTEpav,i.e. -- ----- - - followed by rTOTrESc,r'lv 8' EupcbwTTv aXpi TOUCrTpaTOTreSou
-- - -. Then TC-rV 6 'raS suvaSXs ?6VTr is follow- TOUwrp6s TrlVwro6v. Plutarch, Theseus 27, says that
ed by ?TT-rriKEacrpav, i.e. -- ------ followed the Amazons camped almost in the city, and in
by - - - - -. The rhythms are very close but so are describing the fighting he says, following the Atthis
the number of words and syllables: a phrase of five of Clidemus,that their right wing was pushed back
words and nine syllables is followed by one word of as far as their camp (6xpl TOUcrrpaTOTrrESo).Hero-
five syllables, then another phrase of five words and dotus IX, 27, 4 says expressly that the Amazons
nine syllables is followed by one word of six syllables. invaded Attica from the Thermodon River, which
This pattern influences the pattern of the next appears as a starting point in Strabo XI 5, 4 (C.
schema, which begins with the same phrase of five 505); also Lysias II 4 says they dwelt by the Ther-
words and nine syllables. This time the phrase is modon. Reiske thought of emending the phrase
followed by one of twelve syllables and six words, cboc?rp?v aTpacroTrScp,to cborEpdioaparTOTrScpor
cKpipo3r?OpaV dS TOVrTU SIKaiouA6yov, ----- - cbo-rrp vi oTrpaTrorrEScp,
but emendation is probably
- I --- -. The problem is not only to find the unnecessary. The phrase "as in a camp" is to be
sense but to do so within the pattern. If one restores understoodprimarilyas a referenceto the distinction
with Holleck -rTv '8 <T-rSSUVa&ES X6OVTcoV> as the made in section 29 between the civic life of Athe-
first member, the second member ?Tri rTO platcrati nians and the mere camps of the rest of mankind.
5vvaTrcorTpavls TrS, ----- -- - -- This is the first big conflict between the truly civi-
would approximate the right rhythm in a phrase lized and the camping raiders, between Greek city
of fifteen syllables and six words. and barbarianempire. Secondly Aristides is making
69. "We must include ... also these traditions." a playful referenceto early ideas of geography. The
It must be shown formally that the Athenians have later geographersscorned the quadrant maps of the
a (pre-eminent) place among the old, wise, and early historians with rivers as dividing lines and
inspired ethne, whose legends reflect an ancient with the continents equal in size: see J. L. Myres,
nomos and are among the spiritual treasures of the Herodotus,Father of History (Oxford, I953), ch. III,
past. The point of view is well described by Carl "The World of Herodotus." Geographerswho make
Andresen, Logosund Nomos, Die Polemik des Kelsos Asia equal to Europe are derided by Herodotus IV
wider das Christentum(= Arbeiten zur Kirchenge- 36, 2, who, moreover,in IV 38 and 39 uses the words
schichte 30, Berlin, I955). Celsus attacked Christi- and twice TrapaTETaralin reference to
KarTaTEivoucO
anity as a world without Logos and Nomos. maps. Strabo I 2, 28 cites from Ephorus (F 30
70. "Amazons." For Athenian funeral orations Jacoby), who, Strabo says, asserted 6TOTCO AelOo-
(e.g., Plato, Menexenus239b) and for other orations rTTrV
E0voSrrapraTrivEv a& varoAW&v
&vrr' XEItEpIVCVv
P?Xp
in praise of Athens (e.g. Isocrates XII 68-70) or of BvaUCov<(XEipUptvvov>). Ethiopians of Ephorus
The
Theseus, the defeat of the Amazons was an import- were supposed to extend right across Asia and
ant illustration of the excellence of the Athenians. Africa on the southern side of the map, whereas the
Also for non-Athenians the Amazons were an old Amazons are represented as extending across Asia
theme, which received a new interest after the and Europe to a certain parallel. Also the words
historians of Alexander's expedition discovered EiltcbKEcavand 6picbjievacin Aristides carry an echo.
them again. In addition to the older studies see now In Herodotus II 33-34 the rivers Nile and Danube
W. W. Tarn, Alexander the Great (Cambridge1948) were supposed to extend right across Africa and
2; pp. 328f., and Dietrich von Bothmer, Amazonsin Europe on opposite sides: they start from the same
GreekArt (Oxford Monographs on Classical Philo- limits (EK-TrV 'ICcov iErpcov 6oparcai)and equal each
logy, I957). Aristides gives a new interpretation to other (Eitaouo'ai). The rivers start from the same
the old theme of the Amazons vs. nature; nature line and equal each other flowing through two equal
is at first the nature of woman but at the end un- continents, but the Amazons, who start from the
expectedly the koine physis, a philosophical term same river and reach the same line, make two
much used particularly by Stoics. unequal con inents unnaturally equal. Finally it
"They had already made the continents equal; may do no harm to explain that Aristides separates
having started from a fixed point, the Thermodon, the names of Lycia and Pamphylia with that of
they stretched across Asia as far as Lycia and Caria Caria, not because of a weakness in geography but
114 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

in order to avoid a stylistically false evocation of "The Maidens"were worshippedat the Leokorion.
the name of a Roman province. He is also reflecting See particularly FGrHist IIIb 325 Phanodemos F 8
Ephorus (FGrHist II 70, 114) and Strabo XII 3, 2i, with commentary. For Leos' daughters see also
who mention Mysia, Caria and Lydia for the Ama- Diodorus XVII 15, 2 where Phocion recalls their
zons. example of death for the fatherland.
"The empire of the Amazons had dissolved and 74. "Those for the community of Hellas and those
their raiding was finished," IEXX-rAUTo 'AliaoLaiv fi for the city alone," T-rTr KOIVXKCaiTra itia. For this
'E&PX) Kai 6 p6los. Some went out on raids use of the latter adjective see A. W. Gomme, A
abroad while others stayed at home and ruled, but Historical Commentaryon Thucydides1: p. 4I4. For
after their defeat no raider survived as such and the thought see Isocrates IV 52.
those who stayed at home were overthrown (<K'rfj 75. "No one even in a straightforward report of
&pXris gEpAXeriaav, as Isocrates IV 70 says). the record,"o0u8ev6Osv oi08'iv &rrrjX iSlrlyficr. The
"The common Nature of the All." 'rfiKotlvfj Olaei. word dcrrXois(= simplex) could be used as a
This is a Stoic phrase found in SVF II 1076, 9 (ri'v synonym for io-ropiKo6(of or pertaining to "hist-
KOIVilV rravrcovqciaiv) and SVF III, p. 4, line 9 ory"). A. Kerrigan, "The Objects of the Literal and
(<p0aiv68 XpOanTirroSpUv aCIKOUlE,fj KoXoOecoS SETi v, Spiritual Senses of the New Testament accordingto
Tr1VTE KOlvrvKai iSloS 'rTv avepcowrivrlv).See also St. Cyril of Alexandria," Studia Patristica 1 (Berlin,
Plutarch, De StoicorumRepugnantiisIo35c (= SVF I957), PP. 354-374 has assembled from St. Cyril
III p. 80, no. 326); MarcusAurelius V 8 (2) and 25; many examples of the words &rrxovis and &drrZcs as
VIII 7 and 46; IX I (4), 9 and 29; X 8; XII 26 indicating a literal interpretation. The adverbs
and 32. Aristides refers to the orderlygrowth of the avepcoTrwvcoS, ioropwKco,6rrXrAc are fairly synony-
world as a whole, but he particularly means what mous for St. Cyril, who-of course might expand the
Cicero,De Of. II I3 calls the communisvita (humanae wording into a phrase like icropIKcbTepov Kal cOS(v
societatis).In fact Cicero'sphrase in De Off.III 5, 21, Xoyc (PG 73, 96I B). Isocrates, Panath. 246
TrrACo
humani generis societas, comes very close. Reiske, represents his student as saying that the oration
who translates totigeneriGraeco,makesit too narrow. of Isocrates seems simple (&arrXoOv) to a casual
"Now it has become incredible that the Amazons reader but is really difficult, hard to learn and "full
ever existed." For the phrasingsee Demosthenes IX of much informationand philosophy" (iTroXfis i-ro-
26 on the thirty-two cities of the Thraceward pias y?ilovra KaL <pihXoo'o(as),i.e. the facts and
region, and for the thought see Arrian Anabasis their deeper meaning. For the force of the word
Alexandri VII 13. See also section 114. Contrast "even" see Herodotus VII 99 and especially 96,
Isocrates XII 69. where Herodotus says that he is not obliged to give
71. "The Thracians too, I imagine, found their the names of local commanders iS io-ropirls 6oyov.
disaster quite enough," olnai S' oV68 OpqCKas a'rois "To relate particulars in a way to produce an
ppyaoeait -riMsoCvuopas. This is of course spoken exact understanding," 8ietival KaO'
<Kcaorovd&Kplicos.
sarcastically like Odyssey V 379, 'AAX'ov8' coSoa Akribeia, of which H. Herter, "Die Treffkunst des
fo7Mrra6v6ao?eaat KaKo6rrTOS, and Herodotus VII Arztes in hippokratischerund platonischer Sicht,"
I69, 2: 'W votriol, niippEo?oeE6oa OCuiv... Mivco SudhoffsArchivfur Geschichteder Medizin und der
rEpy6epirlvicov BaCKpjacra. invasion of Eumol- Naturwissenschaften 47 (I963): pp. 244-290 gives
The
pus is another theme of the funeral orations; Plato, an account, is the ability to interpret the unseen
Menexenus 239b, Demosthenes LX 8, right after from the seen and thus to arrive at an exact under-
mention of the Amazons. See also Isocrates Paneg. standing (Iliupersis, fr. V in Allen's Homer III). The
68, Archid. 42, Areop. 75, and Panath. I93. adverb &dKplpc6s
is the opposite of the adverb 6rr?cos.
72-73. For this argument Aristides may be in- "We are obliged to leave out most particulars"
debted to Lycurgus, Against Leocrates 98-Io1, who TrapoAnlrrev).
('r&7TreToTa Isocrates IV 66 says he
quotes a long passage from the Erechtheus of can treat only the most important. Plutarch,
Euripides. Aristides refers to those who spoke at Alexander i asks his readers not to complain if he
state funeralsbecausehe has Isocrates IV 74 in mind. leaves most things out (TX-rrXE
iTa): "For we are
"In the case of Codrus she granted to him an not writing historiasbut lives."
office for his children to have, and she honored the 76. "Three leagues," Evul, namely Dorians,
family both at home and abroad." This refers to the Boeotians and Euboeans (Herodotus V 74-78,
Ionian priesthood called "kingship" (Strabo XIV i, especially 75, where the Corinthiansare said to have
3 = p. 633). A. Momigliano, "I1 re degli Ioni nella realized the injustice and desisted).
provincia romana di Asia," Atti del III Congresso "Then it was that the city prevailed over both
nazionale di studi romani 1 (I934): pp. 429-434. races in an unexpectedly wonderful manner, inas-
VOL. 58, PT. I, I9681 COMMENTARY
much as it was found (?86OKE) that the one side
proved a small addition to her, while the side that
was larger proved inferior by more than it was
larger," TO 6 v Trpooi6rKTlv pnKpav aCOrfis&rro7av-
Ofjval O6 8E Xrr?Eov
XETpovf 60acp-rrov. As Reiske saw,
"both races" means here "both the Hellenes and
the Barbarians" who have just been mentioned.
Reiske should have cited Isocrates, Panegyric7I-72,
where it is said that the Persians thought them-
selves irresistible because of their numbers and the
allies of Athens thought themselves superior to her
in fine quality but Athens prevailed over both,
ap&poTrpcov KpaTcriav-rE,cs cKxaTpcov TrpoCfiK.He-
rodotus VII I39, 5 implies that Athens was the
small addition which tipped the scales in favor of
Hellas, but Aristides with an argument borrowed
from Thucydides I 73-74, where the Athenians
claim to have supplied two-thirds of the fleet
against Xerxes, inverts the famous metaphor and
makes Hellas the small addition to Athens. The
phrase "small addition" occurs also in Demosthenes
II 14 but in another connection. See also Aristides
XLII Dindorf p. 783.
77. "Now it is possible to give credit for the whole
achievement to one of the gods," e"eCrtpiv oi0vKax
eryv'rva alToaaaoealTo0Irrovs Epyou, as in fact
Isocrates IV 84 (eEcovrtva)had done. The variation
lies in the word ai-rtaaacoal. Treating the war as a
blessing Aristides gives a new meaning to the
terminology in which the Schuldfrage was often
debated. The cause (atria) of each great war of the
past was much discussed by Herodotus and others.
Herodotus II 120, 5 advanced the opinion that the
Trojan War was caused by a deity (Satloviou) who
wished to show that great crimes are visited with
great punishments from the gods. Aristides adapts
for the case of the Persian Wars the cause which
Herodotus, the historian of the Persian Wars, gives
for the case of the Trojan War. Instead of a divinely
planned exhibition of total destruction for great
crimes Aristides will present an exhibition of total
victory for great excellence. In so adapting for the
greater glory of Athens a Herodotean argument
Aristides expands the reference to a deity with a
phrase probably suggested by Plato, Phaedrus
246e-247c on the procession of the souls in eleven
companies under the supreme command of Zeus and
the subordinate command of ten other deities of the
Twelve Gods (Hestia remaining at home). A Greek
audience listening to Aristides, would naturally
recall the old hellenioi (or eleutherioi)theoi, particul-
arly Zeus and Athena. See for instance my discussion
Demokratia,the Gods,and the Free World,ch. I and
IV. The god was making "a trial of those who had
joined his company," Kpi'iv Tlva ... rTCv09' arr6v
8*
115
&vpcbrrwcov,where the accusative avrov reflects
the voluntary adherence of the souls in Plato,
Phaedrus 247A, ETErrai8e 6 aeiE^eXcovrTKal8uvapIE-
vos. Demaratus, who in Herodotus VII 209, 4 told
Xerxes that the Spartans were best, must have
been mistaken. In Herodotus VII I96 Xerxes holds
a contest to determine which horses are best and
the Greek horses lose. For the trial of Hellas see
Lysias Olympiacus 7 K<(p>(v)oUvrnvTri] 'EAxaSa as
emended by A. Wilhelm, AiyuTrTIaK&,I [= Sit-
zungsb. Wien 224, I, I946] 27).
"A very great contribution," oOK a)XIO-roVpepos.
CompareHerodotus I I46, oOiKXTaXiioTrrl oTpa.
"She was challenging (Klvoiuaa) the Barbarians."
Athens, stirring them up, is playfully representedas
KIV1CaEcoS PXfi, and is compared with the god to
whom one could "give credit for the whole achieve-
ment" (see above). Is this not the theme of Athens
the eikon?
"The wrong principle," &SIKov TIrv &apXjv.Hero-
dotus V 97 describes the dispatch of twenty Athe-
nian ships on this occasion as an &pX)nKaK-ov.There
is probablya play here on the word &pxil,which
meant also the first Athenian empire, which the
allies alleged was unjust.
"Appealing to a desire for more than was just,"
0 1TrAEToVOS.
SPC- TOi Compare Herodotus V 32, pcoTra
oX)(v 'Tis 'E?Aa8os ruipavvosyevEcreat.The vice of
encroachment(-rrAeovE{ia)was a common charge.
78. "Sardis." Herodotus V 97-103.
"When Darius received this excuse," Xaca3dv86
-ra*rrrvrrp6oacnav.Plato, Menexenus240a, rrpocpaat-
L6pEvo5.
LOIEVOS.
"He could not remain still." Xerxes in Herodotus
VII 8a says, "We have never yet become quiet since
we took the hegemony from the Medes."
Darius' "alleged intention (irp6oxr'Xa)was re-
taliation upon the Athenians and the Eretrians." In
Thucydides VI 35, 6 Hermocrates says that the
expedition of Datis went ostensibly against Athens,
-rI 6v6OaTI-
mrl cosEr' 'AOlvas 'Et, and he implies
that it really went against Hellas. Plutarch, Aristi-
des 5 says that Datis went ostensibly (X6ycp)to
punish the Athenians but really (Epycp)to subdue
the Hellenes. Herodotus VII 138 says that Xerxes'
alleged intention (oivopa) was an expedition against
Athens and Sparta; in Herodotus VII I57, the
messengers of the Hellenes say that Xerxes' alleged
intention (Trp6oarxja)is an expedition against
Athens, but in VI 44 it is said that Mardonius'
alleged intention (rrp6oorXpa) was against Eretria
and Athens, and in VI 94: a&pa5EP3ouv6jOevoS 6 Aa-
PEiOSTaTcSrs5 EX)6'vos T'TSTrpoQpactosKa'TraoTp<(pEOIat
rijs 'EX?aSoSTro;s i 66vSroas aciTc y?fv TEKaliV6cop.
Aristides alludes to statements of Herodotus, or
116 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

rather he tacitly replaces them with another state- around the phrase EvXEpov vopcp(unaccented in a
ment in the same vein but with a different inter- famous passage of Aeschines I 5 and in Heraclides,
pretation. If Herodotus had really meant to praise Pol. 8 [FHG II 214]), but characteristicallyhe gives
Athens, he could have said something like this. it a quite new application. For the praise of thought,
"Lest she cease to be satisfied at all," i &paa
oOsiv speech and hands see Cicero, De Nat. Deorum II
&aroXpfjv r&icboi,.Compare Herodotus I 66, Kac 86i I47-I5I with Pease's commentary. For Athena as
api oCnkrt &riXpa 'fiCavXv &yv, on the Lace- the intelligence of hands see F. Buffi6re,Les mythes
daemonians. d'Homere et la pensee grecque (Paris, 1956), p. 280.
"His yearning and longing to increase the The story of the interpreter (untrue if Herodotus
empire." Though Diodorus X I9, 5 contains some- VII 32 is right) comes from Plutarch, Themistocles
thing very similar, Beecke, p. II is right in pointing, 6, 2, or Plutarch's source. The irony is a labored
not to Ephorus, but to Plato, Menexenus I39c-I40a imitation of passages like Thucydides I, I33, lTpo-
and the rhetoricaltradition as the source. Trileetir1 8' iv YocpTrot05 U oOaveiv
woXhoisTrV SiaK6OV'cov
79. The heralds' tour. Herodotus VI 48 and VII in a quite different situation. Compare Christian
I3I-I33 mentions only the tour of the heralds of Habicht, "Falsche Urkundenzur GeschichteAthens
Darius. Diodorus XI 2, 3 and Plutarch, Themisto- im Zeitalter der Perserkriege," Hermes 89 (I96I):
cles 6 mention the heralds of Xerxes. HerodotusVII pp. I-35.
32 says that the heralds of Xerxes did not go to "They hurled into the Cleft those who had been
Athens or Sparta. sent." Herodotus VII 133 reports this and that the
"It was not just a manner of speaking but an Spartans threw the other heralds into a well. Not
actual situation in which, if one gained control until section 131 does Aristides use the word
of the Athenians, he had all the cities," TrroaSEXEIV "heralds," which here would reveal an act of
-rS r6TdAEts.Hermocrates in Thucydides VI 33, 2 impiety.
says that the Athenians were coming primarily "Others had to report (&vayyETAai).... It was
against Syracuse well realizing that if they obtained not granted (bcys?vaOai)to him to obtain informa-
Syracuse, they would easily have all the rest. The tion from his own envoys." Herodotus I 78, 2 uses
argument of Hermocrates against Athenian im- similarlanguageof a differentsituation: oOK Sy?V'ETro
perialism is here as in Isocrates IV 68 (cf. Lysias KpoiacpdrrayyEiRat.Nicolaus the Syracusan in a
II 21) turned into an argumentin defense of Athen- speech asking mercy for the Athenian captives
ian imperialism.In HerodotusVII 209,4 Demaratus (Diodorus XIII 21, 3) says, "From the vast arma-
tells Xerxes that if he conquers the Spartans, no ment no ship, no man returnedso that there surviv-
other ethnos will resist him. ed not even the messenger to report to (the Athen-
"Her replies."This is praise of Athenian "speech" ians) their disaster" (6o-rS lxri 'r6v tyyAoivTra
to be followed by praise of Athenian "hands." aOcroTs-riv avu(ipopavTrrpliAXipefvat).
80. "For in a decision of hands and hand-to-hand The story of the heralds reappearsin the oration
fighting it prevailed immediately, not only in the On the Four and has been discussed by A. Haas,
show of hands when it came up for a vote as a bill Quibusfontibus Aelius Aristides in componendade-
but also when they laid hands on the messengers clamationequae inscribiturTTp6sTA6&rcova arrrp rcov
and destroyed them," 'OeOsyap tv XEp<o>lv(cor- i-L t&povusus sit, (Diss., Greifswald,1884), pp. 2If.
rexi, XEpotvcodd.) KOploviv, o0 T-rXEporoviq pOvov, 81. "The fetters which he commanded the sub-
&S vopos (unaccented), XAWac ro
KQITcraj iapOepai TO kings to make ready at once he orderedfor a larger
eyy,Aous. The phrase ?v XEpoivwould make no number than he thought the Athenians to be." The
sense, but ThucydidesV 3, 2 EJeOS
EvXEpaiand 0o,io fetters are implied (as Beecke, Die historischenAn-
aOrriKa?v XEpoivare two of the many parallels that gaben ..., p. 12 notes) by Herodotus VI 94, who
could be cited in support of my emendation. Word says that the King sent Datis and Artaphrenes to
play is usually quite untranslatable; I have had to enslave the Athenians and Eretrians and to bring
render the succinctly ambiguous phrase (v Xepaiv them into his sight, rather than by Plato, Menexenus
twice to cover both meanings. The key to the 240c.
passage is a play on the word vojos, both v6posin 82. "After this the heralds no longer visited
the sense of a law passed by show of hands and Greece."This is contradicted by Herodotus VII 32,
XEipcov vo6os, which means "a lynching." The latter who records that Xerxes sent heralds everywhere
phrase is not correctly accented or explained in the except to Athens and Lacedaemon in order to
Greek-English Lexicon; it may be studied in the demand earth and water.
article of A. Wilhelm, Glotta 24 (I936): pp. I33-I44. "The fleet ... would announce itself," aOrO&yyeov
Aristides imitates the play on words revolving ... T6v ar6Xov. Herodotus I 79, 2 says that
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 117
Cyrus came announcing himself to Croesus, aOUT- Herodotus VII 187 mentions "kitchen women and
a6yyEos KpoiacpEXr1X5OEE. concubines and eunuchs," also beasts of burden and
"The greatest fleet on record." Herodotus VII 20, Indian hunting dogs. Moreover,Herodotus I 17, in
2 says this of the expedition assembled by Darius describing a barbarian (Lydian) army, uses the
and Xerxes. words o'rTpaTEVETO65 iTrt oavpiyycov Tr Kai TrrrKTi-
83. "Madea landing, imitated a fishing by dragnet ScovKai aCAouyUvaiKTriourEKaci&vprl(ou. That is,
from a ship, and were off with their catch of Ere- they marched accompanied by music of flute, lyre,
trians," 'EpETrpiSEtrIpa3xv-r5'XOVrTO(povTES, aayll- and oboe of high and deep note (so How and Wells,
vilv vauTiKrv. The Athenian
Trva pullTcraxev6voi in though Aulus Gellius I ii understood Herodotus as
Plato's Laws III 698 says: "The troops of Datis referring to female and male musicians). As a
joined hands and so swept the whole territory as contemporary of Aristides, Aulus Gellius is worth
with a net." Not so in Herodotus. citing: "Alyattes autem, rex terrae Lydiae, more
"As if abducted by some kind of demon <from atqueluxu barbaricopraeditus, cum bellum Milesiis
the sea>."The manuscriptsread cooTTrEpi
Trap'aAAov faceret, ut Herodotus in historiis tradit, concinentes
TtVOS T-OV KpeITTOvcovapTraceEv (or avapTraoe0v), habuit fistulatores et fidicines, atque feminas etiam
which Canter translated "tanquam ab aliquo malo tibicinas in exercitu atque in procinctu habuit,
genio fuissent abacti," but since Trapain dependence lascivientiumdelicias conviviorum."
upon ap-raaoevcannot have this meaning (ab), we 87. "Excellence against wealth and ... mass."
a
emend to corrEp EK rrapaxou rTvOSa&vapTraatoev,
So with more restraint Plato, Menexenus 240d6.
o-rpaoT6(= navy). For
play on the phrase TrapaAoS "Steeds, weapons, ships, armlets, collars of
the structure compare cOcrrEpK 0EoUTrrAiTYEiS
in twisted metal, hunting dogs." For this kind of
section 93. For the background see Hans Herter, enumeration compare Demosthenes XVIII 299:
"B6se Damonen im frfihgriechischenVolksglauben," "weapons, cities, strategic areas, harbors, ships,
Rheinisches Jahrbuch fiir Volkskunde 1 (I950): pp. steeds." For armlets and collars of twisted metal see
II2-I43 with literature there cited; F. De Ruyt, Herodotus, especially IX 80 on the Persian wealth
"Demoni nell'arte greca," Atti della Pontificia Ac- collected at Plataea, but also III 20 on the gifts of
cademia di Archeologia (Serie III), Rendiconti 33 Cambyses to the king of the Ethiopians. For the
(I960-I961): pp. 93-IO6. importance which the Persians attached to hunting
84. "Like some evil thing or other from the deep." dogs see Herodotus I I92, 4 (with Rawlinson's
The manuscript reading coaTrEp &aoou TIVOSTOU discussion). Large numbers of these valuable dogs
TrrEXOyoUS
KCKOU is protected by Demosthenes IX 29: are said to have accompanied the army of Xerxes
CoTrEpTrEpio8os f KCTaPoAXh q a&TouT-lvO (Herodotus VII 187).
TVrupETOvU
KaKou.Otherwise one might be tempted to read "Gifts of fortune" are mentioned also in section
something like Baicpovos
instead of &a7ourtlvOS. 152 (see commentary).
"All the Hellenes except one city ... now sat 88. "There was one man now who, though dead
still in utter dismay ... but not Athens." This is and riddled by them with arrows, yet stood erect,"
based upon what the Athenian Stranger says in etc. The corpse of Callimachus according to the
Plato's Laws III 698d-e. Aristides correctsPlato who story told in Polemon'spair of orations on Cynegirus
speaks of fear in the Athenians. The one city which and Callimachus. See also Anth. Pal. XVI 6, cited
was not paralyzed by fear was, alas, that of the by a scholiast. Beecke p. i6 thinks that Aristides
Lacedaemonians according to the Athenian Stran- describes the scene in the Painted Porch at Athens.
ger. "Triumphal monuments in their ships." Beecke
"Calling upon the aid (of the gods) and placing points to the tradition representedby the epigrams
herself in their trust." Contrast Herodotus VI 105- to Nemesis, AP XVI 221, 222 and 263.
io6, who speaks of an appeal to human allies. 89. "As much ... as ... any deed elsewhere,"
Aristides exploits the victory as evidence in support coarrep&7AoTi: cf. Thucydides I 142, 9 and VI I8, 6.
of the ancient Hellenic religion. The phrase occurs in a different sense in section i8;
85. The speed of the Athenians in going out to and it occurs also in sections 125 and I29.
Marathonis emphasized by Lysias II 23 and 26 and "While for Athens to honor Zeus, Patron of Free
especially by Isocrates IV 87. Men, for the deeds accomplishedis only fitting, it is
86. "All the rest of the creatures in the baggage fitting for the other Greeksto honor Athens, and to
for the camp (-rTv a?Xcov?<poAKiov TCRorpaToTrScp,), consider the Demos of the Athenians as the Patron
some of whom had been transported because of use- of Freedom for the Hellenes." In Demokratia ...
fulness and others for the sake of a barbarian's (Johns Hopkins Press, I960), p. I65f., the writer
entertainment." In describing the army of Xerxes has tentatively connected this statement with the
118 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

impression conveyed by the paintings in the Stoa section 58, "foundation or root." The Platonic or
of Zeus at Athens which presented parallel scenes Isocratean theme of the Trap&SEyIpaoccurs in
of Zeus Eleutheriusenthronedand Demos enthroned. section 274, "image and standard." Pindar (fr. 77)
Euripides or whoever wrote the Rhesus makes said that at Artemisium the sons of the Athenians
the chorus call the Thracian king the Eleutherius established the glorious foundation of freedom
Zeus of the Trojans (Rhesus357-360). Aristides re- (<pavvav KpTyrri'XAsv&epias).Aristides, transferring
applies the phrase of the Athenian poet, so that the to the Battle of Marathonwhat Pindar said of the
Demos of Athens becomes the Zeus Eleutherius of Battle of Artemisium, reaffirmswith an important
the Hellenes. How much more suitable a comparison variation the tribute with which Pindar honoredthe
for a Greekdemos than for a barbariandespot! Athenians. It is typical of Aristides to "surpass"the
90. "In the allotment of destiny ... the battle, it author of a famous phrase by reapplying it to a
seems to me, was joined to the fortune of the city," more suitable occasion. Other meanings of the
sOK 8 ~oi oauyxK pco6 vai T ) TiSnr6XEcos
TI xrX q pX*l. participle irpoTroeAEeeoaa help to suggest that the
Tacitus, Ann. VI 22: Sed mihi haec et talia audienti Battle of Marathonwas a rrpoiraSltia.
in incertoiudicium est fatone res mortaliumet neces- "If at that time the city had not so excelled." In
sitate immutabilian forte volvantur.On the problem Herodotus IX 27, 6-7 the Athenians claim the
of destiny in human affairs see particularly Willy hegemony on the basis of the Battle of Marathon.
Theiler, "Tacitus und die antike Schicksalslehre," This was the greatest proof of the arete of the
Phylloboliafiir Peter Von der Miihll (Basel, I946), Athenians, and imperial rule was often justified by
pp. 35-90, with a wealth of citations. Proclus III superiority. See J. de Romilly, Thucydide et
274,10 says of the Timaeus: Edapcpv-nv~v66tEE(6nrlx- l'imperialisme athenien (Paris, I947), pp. 205-211
Tcov) T'r'vwrpOCaEX&S KIVOUaaV 'r6 altrTo6v, iglpT'rrIi- and the passages there cited.
VTiv-ris &(avo0S rrpovoias.Aristides means that the "The things which all of this race naturally
Battle of Marathonwas assigned to the Athenians, consider their own," Tr& KOIVaTriSp*aecos.Here the
not by chance, but by divine providentia,but at the word physis probably means the race of Hellenes
same time he refers to tyche. Yet tyche here is not as in Isocrates IV 50. Contrast the phrase TrOKOIV&
"chance" but the Good Tych6 of Athens, extolled 'riS dvepcowTreiS a pvicos of section IIo.
by Demosthenes XVIII 253-255, a kind of guardian 92. "The events in this part of her story have
spirit. The individual chooses his own lot (lxfipos) been examined in a way to produce a more exact
X
in Plato Republic 614-62I, the myth of Er, and understanding" (xtKpipo-rEpov '-rTaorai).For the
Laws X 904, but the foolish do not wait to examine adverb &dKplpcos see section 75 and commentary.
what accompanies this or that lot. The remark of For iSgracaSas philosophical examination see the
Aristides is both a compliment to Athens and a commentary on section 120.
learned arrpor86Kt-rTOV. In section 137 Aristides uses 93. "Like one stricken by a god." As Aeschylus,
the word ovuyArlp6co of the Athenian role at Plataea. Persae 907-I076 represented Xerxes, so Aristides
For the same word see MarcusAurelius VI 39. Darius. With the same poetic justification (see ch.
"The battle became for the Hellenes a mother city III supra).
and starting point, as it were, of all that happened 94. "Xerxes ... criticized his father severely as
later,... preaccomplishedto serve as a foundation or having made the attempt with insufficient prepar-
model," iKEiv.... CorTrp ptiTrp6&roAis Kal &popI.1 TCOV ation." In Herodotus VII 9 y Mardoniussays "Let
OoarEpov rra&vrcov yivero ToTs'EMXAolav, ... &vdrlKprlrrl- nothing be left to chance."
c
8os qf TrapaCSiylpaos TpoT-rEECareCaa. See Isocrates "Thinking (Athens and the Hellenes) would not
IV 61 for an historical event as a starting point confront him anywhere." Mardoniusin Herodotus
(&qoppii).See the parallel phrase &pXi Kai rnlTp6rro- VII 9 y asks Xerxes who would dare confront him.
Xis in Plutarch, Quaest. Conviv. 2, I (Mor. 7i8e). "To surpass his father and to take vengeance on
As a mother city gave its colonies their reli- Athens." See the speech of Xerxes in Herodotus
gious, social, and political norms, so the Battle VII 8.
of Marathon gave the Hellenes the ideals which 95. Herodotus VII I9, 34, 37, 43, and 57 and VIII
guided them in the defense of freedom. This is in- 12-13 on omens which Xerxes ignored.
spired primarily by Plato, Menexenus 240d-e who "That the earth of a certainty belonged to him."
says that the Marathon fighters became leaders The scholiast of D comments that Isocrates worded
and teachers (fyE6ovesKacl5t6&oxaAoi)of the Hel- the thought more delightfully, KaeoCrp TrpoST66 Afa
lenes and that the Hellenes becamepupils of the men -ra 6vra SiaveliCa'xevos Kai -r4 pxvAil wrapaxcopfiaas
The
of Marathon (pacl-rTaciT-rOMapaexovi yEv6pEVOI). -rot o0pavoi, auvrcp 8E TrV yfv. Photius thought
Pindaric theme of the KpTlTriS
occurs already in the scholion good enough to cite.
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 119
96. "They carried to the ends of the earth," 98. "He changed them into each other." Isocrates
yis. In Herodotus VII I40, 2 the
darryov Eis yXaTcra IV 89 says Xerxes sailed through the continent
Pythian priestess tells the Athenian to flee to the with his fleet and marched over the sea. Xerxes is
ends of the earth (qEuy'EoyXaTrayairls). The phrase described as the very antithesis of the man who
Eioxacrayairl occurs in Hesiod Theog.732. lives according to nature. He changes Nature. He
"Proclaimed demands," TrpouAEyov. Herodotus is the great disturber of Nature.
IX 34 twice says, TrpoE-TEivaro(- "presented as a "A golden tree." Herodotus VII 27 and Xeno-
demand") when he tells the story of the outrageous phon, Hell. VII I, 38.
demands of Melampous. "Night." Herodotus VII 226.
"He was the lord." Aeschines Socraticus, Alcibia- 99. "To measure ... rather than to count."
des fr. I (Krauss), preserved by Aristides XLVI Herodotus VII 59-60.
Dindorf 292f. See also Roman Oration o1 and 100. "They yielded like air in the face of his
commentary. aggression," IrposTTlv KivrIMvEKEV.For Aristides
"Yield to him in these things," EiTraUra auyXcopl- physis, which means nature, also means rightly
caiev. Herodotus IX 35, as he tells of the out- constituted human society. Xerxes is not only the
rageous demands made by Tisamenus, says that the great disturber of Nature but the great disturber
Spartans yielded to him in these demands too, of rightly constituted human society. The conflict
avyXcoprlcdavTrcv 56 Kai TraT-a TrOv wrrapTrl-rov. The between Europe and Asia is here a conflict between
account of outrageous demands in Herodotus IX the right and the wrong organization of human
33-36 exerts some influence. society. For the background of this theme see the
"For to gods and Xerxes, he said, this seemed penetrating study of G. Pugliese Carratelli,"Europa
good for the empire of Xerxes," OUTCOyap OeoTsTE ed Asia nella storia del mondo antico," Parola del
Kai sOKEIV
vpEEri UrrEp
TrVV Eip0ou Tpay&aTcov. Just Passato, 40 (I955): pp. I-I9.
as the phrase 6rln6caiaTrpayoiCTa means "republic," 101. The annihilation of the messengers or
so the phrase "affairs of the King" means "king- heralds is recorded in Herodotus VII 133-137,
dom" (GEL s.v. TrpayIa III and Powell, Lexicon to especially I33. Plutarch, Themistocles 6 brings also
Herodotus). the heralds of Xerxes to Athens (cf. Aeschines III
"He threatened to give them estates on the At- 132).
lantic ocean." This piece of rhetoric may have been 102. "She was searching to find a plan by which
suggested by Herodotus VII 23, where in describing she would first disconcert the Barbarian" (v-TEK-
the digging of a canal across the peninsula of Athos, Tr7XiElT-rvpappapov). Compare Diodorus XI 2, 4 on
Herodotus, using the word acra&iEvol, which sug- Xerxes "hoping by the greatness of his works first
gests a distribution of estates, says that the bar- to disconcert (rrpoKa'TaTrXfrEaai) the Hellenes."
barians divided up the locality by nations. Aristides has just mentioned that Athens achieved
97. "For did he not lead them all? Did he not a superiority over the Barbarian with her proud
ransack (6rlpEuvilaaTro)all the corners of the spirit (ppoviuari) but that the Barbarian had im-
earth?" Herodotus I 19, 2 says merely that Xerxes pressed the rest of the Hellenes (-roaacTrrsKaTEXOiu-
ransacked every locality of Asia (XC)pov-rravTra TOUpIappapou). Contrast Polybius V
Epeu- cOlSEKTrATjEcoS
vov rTTSriTrEipou). Herodotus I 21 similarly asks io who says that Philip at Chaeronea accomplished
rhetorical questions: "For what nation did Xerxes less by arms than by clemency and generosity (Sat
not lead out of Asia against Hellas? What manner for by
Kai piXavepcorria TrV rTp6o-rrov),
T'rSEwrTI1KEia
of stream apart from the great rivers did not fail as returning the prisoners without a ransom he
its water was used for drinking?" Aristides improves struck down the pride of the Athenians with his
the rhetoric of Herodotus: The great rivers went greatness of spirit (r6 'AOrivaicov(p6ovra KaTaCrArl1-
dry; only the straits still had water. And Aristides aILEvoSTr I oEyaXoauxia). In the source of Diodorus
adds a rhetorical climax. First Herodotus VII 43 XI ii it is the Lacedaemonians who have succeeded
records that the Scamanderran dry, then in VII 58, in disconcerting the Persians by their display of ex-
3 the Melas runs dry, in VII I09 a lake is emptied cellence at Thermopylae. The kataplexis theme is
by the animals alone, etc. While Aristides takes here reworked by Aristides for the Athenians.
his start from Herodotus, his own rhetoric has a "Gave a counter-performance."The term occurs
very different spirit because he, I think, is using in Xenophon, Agesilaus I I2.
religious symbolism (compare Plutarch, On the "He was not able to obtain (the city) as he ex-
Mysteries of Isis and Osiris rather than Aeschylus) pected." In Euripides, Heraclidae 374, the chorus
and treating Xerxes and Datis as manifestations of says, "If you come to the city, you will not obtain
Evil. what you expect."
120 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

"The phantom of Helen, as the poets say." The the good advice." Compare the speech of the
poets are "Hesiod" (scholiast to Lycophron, Alex. Athenians at Sparta in Thucydides I 74.
822), Stesichorus and Euripides. The phantom "Concerning the others," namely, the Ionians,
achieved fame with the Palinodia of Stesichorus to whom he returns in section 124.
(cf. Plato, Rep. IX 586c). See Poetae melici graeci 104. The Athenians in Thucydides I 74 say that
(ed. Page) 192 and the discussions of M. Detienne, at that time the fortunes of Hellas depended on the
"La LUgendepythagoricienne d'H6lene," Revue de ships. The rest of section I04 is suggested probably
l'histoire des religions 152 (1957): pp. 129-152 and by Ephorus and by the digression of Herodotus VII
G. Vallet, Rhegion et Zancle (- Bibliotheque des 139 with its praise of Athens and its reference to
coles Fran9aises d'Athenes et de Rome, I89 compulsions.Herodotusnever mentions the military
[Paris, 1958]), pp. 273-277. On Xerxes pursuing a purpose of the stand at Thermopylae, because it is
phantom one may compare the warning of Arta- the spirit and the legend rather than the practical
banus in Herodotus VII 49, 4, TO&
wrp6o'co&xiKiArT- result which interest him. Also the famous epigram,
ToiJevos.
TOpIVOS. "Oh stranger, report to the Lacedaemonians that
"Feared ... for his own person." Herodotus VII we lie here obedient to their commands,"emphasizes
57 implies that Xerxes will be "runningfor his life." the heroic discipline. It was a unique display of
103. "Before undertaking these arguments, I had "excellence," not the fierce bravery of barbarians
said that both races were conspicuously defeated by but the calm acceptance of death for an ideal.
the city," above in section 76. Although Herodotus and the Greeks of that period
"Again just now," in section 102. were more deeply moved by the superb display of
"She might properly be called not the first nor Hellenic excellence, it does not follow that the
even the one chiefly responsible for the freedom of sacrifice served no practical purpose. Indeed, it
the Hellenic cities, but the sole accomplisher of probably made possible the escape of the fleet
everything." Contrast Thucydides VI 83, 2, who before the Persians reached the Euripus, but this,
makes Euphemus say, "We do not use fine words even if he had realized it, would not have served
to the effect that we alone destroyed the Barbarian the purpose of Aristides.
and so deserve to rule or that we ran risks for the "Save themselves separately as individuals." This
freedom of these (Hellenes) rather than for that of idioteiacontrasts with Athenian koinotes,but similar
all including ourselves." language occurs in Diodorus XI 9 and in Justin II
"They were destined to be ignominiouslytrampled II, 5.
CovNra0fivai. Aeschines III
upon," xpfivat &TdrrlcoS "Overwhelmed," KCaTaxccocrvTes:Herodotus VII
164 says that accordingto Demosthenessince Darius 225.
III had come to the coast, Alexander was going to "Like a torrent." Diomedes is compared with a
be trampled upon (avnrOTa-rfleo aeai).Accordingto torrent in Iliad V 87-88. Philip is comparedwith a
Herodotus VII I73, 3 the Macedonianadvised the torrent by Demosthenes XVIII I53.
Greeks not to await Xerxes at Tempe and be 105. "The Athenian contingent." The greatest
trampled upon (KacTraTrrameval). number of ships is one of the three claims made by
"Wise men and the Many too." Aristotle, Nicom. the Athenians in Thucydides I 74.
Eth. I 4 (Io95a) says "The Many and the charientes," "Accordingly,if some god had asked," o-rr'el TIS
the latter being the wise men (sophoi).Cicero,Phil. Ecovf prEro... rrarEIpov
... V8aro &v, KTr. This
I 29: laus recte factorum magnorumque in rem and the first sentence of section IO6may have been
publicam fama meritorum; quae cum optimi cuius- inspired by the style of Isocrates VII 93, cOrr'EilTI
que tur etiam multitudinis testimonio comproba- fCl&s pcoT-ricEVEl SeOaipEe'&v, KTA.
tur. Also Tusc. Disp. III 2, 3. 106. "Theoptimismanddaring(EOvux[iav Kair6XA-
"All ... would thus have cast their ballots in the itav) which the Athenians contributed" correspond
same verdict," rravrrcov &vrTaOTKa<Tcr> Taorr6ylgpi- to the wrpoeiviua &OKVOr&Tr which was one of the
Lopvcov {fI eenvcov }. Reading with ReiskeKoraTralrr6 three claims made by the Athenians in Thucydides
for Ka'r'acrT and deleting with Reiske the probable I 74, i and which was paraphrased in 74, 2 as
gloss i eOEpvcov,we regardthe participle4rrltoplovcov TrpoeuCiaTroAi-roAIirlporTaTl.
as standing for a present optative and as having the "They ... endured leaving their own land." For
meaning which Aristotle, Ath. Pol. 68iand 69 gives the paradox see Demosthenes XVIII 204.
to it in his description of Athenian dicasteries. They 107. "The retention of their belongings was the
would have so voted, one after the other, if they had beginning of slavery." Aristides reappliesto another
been asked. situation what Pericles said in Thucydides I I4I, I
"It was this city who provided the man who gave and 143, 5.
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 121
108. "They conquered their foes with weapons "Life in defeat is unlivable." Compare Demos-
and with fairness their friends." In referenceto the thenes XVIII 205: "They did not ask even to live
same Battle of Salamis Lycurgus, Against Leocrates unless it would be possible to do so in freedom."
70, says: "Alone they prevailed over both sides, not "Two-thirds of the whole coalition." The claim
only over the enemy but over their allies, in a proper that the Athenians contributed two-thirds begins,
way over each, that is, by benefiting the one group not with Aeschylus or Herodotus, but, as far as our
and by conquering the other group in battle." evidence reaches, with the Athenian orator in
Herodotus VIII 2-3 is much more restrained. See Thucydides I, 74, 6, who says "nearly two-thirds."
also Isocrates IV 72. Demosthenes XVIII 238 says that out of a total of
"Mooring themselves on the excellence and 300 ships, 200 were Athenian. Isocrates II I07 says
felicity" of the Athenians. The image of the two that the Athenians had twice as many triremes as
anchors of the Athenians goes back, to judge from the others put together. See Beecke p. 32 on how
Plutarch, Solon 19, to a lost poem in which Solon the panegyrists of Athens arrived at this claim.
referredto the two councils (see F. Stahelin, Hermes "A twentieth of the strength that comes from
68 (1933): pp. 343-345). It was the Athenians who us." Aristides borrows an argument from the
according to Solon were moored on two anchors. speech of Epaminondas to the Thebans (Diodorus
The same image occurs in section 5I. XV 78).
"Yielding ... did not contend," T'lV
cuyXcopi-aPcI 111. "Imposed conditions" like Gelon in Herod-
... qyE?oviav, Kai ,pi <pl?ovsEKfriai.
Herodotus VIII otus VII 158, 5 and I6o, 2.
3, 2 says that before the Battle of Artemisium (not "Times," Kacpois.To find the right opportunities
Salamis) OUK &VT''rEVOV&W' dKOV. (Kaipovs) is the part of logos (Isocrates, Against the
"Not even <when) the most sluggish in tempera- Sophists 17). To see the right opportunities (Kalpovs)
ment, whether directly or through the mouths of is the part of phronesis(Pseudo-Aristotle,On Virtues
others, advanced a claim," rp8e <(fiviK>a(scripsi, & and Vices I25oa). Beecke, pp. 26f. says that the
codd.) K&voi vcoOp6orarotTrilVq(Oiv eITwovKav vrrp parallel passage in Aristides, On the Four (II 232,
aTcorv ETEpol. The Lacedaemonians were statuarii 3ff.) shows that Plutarch, Themistocles14, 3 is the
milites (po6vIol orXirrai) who stood firm, but for source.
naval warfare the sluggishness which the Corin- "Another will give us rule over you gladly."
thians accused in the famous speech of Thucydides Compare Demosthenes XVIII 202, who refers to
I 69-7I was a great disadvantage. three cases, the Thebans, the Lacedaemonians
109. "If they ... had asked the Hellenes for the earlier, and the king of the Persians.
hegemony." Aristides recalls Herodotus VII 158- 112. "The sea remaining the only possibility."
162 on Gelon's demand that he be given the hege- Everything in the war depended upon the ships, as
mony, but recallsprimarilythe statement in Herod- Themistocles told Eurybiadesin HerodotusVIII 62.
otus VIII 3 (before the Battle of Artemisium). See "Not only in the role of leaders but as ancestors
also the speech of Agelaus of Naupactus in Polybius too." Compare section 90 and commentary, also
V I04, II. section I, but especially section 36 where the Athe-
In sections o19-IIo Aristides corrects the rhe- nians are called "ancestors from whom community
torical faults of Herodotus VIII I-5. He does so by life for all men has descended" and are said to
shifting the treatment of Athenian willingness to do "bequeath for emulation finer things in general."
without the leadership at sea to the occasion of the "A friendly group's loan," Epavos,J. Vondeling,
Battle of Salamis where it was even more noble. Eranos, Diss., Groningen, I96I, describes the in-
He does so also by stressing the virtue of Athens, stitution.
whereas Herodotus expatiated, infelicitously from "Like stars." It is unnecessary to read any but
a rhetorical standpoint, on bribes. The speech of the surface meaning; yet the stars are guides for
Themistocles in Herodotus VIII 5, 2 shows the men. Gregoryof Nyssa, On Virginity (ed. Cavernos),
statesman's cleverness and unscrupulousness; the p. 339, Io-I3 calls the spiritual man a Kavcbvand
speech which Aristides says the Athenians could cKoiros for our life KaetaTrEp Trol Ku3EpviTajisot
have, but did not deliver, illustrates the wisdom and d&EtpavEiS-rTv &orEpcov.
conscientiousness of the Athenians. 113. "The ultimate in justice." The general back-
110. "The ordinary things which all men in com- ground is that of Plato's Republic, especially VI
mon naturally consider their own,"-r& KOIVa TTrS 488-489 on the pilot.
&vepcoTrEias qpucEcos. The phrase fi &vepcoTrEia puacls "Hegemony." CompareIsocrates IV 21 and 99.
occurs again in section 274. The phrase T-r KolvoaTrS 114. "What was there to prevent that Hellas
(puaEcosoccurs in a different sense in section 90. which has never been deprived of admiration even
122 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

among the Barbarians Knot only from being stripped E. F. Osborn, The Philosophy of Clement of Alexan-
of it then> but from not surviving today even as a dria (Cambridge, 1957), ch. 3, "The Logos," and,
concept ?" -ri i v 'v v'acp <-roOTOT' oi po6vov&q)at- on -"demonstrations" of unseen realities, Th. Came-
pEerivat> -rij oiiS' 'v -rois cappa'pots CarErajTEi rES lot, Foi et gnose: Introduction d l'itude de la connais-
'E7Xa8oS-r0OeavpaLEaoait &K' ov'8'6'vopaviiv ?EIrrEa- sance mystique chez Clement d'Alexandrie (= Ltudes
oat. Reiske noted the loss of TOvimmediately after de theologie et d'histoire et de la spiritualit6 3
pEacp,but the omission is surely more extensive. The I945), pp. 60-64. See also the apodeiktike' historia
adverb vOivsuggests the loss of a preceding -rO'TE, (= apodeictic narrative) of Polybius II 37, 3 and
while the phrase &?X o0i8(0) suggests the loss of a 42, 2 with Walbank's commentary. Walbank de-
preceding phrase o*i povov, which is suggested also scribes apodeictic narrative as "supported by full
by a possible reflection in the imitative Pseudo- reasons tracing cause and effect." This was the
Aristides, Or. XXXV Keil 35, roVT-ro 76O6vopaA E1'Trr- particular strength of Posidonius, to whom Strabo
Tat p6vov -roi y'vous. In Odyssey IV 7IO Penelope II io2 refers as TC-parO8ElKTtr(cpKialWt?Xocr69cp. The
asks i 'va pr
y8' 6vot' aOrroi Ev ?&rniyrat;
a&vpcbTrotoiat "demonstrations" are those of sections 9og-ii8.
Florus I 6, ii: laborat annalium fides, ut Veios fuisse Demosthenes XVIII 211 breaks off in this way with
credamtis. a sentence beginning ~a?Udya'p and finishing with
115. "The foresight of the Athenians." For the words 'rravEAeETv oijv &Trr6OEvEv 3riv IotAoi.tai.
Athena Pronoia see section 12. 120. "This examination of phenomena and study
116. "To save both the present and the absent." of hidden causes," Trlv iSE'Taatv Tav-rTIv Kal arTrov8ilv.
For the Athenians as saviors see sections 53' 54' 89, What Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Letter to Porpeius
123, 218 and 230. 7 admired in Theopompus (FGrHist II5 T 20) was:
117. "Educated them," fryov EiS-rT -rrp6aOeEv, To KaOe'gx'aohv -rrpat-~vp' p6vov -rTaTaVEpa T0o15
a play on the word &ycil by which the famous rro?Xoi- vi yEav,
6psvKala EEv h' i8E-ratlEtVKal T'asa5paVEIS
Spartan system of education was known. -rTcvTrpa8C'ovKal TCovrrpaa&v-rcovavTras Kai Tra
alT-rias
"The leadership of the leaders themselves." A ,rr&OITfl5syvXTixS& i.t# frta TroS 'rroXWoT5 EI8Evat, Kcal
reminiscence of a famous phrase "leaders of leaders" ravrra iKKaAv1-rrTrEv -rTa livoriptia TTls TE 8oKo5ia1as
which Thucydides V 66, 3-4 used of Spartan kings &(pE-TijKali TrjS a&yvoovpE'vrjs KiaKias.Josephus, Ant.
is reapplied here to Athenians, as in the Roman mIud.VIII 56 says "Let us not, dressing the historia
Oration 88 to the Roman government. Beecke with persuasive charms to beguile and please, avoid
compares Diodorus XI 12, 4-5. the exetasis" (examination of what lies beneath the
118. "Athens was host to all their congresses surface).
and gatherings:" an interpretation of Herodotus "Talking trivialities," VI.KpoXoyTo-eat.In the
VII I39, 5: ol 'ErrEy8ipavTe5. Panegyric at Cyzicus (XXVII Keil 44) Aristides
"Common ball of council," KotvOvPoVXwTijptov. applies the phrase ptKpokoyEToeat TCOviaTac-raov
Trr8ppt
Plutarch, Cimon Io, 7 says that Cimon appointed to the petty rivalries of cities in his time. On tIKpo-
his house as a common hall (-rrpv-ravEiov &mrro&iLa 7oyia (== minutiloquium) see J. H. Waszink, com-
xowv0v)for his fellow-citizens. See also section 274 mentary to Tertullian, De Anima 6, 7. Aristotle,
and commentary. Metaphysics 995a8-Io: Ka'1 o'l It'v -TravTa&KptI3AS,
119. "But the importance we attach to the demon- ToIS i Xvwerrei -rTo&Kpti- i' 8ta -rot 8(,6v'vaaaaJvvEi-
strations of an unseen reality and the fact that one PEIV f Sta TT?vItKpAoyiav.
argument leads to another," 'A7X'a yap Tl'rrepE "Men who have looked at each case through exact
ras dTrOSBItEIS a'rrov8' iaIa A'yos X6ycp -rrapa8ts6oi*. understanding," ol St' dcXip6Efas E.Kaa-ragopaK=TES. In
Iamblichus, De vita pythagorica (ed. Deubner) 82 a discussion of the eternal forms, the medium and
describes the philosophy course of the akousmatikoi the temporary ~acrra Plato, Timaeus 52c5-6 says
as "lessons without demonstrations and argument" Trcp,8SE' 6v-rcAS 6irn PorjO's6 8i' &lpttEIas&ATr&I"s ?o6yos.
a xcai
(aKxovaptaTa ava-rr6EtKTrc &vEv?iyov o-rt ov-rcos The above cited passage from Aristotle Metaphysics
rrpaicrrov), and in 147 he uses the phrase VtTv E81 995a shows that St' &xKpti8k1Simplies "making con-
a-nrov8iiv, "his zeal for the Truth." Em- nections." Pseudo-Heraclitus, Homeric Questions (ed.
-rht&?'OeS
pedocles B I7 (Diels-Kranz) line 2, ?M6yov?o6yov Buffiere) 6, 5: -rTv 0Tn0?XE?l<a)>pgvqT v 'v rTOSETrEOaV
"drawing one argument
igoXETa1v'cov, from another." &?-estav&iptp&s8taept'laas,and 7, I: "Apollodorus,
Aristotle, Meta ph. io63b io, Trraso6yoS 7r&-aaaorr6-
Ka'ai a brilliant interpreter of any historia (= surface
gttS, "all reasoning and demonstration." The story), has given, in a way to achieve an exact
apodeixis (demonstration) meant the scientific proof understanding, the demonstration concerning these
of the Aristotelian syllogism rather than the rhetor- matters" (1hKPIj3CoTIat
8' TrEp'tTOroTCV
roiTTov 6& Katl
ical proof of the Aristotelian enthymeme. Compare 'A-rro?ao8ApcP,imEpi-rracravio-ropiav a&v8pi8EtvBE
).
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] COMMENTARY 123
"A struggle in finding the words which is almost (cf. 31 [I962]: pp. 3IO-315), Christian Habicht,
as great as that which those men of yore sustained "Falsche Urkunden zur Geschichte Athens im Zeit-
in performing the deeds." Aeschines III 241 says: alter der Perserkriege," Hermes 89 (I96I): pp. 1-35,
"If Ctesiphonwill have the nerve to invite Demos- and others (see the Bull. ep.). For our passage the
thenes into your court to speak and the latter will most important parallelis probably Plutarch, Them.
come up and laud himself, the hearing of what you Io, 4-5 (cf. Herodotus VIII 40-4I and Thucydides I
have suffered becomes more grievous than the 73), but see infra, commentary on the reference to
sufferings themselves (-rCOv pycov). Demosthenes presbytai in section 126.
XVIII I60 replies: "It is disgracefulif when I have "Tokens of all that one might call greatest in
undergone the real labors (-ra?pya) in your behalf, man," TrraVTcovocr TIS ElTrol pEylora KQT' &vOpOrTrous
you will be unable to endure even the words there- ... acrOpoXa. Aristides reworks, restricts and
of." reapplies the encomiastic theme of Isocrates XIV
"Hence we cannot afford to leave any area un- 58 on the land of Plataea "in which very great signs
worked and unexamined," oOS6v o0v apyov ou0' ave- of excellence (pjiyilo-a crlETa TS'riapETfs) have been
-rEaorov EiKoS TrapaATxrEiv.
Plato, Phaedrus 235 B: left, of your own and of those who shared the
"the outstanding feature of the discourse is just struggle with you." The five virtues of Athens are
this, that it has not overlooked any important piety (EV'ao3Eia),endurance (KxaprEpia), prudence
aspect of the subject, so making it impossible for ((ppovril), philanthropy ((ptavepcoTrria), and great-
anyone else to outdo what he has said with a fuller ness of spirit (ipyaXotWuxia). These virtues, separate-
or more satisfactory oration (Hackforth's trans- ly and in pairs, are illustrated again and again in the
lation). oration. In Euripides, frag. 284 there are five
"Zeal to uncover hidden causes in the petty sub- cardinal virtues, namely EOyAcocacia, courage, wis-
The orator uses the
jects," erriTroiSpuKpolsrTrouSil. dom, justice, moderation. In the list of Athenian
word a third time and varies the meaning again. virtues given by Aristides philanthropy ((pitavepco-
For the thought see Aristotle, RhetoricIII 7, 2 and Tria)and greatness of spirit (piEyaXAouXiya) are some-
compare Isocrates, Helen 5. thing more than justice and moderation which they
121. The section ends with a paradox. For the displace. The four tests in the SoKIpaCioa pT)rl6pcovin
Medizerswhose cities were not burned, the Persian fourth-century Athens, according to Aeschines I
army was a flood which engulfed them willy nilly. 28-32, were piety first, endurance second, modera-
In using the expressions "poured in" (EicaEXEovro)tion, and prudence.
and "flowing around" (TrrEpippovTros) Aristides has "The things that were dearest." This and other
in mind the metaphor of Aeschylus, Seven Against comments resemble what Polybius II 6i, 8-II says
Thebes 64, Kupa XEpaaTovorpacroi. For the Greeks in praise of the Megalopolitans,who gave up their
who would not submit the Persian army was an own city in defense of the Achaeans.
advancing conflagration (xiInov 7rOp).The participle "Philanthropy, because they endured this in
?Tri6v may be paralleled in Herodotus VII I45, behalf of the salvation of the others." Merejustice,
6Etivv E't1i6VrrV6poicos Trraea"EA.Xi. Comparison the cardinal virtue replaced in the case of Athens
of an army with a blazing fire ((pAoy6S)occurs in by philanthropy, would not have required this
section 214. Comparison of war with a flood (Kipa) altruism.
occurs in section I02. "And in the idealism of a great spirit, ... among
122. "Athena's men." Plato, Phaedrits 246e and all mankind who is comparable to those who gave
252C-253c describes the souls as traveling in eleven up their estates and property in defense of free-
companies each headed by a god to whom the souls dom?" Megalopsychiahere clearly appears as the
seek to assimilate themselves. Athena is the founder ability to rise entirely above merely practical con-
of Athens (section 40) and a city takes its true siderations and to make a choice on the basis of
character from its founder as one may see from honor alone. Compare Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics
Julian who in the Misopogon347A (Hertlein p. 447) 1233a, 'Trei o0v rrEpiT'rp1S atpeaiv Kai XpTcnv Kai T-rV
attributes the character of the Antiochenes to aXAcov ayaecov TCOVEriVTipVapio-rri EaTrisi6Elat1i5
Antiochus and in Epistle 51 Hertlein (p. 556) = pEyaXoh0vuia Kai ou TrEpi T-r XpTlo'tia, ...
Epistle III Bidez (p. I70) conflates the Alexandrians "Loyal obedience to their commanders, the
with Alexander. discipline that all honor in telling the story," KaiTrqJ
"Decree." The tradition about the decree of OTrO
TraVTCov Ev TroS X6Oyois TPloPEvrTJS roIS apXouaiv
Themistocles has been studied in the light of new EOTrEleEiaS.Pericles in Thucyd. II 37, 3 extols
evidence by M. Jameson, "A Decree of Themistocles Athenians for obedience to those men who on each
from Troizen," Hesperia 29 (I960): pp. 198-224 occasion are in command, and to the laws.
124 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

123. "Packed up and left," &rrooaKxuaoiEvo1. 126. "Bywork," -rrapEpyov. Something aside from
Compare Demosthenes IX 61. the main task. Contrast Plato, Timaeus 38d-e: 6
"The Hellenes as far as Attica." For this type of XoyoS Tr&pepyoS ov Tr70ov &v epyov Jv EVEKa
AyETrat
phrase see Ad. Wilhelm, Attische Urkunden I (= TrapaCXot,and Euripides, Hercules Furens I340 rwa-
Sitzungsb. Wien 165, 6, I9II), pp. Io-II. pEpya kp.OvKIaKcV. The bywork of Nitocris parti-
"When someone dared to say that they had to cularly impressed Herodotus I I86.
submit, they killed him at once, while their wives "It constitutes a great disaster and an outrage
attacked his wife and killed her too." The stoning of against the law of the Medes if any of those who
Cyrsilus and his wife is reported by Demosthenes dared to war against the King escapes." Isocrates,
XVIII 204. The story is analyzed by Christian Euagoras63.
Habicht, "Falsche Urkundenzur GeschichteAthens "Taking those of the Athenians who were on
im Zeitalter der Perserkriege," Hermes 89 (I96I): Salamis, namely the men over fifty," AapcbOv -TOi
pp. 21-23. ovras aUTrCvev The
EcxaAatviTOOiSTrrpEoaipraS. Athe-
124. "Placed compulsions about them." Aristides nian fighting men were divided, of course, into
transfers to the Athenians what Herodotus VIII izniores (Pi-vrFts) and seniores (lTpeapcTCat).The
75-76 relates about Themistocles personally. line is drawn between them at the age of fifty or
"Except for as far as the triremes reached," forty-five (cf. A. W. Gomme, A Historical Comment-
rrap' oaov ai In
TrptirpEisEwreTXov. Thucyd. VII 62, 4 ary on Thucydides2 [Oxford, I956] pp. 37f.). Now
Nicias said the Syracusan land was hostile except where did Aristides get the information that the
for as far as the infantry reached, TrTArv OCaov&v6 Athenian presbytaior older soldiers were on Salamis,
'rel6Tosfipv ?wrTExl). since it is not mentionedby Herodotusor Thucydides
"As in a sea of waves," ccTrrEp Ev acixrrr Kal KU- or in the extant orations of Attic orators? M.Jame-
paai. The advancingTrojans are comparedwith the son, "A Decree of Themistocles from Troizen,"
waves of a stormy sea in Iliad XIII 795-80I. The Hesperia 29 (I960): pp. 202 and 214, suggests that
phrase KXSbcova TroXEhicov occurs in Euripides, I.T. the decree of Themistocles, which according to
316. For the metaphors here suggested compare D. Demosthenes XIX 303 Aeschines had read out to
van Nes, Die maritime Bildersprachedes Aischylos the Athenians, was available to Aristides in an
(Groningen, I963), pp. 30-6I on sea and waves. Atthis or in a copy of Craterus, Trq(pitop,-cov
"Thanksto foresight on the part of a general,they Euvaycoyn,or in a text of Aeschines,but the answer
had preparedin advance whatever was destined to is difficult, as Chr. Habicht, Hermes 89 (I96I): pp.
injure the King." See Herodotus VIII I9-22. 1-35, shows.
"Placed themselves opposite" (the Phoenicians). 127. Fear of Xerxes for his own person: Aeschines
Beecke, p. 35 with reference to Diodorus XI I8, 6 III I32.
and I9, says that Aristides here has the version of 128. CompareThucydides I 74, the speech of the
Ephorus in mind. Athenians in the assembly at Sparta. For the
125. "One day too late." As Beecke, p. 15 re- emphasis on the oecumene compare G. Pugliese
cognized, the source is Plato, Laws III 698e. Carratelli, "Europa ed Asia nella storia del mondo
He means "allies," but the
"Partners," aoVTrEETiS. antico," La Parola del Passato 40 (1955): pp. I-I9.
Greek for "allies" etymologically would emphasize "Oracles."CompareHerodotus VIII 14I.
"fighting." Hence, Aristides ironically substitutes a "Visionsfrom Eleusis." HerodotusVIII 65 and84.
word used at Athens for those who were banded to- 129. "Since his fate would be the same, (Mardo-
gether in orderto create a fleet, with no etymological nius) resolved <to be mindful of it> after having
referenceto actual fighting. done something bold," TrfiS ' ac0rfS P<E(>vfio-<>()at
"No less than any other gain," cocrrEp&A?oT-. (povfoaKal codd.) T-r,X5S?yvco rt Kal Tro7iiraas. The
This phrase recurs in sections I8, 89, and I29. See passage is based on Herodotus VIII Ioo, i, but
Thucydides I I8, 2 with Gomme's commentary. there is something wrongin the text. Reiske guessed
"Shared jointly in her noble offering," -TjSi lo- that a word like Treipaoe0ahad fallen out after
iv ETacaX6voTS.The source of Diodorus XI
TiniaS KOt Tro,icas5. To us, on the other hand, the trouble
II, 5 gave credit for the victory to Sparta; Aristides seems to lie in the words povis Kal,which look like
replies. The noble ambition (<pl7oTirpia)of Athens to a corruptionof an infinitive, pEpvfiogai.The thought
take risks for others or in a common cause is men- resembles what Thucydides I 20, 2 (povuAX6voi 8E
tioned again in section 250. For the use of the word spcaavrvTSTr KKaiKlV8UV ai)t) and
Trpiv Xur1pe0fijvati
(pAo-rTpiato describe the result of the attitude see VI 57, 2-3 said about Harmodius and Aristogeiton.
Louis Robert, Les Gladiateurs dans l'orient grec Compare also Iliad XXII 304-5, Pixt... K?,AECOS
&rro-
(Paris, I940), p. 278. oi|pirlv d&Aaa
niya poiaS TI-.Herodotus VIII Ioo, I
VOL. 58, PT. I, i968] COMMENTARY 125
had said aOirovKaAXoS TeAE-rrfioatTOvPiov irrEp Ey?a- the boundaries on the same day ... and they sent
Xcovalcopre6vTra. an escort with Melesippus lest he meet with any-
"But like any other task that remained the city one."
accomplished this too and completed the series as 133. "Assailed with gold, silver and iron."
those who string leaves or flowerstogether complete Compare Ennius, Annales 209 on M'. Curius Den-
their wreath." a&X' canTEp &aXo -rT XoIrrv Kal tatus, quemnemoferro potuit superarenec auro, and
TOUTOTrpoaErEipyacmaTOrl rro6XSKalcSIEiXeOE PEXpi Iliad VI I47, XaXK6OSTE XpvO6S TE -r TE
0TOAiKjirTT6
TfS TEAEvUTf, CoCrEpoi TOiS oT&E?avous ajVEipowres. ri6Srpos.Herodotus VIII 5, 3 uses the phrase rAXrlyev-
For cA)TrEp &ak6oTi, which occurs also in sections I8, T?rEg
Spoiai.
89, and 125, see Thucydides I I8, 2 with Gomme's "They honored poverty instead of wealth."
commentary. For ClcoyrEp oi Tro0sorcppavousavvEipov- Compare Livy, Praef. 12 on Rome.
TEs see Aristotle, Rhetoric I409a = III 9, 2 on the "The King's enormous gifts," literally "the King's
MAiS Eipopiivrl.Contexti successits is a common ex- enormousphilanthr6pia."The philanthrdpiacommon
pression of Ammianus Marcellinus e.g. XXI 9, I. among kings is not a just philanthropia, but one
With 81EsfXAscompareThucydidesIII 26, 4: hrwEX- antithetical to the philanthropia of Athens, which
Oov TrCTwoAXMa T'rEVOVTEs, "they carried through to the orator implicitly equates with justice in sections
the end with their destruction of nearly everything 44 and 68.
they saw" (Gomme, who cites I 70, 7, I 120, 5 and 134. The story is a tendentious reworking of
V Ioo also). Herodotus VIII 142 and I44 in the periodic style of
130. "Where the real strength lay," oi TCOVrpayc- a sentence like that of Demosthenes IX 27.
Ecri -ra KVIpia. Compare Herodotus VIII
CTorrcov "As long as the war lasted." Herodotus VIII 142, 4.
I36, 2-3, and Powell's Lexicon to Herodotus s.v. "They pardoned them." Herodotus VIII I44.
Tpfniypa4. "Good men in their fear." A playful reference to
131. "The oracles from Delphi, it is said, were the theme of fear as a contribution to discipline: cf.
specificallytestifying that if the Athenians joined the E. De Strycker, "Vrees als principe van staats-
Barbarians, the cause of Hellas would be ruined." burgerlijke tucht in de democratie volgens Thucy-
Herodotus VIII I33-I36 mentions oracles with- dides en volgens Plato," Handelingen der Zuidneder-
out citing any, but in VIII I4I he says that the landse Maatschappij voor Taal- en Letterkundeen
Spartans knew of oracles which indicated that the Geschiedenis 9 (I955): pp. 5I-64.
Dorians could be driven from the Peloponnese by a "Inexperienced with Athens." Brasidas tells the
coalition of Medes and Athenians. Toronaeans that they were afraid from inexperience
"On the former occasion," heralds were demand- with Sparta (Thucyd. IV 114, 5).
ing earth and water. To this Aristides alluded in 135. "For an appraisal of excellence," eis &aperis
section 80 where he avoided the word "heralds," 6oyov,as in Roman Oration 41 and in Demosthenes
which was the main point of Herodotus VII I33. XXIX I42. In an edict published by G. E. Bean,
"With restitution ... and with the addition of Wiener Anzeiger 99 (1962): pp. 4-6 Q. Veranius says
the rest of Hellas as an estate by royal grant." Ess lpiAavepcoTrouo6yov.
Herodotus VIII I40 a, 2 reports as follows the order "Between the seafight at Salamis and the Battle
of Xerxes to Mardonius: "Give them back their of Plataea." This is where Herodotus placed the
land; let them take in addition other land, whatever embassy of Alexander, but Demosthenes VI ii and
they wish." XVIII 202-203 dated it for rhetorical effect before
132. The embassy of Alexander of Macedon is the Battle of Salamis.
described by Herodotus VIII I40-I43 and by "The Athenians added their just endorsement
Artemidorus (P. Oxy. 2469) and recalled also by (T-rv&diav wrpooocral ti iqpov) of themselves, and
Demosthenes VI ii and XVIII 202-203. For what so three witnesses in succession were on record,
proxeny service really was see A. Wilhelm, "Proxe- their enemies, their allies, and they themselves."
nie und Euergesie," Attische Urkunden5 (Sitzungsb. There is some special significance to a triple vote,
Wien 220, 5, I942): pp. Ii-86. for aouiyrlqposTfiiEv I KoalaCi KTpi-rcov;asks Socrates
"The escort conducted him through the country in Plato's Gorgias 5ooai, but this is also a playful
both lest anyone lay hands upon him and lest he reference to a contemporary custom of pIapTuprTlrKa
talk with anyone." This statement does not appear Kai rTITrTIKaClrTpiCapaTa (for the phrase see Carie II
in either Artemidorus, Diodorus, Herodotus, or 78). Compare the contemporary inscription at
Demosthenes; it is an elaboration suggested by Olympia, SIG3 1073, line 17, -raoirs iapTupicasewriTl-
Thucydides II I2, 2: the Athenians sent Melesippus 6eiov. The Athenians voted in favor of themselves
back without a hearing and "bade him be outside by endorsing their ancestors, i.e. by remaining
126 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

faithful to a traditional ideal of help for those in but are not for a poet or philosopher.Aristides feels
need, an ideal of resistance to overweeningpride. that the spoude or deeper truth sets himself, Iso-
While the King and the Hellenes attested to the crates, Demosthenes, Plato, and the poets apart
value of the living Athenians, the living Athenians from historici, who adhere to surface phenomena.
attested their belief in an old Athenian ideal. De- Aristotle, Poetics I45Ib6-7, uses the adjective
mosthenes XVIII 248-251 argues that he himself, spoudaios when he wishes to say that poetry is a
the Demos and even Aeschines have born witness for thing more concerned with a deeper truth and
him, and in XVIII 215 he says that the Thebans hidden causes than historia is, Kaoi pXooMpc&rETpov
gave the Athenians three encomia on one day. Kai oarrou8atiOTpov
wroirlalsi-ropiaS oa-riv.
136. "Who now could follow them in greater "The Lacedaemoniansrelinquished to the Athe-
force" than at Artemisium and Salamis, where the nians the position opposite the Persians ... but again
contribution of the other Hellenes was hardly a Mardonius withdrew." This comes from Plutarch,
fraction of what the Athenians contributed. Plato, Aristides 16, as Beecke, pp. 4I-42, noted.
Menexerns 241C had claimed Plataea as a joint "As if it had been destined by some natural neces-
victory of Lacedaemoniansand Athenians; Aristides sity (doaTrEp avxyKBlTlvi Kcll p0iaei
oauyKeKXrpcolpvov)
goes all the way and claims it as Athenian. Aeschy- that the Persians be defeated by the Athenians." In
lus, Persae 817, had recognizedit as a victory of the section 90 (see commentary)Aristides says that the
Dorian spear. For the best account see Herodotus Battle of Marathon was destined (aovyirpcoOeijvl)
IX 41-88. for the city with the assignment of its fortune.
"To describe the strength of the armies or the 137. "As boxers do they contended first for posi-
battle array of the Barbarians ... and what took tion," CoorEpoOv ol 1rrUKTat
Ep Tqp S oardaecSTrpc'rov
place beforethe battle is a time-consumingoperation iycoviaavro. Cf. AeschinesIII, 206: CdoTrrEp 6paTrrTroCS
(liaTplpi') not arriving at what we seek to uncover" Tr*KTcaSTrepi TTS acraoECOS
C iAXoilS8alycavllo0voug.
(-rfisoTroufiso0K61pKvOUvlivl). Demosthenes VI 4: "Destroying the leaders of the enemy cavalry."
8aTpipeTrEKaOiTrEp & arrou8SaLeTe, Herodotus IX 20-24, Diodorus XI 30, 2-5 and
ev ols &KT?rEpoit
TaUT' &IcivovKCaTpots ?X?I. Demosthenes VIII 2 Plutarch, Aristides 14.
contrasts the spoudewith the time-wasting of most "A need of siege arose." Herodotus IX 70 and
speeches. Perhaps the nearest parallel, curiously, is Plutarch, Aristides 19.
from pragmatikehistoria, Polybius I 57, 3: "The 138. "They crownedthe city." Aristides transfers
causes or the modes of their daily ambuscades, to Athens the honor accorded to Themistocles
counter-ambuscades,attempts, and assaults were so (HerodotusVIII 124 and Plutarch, ThemistoclesI7),
numerous that no writer could properly describe just as he assigns to the city the epithet that be-
them (ovrr' &v 6 yp&icov i4apltOo0iEvos ipiKoTro), longed to Aristides the Just (section 202).
while at the same time the narrative would be most "At the head of affairs," v -roTsTrpdaypcal. For
tedious as well as unprofitable to the reader" the phrase compare Thucydides III 28, I and
(Paton's translation). Both Aristides (section I37) Demosthenes IX 56.
and Polybius comparethe two adversariesto boxers 139. "To entertain," uyvXaycoyasX&plv.Plato,
maneuvering for position. In I 4, II Polybius uses Phaedrus 26Ia has Socrates describe rhetoric as a
the phrase p6vcosov TiS EiPIKOITO in the meaning yvXaycoyia TlS, but he has just said of Phaedrus
"only in this way could one get at the truth." The iav prtlIKavos <p9loAoIoqOlct, o058 iKav6s TOT6E
y'EIV
text of Aristides is that of the Aldine editions and ogaral-trpi oU6Ev6O. The yvXaycoyia theme runs
of the corrector of T. The lectio facilior laTrplpT through ancient criticism. Aut prodessevolunt aut
TriSorrouSfiSwas a transposition of manuscripts delectarepoetae (Horace, Ars poetica 333 and com-
ARTUELN and has been rejected by most editors. mentators). See also Strabo I 2, 3, p. 25, I3ff. and
Polybius proves that the participle pi1KvOUpErvi does W. Aly, Strabons Geographica (= Antiquitas 4
not absolutely require a noun in the genitive, but a [Bonn, 1957]), pp. 376-385; also Polybius II 56,
similar phrase, E?pKvE'01acT'ris piaeAoosactiroTi,"to 11-I2 with Walbank's commentary; Aristotle,
arrive at its (true) nature," occurs in Plato, Timaeus Poetics 9, 6 (I45IbI6); also Cicero, De Partitione
5Ib3. Isocrates XII 40 says -rTi dAlertias TVrixotEv.Oratoria10. The most important passage of all, how-
"Heraclitus," Homeric Questions 3, 2 says -rhv ever, is Isocrates, Panath. 27I, the direct inspiration
a&?ieelaviXVEucopev, "Let us track down the deeper of Aristides: "prefer discourses which aim at the
sense." Aristides wishes to do that too and he truth ... to those which are spoken for our pleasure
emphasizes the essential difference between himself and gratification" (Norlin's tr.).
and a historicus. Statistics on units and changes "To show... in all its aspects," 6E&Tal
g ET'&iXri0ias.
of battle order are proper for a historicusto report Old phrases like &OSrr9irlv &rroeiTroiand &drpEK&oSKa-
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 127
raA'Eov meant "to relate without forgetting any- with gymnastic games see W. Jaeger, Paideia III
thing important," as T. Krischer, "'ETUrUoS und (OxfordUniv. Press, 1944), p. 74, with referenceto
&XSyerlS,"Philologus 109 (I965): pp. I61-I74 has Xenophanes and Isocrates, PanathenaicI.
shown. Compare section I70. 141. For the organization of the Panathenaic
140. "Then quite apart from what the words and Festival see L. Deubner, Attische Feste (Berlin,
stories symbolically reveal, one must remember that I932), pp. 22-35. For its early history see J. A.
we are not at all obliged to limit the Panathenaic Davison, "Notes on the Panathenaea," JHS 78
Festival itself to one day, but if it is necessary to (I958): pp. 23-42 and 82 (I962): pp. I4I-I42
increase the number of days, this too has been left (compare, however, section 249 infra plus comment-
free for the sake of a beautiful order and dignity," ary).
Kai aTTr'auTro TOV CUU3PO'ouT-rCV
ETIElTa EVe1IU1TETOV "Day after day," 6p' TilEpa <(u?pav>. Reiske
X6ycov o-r oU68 TTrVT-rv fTavarivaicov av-rcov ?opTTrv pointed out that the reading of the mss., 9p' TpEpal
lilv i1eUpas
Clas &cVayKKrliIETpEIV,a&X', ei yE Kai rTOrTO (alone),would not be Attic. Haplographyis possible.
Kai 'TOrrAiOosTrOvfsepcpv KO6agOU
8i -rrpocrOeTva, For cumulative phrases like 9p'Ti,Epa ]uilpav see E.
xapiv Kai CaEliv6TrlTOS
aveTTal. Canter translates: Schwyzer,Gr.Gram.2 (Munich,1950): p. I56C.They
"Iam illud ex ipso debemus orationis argumento are more common in poetry than in prose, but
colligere, ne ipsas quidem Minervae ferias uno die Aristides himself (section 163) says rrpaTrryOS T-ri
necessario absolvi, verum plures etiam, si hoc quo- crrpacrryc. Another possibility would be <(c>)rllpai.
que dicendum est, decoris gratia adiici." Reiske "Especially when they (sc. logoi) are an integral
comments: "TOo,aipoXov-rvTv A6ycov est titulus, part of the festival," Kai TauTra ye TcOVTri7TravlIyu-
inscriptio, nomen orationis. Apellatur enim Pan- pEi cayKe?KXrpco)pEvcov.This phrase, which means
athenaica." On the contrary the symbolon of the literally "they are included in the same kleros (-
logoi is the role of the logoi in uncovering a hidden allotment, inheritance, assignment) as the festival,"
truth which superficial observers or simple people raises problems. Aristides probably thought that
by themselves would miss. The word belongs in the the words (of hymns and epic recitations) went back
sphere of literary and religious exegesis. The noun to the first organization of the festival, or to the
symbolon and the adverb symbolikos were much reorganization around 560 B.C., or to the time of
used by Philo, e.g. De somniis I 6, 38, 74, 79, 89, 90, Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus, and he seems to
92, I02, ii8, 127, I34, I44, I46, I60, etc., to indicate imply that words (of prose orations) are an integral
a figurative sense as contrasted with a literal ex- part either for this reason or because there had
planation. According to St. Isidore of Seville (P. L. always been a prose address of some sort on the
LXXXIII 579) there are three ways of under- occasion of the festal gathering. It is not at all
standing the lex divina, namely historiceand tropo- unlikely that certain communications and patriotic
logice and mystice, and he defines mystice as iuxta appeals were reserved particularlyfor this, the main
spiritualem intelligentiam. Plutarch, Consolatio ad annual gathering of Athenians in earliest times. It
uxorem (ed. Sieveking) Io, 6IIa joins 6 TraTpios may be that the Epitaphia, which in the fifth
A6yoS Kai Tar pUoTiKa auippoAa TCOV TrEpiTOVAlovvcrov century became a separate festival, arose as part
6pyiaocrcov, and the noun symbolon is used again of the Panathenaea. But the real meaning probably
and again by Pseudo-Iamblichus On Mysteries. is that the Panathenaea were intimately connected
Aristides seems to me to say that one may turn with the ancient traditions (logoi) of Athens and
aside from the symbolonof the words, i.e. the insight with recitations. He has merely changed the mean-
they give into the deeper truth implied in section ing of logoi.
I39, and concentrateon a second thought (EveuvrlTEOv "Stale," EcoAoit.See Philostratus, VS II 8, p. 85
The phrase KOC6aUX&plviKai
means aTrops3XErTEov). Kayser = 21O Wright.
AEyc'Kaiax6plvin
with which aoEpvoTrTa
aEpVOT-rrroS, 142. "An altar of Zeus, Patron of Free Men
Kai 6orl XapiTrcv (Ai6s 'EX7euOepou),was erected on the battlefield
section 227 and Kai 6or0lcElv6rroTTOS
rrpooTrrnKEv in section 228 may be compared, is itself." See Herodotus IX 8i, Thucydides II 71,
one of those with which Aristides binds separate Anth. Pal. VI 50 (epigram attributed to Simonides),
parts of the oration together. Plutarch, Aristides 19-2I (with another version of
"The number of words is not out of season either, the epigram and with the statement that it was
at a time which is such a season for deeds" (erga). engraved on the altar), also De MalignitateHerodoti
The old antithesis logoi-erga needs no comment, ex- 42, Pausanias IX 2, 5.
cept that the Funeral Orations of Pericles and Soc- "To maintain concordamong themselves and thus
rates in Thucydides II and Plato's Menexenus to despise the Barbarians." Compare Isocrates,
stressed it. For the contrast of intellectual culture Philippus 88.
128 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWERA R PHIL. SOC.
(TRANS. AMER.

"And the cities gained not only the glory that eOiev xcKi wpoaotu7hEtv Ka'>EiTros eEoisE1XciiScd ciava-
comes from a display of excellence but also that ipllCiaiv xcii auv1rrc eEpCIa'ia edSov Kx6?MJaO-rov Kcii
which comes from a display of fine installations," apiapTrov KaCIi aVVaIICbTQTa-rOV iTrpS Tr6v Fciua&ovai piov
'
cii T~1Toi5h'E oiI T6v &pETiS .6vov &J Kai -rTv &i Kci%CI BT% KaIi StaIPEPOVTCOS
p, xTov~,
-TrTV ~q6
-r,
Kay
Sci OKC orw
TroCTCov
Tril KacaaviOl( x6iopov wrapi;Pkaov.In his Letter to r&vcivrica TrrEpu_v.
Nicocles ig Isocrates tells him to rule as a true king, "It is the gods whom we all requite as, of course,
o1xKEt 'rilv -rr6?7.v OtoicoS C1o-Ep Trov TriTrp,ov olKov authors of our blessings," Toros reyaPpeom,s c&S ai-rhov
-rcTiSjAV KcTaiOKEIEcds XI.atl-pC'OS xcai PaCi?Xtmco&, TQT15 6' Siyrjnrou,rv &ycyoaev &arEivs &ia5PpI.6pa. Plato,
wrpa&SEcnv cKplpaos 'iv' E0oxKipfs &pIu xcii 8lCapi(i- Laws II 653c-d says: Oeoi &S olwTipavrE -rr -rTOTV
Athens had, as it were, led the cities with the ex- a'vepcb1Tcov9TriITFOVOVTrrEpvxS y)vos5, avca'rrA\ciO"rE
cellence of genuine kingship, and Aristides next aiCrroiS TC)v 'rr6vcov'TadcavroT-r&s TGCvAOPTrGAV &.olpa&s
mentions the distinction gained by Athens bv avCrrciis (TOTS 0E015}, xaii Moi*aaS'A-rr6AAcova' Te pova1nyfTrtp
arcTi-Trpa'EEiv and in the beauty of her works tv'
xciiAiovvaov avvEopTaaras e'aoaav, 9-ravopecSvTaii,
of art. See also the commentary above on sec- 6s -rerpoq"as yEvopEvcvs Ev TcCii5 gOpTciiSI.isre xe$v. The
tion 40. editors of Plato have rightly deleted T01s eEoiSabsent
"The wealth ... to those who had bested them." from the passage as cited by Clement of Alexandria.
Herodotus IX 8i. While Plato speaks of the gods requiting men by
143. In the Funeral Oration, Pericles argues that giving them festivals, Aristides makes men requite
Athens is superior in all respects. This argument in the gods with festivals.
defense of Athenian hegemony is adopted by "Both gods and men were responsible for the
Aristides. results, and as far as it was up to men at that time
The two clauses (C and D) introduced by the this city appears chiefly so." Contrast the speech of
words "for one thing" and "for another" are parallel Themistocles in Herodotus VIII 109, 3: "It is not
to the two clauses (A and B) so introduced in section we who achieved these things, but the gods and
142. The arrangement, however, is chiastic: B heroes." Correcting Themistocles, Aristides rep-
versus C, and A versus D. resents the Athenians as the real heroes, like the
"As an object of worship," &vr' &yd6cqacrroS. The daimones whom Diotima in Plato, Symposium
phrase seems to reflect Aeschylus, Eumenides 920, 202d-203a describes as intermediaries between gods
who called Athens an agalma, meaning a place and men. However, it is also true that Herodotus
where the gods loved to dwell. It may reflect also himself (VII I39, 5) said that after the gods the
Plato, PhaedriLs 252d, olov &yaAica. The word Athenians were chiefly responsible. For a penetrat-
agalma, which occurs also in section 223, engages the ing discussion of how Herodotus viewed the relation
attention of F. M. Cornford, Plato's Cosmology between divine and human efforts see A. Maddalena,
(London I937) 99-IO2. Interpretazioni erodotee (= Univ. di Padova, Pub-
"Occupied more than the sites previously desert- blicazioni della Facolt'a di Lettere e Filosofia, 21
ed." Thucyd. 1, 93, 2. In general consult J. Travlos, 1942), ch. IV.
I.u
Tlo7Eo5opt 'EAiNigisr'v 'Aeriv&jV,(Athens, 1960), 145. "Entered into competition with herself." See
PP. 47-74. Plato, Menexenus 247a, Cicero, Ad Qu. fr. I I, 3;
144. "But I have fallen into these observations... Pliny, Ep. VI 33, i and VIII 24, 8.
unwillingly, as it were," M&K\ y&ap vTarcxiacip'ev
CbaTrp "Second period ... second task." Compare
aI&v EvknrEFaov. Compare Demosthenes XVIII 256 Mother Attica in section 30.
where an apology is offered, E5 'osoi:orovu %i6yovs "To start a counter-offensive." The encomium
EllrriTTEiLvavciyv&loai.ci , and XVIII 211, where De- which an Athenian historian, Xenophon, Agesilaos i,
mosthenes breaks off a digression with the apology, 8, gave to a Spartan king is here transferred to the
5Ma?& y&ap E'VTrFacbv FISTr& irpaiy civaTOisTrrpoy6'voi Athenians.
v:jc)V Eao-rva Tcov JrjqpOia6rrowv 7rapkprjgvitTCO vrrpciX- 146. "There are two different kinds of war." This
8NvrcOv,and with an assurance that he will now re- was stated by Dio Chrysostom XXXVIII 27 (von
turn to the subject. Amim) who says that the first kind is for freedom
"Association with gods in processions and religious (AEVOEEpici) when others try to enslave you and the
gatherings is an excellent experience for men, both second kind for rule (&px1) as you try to enslave
most profitable in itself and supreme as a pleasure," others. Aristides in section I47 will reverse the
YCAaT-rov (VepCbTrotsxKai To acXJTo 7%vcaT-Er?aTaTOP Ts position of freedom as he plays with this famous
xCiiVixG$V ?j8ovij, eE
Vv wTp6ao8ot Kcii 6Vidcai. This is a passage of Dio Chrysostom and speaks of the
reference to Plato, Laws IV 7i6d: &irmvrcovK6uMI- ,,freedom" of the aggressor and the absence of
a-rov cia deArkouLcTarov olIica 7M6ycav cds -r'4 vv &ycaiO initiative (&pxit) in the victim.
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] COMMENTARY 129
147. The theme of the three kinds of war is quiet." In Thucydides I I24, 2 the Corinthians say
directly inspired, I suspect, by Plato, Phaedrus something like this in denouncing Athens: EKwroXiov
244-245a on the three kinds of madness. Plato, ... Elpinvrnlx&Qhov3E3atoirral. And in I 120, 3-4
Phaedrus 245c-e goes on to discuss the soul as the Corinthians comment, "he who hesitates to go
apXi1KivfiaEcos with the statement that an apxil to war because of the pleasureof peace wouldsoonest
(principuum) is ay?vlrTov and does not have an be deprived of the delight for which precisely he
external cause (irl' q iv6o). This suggests to hesitates." Dio Chrysostom, De regno I 27 says:
Aristides a description of the Athenian apxi, which "They who are best preparedfor war have the best
means leadership in war or, if you will, empire, as chance of living in peace."
the moving spirit of the whole and a spirit that 149. "Took into view all that one could call finest
moves with justice. The first kind of war, says in human society," &cTavTra EXcoV6oca av TIS Eiwrol
Aristides, is a war that you yourself begin (Tr gpv, KiA?ao-raIv da&vpc'Trou
9ip?ci. It is the nature of man
av apxrlT-SEt PXfils);in the second you have justice to form a community. The social goals are security
on your side but you are not the moving spirit of the and tranquility. The finest things in men as individ-
whole (oui uIlv aTrou ysErT TravcbSEtriiV yiyvETat). uals are defined as the cardinal virtues in section
He has in mind not only Dio Chrysostom (see com- 122. In section 274 Aristides says that the city de-
mentary on section 146) but Plato's assertion serves the acclamation "visible image of the virtue
E &PXfiwyap avayKrl rwavTOytyv6oevov yiyvEoaai. and standard of the potential in human nature" (Tfis
Aristides here twice uses the word &vayKriin a sense if any city does.
p0eaecosTis &vepcowrria5)
different from Plato's use but in a verbal echo "Victory at Mycale": Herodotus IX 96-IOI;
perhaps. Compare also section 77, OVKalKov r7v Thucyd. I 89, 2.
apxlv TrapacXoEuvrl, and commentary.Again it was "They drove (fiAacav) some from the Stry-
Dio Chrysostom XXXVIII 17 who called war mad- mon, others from Sestos, others from Byzantium;
ness. Croesusin Herodotus I 87, 4 insists that war they visited every corner as in a ritual cleansing"
is folly. In Thucydides II 6I Pericles calls a certain (co-rrEpayoS Kacaipovr7s). Plato, Menexenus 24Id
type of war folly. Readers dissatisfied with my says that they cleaned and drove out of the sea all
interpretation may investigate other avenues with the barbarian infestation (&vaiKcarpaij?evoi Kai
the help of D. Loenen, Polemos: Een studie over EX&caavres5Trav-rTO
P3apapov EKTri OeaAcrrrrT).Stry-
oorlogin de Griekseoudheid(Amsterdam,I953). mon, Sestos, and Byzantium are all mentioned by
"Exercising the freedom of first movers, but the Thucydides (I 98, 89, and 94) but not in the same
IEV 'Tr TcOV&pX(6v-
justice of defenders," ?AeuOepiaq order. They are all mentioned by Diodorus (XI 60,
TrOV,s8Kaotoo0v 8E Tr v a&iuvogvcovxpwcovous. "The 37, and 44), but again not in the same order.
freedom of first movers" is a more felicitous phrase "No less frequently than those who sail as traders,
than "the free choice of aggressors" would have they came to anchor." In any discussion of human
been. Several ideas meet here, namely that the rise society on a larger basis the theme of commercehas
of the Athenian empire (@pXTi) was another war for a prominent place. Since Aristides is trying to
freedom, that the Athenians were natural rulers of interpret the Athenian activity from the standpoint
free Hellenes, and that in a new and third type of of the growth of civilization, he alludes to this theme.
war the Athenians combined justice and the role of "Triptolemus" in the winged chariot may sym-
a principuum (&apX). Contrast section I98: the bolize the daimon that is Athens, carrying out a
Lacedaemonianscould not originate. beneficent mission in accord with divine will. See
"To show the Barbarians that it was not in their commentary on section 55.
power to come at any time and make the Hellenes "He went around doing good to all in common."
Mar-
good fighters" (Trolev &TyaeovSTO0ST"EAXrvas). &arovras put the emphasis
The words EsiT' KOIVOV
donius in Herodotus VII 9 y tells Xerxes that if the on human society as a whole and make Triptolemus
Hellenes actually did do battle with the Persians, the prototype of Athenian KoltvoTrr Kai(pqiavepcorrica.
"they would soon learn that we are the best of men "Chastising."The Athenians are here represented
in respect to the works of war." more or less as punitive angels, carrying out the
"You will soon know well what kind of men you divine will. On Philo's punitive angels who give men
have stirred." Artabanus tells Mardonius that he "secondary boons" see H. A. Wolfson, Philo I 381-
will die in Greece "after having learned against 384.
what kind of men you are persuading the King to "The human race as a whole," TCyKotvC? TOV
yEVetl
march" (Herodotus VII Io0 ). dvpcbTrcov.The "concern for humanity and love
148. "Only those enjoy unimpaired tranquility of man" (section 4) is an outstanding characteristic
who prove that they are not at all obliged to lie of Athens as Aristides frequently suggests.
9
130 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

150. "They sprang forth so frequently and eagerly best to consult W. Peek, "Die Kampfe am Eury-
in their conduct of affairs that the Lacedaemonians, medon," HSCIP, Suppl. 1 (I940): pp. 97-II6.
though they went along in the first actions, later 152. "To cross the ferry crossings on a pontoon
departed, unable to keep up, as it were, with wing- For the
bridge" (IAvoSEicp aoXESiarOUS-rropOpoius).
borne leaders" (coo-rrEprrTnvois 3Koxouteivo, 8uva- pontoon bridge bound with flaxen cables see Hero-
pEvot).If I am not mistaken, the reference to wings dotus VII 36 and Aeschylus, Persae 69, Xivo8cracp
has a double origin. It reflects the Homeric de- caXESia -rropepov a&pelas I AOapavriSos 'EMas.
scription of the ships of the Phaeacians "swift as a Aristides cites the first two words of Aeschylus
wing or a thought" (Od. VII 36), but it also reflects directly and the third word with a variation.
the Platonic myth of the ascent of the souls in the "To contend with the highest mountains." For
form of winged chariots (Phaedrus248a), a thought the canal at Mount Athos see Herodotus VII I44.
for which the suggestive reference to the winged "When men excel in courage and intelligence,
chariot of Triptolemus in section I49 prepares our they prevail everywhere with the noblest means of
minds. In the Phaedrus 246e-247a the gods lead all ... and with means that are purely their own
the host in eleven companies of those who wish to because these alone belong permanently to those
follow and can (rrE-rail 6 &Ei ~eAcov-rEKal8uvvde- who have them (6ova yap -rOV XO6vrcov68&a
Trous
vos). Xerxes in Herodotus VII 8 a speaks of "the o-ri). The other means are not private; they are
god leading" and "us following" to victories. Sails there, you might almost say, for anyone to use, gifts
are compared with wings by Maximus of Tyre, Or. of fortune" (r&a8' &XXaKOtva-rrp6KeiTal Traaivco
VI 3b, -revaoal -r s rrripuyascoa-rrEp ioria. eIrrEv XrOxlsGScpa).Gifts of fortune are mentioned
"The Athenians, having the Hellenes from Asia also in section 87. Isocrates, Helen 44: ilTicararTo
whom the King had come leading against Hellas yap T&aS J acXXaseOruvXiaTaXa(COS
pv aas,
IUET-roarrrrL
and against those other Hellenes, used them and T-rv 6' EyvEiav &Ei 'roIs aovrols rrapapevouvaav.
they were enough." In the speech at Camarina Courage, intelligence, and wealth form a tricolon
Hermocrates in Thucydides VI 77 had referred of distinction. The comment on wealth may reflect
to the Hellenes of the Athenian Empire as Ionians Plutarch, De liberiseducandis5 D: TrXoU-ros
86 Triuov
and Hellespontines and islanders who changed but pUv, &XXax
T1r(XTrS ,OVpXv iTC)rc
KTflUa, reiSl TCrV TTOX-
always were enslaved to some master, either the 'roI5
AcKISdqEXe"rTO, Ti
oOUK 'rrfo'ao'a1 pouva rrpoaj--
Mede or someone else. Euphemus then justified the VEYKE,Kal 6 , TOlS
OTOX1TXOrTO5SoKoTOs &<Ki?lTar
Athenian "enslavement" of the Ionians on the poUXAopvoiS PcoAdavria TO~EUEIV,KaKOIpyolS OiK7TaiS
grounds that they had come with the Mede against KaOi ovKKOPavrats, Kal T6O plyiorov OTI Kal roTs
Athens, their mother city (Thucydides VI 82, 4). If r6clot5 pIT-rTI.
Trrovwlpo
I am right in understanding xKEIVOUS "And if you will, of excellence (&p6'ris),because,
as referring,
not to the Athenians themselves, but to the Dorians often available even to the inferiorat the start, they
who became dizzy and departed. Aristides chooses are fairly secure only for the superior."Plutarch, De
what seems to him a more effective argument than liberis educandis5 E says, "Paideia alone of our pos-
the damning admission by Euphemus. sessions is immortal and divine." For the insecurity
151. "Havens and walls and camps," 6poit Kcai of gifts of fortune Herodotus VII I90 gives an illus-
T-reXr KalXapaKdcjara,a tricolon reflecting Demos- tration. Wealth was sometimes divided into new
thenes VI 23, XapaKboiaraa KaiT-rX)(T wealth (gifts of fortune) and old wealth (gifts of
Kai ra&ppoi.
"Phoenicians, Cilicians and Cyprians." Diodorus arete'to an heir). The passage reflects ancient liter-
XI 60, 5: "Fleet from Phoenicia, Cyprus and ature comparing the new rich unfavorably with the
Cilicia." old aristocracy, whose wealth seemed more legiti-
"Two trophies arose for one day, when a naval mate orwho despite theirinferiorityof fortuneseemed
battle was matched (rraptaccbl)by a land battle." superior. The variatio contributed by Aristides is
This comment is, I think, inspired not by Plutarch'sthat gifts of fortune turn out to be gifts of arete(ex-
source,Callisthenes,but by Plutarch himself, Cimon cellence of character here rather than of birth), not
I2, 3: "Cimon, like a skilled athlete at the games, because they have been obtained by arete but
having in one day carried off two victories wherein because they are retained by means of arete. Con-
he surpassed that of Salamis by sea and that of trast Solon, 4 Diehl 9-12, cited by Plutarch, Solon 3.
Plataea by land" (7r6pv ... TO 6' ... -rrapehAxl?Oc 153. For the revolt in Egypt and the arrival of
rTp6raiov) (Clough's translation) or by Ephorus Athenian triremes see Thucydides I 104.
(see Diodorus XI 6i, 7). Aristides wishes to say 154. "Alone among men who organized a city,
something more epigrammatic.For recent discussion the Athenians used their own land as if it belonged
of the order in which the two battles occurredit is to others, while the land of others they considered
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 131
as really their own but held by others with defective "The Boeotians." Thucydides I Io8, 2-3.
title." Contrast Thucydides I 70, 6-8 (speech of the "On the sea the Aeginetans." Thucydides I I05, 2.
Corinthians who say that the Athenians use their "The Corinthians were provoked on account of
persons as if their persons (alcblcrra)belong to the Megarians." Thucydides I I03, 4: "It was
others). chiefly from this that the Corinthiansfirst conceived
"They chose for enemies not the weakest." What their violent hatred of the Athenians."
Xenophon, Agesilaus VI I, says about a Spartan "Epidaurians."Thucydides I Io5, I.
king Aristides says about the Athenians. "Sicyonians." Thucydides I Io8, 4.
155. "Perceived that he had the country as a "Naxians." Thucydides I 98, 4.
barrier to his own safety," T-rTv xcdpav -rE?T?iXtiopa "Thasians." Thucydides I IO10-1I.
-riSiaUTOOU acoTrlpiaS X(Xov Demosthenes IV 5
iaO?-rTO. "Carystians."Thucydides I 98, 3.
says that Philip had the conviction that it was hard "The Lacedaemonians were calling to her."
for him to wage war upon the Athenians who had Thucydides I I02, I: 'TrrKacoEaavTo.
so many fortresses which commanded his own 158. "When the Hellenes were at war with her
country ('AOivaiolst?XOUCo TOCaOIT' TriS
E'iTrEtXic7aaTa and in rivalry she never relaxed her vigilance in
aurroiuXbopas)while he was without allies. There behalf of the Hellenes." Xenophon (Ages. VII, 7)
is probably a verbal echo with deliberate variation claims that Agesilaus, even when fighting against
of meaning. the Hellenes, did not neglect the common interest of
"At first he had desired to acquire Hellas and the Hellas.The praisewhichXenophongives to a Spartan
rest of Europe ... now to his safety (-riTvccoTrpiav) king is transferredby Aristides to the Athenians.
he attached greater importance." Aristides says of 159. "To count off the events in batches of five
Xerxes what Aeschines III 132 had said of Darius (ac'U?rEvrT)or more." Proteus counted his seals in
III (wv ou TTEpiTOUKiplOSTIval Siaycovi'TraC, &7c' batches of five (Odyssey IV 412, TrEIiwraCarae).
oCcbcaTos acoTrpias). Characteris-
f8ril TrEpi'-rS rTOU "Off Cecryphalia ... Aegina ... Megarians ...
tically Aristides vindicates for the Athenians the Corinthians."Thucydides I I05.
tribute which the Athenian orator Aeschines had 160. Though Thucydides I I05 and especially
applied to the Macedonians,who were the enemies of Lysias II 49 relate the situation, Aristides has
Athens. Furthermore,while Aeschines III 134 says adapted the motivation from the speech of the
that Athens no longer struggled for hegemony but Mytilenaeans in Thucyd. III I3 concerning a
for its own land, Aristides more or less says this different situation.
about the Persian king. 161. Though Thucydides I I05 and especially
156. The Blue Rocks and Phaselis were mentioned Lysias II 50 give Aristides the historical basis,
as limits in the so-called Peace of Callias of 449 B.C. nevertheless in the comment about the success of
probably by Ephorus (cf. Diodorus XII 4, 5), also the Athenians in blocking the strategy of their
by Plutarch, Cimon i3, 4, Lycurgus, Against Leo- adversaries he reflects what Thucyd. III I6 said
crates 73 and especially Demosthenes XIX 273. about another occasion.
Aristides clearly understands the Blue Rocks as 162. Thucydides I Io6.
being those near the Thracian Bosporus. The five- 163. "Sailed around the Peloponnese." Thucyd.
hundred stades are an interpretation of what I io8.
Demosthenes (and Ephorus?) called a day's ride "Boeotia." The account is more soberly given in
by horse (cf. Historia 6 [I957]: pp. 254f.). In fact Thucydides I I07. For instance, Thucydides says:
Aristides himself says "a day's ride by horse" in E80e 8' aOroTsiv BotcoroTsirrEpItEIvaCoCl Or
CoKEacrOait
section I97 when he mentions the Peace again. All Tpo6rcp BiaorropE'ovri. Aristides re-
&acpaMoTa-raTa
the evidence is cited by H. Bengtson, Die Vertrige words this as follows: Gorre?xp ?XeiVAaKeSaiLoviouS
der griechisch-rimischenWelt von 700 bis 338 v. Chr. 0 TI Xpilaov'Ta, aX' drTropeiv S-rTCOTraS
Ev BIcoTroIS
(Munich, I962), no. I52. Beecke 54-58 names oTrotacoOilaov-rat.Thucydides comments that the
Demosthenes and Lycurgus and, in second place, Athenians inferred that the Lacedaemonians were
Plutarch, as the chief sources for Aristides. at a loss (&rropEiv).
157. "The Lacedaemonians were alienated." 164. "Battle at Tanagra." Thucydides I IO8says
Thucydides I 92. On the chronology of the events the Lacedaemoniansand their allies won at Tanagra.
mentioned in this passage see A. W. Gomme, A Plato, Menexenus 242a-b says that the Athenians
Historical Commentaryon Thucydides 1 (Oxford, were fighting for the freedom of the Boeotians and
1945): pp. 389-413; B. D. Meritt, H. T. Wade-Gery, that the Battle of Tanagra was a draw. Aristides,
M. McGregor, Athenian Tribute Lists 3 (Princeton, who knows the Lacedaemoniansreally won, claims
Amer. School at Athens, I950). it as a moral victory for the Athenians.
9*
132 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

"Superiorboth at the moment of the battle and in 168. "There was tranquillity," iv flovXia. See
all the situations," lTapa T-rIv pn)rlv Kpi-rrovu Kai Thucydides I 12 on the connection of tranquillity
({apa } Troit6Xoi. Reiske's emendation,the deletion and prosperity.
of the second Trapa,is supported by the parallel in "In the common fortune of mankind (-rTi 8 KOltvlS
section 177: Iva H.p6vov 'vTroTS ycolv 8ac KpE-r- TXrl &viepcbrrcov) ... the Hellenes and the city
TCOV fl TroiXS Trroaxivcapev dX&haKai TOTs6XoIS. had a share." While Demosthenes XVIII 254 says
"Help given to the Barbarian." Beecke, p. 24 that the city has received its share TfrS TCOVa&Xov
cites Herodotus IX 17 for the Phocians and VII 132 &vepcTrcov and further in XVIII 274 Demos-
TriUXTS
for the Boeotians and Locrians. thenes mentions -rfv drarvrcov ... avOpepbrcov
TXrlv
165. "Earthquake." Thucydides I I02, and KOtVlV, Aristides conflates the two passages and
Plutarch, Cimon 16-17. applies the thought of Demosthenes to another
166. "Expedition in defense of the Milesians." situation. See also Herodotus I 207, 2, where
Plutarch, Pericles 24-27 and Thucyd. I 115-117. Croesus says that the wheel of fortune does not
"Curbingof the Euboean Revolt." Thucyd. I II4. permit the same men to be happy at all times. In
"Megara," etc. The facts are from Thucyd. I II5 Thucydides II 64, 3 Pericles recognizes that Athens
but interpretedwith the help of a theme fromPlato, too like everything else in nature may some day be
Menexenus 242d: wrrp6s?v T-r6p69uXov pXpI viKrnS diminished.
6ElvTro?lEEiV.It is not "clear" that Athens in 446/5 "The Hellenes were not eternally grateful." Plato,
B.C. gave back Megara, Troezen, Pegae, all the Menexenus244b-c, makes the charge of ingratitude.
Achaean coast "while predominant," though Plato 169. "The naval fights at Naupactus:" Thucyd.
implies as much. On the contrary, when she thought II 83-92.
she was predominant in 425, she demanded back "Other battles in the Thraceward region:"
Nisaea, Pegae, Troezen, and Achaia (ThucydidesIV Thucyd. I 61-65 and II 70.
21, 3). The Peace of 446/5 is no. I56 in H. Bengtson, "Corcyra:"Thucyd. I 48-55.
Die Vertrageder griechisch-romischen Welt von 700 "The deeds at Ambracia:" Thucyd. III 105-II4.
bis 338 v.C. (Munich, I962). "The battles at ... Pylos:" Thucyd. IV 8-14 and
167. "She with risks exclusively her own provided 29-40.
the advantage in which the whole nation shared," "Cythera:" Thucyd. IV 53-54, who dates it "in
'
aT'vc
i8io15 KiV<18VOisKOlTV Ti TC' yEVEi T^rV cbEeitav the same summer."
Aristides turns into an argumentin favor
TriopiaTro. "Trophies won over the Corinthians:" Thucyd.
of the Athenian Empire the argument used by the IV 42-45.
Mytilenaean ambassadors at Olympia against the 170. "We set out, not to narratethe city's achieve-
Athenian Empire (Thucydides III 14: 'a&S Y6iovpv ments in a work which without interpretation col-
O'cop'raTcovTrapapacxXopvouS, KOIVilv lects all the data," oi avyypacfis
rTO Ki{v8uvovTCrV Epyov yiMjs
SE T-rVEK TOU KaT-opecoCai dopEAtav rOraai Sxoaov- wTpoele6iea &perlyleairTOrCa clj
Tre&payplva rr
6Ai. Con-
ras). The service that the Mytilenaeans merely trast Polybius I I3, 7 on the events (Trp&4egS) he
offered is really the service which the Athenians surveys before his story opens: ovi yap iarop?Tv Orip
according to Aristides had actually rendered. A acrrcovTrpoTrtOeOa,pvino0vat 8 KE?<paatcoScoS Trpo-
parallel less close may be found in the speech of the atpoiie6a. In section 75 Aristideshas alreadypointed
Athenian ambassadorsin Thucydides I 74 (KIvSuvvE- out that he is not composing historia. The laws of
am ... cbdEAfal at 0ps). historical composition would require a treatment
"She obtained the leadership not by means with of all events and would deny "philosophical"inter-
which she had enslaved the cities but by ways with pretations to the author. The rrE-rrpayveva of Aelius
which she had set them free," or yap g c&vKaCTESou- Aristides correspond to the wrpaxtis,which Ennius
AcbaTro TraS
troEiS ... &hA' e Cv TrroirlaEXveuONpas.called facta. Plutarch, Alexander I asks his readers
The Mytilenaeans in Thucydides III 10, 3 say not to complain if he leaves out most events: "For
pivroi ?y v6O1eoa
jiICppaXOt Oi'K 7Trr
KaTa6OUvACcTI TCOV we are not writing historias but lives."
'EhXiXvcov'Aeqvaiois, dAc?'err'
kSMeuOEpcbaCrlmrr'TOU 171. "Who felt obliged to go to sea in defense of
MfiSou Tros"E?Xriaiv.See also Lysias II 54-57, etc. the freedomof the Leontines." This comes, not from
So Isocrates VII 17,
"Willingfollowers," Ko6vrcov. Thucydides III 86, 3-4 or VI 19, but from Plato,
VIII 30 and XVI 27, Demosthenes III 24. But Menexenus 243a imrp TrfSAovrivcov XEueeEpiaS
...
compare Thucydides I 96, I: "the allies being t?Trruacav.
willing on account of their hatred of Pausanias." "Who deemed it good to run risks in defense of
"At the request of the Hellenes." Yes, but com- that of Segesta." Thucydides VI 6-19 is not directly
pare Thucydides I 95, I. reflected.
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] COMMENTARY 133

"Against the Carthaginian."Thucydides VI 15, 2 has a very great name among all men for not yielding
mentions a very different reason. to her misfortunes."
"In repayment for Carthaginianattacks upon the 181. "Faced merely a part of her force." Pericles
Hellenes in Sicily." The text has come down in two in Thucyd. II 39, 3 says "No enemy yet has met
versions. One version reads &ve' cov ?KEiVOiTrpOTEpov with our combined force ... When they meet any-
ETri T-roS "EAXrlva (so A and probably the ancestor where in battle with a part of us, they boast, if they
have overcome some of us, that they have repelled
of U); the other version inserts the verb 'TE'rTrcjaav
before the phrase 1rriTro0S "Erlaivas.Reiske pointedus all, and in case of defeat they claim to have been
out that E'1TrEerlTavshould not be followed by Erri beaten by our total forces."
so
-ro1S"EXArlvas that one or the other phrase was 182. "No one conquered her, because no one
suspect. Among other ways of healing the passage subdued her mind," cauTrrsPV ou6EiS EKpaTCrlaEv
he proposed the omission of TrrE?T?erjav,which -ov0is yap aUTTrfsT-rV yvborlqv TrapEa?riloaTo. In
seems to have been erased in the codex Novi Collegii. Thucydides II 87, 3 the PeloponnesianCommanders
Now that A presents a text complete without this say: "Our spirit (yvcbOri)was not then beaten,
word, this solution appears supported adequately crushed, but has some answer yet within its power"
by manuscript tradition. (Gomme'stranslation). What is said in Thucydides
172. "The whole colonizing expedition." Thucy- about the Peloponnesians is here transferredto the
dides VII 73 and 77 suggests the phrase. Athenians. Plato, Menexenus 240a, describing how
"Yet with such a war surroundingher," a phrase the warlike tribes of Asia were conquered by the
used by Thucydides IV 55 not of Athens but of first three Persian kings, says the minds (yvico,a) of
Sparta after the loss of Pylos and Cythera, to all men had been enslaved (EoouAXcoevai). See also
explain the demoralizationof the Lacedaemonians. Menexenus 243d: "Even now we are still uncon-
173. "The calm self-restraint." Not according to quered." Polybius III 9, 3 says that Hamilcar Barca
Thucydides VIII I. was not defeated in his spirit.
"All the Hellenes took up positions around "All such reverses have become in each case un-
them," Thucydides VIII 2. successful issues of a mere campaign," corpaTtas
"Aid" of the King. Thucydides VIII 17-18, 37, 58. y?yove rw&vracx This probably
TOoJroTa drvruXrpaT-a.
174. "The constitution had been changed." reflects another phrase from the speech by the
Thucydides VIII. Peloponnesian Commanders (Thucyd. II 87, 3),
"Though it was in a different way," TrEpov8ir Trvc "the issue of the unfortunate experience" (Trij ye
... rporrov. Reiske's translation seems to be with which they sought to
uvjpCopas rcy arropavTi-r),
correct: "Eandem hi ipsi quoque in fortunam in- reduce the impressionof the severe defeat at sea.
cidissent, sed alia quapiam atqueilli ratione." 185. "Not only did she support the losses of her
"Which as I took into considerationhas been told wars more nobly than others their prosperity."Thu-
before by another," namely by Thucydides VII. cydides VIII 24, 4 praises particularlythe Lacedae-
Herodotus VI 55 says, "Since these things have monians, secondly, the Chians for the way they
been told by others, we shall omit them." Plato, supported their prosperity. The speech of Nicias in
Menexenus 239b-c makes a similar excuse in refer- Thucydides VII 77 may serve as one example of
ence to Eumolpus, the Amazons, the Argive sup- nobility in calamity.
pliants, and the Heraclidae, stories told by "poets." "No one, even later, could invent anything
175. "Cyzicus." The account seems to be based better." ComparePlato, Menexenus243e.
on Ephorus (Diodorus XVI 49-53) more than on "The War against the Thirty, which did not at
Xenophon, Hell. I 6, 1-27, but it has been worked all become a war against more than the Thirty."
up rhetorically by the orator himself. See Xenophon, Hell. II 4, 43
176. Comparisonwith Sparta. For the importance 186. "Numbering only a little more than fifty."
of comparisons see F. Focke, "Synkrisis," Hermes Xenophon, Hell. II 4, 2 and Plutarch, Gloria Ath.
58 (I923): pp. 327-368, especially 348-35I. 345D say that Thrasybulus occupied Phyle with
177. "The Lacedaemonians ... did not hold out": seventy men; Pausanias I 29, 3 gives the number as
Thucyd. IV 55. sixty.
178. "When the Athenians heard that Conon was "The sun made witness of their abasement." The
under siege at Mytilene,"they raised a new fleet and phrase may have been borrowed from the last
won the great victory at the Arginusae, a famous oration of Lycurgus against Lysicles (cf. Diodorus
story recordedby Xenophon, Hell. I 6, 24-34. XVI 88, 2), but the passage also reflects Demosthe-
179. "The city's courage in adversity." Pericles nes XVIII 205. Compare Euripides, Heraclidae
in Thucyd. II 64, 3 says "Realize that she (the city) 200-201, and Xenophon's praise of the better people
134 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

at Corinth, Hell. IV 4, 6. But the really important in secrecy hoplite tactics), whereas our city had
thing is that Aristides here reflects what Isocrates revealed the invention to others, and it is a fact
XII 255 says about a mere 2,000 Spartans who that they did so because they concernedthemselves
considered themselves unworthy to live unless they with nothing except with what pertains to war,
could become masters of the Peloponnesian cities. while our city wins a greater victory in the other
The contrast freedom-slaveryis very skillfully made. ways then in this. Not only do these things show
"Drew up (&dvrerr avro) against the Lacedae- their inequality but" ... Those who have come
monians." Xenophon, Hell. II 4, 34: TrrcpeT&darvo. from elsewhere, much younger, are of course the
"Hope in adversity," rTCOVv
(roTs is Wrr6cov. Lacedaemonians. Reiske noted that the Greek
EivoT
A scholiast points to the speech of the Corinthians sentence as we have it is incomplete. He thought
in Thucydides I 70, Kal iv To SE8ivoTs C'XTTriSEs. that something had fallen out after TrpEcapOurpous,
Aristides characteristically varies a famous phrase. but he did not limit the corruptionto one place. He
For the reconciliation see the factual account of made too many corrections. Also he followed the
Xenophon, Hell. II 4, 39-43. See also the rhetorical scholiast, who was only guessing, in interpreting
accounts of Lysias II 64 and Plato, Menexenus243e- KaTa8eti&orlM to mean "taught to receive strangers."
244b. Rather Aristides means the invention of hoplite
"While the city fell ill by the nature of all man- equipment and of hoplite tactics, which was one
kind, she was cured by her own nature." Plato, of the things Athena imparted to the Athenians
Menexenus 243e referred to the city falling ill (section 40) and which they passed on to others.
(voofjal) with stasis and in 244a he says that what This interpretationwould fit both clauses introduced
cured them was their real kinship which produces, by -r, infinitive constructions, and it would not be
not theoretically but actually, a firm group loyalty necessary to assume more than one corruption, an
(<pilav pDpaiavKac6c6pvuAov).There is a play on omission, because the same infinitive could be
the word pcris = nature, which Aristides has used understood with the second clause. It would not be
in section 29 in speaking of descent from the original necessary, that is, if we postulated an omission, not
stock. A contrast to the firm group loyalty of the thus afterrrpEa3fpvrpous, but just beforeKCraabE1i&oTS.
Athenians lies in the stasis which characterizesthe As the scholiast notes, the accusation that the
Jews and Christians according to Celsus (see Carl Lacedaemonians studied nothing but war reflects
Andresen, Logos und Nomos ... Berlin, 1955, II B). Isocrates, Busiris 19-20 (cf. XII 46). The scholiast
187. "Surpassed ... almost those heroes of failed to appreciate sufficiently that the comparison
Marathon."They complied with the exhortation to Aristides makes of Athens with the Lacedaemonians,
the living to try to surpass the dead, their ancestors, especially this sentence, reflects the comparison
accordingto the parainesis of the Socratean oration which Isocrates made of Egypt with the Lacedae-
in the Menexenus247a. monians. Though Aristides never copied slavishly
"The total of the very tyrants against whom they we can perhaps draw on Isocrates for the sense of
were struggling," the Thirty. the phrase lost just before the participle KaoraSEla-
188. "Goodplanning after their successful deeds." oag, a significant word. The Egyptians, says Iso-
In general see A. P. Dorjahn, Political Forgiveness crates, Busiris 22, pitikooopfCas&CoKmo'tIV KCTrrSEitav,
in Old Athens: the Amnesty of 403 B.C. (Evanston, but the Lacedaemonians,says Isocrates, Busiris I8
Ill., 1946). practiced only -rTv TroV ccO&rcoHT aOicqolv. In Busi-
189. The story of the loan to the Thirty and re- ris I5 Isocrates uses the phrase Tar TrEpir6v -rrw6?pov
payment by the demos is from Demosthenes, uEreTarv.With this background we have some
Against Leptines 11-I2. chance of being in possession of the sense, even
190. "They thought it necessary not only to save though we may not recover the exact wording
the Hellenes from their enemies, but also to reconcile which the artist Aristides would adopt. As a supple-
them when they were sick with dissension." Plato, ment with an Isocratean parallel, accordingly, we
Menexenus 23gag-b3 speaks of fighting for freedom present the phrase Kp0p6rlv -rTVTCrV6TrAcoV
XAET-rv
both against Hellenes in behalf of Hellenes and aoxtlav, wherein the first word has been added to
against barbarians in behalf of all the Hellenes; in supply a contrast to the openness of the Athenians,
242d Plato treats war between Hellenes as stasis who revealed to others (&ripois)their invention. For
and in 243e refers to the stasis at Athens as a sick- this word, KpO?PSnv,we have a loose but good
ness. parallel in the Funeral Oration of Pericles, Thucyd.
191. "It is a fact that those who had come from II 39, I: Aitaq)poiLEv 6i Kcl Tras rTCVWTroEpIstKlov
p1eA-
elsewhere and as a much younger race to people TraS TCOV Evavricov TroiaSe Trtv Tr yap w6SikvKOIVTV
who were autochthonousand older, <kept practicing rrap^XOev, Kai oOK oT-1VOrT 6EvlXaOaiaiS
&rrkpyoiiv
VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] COMMENTARY 135
Trlvai laeOtriarTOs i eE4acaTos, 6 PTI Kp(pu9v av 'Tr Tcr)V Athenians, oi ToaiTla' oiKovuPevTsI 'EArlvi8os yiis
iSc6V cXPEXTrE?irI.
TroXEiiCAov Tcov5E(the Heraclidae) Trpouicrrloavp6voi, and when
192. "Boys and girls in the flowerof their youth," Eurysthenes sneers (Heraclidae Io36-7) TrotOUrcov
oi Ev TflKia.
TrTi In the Charmides I54b Plato has evcov I rpo-orriT-E.In Josephus BJ II 207 the new
Socrates say that he is nothing but a blank rule emperor Claudius announces that he will be a
when it comes to judging those who are handsome: TrpocaTrras,not a -rTpavvos. For the Athenians as
"It is roughly so that all those in the flower of their rrpoorrat of the Hellenes see also Lysias II 57,
youth seem to me handsome." Isocrates IV I03. For the Rhodians as prostatai of
193. "Absolutely unique," 'va ... Kai TrpCTroV. those who sailed the sea compare Polybius IV 47, I.
For similar phrases see L. Robert, Etudesepigraphi- 195. "The notorious peace." For the King's Peace
et
ques philologiques(= Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des of 386 see H. Bengtson, Die Vertrdge der griechisch-
Hautes Etudes 272 [I938)]: pp. I08-II2. romischen Welt (Munich, I962), No. 242. Isocrates
"War ... in defense of the Thebans." In both in many places (e.g. IV 176 and I79), denounces the
section 193 and section I94 Aristides vies with peace and so does Demosthenes.
Demosthenes XVIII 96, who recalls that the Athen- 197. "In the kind of peace what a difference."
ians nobly "went out to Haliartus and again a few Demosthenes XV 29 compares the Peace of Callias
days later to Corinth," without bearing a grudge (Bengtson, Vertriage ... No. I52) and the King's
against the Thebans and Corinthiansin their hour Peace (Bengtson, Vertrage ... No. 242).
of need. They went to Haliartus in the autumn of 198. "The city did no harm to the Lacedae-
395 B.c. and to Corinth in the summer of 394 B.C., monians." The source is Plato, Menexenus 242cd.
but Xenophon, Hell. III 5 and IV 3 did not exploit It is true that the Athenians did not slaughter the
the incidents for the glory of Athens. Comparealso Lacedaemonians captured on Sphacteria but cer-
Isocrates Philippus 43. tainly not because it was enough to have prevailed
"Though this city had not found more bitter with excellence. Thucydides IV 41, i gives the
enemies." So also Isocrates, Philippus 43 in telling main reason, namely to use them for bargaining
the story. purposes. The philanthr6pia which Aristides implies
"Reminders." Whereas Demosthenes XVIII 68 in the case of Athens was an encomiastic theme of
says that the Athenians had to fight because of the Xenophon's Agesilaus for the praise of a Spartan
virropvrwiaTa(reminders of their ancestors' ex- king, a theme incidentally absent in the Hellenica:
cellence), Aristides says that valiant Athenians did see H. R. Breitenbach, Historiographische Anschau-
fight despite the ivronivriara(reminders of past ungsformen Xenophons (Diss. Basel, I950), ch. III,
disasters). "Panhellenismus und Philanthropie."
"Childish dreams." For the contrast between "By guile in the naval battle" of Aegospotami.
reality and dream(6vap-uTrap) see the passages cited See Xenophon, Hellenica II I, I5-32 for the story.
by E. Hermann, Nachr. Gesell.Wiss. Gottingen1918: "Even so they did not imitate (the lesson which
pp. 284-286; H. Frisk, Eranos 48 (I950): pp. 131- Athens gave in virtue), so far were they from being
I35: and J. H. Oliver in the commentary to the able to originate it." Isocrates XII ioi speaks of the
Roman Oration 69. Lacedaemonians as originators and teachers of
194. For the war at Corinth see commentary on wickedness and of the Athenians as pupils who have
I93. been deceived. Isocrates XIV i8 "Thebans who were
"Showing by their behavior that in waging war so far from imitating your gentleness that," etc.
they acted in defense of others and were not doing 199. "Megara, Nisaea, Troezen, Achaia, Pegae."
anything for themselves privately," Epycp 8EiavTrE See section i66 and commentary.
OT- TO TcOV
r TpooraTcOV TroAXEiJO0tV, ovX ac'TroTSliax 200. In Thucydides IV 17, 4 the Lacedaemonians,
-T TrpaTTOVTEs. Demosthenes IX 23 says: Kairot rrpo- calling upon the Athenians to restore the prisoners
TO'rrat pEV VjPEiSPISOpinKOVTr'ETTrKai Tpia Trcv 'EARl- taken at Pylos, warned the Athenians not to act
VCov EyEVEoCE, TrpooTcTrat 6? TplaKOVe' EVOS 60ovra like those who have a sudden stroke of luck and
Aa<KE8atl6vloi,where the word Trpocro'Trai may have cling to the good fortune of the moment. Notoriously
a somewhat different emphasis. Demosthenes IX the Athenians did exactly that, and when they at
24, however, goes on to mention the indignation of last restored the prisoners, it was not really an act
the Greeks when the Lacedaemonians rrXEovaLEtv of virtue but rather, as Thucydides V 14, I expresses
r6EXEipOUv,and he means thereby that they had it, because they no longer had confidence in their
not been proper rrpoodrral, innocent of wrAXoveia. strength. Aristides thinks that the episode can be
The sense of protection comes out more fully in the turned against the Lacedaemonians and represented
verb as used by Euripides, Heraclidae 306 of the (dishonestly of course) as Athenian generosity. The
136 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

very argument of the Lacedaemonians in Thucy- 203. "Commandof the sea for more than seventy
dides is turned to the credit of Athens. Further- F ... TiV
years," TrAXov ?p85oiiKovrTaETTlKIaT'ccXOV
more, the Lacedaemonians assert that a spirit of &pX1v.This is based primarily on Isocrates XII 56,
encroachment, a desire for more and more, arises who assigns barely ten years to the Spartans, and
out of an unexpected piece of luck. The double then says flpSeT8 TrEvreKcai iKOvTa
Cc uvEXCs KCITE-
virtue of Athens appears in the alleged absence of TpV&iv. Aristides has obtained the figure
aoXC)(OpVV
this spirit and in the presence of the alleged gener- seventy years from Lysias II 55 or Demosthenes IX
osity. 23 and 25 or Plato, Epistle VII 302b or Isocrates
201. "A man of Athens, single-handed," Conon, IV io6. In Lycurgus, Against Leocrates 72 the
praised by Demosthenes XX 68-74. For the power figure"seventy" is Taylor's emendationof "ninety."
of the individual as a motif see Walbank'sComment- Andocides III 88 has "eighty-five."
ary on Polybius I 35 with citation of Diodorus "The Lacedaemonians did not keep it even for
XXIII 15, 5 (9v65p6vov &v6p6sTrlKXtKacrnT-rV6Xov three Olympiads." From the Battle of Aegospotami
9yEvETo Vierapooil) and of Ennius (unus homo nobis in 405 B.C. to the Battle of Cnidos in 394 B.C. Natu-
cunctandorestituitrem). rally Aristides passes in silence over the 400 years
"Served ... for the King and for the city, nay of Spartan hegemony according to Ephorus or Dio-
rather for the Hellenes." Isocrates XII IO4-105 dorus VII 14, 7, in order to concentrate on the
said that the Lacedaemonians had betrayed both thalassocracy.
the Hellenes and the King. 204. "Comparisons."See commentary on section
202. The Athenian "Empire"began of coursewith I76.
the policy of Themistocles, who, as Thucydides I "Hence if there is anyone who thinks that these
93, 4 says, "first dared to assert that they must hold are unusable for us too, our discussion has been
to the sea." Pericles (in Thucydides I 143, 4), more or less in this very hope," Coor' E TrS&aioTKCal
Lysias, Olymp. 5, Isocrates, On the Peace IOI, IIo fttv &pprlra rarU' Elvat,oXe686vr
Trorro Xaplv EiprlTat.
and II5, all emphasize the importance of thalassoc- Reiske paraphrases: "Quapropter si qui sit qui
racy. See also John L. Myres, Herodotus,Father of disputationem hanc a nobis omittendam fuisse
History (Oxford, 1953), p. 163, on the list of sea putet, ille sciat nos ideo eam interposuisse, ut
powers preserved by Eusebius, and Jacqueline de studium illorum hominum vanum esse appareret et
Romilly, Thucydideet l'imperialismeathdnien(Paris, ut ab eo alii sibi temperarent."
I947), pp. 62-66. According to Herodotus III 122 "Without abuse." Isocrates XII I29 makes the
Polycrates was the first thalassocrat of the "human" same distinction.
age. "It was impossible otherwise to carry out my
"The reason for this was not cruelty in the Lace- design." Isocrates XII 96 expresses distaste but
daemoniansnor any of the things which one of those recognizes the need of comparing the Lacedae-
prone to censure might aver, but merely the failure monians unfavorably.
of their nature to go forth all the way to fairness," 205. "Teucer:" Iliad VIII 271-272.
aiTIlov 8' OaK cbp6'TlS oi8' a TiS &V <pailr pra
TCV 8cos 207. "They won a victory at Lechaeum." The
eiceO6TrovwTiTmp&v M.aX TO P11 1iKVvE1eaOlT&OSpae6is destruction of the mora, the victory of Callias and
&Xpi Tro icOU. See above on section 66. The sentence Iphicrates in 392 B.C., is described by Xenophon,
be
may compared with one by Ephorus (FGrHist 2A Hell. IV 5, 7 and recounted Hell. IV 5, 9-I8 as a
F II9 - Strabo IX 2, 2) on why the Thebans lost bitter blow to the Lacedaemonians.
the hegemony: aclTov 6 dclvalTOX6ycov Kai 6OpiXia "They seized the forts at Corinth and expelled
rfiSrp6S vepGcbTrouS 6Xtycopfocatl,Ip6vns ' rite?Xri-le the Lacedaemonians who were stationed therein
vat TrjS KaTra TTr6oXEo&peTfs. Diodorus XIV 6, 2 and they tore down the walls." Xenophon, Hell. IV
mentions the "cruelty" (cbp6n'rs)of the Lacedae- 5, I9 mentions the capture of the forts by Iphicrates
monians, while the "fairness" (tirleiKeia)of a good but not the dismantling of the walls.
hegemonis extolled by Nicolaus the Syracusan in "They entered Arcadia." Xenophon, Hell. IV
Diodorus XIII 21, 8 and 24, 4. Perhaps Aristides 4, I6 tells of raids into Arcadia by Iphicrates and
has adapted what Ephorus had to say about the his peltasts, but he does not say that they penetrated
impermanenceof the Theban hegemony to the case to Laconia.
of Sparta. Some sort of backgroundin Ephorus may "They enclosed them in Phlius." Xenophon, Hell.
surely be assumed, but not a reflection of what IV 4, 15 records this as a success of Iphicrates.
Ephorus said about the fall of the Spartan hege- "Over the Mantineans." Xenophon, Hell. IV
mony, if Diodorus VII I4, 7 (or I3, 8) comes from 4, I7 lists this among the victories of the peltasts
Ephorus rather than Theopompus. under Iphicrates.
VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] COMMENTARY 137

"They sailed along the coast as far as Byzantium Scione is recordedby Thucydides V ii6, 4 and V 32.
and made all the Thraceward region their own." The adult males were put to the sword, the women
The expedition of Thrasybulus in 390/89 is recorded and children were sold into slavery. In the Melian
by Xenophon, Hell. IV 8, 25-27. Debate which occupies most of V 84-II4, Thucy-
"Methymne." Xenophon, Hell. IV 8, 28-29. dides uses some very telling general arguments in
"By Abydos." The defeat of the rest of the defense of Athens, but at the same time Thucydides
harmosts in this area in 389/8 is attributed to emphasizes the importance and the gratuity of
Iphicrates by Xenophon, Hell. IV 8, 3I-39. what Athens did. Isocrates, Panegyric IOO-IO2,
"Reconcile the kings of Thrace." Xenophon, defended Athens by arguing that Melos and Scione
Hell. IV 26 says that Thrasybulus in 390/89 rec- had made war on Athens and in the Panathenaic70
onciled Medocusand Seuthes. (and 89) he argued that these were small unimpor-
"That unexpected act of wickedness in connection tant places and then he went on to denounce the
with the Cadmea."The Spartanseizureof the Cadmea greater crimes perpetratedby Sparta. Among those
of Thebes duringthe Festival of the Thesmophoriain who brought up Melos and Scione against the
383 B.C. is narrated by Xenophon, Hell. V 2, 25-36. Athenians was the Spartan Gylippus in the speech
208. "This peace:" the King's Peace of 386. attributed to him by Diodorus XIII 30, 4-6. Aris-
209. "The Thebans' hour of need." The Athenians tides, in referringto the wish of the Athenians, has
defend Thebes against Sparta. A similar note was in mind Thucydides V 91, 2, "wishing to bring you
struck by Procles of Phlius (Xenophon, Hell. VI under our rule without trouble and wishing you to
5, 46) when he reminded the Athenians that in their be saved in a way profitable to both parties." He
hour of need in 404 B.c. the Spartans had defended also refers to the Athenian statement (Thucyd. V
the Athenians against the Thebans. I05, 2) that the law of nature is that men exercise
211. "When the Thebans, having defeated the rule wherever they have the force to do so, "we do
Lacedaemonians at Leuctra, were planning to this, well knowing that you and others upon finding
annihilate them," Trreir6OelpatioiAcaKESatpOViovS Ev yourselves in the same position of power would do
AEVnKTpoIS KpaTriaavTrES ?eEAETV irrev6ouv. Demos- the same thing as we."
thenes, XVIII 98 had expressed it, ?ETEISiOrlpaTot "The high-principled, consistently behaved city
?V
KpaTfilOaVTES AEnKTPOIS&VEAETV ?'TTEXEiPOVV. of the Athenians," ri, KaT' ' os Trro6;t.Aristotle,
"A herald, garlanded."The story of the garlanded NicomacheanEthics II 3, 4 and EudemianEthics II
herald from Thebes is found in Xenophon, Hell. VI 2, I (- I220b) derived fieo from WEos. In the latter
4, I9-20. The herald according to Xenophon tells the TOiIO0osTOU'TO, uX1fiS
passage Aristotle says, b66EOcrrT
Athenians that now is the time for them to take KaTa E7TrlTaKTIKoVAoyov buvalEvrl OcKOOUOEiv TC-r
revenge on the Lacedaemonians.The statement that Aoyc,pwrol-rrlS.Also Plutarch, De liberis educandis
all now abandoned the Lacedaemonians (after the 2F-3A (Mor. 443C and 55IE-F), derived ethosfrom
Battle of Leuctra) diverges from the account in ethos.The i0os of Athens was mentioned by Demos-
Xenophon who in Hell. VI 5, 33 speaks of the thenes, Against Leptines ii and 13-14, also Second
ambassadors from the Lacedaemonians and their Philippic 8. The phrase of Aristides T-r KoaT'feos
remaining allies, but it may have been suggested Tro6El, that
implies a consistency of action (Trp&aEiS)
to Aristides by the speech of the Theban ambassa- is far more than a mere assertion of virtues. For the
dors in Xenophon III 5, ii-I6, twenty-three years contrast ovo6paTa-rferl see Aeschines III 247-248:
earlier. Xenophon VI 5, 37-48 particularly stresses "It is a reproach for you to be likened not to your
the speech of the Phliasian ambassadorProcles, who ancestors but to the unmanliness of Demosthenes.
appealed to the Athenians to remain true to their How then might one avoid this terrible disgrace?
noble traditions of generosity, to forget their in- By guarding now, when they are untrustworthy in
juries and to requite the Lacedaemonians for their actual behavior, against those who assert an
services rendered both to Athens, and to Hellas by exclusive claim to the epithets 'public-spirited'and
now assuming risks in their defense. Xenophon in 'generous'and try thereby to prejudiceyour feelings
VI 5, 49 goes on to report that the Athenians voted Tra
in their favor" (Eav TOjS TrpoKaTcOrakCapP3avovTas
to accept the risk by taking the field -rrav6SrEi
and o6vra
KOtVaKCi qyliavOpcowTarTCVOvoIpaTrcov,rTTriTOUS
that wishing to do something noble, they showed W. Suss, Ethos, Studien zitr
TroiS OeEcr,pq)uvXAtriO).
extraordinary eagerness and discipline on their ex- dlteren griechischen Rhetorik (Leipzig and Berlin,
pedition to the Peloponnese. I9IO) has collected much material on rhetorical
212. "They received them on equal terms." theory how to base arguments on the qeos of the
Xenophon, Hellenica VII I, I4. person or persons concerned. The best treatment of
213. "Melos and Scione." The fate of Melos and however,is that of F. Zucker,ANHOOTIOI
qiOos, HTO:
138 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

eine semasiologischeUntersuchungaus der antiken the greatest or most important things are also the
Rhetorikund Ethik (== Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Ber- Platonic "ideas," which the city of the Athenians,
lin, K1. fur Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst, 1952, EKCV KCaiopos (section
TriS pcaEooSTriSavOpcoTrrEaS
Nr. 4). Perhaps the best encomium of Athens as 275), presents in visible form.
"high-principled,consistently behaved" comes from "The evil to be more or greater than the good."
Isocrates, Panath. I96-I97, who says: "And yet Compare Euripides, Hippolytus 471.
(our ancestors) did not forsake their true selves "Oldest among the Hellenic cities," lrpEaPv-TrrrTs
(oOK?o-rrClaav av-rorv) after they had achieved TCOV Solon (4 Diehl) calls Attica wrrpeapv-
'E?MrviScov.
successes of such magnitude (Marathon) nor did rTarriv... yctav 'IaoviaS. The legend that Theseus
they experience the same misadventure as those established the first republic at Athens prevailed in
who, owing to the exercise of good and wise judg- the fourth century after the publication of the Atthis
ment, have attained great wealth and good reputa- of Androtion (see E. Ruschenbusch,"rTlrpiosTToAi-
tion, but who, owing to excess of good fortune, have T-ria," Historia 7 [I958]: pp. 398-424), so that
grown overweening,lost their senses, and have been Athens as a republic takes precedence even over
brought down to meaner circumstances than those Sparta, where Lycurgus was of later date.
which they enjoyed before. On the contrary, they "Which has a record of very many policies where
escaped all such aberrationsand remainedsteadfast the results were just as they should be," if rrAio-ra
in the characterwhich they had (ev?iElvav TroSfi'eClv Ta 8Eovrcaavjp.axvra. Isocrates, Panegyric
rrr6apxX
oT5IXOv)because of the excellence of their govern- Ioo began his discussion of the charge concerning
ment, taking more pride in their state of soul and Melos and Scione with a reminder that Athens had
in the quality of their minds than in the battles been 'rrAEiorcwv
&yaOcov... airTa.
which had been fought, and being more admired by 214. "The discourse is an offering to the race of
the rest of the world because of this self-controland the Hellenes from my store, a gift to all of them in
moderation than because of the bravery displayed common," avT-rat T-r yEvel TCOV'EAAivcovo X6yo5
in their perils." See also Demosthenes III 25. The 9iAoT-ria Kotvfi.A philotimia is a munus, a gift to a
consistency of Athens has been acclaimed by community from a rich man presumably actuated
Aristides in sections 59-62. The ethosreflects reason by public spirit, a noble ambition to cheer others
(logos),and for a contrast between prophaseisalogoi (see L. Robert, Les Gladiateursdans l'orient grec
(pretexts devoid of reason) and alethinaiaitiai based [Paris, I940], p. 278). A Christian inscription of
on reason see Polybius III 15, 9. Eumeneia in Phrygia, the subject of a masterly
"Again is it the city or the contingent results interpretationby L. Robert, Hellenica 11-12 (I960):
which they denounce ?" T-rIroiwv rr6-rpovTrfSrT6oecoS pp. 414-439, commemorates a certain Gaius who
i TrCV pavTp&avrcov KaTtlyopoUCiv.This passage is had little wealth but practice in composing verses,
based primarily on Demosthenes XVIII I92-I95, from which he helped his friends cS 8ivapIS loi,
whereDemosthenes in an entirely differentsituation because the prosperity of others brought joy to his
defends himself against the charge that he was re- heart. The Christianinscriptionconstitutes a parallel
sponsible for the avupjdvTaand where he emphasizes for Aristides' use of the word philotimia as an ex-
the intention (rrpoaipEals)as the really important penditure of talent (instead of money) to bring
consideration.Aristides is probably the first to apply strength, joy, or comfort to others. In one sense the
the argument of Demosthenes to the case of the discourse is dedicated to Athena, in another sense
Melians and Scionaeans. One might compare this to the race of the Hellenes. P. Veyne, "Les honneurs
passage with Origen'sexplanation of the blameless- posthumes de Flavia Domitilla," Latomus21 (I962):
ness of God in creating the creature who by free pp. 49-98, especially pp. 5I -nd 65-67, discusses
will became the devil (Comm. in Ioann. II 13 [IV dedications inscribed rTOS0eoisiKa!T-rlrrO6Ai (IG VII
p. 69, i8f.]: Kle' o yap 8iaCpoX6soTaIvOVKac-ri 0Eo 572) or to various gods "and the Demos." IG VII
SritoupyTrla slapo6Acpdevai,yevnrTOS 2234, cited by Veyne, bears the inscription: rivE
6E aoUpipPllKe
COv, o18evoS KTI-roOV6oros wrapg TOUOeov0Uiov, Oeoi TrOV
epaao-rcv Kiri Tr -TrwOEI vaov 'Ap-rip8l IcoTeip?
Note Origen'suse of the wordOrvpiprJTlKE).
crrtIKrio,ria. In section i
XK*ACXIEKXaCIKOSEK TCOV 6icoiV &VEOriKE.
"If they denounce the city, they apparently Aristides addresses the public as "men of Athens,"
understand nothing of the most important things," but in section 275 his audience has become "men
s OKe,TCV pyio-rcov -rrmo-racra.The most of Hellas."
o6v, couE,
important things are what Demosthenes XVIII I93 "To show that others have ... perpetrated ...
calls the Koax Kaitrfis rr6XcoS&ata Trp&ylpa-ra. De- more terrible deeds is not a defense (drrroXoyia)
...
mosthenes furthermoreclaims to have done every- but rather a confession appealing for pardon"
thing possible KOrr'&vOpc&irrvov
Aoyiti6v. However, KaTrcapEyocaa). In
(61oXioyia oaX&ovei oavyyvcodnrv
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] COMMENTARY 139
defense of Athens Isocrates, Panath. 70 and 89 for the actual massacre of all the Athenians and the
attributed still greater crimes to Sparta, but Isoc-enslavement of their women and children, Xeno-
rates did supply a more positive inspiration for this
phon Hell. II 2, 19 says that the Lacedaemonians
passage in the Busiris 36-47, especially 44-45, saved them (cf. Isocrates, On the Peace 78 and Io5).
-rv yE X6yov, Ov auviypayaS, 'OUK rro7oyioav
ETrei The cavalry action by Mantinea in 362 B.C. was
vrrEpBovaipitos &a' opoXAoyiavTCOVErriKaAoupJivcovdescribed by Xenophon, Hell. VII 5, I6-I7 and
ai-rTcv dAY'&Tropai- depicted by Euphranor in the Stoa of Zeus at
... oi yap aTroTXiet acTrrv TCOV
VEtS,CoSKai TCOVa?Acov TlVE5T-r'ra
TarErTrerotlKaal, P(a- Athens.
ai pappraVOvUCIv
eUIo-rT'rrv rTS evpia(Kco<KaTaOpUylV. 221. "One captured, men and all, the ships that
216-217. "The necessary nature of affairs," -rT were approachingfrom Sicily." Xenophon, Hell. VI
rTC)vTpaypaTrov (puac, a phrase used by Hippias 2, 35 says that "the ships from Syracuse were all
rather fatuously in Plato's Protagoras 337d. The captured, men and all," by Iphicrates.
physis of affairs was for the Athenians of Thucy- "The other defeated the Lacedaemonians near
didean speeches the necessity of a situation (e.g. V Leucas (ErriAEUK&aS) and made the sea his own"
9(OecoS avayKaiaCs(cf. Diodorus IX IO, 3,
I05, 2, &TrrO (6t' aio Troi orrloraaEvoS).Diodorus XV 36, 5 says
o'rrrT-CVTrpaypi6crcov
avayKaLo6iEvo0). On Greek the- (Timotheus) rTaSiTrTo-ras TCOV KEi-
TTEpiTOSJTOTTOUJS
ories of the nature of rule see J. de Romilly, Thucy- wT6oEcov
vovs I5lEOTTOIolCTapEVoS,
vauioIaXia ?ViKT)aE
dide et l'imperialismeathenien (Paris, I947), p. 250- TroUSAaKE65ajioviouS Trrpi AEUKVa81.
259 and the references there cited. 222. "She alone ... did not bring in a tyrant."
217. "Encroachment."Athens, as Thucydides IV This is not the charge actually made against Athens
21, 2, IV 4I, 4 and VI 24, 4 says, did reveal the in the Letter of Philip 7, which has come down as
spirit of encroachment, but the encroachment of XII among the orations of Demosthenes. Aristides is
Athens seemed less after the Spartan hegemony thinking of Dionysius, Jason and Philip himself.
founded by Lysander (Xenophon, Hell. VI, 3, 7, "For the others she became another fatherland."
Diodorus XIV 33 and especially Isocrates IV iio- Aeschines III 134 called Athens the common refuge
132). of the Hellenes.
"The fear that rulership inspires," rTOTfS apPX)iS "She alone preserved the posture of the true
For
686otK6s. the participle 6SE8oKoscompareThucy- Hellas," po6vrl6 -TOa(ToippoovT-rS'EXAxSosstETrprlc?E.
dides I 36. The Athenians who spoke at the Congress The posture of the true Hellas was courage in
at Sparta in Thucydides I 75-77 emphasized fear defense of freedom. The metaphor is drawn from the
as the chief reason why they advanced their empire, tradition of sculpture and painting, but Demosthe-
admitted that justice had nothing to do with the nes LX 23 had said of those who fell at Chaeronea
matter, and claimed that they were less unfair to that the freedom of all Hellas was preserved in the
their followers than anyone else. hearts of these men and that their cpETri'was a
"It received no thanks for its fairness." Compare breath of life within the old Hellas. Compare the
Thucydides I 77. Hymn to Athena of Aristides II p. I5 Dindorf,
218. "Apostasized,"&rrooTavraS. The word means where Athena in occupying as her own the KE?Opaas
also "rebelled,"but the passage ending with a refer- of cities, i.e. their capitolia, is said to have been
ence to the Athenians as "saviors"carriesa religious preserving the symbolonof her birth (from the head
overtone. of Zeus). Athena in the posture which really sym-
"Saviors." Comparesections 53, 54, 89, ii6, 123 bolized the meaning of her birth (cf. Plato, Cratylus
and 230. 407b) could be seen in representations of the
219. Thucydides III 2-50 for the facts but not for Capitoline Triad on coins, pediment, and reliefs,
the absurd exculpation. The memory of their in- where Minervatouches her head with her right hand
juries made them angry and the crisis or sudden and looks at Jupiter. This so very republican judg-
turn of affairsgave them an opportunity for revenge. ment of Aristides deserves to be noticed as part of
Thucydides III 36, 2 says that their first decision the civic tradition even in the second century after
was made under the influence of anger. Christ. For anyone interpreting the history of
220. For the preponderance of benefits over in- Athens the fundamental cleavage between the view
juries see the speech of Euphemus in Thucydides VI of Isocrates and the view of Demosthenes had to be
87, 3, where, however, the tone is defiant and the faced. Was the struggle against Philip, as Demos-
point is not driven home or, shall we say, labored. thenes saw it, a struggle of civic life against enslave-
The Thebans and the Corinthians and the Lace- ment by a despot, of a republic against a tyrant ?
daemonianswere the chief Greekcities who destroyed Or was a beneficent leadership by a despot possible,
the power of Athens. While the two former called as Isocrates XII implied ? Aristides and the Hellenes
140 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

now side with Demosthenes. Compare section i86 to Plutarch, Themistocles20, Themistocles stopped
and rememberthat in the Roman Orationhe visual- the Lacedaemonians, and, in so doing, mentioned
ized the empire as a league of republics. Hellas and the numberof cities, but Aelius Aristides,
223. "In return for these Hellenic exploits the adhering closely to what in Plutarch's account
Hellenes, in the way they erect a statue of an in- actually happened, deviates in respect to motivation
dividual, should have honored a city, and if so, the and purpose from Plutarch's interpretation. Xeno-
city of the Athenians alone deserved a statue, yes, phon, Hell. VI 3, 20 represents the Lacedaemonians
one to be honored as an image where the spirit of in 369 B.C. as appealing to the Athenians on the
Hellas would delight to reside, an object of worship grounds that when the allies had defeated Athens
to all Hellenes jointly," &ve' J)v iEXpfiv ConrrEp i6cb- and the Thebans wished to expel the Athenians,
' vaicov they (the Lacedaemonians)had prevented them.
TOv 'r6TEcos EKova TrolirlCaaclOc, TirA5
Ti l lpav oT$arepicyaXpa KOIVOV
rTpoo'iKE i6vrl Kai TrS 225. "The child of Zeus" was Athena Nike in
'EAaX&os. Isocrates IX 57 speaks of the eikones of Euripides, Ion I529, but Helen the ideal in Isocrates
men who performed Hellenic deeds being erected X 53. The phrase is from Hector's wish, Iliad XIII
beside the agalmaof Zeus, and in IX 73 he contrasts 825, and here representsthe best and most desirable
eikonesof bodies with eikonesof deeds. In Aeschylus, victory.
Eumenides920 the chorus calls Athens an agalmaof "For all the cities and all the races of men have
the Hellenic daimones,by which they mean a place turned toward you and your way of life and your
where the gods and spirits of Hellas delighted to language." Pope Leo I, Sermo 82, i (PL LIV 422-
reside. Himerius (Or. V 30) calls Athens a&Ko6E6v 423) says of the religious hegemony of the Romans:
PETr'ovpavovEvSicxiTarTa. On the word agalma,which Isti sunt qui te ad hanc gloriamprovexerunt,ut gens
occursalso in section I43, see F. M. Cornford,Plato's sancta, populus electus, civitas sacerdotaliset regia,
Cosmology (London, 1937), pp. 99-I02. It usually per sacrambeatiPetri sedemcaput orbisefecta, latius
means cult statue, and as such, the word is con- praesideresreligionedivina quamdominationeterrena.
trasted in section 143 with dedications, and here 226. "The power of the city," fi 8uvaisiisTrS rr6-
with ordinary portraits (eikones).The agalma,how- A?coS.This is exactly the phrase of the Funeral
ever, is at the same time an eikon, and so this Oration in Thucydides II 41, 2, with which Pericles
passage constitutes a bridge leading to section 274. proves the greatness of Athens. In the Periclean
Statues of cities did exist: see P. Veyne, Latomus21 oration of Thucydides II the dynamis of the city,
(I962): pp. 70f. The divine spirit resides, however, assured by garrisonsin the other cities, is the gpycov
in an imago vera, a living image, as Agrippina said: a&?ieaa that remains when you strip away the
non in effigies mutas divinum spiritum transfusum: X6ycov Ev-rp rrap6vriK6jOro0and really look at it.
se imaginemveram,caelestisanguine ortam(Tacitus, The Thucydidean gpycova&XiSqla was the hard core
Annals IV 52, 4). of real achievements when you stripped away the
224. "An agreementhad been made by them with words of those who like poets aimed at giving a
the Lacedaemonians." Herodotus VII 132, 2 refers, momentary pleasure with fine language that exag-
not to the Athenians and Lacedaemonians, but to gerated. But Aristides, when he says "the dynamis
"those who had assumed a war against the Barbar- of the city," does not mean the erga as Pericles did,
ians," as swearing an oath, but Plutarch, Themistoc- but the very opposite, the logoi. When you strip
les 20 suggests that the Lacedaemonians had away the ergaof the so-called Athenian Empire and
sponsored it. come to the hard core of the city's power, you find
"To annihilate ... those who had Medized," it is the power of the city's logoi. This then is the
aVE?,ETvTOiS InSioaavrcas. Herodotus VII 132, 2 climax for which the repetition of the word logosin
says TouTrous (sc. those who had given themselves to sections 2 and 3 first prepareda mood or a question,
the Mede) 8EKa-TEUcat TCr v AEXpoitaiOeC. How and which the paradoxonof section 8o and certain other
Wells, without citing the interpretation of Aelius comments were supposed to continue.
Aristides, argue well that "SEKa'rOEuia cannot mean "One will find that even the Heniochi, both the
merely to exact a tithe from" but that "the meaning herdsmen and those who live off the sea, and all
is surely the total destruction of the cities." See nations not only in cities but on the countryside
further H. W. Parke, "Consecration to Apollo," lay hold of the language that comes from you,
Hermathena 72 (I948): pp. 82-114, who interprets clinging to it and trying their powers, just as one
8sKaOrEuivhere and in the apocryphal oath of will find those unable to swim keep a hold on the
Plataea as meaning "ritual destruction." land," 16ois8' &vKaciTroS'Hvi6Xovs,Kai-roiSvopuaS
"They stopped them, for they saw by how many Kai Tros rro TiS Oacatr s icovTras, Kai -rravra oaa
cities Hellas was about to be decreased."According eovrlKai Karawrrr6oES
Kai KaraoXcbpasTrfS Trap'ivpCv
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] COMMENTARY 141
<pcov1)SE)XoPEvovS KaXiTTElpcoEiVOvUaOuTfSavaTrTEcIal the coast and those in the interior, see M. Kiessling
KaOac'rEpTr S y rS ToiS vEiv d&uv&rous. The words R.E. 8 (I913): coll. 259-280. For their connections
TrSy?is are part of the simile and therefore belong see further A. Maricq, Recherchessur les Res Gestae
in the Kaa-Trrep clause. By "the language which Divi Saporis (= Acad. Roy. de Belgique, Memoires
comes from you" Aristides does not mean Attic 47, 4, 1953), pp. 63-80. The Heniochi are mentioned
Greek but the koine', which arose in the fifth also in the anonymous Periplus Ponti Ezixini, ed.
century B.C.as the spoken language of the ports of A. Diller, The Tradition of the Minor GreekGeog-
the Athenian Empire but which did not come to raphers(= Philological Monographof the American
the surface, as it were, in written documents until Philological Assoc. 14, I952), p. 126 (with discussion
the end of the fourth century B.C. when it became on pp. I07-I09).
the written Greek of many old cities and of Hellen- 227. "The Hellenes have abandoned their ances-
istic kingdoms. See L. Radermacher, Koine (= tral idioms and would be ashamed to speak the old
Sitzungsb. Wien 224, Abh. 5, I947). The koine, the dialects among themselves in the presence of wit-
international language of trade and commerce, nesses." IG IV 934B = SEG XI 408 (decree of the
could be called "the language that came from you" Panachaic synedrion), SIG3795A (Delphian decree),
because it had an Attic base with Ionic accretions, SIG3852 (Theraninscription) will serve to illustrate
but Aristides deliberately effaces the difference what Aristides means. The substitution of Attic (or
between koine and Attic and subsumes both under koine) for dialect in public documents began as
this term. The word a&vea&rTecEaai may be said to early as the fourth century B.C. (Tod, GHI 132,
answer the word ovv&rrToucain section 57. The Arcadia), but some examples of dialect in inscrip-
word ilvi6Xoussurely does not mean "charioteers" tions still remain in the time of MarcusAurelius.
in this connection, though it may serve as a link "I call this the great dominion of the Athenians."
with Erichthonius (section 40), nor "cochers" as One may compare what Pope Leo I in the passage
Boulanger,p. 367 translated it. In Aristotle, Politics cited for section 225 said of Rome: latius praesideres
VIII 4, 1338b22, the Heniochi are mentioned among religionedivina quamdominationeterrena.
particularly savage barbarians who dwelt around "This tongue suitable for all festal gatherings."
the Black Sea. Lucan II 590 called them feroces, The second century after Christ saw the triumph of
Valerius Flaccus VI 43 truces. In Josephus, Bell. Atticism, a movement which began around 200 B.C.
Iltd. II 366 Agrippa, seeking to dissuade the Jews and is studied by W. Schmid, Der Atticismus in
from revolting, asks them if they are richerthan the seinen Hauptvertretern,I-IV (Stuttgart, I896).
Gauls, stronger than the Germans,more intelligent "Stateliness and grace," cE?v6oTrTrca Kai xaptv.
than the Greeks, all of whom obey Rome, and then Cicero, De Of. I 134 says that a man's language
he says, "Need I speak of the Heniochi, the Colch- should change according to the subject: si seriis
ians, the race of the Taurians, the people of the severitatemadhibeat,si iocosis, leporem.In section 2I
Bosphorus, the nations bordering on the Euxine Aristides has noted the cheerfulness and grace
and Lake Maeotis? These peoples who formerly ((pcaSpoTTrrra KaiXaplv)of the mountains of Attica.
recognized no master, not even one from their own "Why certainly," &?Aaxilv ... YE. This is more
ranks, are now in subjection to three thousand or less the usage which Denniston, The GreekPart-
soldiers, while forty battleships bring peace to that icles, p. 346, classifies as dc&Xxvltv 5, to mark the
once unnavigated and savage sea" (Thackeray's transition froma statement to the calling of evidence
translation). The Heniochi, located between Trape- in support of it.
zus and Georgia, stand for the barbarians at the "A mere boy against a man." Heraclitus, fr. 79
northeastern limit of the Greco-Roman world. In Diels-Kranz.
Tacitus, Annals XIII 37, 4 the "Insochi," who are 228. "And in consequence every poetic form
described as gens ante alias socia Romanis and who derived from you is excellent and most fully devel-
in A.D. 58 invaded the avia Armeniae, are not the oped, not only all that represents stateliness but all
Moschi, but as O. B. Caspari, Classical Review 25 that represents grace," Kai yap TroITrraa rroirlats
(I9II): p. I07 saw, the Heniochi. The meeting of ri Trap' utcov apiTorr Kai 'rEXEco-rTrri,
KcxiO6ar oaEv6-
Trajan and Anchialus, king of the Heniochi, is TTrTOS Kali 6Crq Xcapicov wTpOETTrlKEV.The word
mentioned by Dio Cassius LXVIII 19, 2. while the semnotesmay mean either "stateliness" or "dignity,"
palaces of Anchialus are located by Appian, Periplus and Aristides doubtless remembered Isocrates,
Ponti Eutxini 7, 3. On the genuineness of this latter Panath. 242, to the effect that the arrogance of the
work see A. G. Roos, "De Arriani periplo Ponti Spartans partook of dignity (aEinv6'TrlTroS
ErT??XEV)
Euxini," Mnemosyne 54 (I926): pp. IOI-II7. For and that such men seemed more high-minded than
the two branches of the Heniochi, namely those on those who stood for equality ('ro\sS TriS iac6rOTOS
142 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

TrpoEoTcoras).That is, the phrase TroS Tijs oIa6TrTroSserious and light verse occurs in Eunapius, Lives,
TrpoEowTcTas, with which Isocrates implied the p. 491 Boissonade, where Eunapius says of the
Athenians, may have suggested to Aristides the sophist Prohaeresius, Troiqiv -rE Sarrraaav Kai ANXoS
variation oarl oaElvo6TrosKai6orl XapiTcovrpoo-rrl- SiaKTlca KCai oCov
wrotl'Ecos5 lrrcaivo0al which
XaprTES,
KEV, who thus attributes semnotesto the Athenians perhaps means "he cultivated every kind of poetry,
and also charites, a collective word which in one especially lyric poetry and light verse." To return to
sense constitutes the antithesis of arrogance. The Aristides, the word TrpoeorrlKev for "represent" is
two words semnotes and charites are also good notable, because Herodotus, Plato, and Aristotle
literary terms. Plato, epigram I4 (Diehl I, p. 90) use another verb, Il1iico, which has a different
reads: "The Graces (Charites)eager to obtain some nuance. The word wpootrriKev was used in the same
precinct which would not fail found it in the soul sense by the Dionysiac Artists, the actors, as one
of Aristophanes."Hence, the poetry of Aristophanes sees from the reply of Memmiusin I46 B.C.,IG VII
exemplified grace. However, there is no sharp con- 2413f., improved by G. Klaffenbach, Symbolae ad
trast between comedy and semnotes, because the historiam collegiorumartificum Bacchiorum (Diss.,
Vita Aristophanis i credits Aristophanes with TOU Aio-
Berlin, I914), p. 26: ovyXcopco 0iuv EVEKEv
developing comedy into something more useful and voovU Ka[i TAOV
6AMcovQe]GOvKaciTOU TiTrISEUjalTOS
oO
more serious (chresim6teronkai semnoteron).Plato, rrpoeariKa'rE(a list of privileges follows) Kaecoa
Laws VII 815-816 divides choral dancing (and Polybius XII 8, 6 speaks of "a true
TrpoeKOAEirT.
singing) into the good which representssemnotesand representative of history" (rrpocrrdTT iorropiaS
the bad which represents phaulotes.Aristotle, Poet- Aietv6S).
ics I448b describes poetry as having, after Homer, "And if one must recall the poetry of Homer."
divergedin two directionsaccordingto the character Pericles in Thucyd. II 41, 4 said that Athens did not
of the writers: "The more serious representednoble need a Homer.
acts and the acts of men who are noble, but the less "His city," Smyrna (Reiske) is an Athenian
ambitious writers representedthe acts of men with- colony also for Lucian, Imag. 15, who praises the
out particular moral worth" (ol pv yap aCElv6orpoI Attic charis of the language of Panthea, the lady
T-r KOaX& ptCpouvTrorrpaeis Kal'r&i TC V ToioTVcoV, ol from Smyrna. See also Aristides XVII Keil 5.
65 ErrEXo-repol rTa T&oVpacOAcov). The one path, "Discourses,"Aoyoi.These include here dialogues,
semnotes,leads in its full development to tragedy orations, histories, and other prose works.
according to Aristotle. Hence, Aristides probably "Men from your environment," oi Trap' ipcov.
has tragedy in mind when he says "all that re- ComparePericles in Thucyd. II 41, , Trap'ficov. In
presents stateliness" whether or not he had Aris- section 251 Aristides says CcoiKpri1r Ti rap' COIJV.
totle's Poetics in mind. But in the reference to "Power." Compare again Thucydides II 41, 2.
charites(= facetiae, elegantia,urbanitas)he is not, I 229. "If in any respect this also traces its ancestry
think, personally correctingAristotle for a criticism back to you," e168 6i TI ... KaciTOTrr'els OSas &vcai-
which did less than justice to comedy; rather he has pEt.The comparison of a speech or logos with an
Panaetius, OnDuty in mind, if indeed Panaetius lies offspringoccursin Plato, Phaedrus278a-b. Compare
behind Cicero'sremark (De Of. I I04): Duplex om- also Diotima's speech in the Symposium209.
nino est iocandi genus, unum illiberale, petulans, 230. "Makingyourselves leaders in all education
flagitiosum, obscenum, alterum elegans, urbanum, and wisdom and purifying all men everywhere,"
ingeniosum,facetum. Quo genere non modo Plautus fyeI6vels TOaiSEiaS KaOiaopioas rcrr&oTl5yEvoU6evotKai
nosteret Atticorumantiquacomoedia,sed etiamphilo- rrvTraSarrarcvTacxo KaeaipovreS.Plato, Phaedo II4C
sophorumSocraticorumlibri refertisunt. The second speaks of those who have cleansed themselves with
kind of jest, the elegant, urbane and witty, philosophy. The language of Aristides alluded
is that which superior works of comedy, irony, and cautiously to the Mysteries, which began with
satire exemplify, although in view of the complexity katharsia and proceeded with didaskalia or in-
of the philosophical and rhetorical tradition you struction.
dare not assume that it was Panaetius himself whose "Teachers and expounders of the sacred contri-
criticism Aristides immediately recalled. Horace too butions for the common benefit," T-rCv 6is T6O oov
traced wit back to the Attic Old Comedy: Sermones Eclapopcov iepcov ryiyrlTai Kai 68i68&caXol.Plutarch,
I 4 beginning Eupolis atque CratinusAristophanes- Theseus 25 (ed. Ziegler): E7raTrpiS6asS6 ... v6pOco
que poetae, on which one may now consult the ex- i8SacKo&AovuS eval Koci 6(cCov KcaiiEpCv rliTyrT(S.
cellent article of W. J. N. Rudd, "Libertas and "You attract all with the incantations (rrcpScaIs),
Facetus," Mnemosyne, ser. IV, 10 (I957): pp. 3I9- which become you, moving them not with a spell,
336. A later reflection of the division of poetry into but with the finest of enchantments (papCpKcov),
VOL. 58, PT. 1, I968] COMMENTARY 143
Discourse (-rco6Ayc), precisely the gift which the The others "fared in later times ... less fortun-
gods gave to man alone." The Charmidesof Plato ately." Demosthenes XVIII 65 points out that the
provides the background of the enchantment or other Greeks in the end fared worse than Athens.
medicine. The gift which the gods gave to man Aristides points out that even the Macedonians
alone appears in Plato, Menexenus 237d: "Man, a (and Alexandrians) in the end fared worse than
creature who both surpasses all the others in intelli- Athens.
gence (ovvEoae)and who alone practices justice and "The rest ... subject to taxation" in contrast to
the worship of gods." It is Isocrates IV 48 who calls Athens which was a civitas libera.
the logosthe gift which the gods gave to man alone. "Pella or Aegae." CompareDemosthenes XVIII
Consult H. Fuchs, "Zu den Annalen des Ennius," 68.
Museum Helveticum 12 (1955): pp. 201-205, who "Some which were truly founded from here ...
points to the early Stoic distinction between the would rather say they are descendedfromyou than,"
logos of men and the bia of beasts, and to Hesiod, etc. An inscription, Didyma II 164, mentions as a
Works 279 who said that justice was given to men title of Miletus "enjoying the dignity of the noble
alone. See also F. Solmsen, "The Gift of Speech in Attic origin" (see L. Robert, Centennial Volume of
Homer and Hesiod," TAPA 85 (1954): pp. I-I5. the AmericanNumismaticSociety [New York, I958],
Aulus Gellius XIII 17, I says that those who use p. 582, n. 7, and Bull. ep. I96I, 582). Inschriftenvon
the word huimanitascorrectly apply it to paideia Priene 5 (shortly before 326/5 B.C.,) calls for the
and that it is called humanitasbecause the urge to dispatch of a suit of armorto the Great Panathenaea
train himself in this knowledgeis given to man alone
at Athens in memory of the original kinship and
among all living creatures. Maximusof Tyre, Or. VI friendship.
4a: A6yos 86 avepcorrov tiSov. Aristotle, Politics 234. On the first four empires see J. W. Swain,
z253a9-io: Aoyov Ep6vov &vOpco-roSXEITVr Lcjxov. "The Theory of the Four Empires; Opposition
232. "Philip, having had good fortune in the History under the Roman Empire," Cl. Phil. 35
Battle of Chaeronea ... did not suffer himself even (I940): pp. I-2I. For the fifth see Aristides, Roman
to look upon the city of the Athenians immediately" Oration 9I. On all five see also A. A. T. Ehrhardt,
(Ei?u0i). Demosthenes XVIII I8 notes the good Politische Metaphysik von Solon bis Augustin (Tiu-
fortune which the Thebans had in the Battle of bingen, I959) 1: pp. 253-255.
Leuctra. Reiske deleted the word Ee'us, which "In the time of the ... Assyrian occurred the
occurs in the preceding phrase also. The only evi- first deeds of the city's history and the anecdotes of
dence that Philip ever came to Athens is in the Vita the gods." See especially Robert Drews, "Assyria
Hadriani where Hadrian is said to have been initiat- in ClassicalUniversal Histories," Historia 14 (I965):
ed exemplo Philippi (see W. den Boer, "Religion pp. I29-I42.
and Literature in Hadrian's Policy," Mnemosyne, "Second": empire of the Medes.
ser. IV, 8 (I955): pp. 128f.), though J. H. Oliver, "Third": empire of the Persians.
Gnomon 32 (I960): pp. 503 argued, perhaps mis- "Fourth": empire of the Macedonians.
takenly, that this was an error for Phil<opap>pi. In "She alone held out and came off best of all."
any case the adverb may be defensible even if Compare Demosthenes XVIII 254 and 65.
Philip never came to Athens. "One could not wish for her the old circumstances
"The city fares differently now inasmuch as," instead of the present." ContrastAeschines III 178.
rTpcor5 T'w6TrsTrparrTElTr&vuv OCov ... pIKpoU6EIv 235. The catalogue of the things on which other
TrcapaTrrr7Xla ... 7Tr' KxEivcV-v V Kaipcv. Stylis- cities pride themselves is stylistically close to the
tically similar to Isocrates, Philippus 5I, 'ApyEiovs catalogue of beauties in works of art as given by
... wrrapanrrlaccoi... prrpT&rovraS ... roaoGTrov6i Lucian, Imagines. Aristides proves the perfect
Sltaippouaov OCOv KETVOI... Co0T' oXiyouy ETv, KrX. felicity of Athens; Lucian praises the perfect beauty
"The deference from all," TO TrraparTavTcrov ovy- of Panthea.
See the note on the similar phrase in
KEXCOpr1K6Tos. "She first produced the crops of agriculture ...
section 43. gave to very many a share therein." Plato, Menexe-
233. "It is an absolutely supreme mark of divine nus 237e and Demosthenes LX 5 say that the crops
6
favor," 68 r&avrcov 0EovliorraT'rov'6-rE V yap .... were first produced in Attica. Nicolaus the Syra-
Stylistically similar to Isocrates, Philippus 52: 6 &e cusan says of the Athenians (Diodorus XIII 26, 3
rrvTrcov SEv6oraTov o6'ravyap .... As for divine perhaps from Ephorus): "These men are the first
favor see Plato, RepublicX 613a and other passages who imparted to the Hellenes a knowledge of food
on the 6ogoicooSOECo,where it is stated that the good from agriculture." See also Ch. II above, the
manis neverneglectedby the gods. Amphictyonic Decree lines 15-16.
 144 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER.PHIL. SOC.

"She invented laws." Nicolaus the Syracusan 239. "The sharing of the gift of crops." The text
says of the Athenians (DiodorusXIII 26, 3): "These has been transmitted in a way to produce five con-
men invented laws, through which humanity ex- secutive short syllables, f ' TOv Kap1TcovpTraSoai
changed a wild and unjust life for a civilized living hTrrira. The transposition pETarooitsT-rc Kcaprrov
together in justice." See also line 15 of the Amphic- eliminates this defect alien to the style of Aristides
tyonic Decree. See also Lysias II I8-19, where and perhapsbetter suits the series of phrases which
demokratiaimplies the rule of law. increase in length.
236. "Sojourns among you," particularly that of "The laws, since what the majority still use
Demeter in the Hymn to Demeter,and that of Diony- are yours." Of course a common Greek law tended
sus with Icarius (e.g. in ApollodorusIII I4, 7). to grow especially at the time of the First Athenian
"The nurture with which they fostered those in Confederacywith its notable development of com-
office like their own children." Erechtheus was merce,and, since the Athenians were dominant, they
nurtured by Athena according to Iliad II 547-548, imposed certain forms and developed others. On the
and Triptolemus was the pupil of Demeter. common Greek law see L. Mitteis, Reichsrechtund
On the trials before a jury of gods see 0. Wein- Volksrechtin den istlichen Provinzen des romischen
reich in Roscher's Lexikon 5 (I937), s.v. "Zwolf- Kaiserreichs (Leipzig, 1891); U. E. Paoli, "L'auto-
gotter," coll. 833-835, with references to Apollodo- nomia del diritto commercialenella Greciaclassica,"
rus III 179-180 and others, also H. Herter, Serta Rivista del diritto commercialee del diritto generale
philologica Aenipontana (= Innsbrucker Beitrdge delle obbligazioni 33 (I935): pp. 36-54. One may
zur Kulturwissenschaft,7-8, I96I), p. 349. compare the laws of Alexandria where the influence
"Trial against one another." Athena against of Athenian law is quite remarkable. On this see
Poseidon in ApollodorusIII, I79. particularly Graeca Halensis, Dikaiomata ... (Ber-
"Mixed trials of heroes and gods transferred lin, I913); also R. Taubenschlag, The Law of Greco-
to the city before a jury of gods." This refers to the Roman Egypt in the Light of the Papyri ... (2nd ed.,
trial of Orestes (Aeschylus, Eumenides)and to the Warsaw, I955). On Athenian law in addition to the
trial of Ares for the killing of Halirrothios (Apollo- older works of Beauchet and Lipsius see H. J.
dorus III, i80). See also Demosthenes, XXIII, 66. Wolff,"Die Grundlagendes griechischenEherechts,"
237. "The gift of Athena, this too being double." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeshiedenis 20 (I952): pp. I-
The olive, of course, and perhaps wisdom as one 29, and Beitrdgezur Rechtsgeschichte
Altgriechenlands
scholion has it, or the sum total of the logoi. ... (Weimar, 1961), pp. 155-242, a study of mar-
238. "While others are still today carried out riage law and family organization in ancientAthens,
among you in an unsurpassable manner." The two originally published in English in Traditio2 (I944):
most brilliant festivals of Roman Athens were the pp. 43 ff. Above all, the Romans could be said to use
Mysteriesand the Panathenaic Festival. The Sacred Athenian laws because Roman Law starts tradition-
Gerusia instituted around A.D. 176 under the ally with the Twelve Tables drawn up after study of
sponsorship of Marcus Aurelius may have been Greek or Athenian laws, as Dionysius of Halicar-
founded in order to support the Panathenaic Festi- nassus X 57 and especially Livy III 33, 5 (Athenas
val (see Oliver, Historia 7 [1958]: pp. 476f.). The ierant) report.
institution of the panegyriarch may have been "The first prize belongs to this city." In rhetoric
established to permit an especially brilliant cele- either Demosthenes or Isocrates would gain the first
bration of the Mysteries every four years (see Hes- prize; in dialectic, Plato; in one form of poetry,
peria 27: p. 42, n. 8), and in general the festival is Aeschylus or Sophocles, in the other, Aristophanes;
known to have been supported by an endowment and in "the other (= prose) type of composition"
(Hesperia 21 [1952]: pp. 38I-399). Thucydides would gain the first prize. Note the
"Those who once partake of the ineffable myster- cautious phrase which avoids the word historia.
ies fare, it seems, better after the end of life," TrdS
6' Some like Aristotle, Poetics I45Ib, would exclude
appi'Touv TE'XErTa, jv Troi5pETraaoo'xo Kal pI?Ta TThv Thucydides from simple historia. The work of
TOOp3iouT"rXFE.T Ta Tp6paTrayiyvEaOea SoKl. Thucydides was neither dialectic nor historia but
v pE'-riTco
In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter it is said, "Blessed something similar to both.
is he ... who has seen these mysteries" and then 241. "Mantinea." The courage of the Athenian
contrasts the end of life for the uninitiate who has cavalry at Mantinea in 362 B.C. is enthusiasti-
no part, 'S S' &drEXnsiEpcov s T-r'
&tpopos, oCrroe'6oiot cally recorded by Xenophon, Hell. VII 5, i6-17:
cov i alxav EX1i90poIEv6os
wEp Orr6l6opcpfiEp6EvTI
(lines ivraOea Bi' roTrcov ai -rfTv &pE-rfvTriSoOKav aya-
481-482). See P. Boyance, "Sur les Mysteresd'Ileu- aOeirl; ot KCairTor -rrAesiovaS
6pcovtrs rToIs Tro6epJiouS,
sis," REG 75 (1962): pp. 474-480. KTlx.
VOL. 58, PT. i,
I, I968] COMMENTARY 145
"Battles against fortifications." For the Athenian Athenian authors represented alien plumage. Apart
reputationforbattles against fortificationssee Herod- from the new Library of Hadrian and Library of
otus IX 70, I-2 and IX I02, 3, and especially Flavius Pantaenus there were old libraries in all the
Thucydides I I02, 2 (T'ElXOpaXEivE66Kouv SuvaToi philosophical schools and in some sanctuaries, and
elvac) with Gomme's note. the Library of Ptolemy.
243. "Menobtain a fullness of life in three ways." "As there should be with today's opportunity
The three ways in which human society flourishes and way of life," ola 86 f ris rwapovcirseouvoiasKal
should be compared with the three ways the life of SitalriS. For the meaning of eouvoia (power to
an individual is supported according to Cicero, De realize potentialities) compare the Roman Oration
Nat. Deorlum II 134, cum tribus rebus animantium 97, EiS85 K6OCTIOV Kai wrcraS EjppocOvas
rC TETpaTrTai
vita teneatur,cibo, potione,spiritu. The ideas of both (sc. 1) oiKouJEvrl) o'v Eovaica. Reiske translates,
may have come from Posidonius. See Plutarch, "qualia nimirum sunt ea, quae agendi libertatem et
Pericles I6. 7. vitae rationem, qua nunc utimur, decent."
"First, and second, and third." Euripides as "Baths, athletic grounds and gymnasia." See J.
cited by Plutarch, Alcibiades II, 3. CompareC. M. Travlos, o7XEo6o00iiKfi 'AOrivcov
'EttS ItsTCOV (Athens,
Bowra, "Euripides' Epinician for Alcibiades," I960), pp. 93-I24, and in general J. Delorme,
Historia 9 (I960): pp. 68-79. Contrast the Delphic Gymnasicn ... and R. Ginouves, Balaneutike ...
Oracle about the men of Aegium or, in other ver- (= Bibl. Ath. Rome I90 [I960], and 200 [I962]).
sions, Megara; Parke and Wormell, "The Delphic 247. "Overthe ancient with the modern, over the
Oracle (Oxford, I956), Response No. I, OUTr'ev X6oyc modern with the ancient," Tra lEv TraXataTroi Kat-
OvT eV aplI6Kco. ra
voTs,-8 TracaiolT. For the juxtaposition
Kaiva Trols
244. "The very circuit." The Themistoclean Wall of old and new see Isocrates IV 8: T'a TrerrwaXnaa
enclosed only part of the area occupied by Roman KaiVCoS8sIEXsiv Kci TEpi TrCV VECoorTiyEYEV?iivcOV
Athens, which extended out beyond the old line in &p)(aicoSEiTrrTv.
directions away from the sea. Hadrian added a large 248. "TheArgives" accordingto Pausanias I 14, 2
section but no wall. See U. Kahrstedt, "Die Stadt were the chief rivals of the Athenians in gifts from
Athen in der Kaiserzeit," Mitteilungendes Deutschenthe gods.
Archdologischen Instituts 3 (1950): pp. 51-67, and "The Arcadians were autochthonous." Herodotus
John Travlos, 1no-EoSo1Ko 'EXllSI TrOV 'AOrlvCAv VIII 73; Pausanias V I.
(Athens I960), pp. 93-I24. "While in the second test, a noble ambition to
"The walls which once stretched to the sea." The take risks for others, honors are awarded to the
Long Walls are mentioned by Thucydides I Io7 and Athenians," Kai T-r ye 86erepa EKEiVOIS ?v 9<piOTriia
by others. The pronoun iKEivoIS
KaOteEolKEv. does not mean "the
"Near the sea other circuits." The walls of the former," i.e. the Lacedaemonians, but the persons
Piraeus, begun by Themistocles, and the Phaleric just mentioned, as in Thucydides V 66, 3: pacaiAcos
Wall, mentioned by Thucydides II 13, 7, are here yap ayovros TKr'EKEivouiTavra apXE-rai. For what
meant. See W. Judeich, Topographie von Athen2 Aristides means by the (pqioTrilia of Athens see
(Munich, 193I), pp. I44-I55. section 125.
245. "The air above her head gleams, as it were, "The strength of the Thebans at the end," TriS
from afar." Aristides suggests that the air above the GrpaicoovpScbrlis.The Theban resistance
TeXeurTaias
Acropolis is really aither (see section 19 and com- to Philip II rather than the Battle of Leuctra (so the
mentary). For the acropolis of a city as its head see scholiast).
Aristides, Hymn to Athena7 and HerodotusVI 82, 2. "Praise the Corinthians for justice." Plutarch,
The air over Athens was of a remarkableclarity and Timoleon 23.
radiance as late as I940. "Has not merely willed justice but has continu-
246. "A native, home grownglory," KO6capo
oiKEToS. ously been making just awards to all the others,"
The antithesis would be KOCo"&O cTXXorploS, &IX&a Kal ppapcx3ouvc
ErreioaK- oU pspoXArlyrat p6vov TC biKaia
TOSor iTrinrTaoToS as in the fable of the jackdaw. TroisoXois StlayEyovev.ContrastDemosthenes III 27,
For the background see my commentary on the Eo6v6' fimTvKai T'a fUTrEp' aCrrcv Caa?aoS ?XEIVKai
Roman Oration 57 and Io7, Trans. Amer. Philos. TaC & acov SiKoalappa3pEsvev.
TCOV
Soc. 43 (1953): p. 95I. Whereas in the Roman 249. "Oldest are the Panathenaea, and, if you
Oration 57 Aristides had described the Athenians wish, the Eleusinia." The scholiast cites Aristotle as
as being stripped of the alien plumage of an empire, making the Eleusinia first in his anagraphe.On the
here Athens is compared favorably with cities like Panathenaea see commentary to section 141 above.
Alexandria and Rome, where famous libraries of J. A. Davison, "Notes on the Panathenaea," JHS
10
146 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

68 (1958): p. 24 is mistaken in saying that the essen- Herodotus passim. Bruno Snell, "Zur Geschichte
tial word &pXac6TEpaof the scholion appears vom Gastmahl der Sieben Weisen," Thesaurismata,
only in Dindorf's manuscript D (= Laurentianus Festschrift fiir Ida Kapp (Munich, I954), pp. io6-
LX, 7). It appears in my A, T and R, but above all III, points to an early poem, and of course in the
in the MarcianusGraecus423, as I verified in I964: Hellenistic Period the subject was much elaborated.
6 T'rcvTavao6rvaicov -rTOvpIKpov AEyEr TauTra y&p For the canon of the lawgivers and the develop-
dpXXal6T(pa) rr'i 'EpiXeovfou roU 'AvpIKTrovO(S) ment of prooemia to law codes see F. E. Adcock,
yEvO6Eva iTrrTCr9p6vcptro 'AoarepiovroUiyiyavto(5), "LiteraryTraditionand Early GreekCode-Makers,"
Ta& p(v) p(E)y(a)X(a)lTEaiatrpa-ro(S) On
irroirCIae. the The Cambridge Historical Journal 2 (I927): pp. 95-
Panathenaeasee also G. R. Edwards, "Panathenaics o09. The gods gave a vote of confidenceto Lycurgus
of Hellenistic and Roman Times," Hesperia 26 accordingto Herodotus I 65-66, to Socrates accord-
(I957): pp. 320-349. A few years later Pausanias ing to Plato, Apology 2I.
VIII 2 was to declare that the Panathenaea had not 252. "And who adopted customs of the greatest
been established at Athens earlier than the Lycaea community spirit and concern for those in need?"
in Arcadia. fiOtai (T, U, but ge01a A) 8 TrivES Kal
KOIVOTr(TOIS
"Then it is the gift of the city which permits the SrlpoTIKcoT6&roIs iXpfiaavro; The is
reading qeoai pro-
staging of ... games. I say 'the gift of the city,' be- tected by Aeschines III 248: 'rouSTrpoKaTaraCpa-
cause the gift from Athena is the city's," TrrElTa VOVTaQS ra Koiva KQaiplA&vXVpcoTra TCO 6voparcov, &rri-
Kail rrv'ravTS 8Sopea auOyKporeT,orou5 ovraS -roTsfOcaei, which reflects the elvat-Ka=ET-
aroois fi -rfs rr6XECOS
AEyco yap o0iv TrfS r6AXcoST^rV Trapa rfiS'Atva&s. oeaticontrast, "being (fiEoi) vs. seeming."For" mere
The olive (as the scholiast correctly identifies the names" of virtues (6v6oaTaAeschines) the emperor
gift) produces the oil used by the athletes, the Constantius II (AJP 83 [1962]: p. 248) uses the
elaiothesia being the important liturgy. It can be word cognomina.The phraseology is paralleled also
called the gift of the city because, to paraphrase byAth. Pol. i6, 30 on Pisistratus: pJytiorov8SE &Vrrcov
lines I6-I7 of the Amphictyonic Decree, cited in fv [rTOVTlraitvou]vpvcov TO 6rlpOTIKOV ElvaCKaillpX&v-
ch. II, Athens received it privately and chose to When Isocrates VII i6 refers to Solon as
OpoTwrov.
make it public. 8rlportKcbrTaTOSyev6oi?vog, he means that Solon
"The Samothracians." See Samothrace(= LX in showed himself interested in the misfortunes of his
the Bollingen series) particularly 1 (I958), "The fellow-citizens and made a constitution is onK&v
Ancient Literary Sources"edited and translated by r
eVpoIIEV oUrT SrlooTIKcorTcpav(better for all the citi-
N. Lewis. zens) OurE r6X
T-rli, pI?QaovovpqEpouvav. Xeno-
"The open road to Delphi is an achievement of phon, Mem. I 2, 60, when he says that Socrates
this city." This was the exaggeratedclaim of Aeschi- means "good
was clearly SrlohTIKo' Kai piAa?vepcorros,
nes III 107-II2. to the poor and helpful to all men." In section 4
"The Pythaid is an ancestral custom of the Aristides mentions the city's openness to all
Athenians alone." See H. W. Parke and D.E.W. and her love of man, -rhv KOlvoT6'rTalKo(i lqAav-
Wormell, The Delphic Oracle (Oxford, I956), pp. epcortiav.
262f. 253. "A funeral oration in praise of the men
250. "The others" erect statues at Athens not themselves who died in defense of the city." See
because of Heracles (so the scholiast) but because Thucydides II 34 and 46 with Gomme's comment-
post-Hadrianic Athens is the center of Hellas inas- ary; also J. Th. Kakrides, Der thukydideischeEpita-
much as it is the seat of the Panhellenion. See also phios (Zetemata 26 [I96I]).
Plutarch, Demetrius 8 with commentary of R. H. "That of supporting their children at public ex-
8
Simpson, Historia (I959): p. 408. pense until maturity, and of then sending them back
"The one which you have on the Acropolis." He to their paternal estates with a complete suit of
means the Athena of Phidias in the Parthenon to armor." See commentary on section 50.
judge from Pausanias I 24, 5-7, and from Plutarch, 254. "Arthmius of Zeleia." Demosthenes IX 42-
Pericles I2, 2 on the controversyabout the thousand- 43. In general see Christian Habicht, "Falsche Ur-
talent statues and temples. Dio of Prusa XII 25-26 kunden zur Geschichte Athens im Zeitalter der
claims that the finest statue of all is that of Zeus at Perserkriege," Hermes 89 (I96I): pp. I-35.
Olympia. 255. "Embassies." Compare the importance
251. "Of seven men who became famous for wis- which Polybius II 39, 4-6 attaches in his encomium
dom." The most famous extant discussions of the of the Achaean League to the embassy which went
Seven Sages arePlato, Protagoras343-347a, Diodorus to Magna Graecia and effected a union among the
IX I-I5, Plutarch, Banquetof the SevenSages, and Greek cities.
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] COMMENTARY 147
256. "The Corinthians had voted not to receive them," 6io Toivvv &picrrousTr&Trpos TOVWrr6Epov
... the festal delegation from here." From em- Ti6iS T
rav 'Axat-iv, ZaXapilviov8fi wov ?AyEtiTV E-
bassies Aristides makes a smooth transition to the pov TrOv ErcovCOcov.As Canter recognized, he means
festal delegation. The scholiasts AR to Demosthenes Achilles and Ajax, son of Telamonof Salamis. Homer
III 20 (p. 55I Dindorf) have preserved the story described Ajax as second best in Odyssey XI
also: (Demosthenes) "gave them a suitable ex- 469-470, Aiavr6s 0' s &ppiacroS r-lvE186srE6SEpaS T|
ample, for he recalls to their minds wars and suc- rTCOV Xacov Aavacov pIe''a&pipoovallEiXcova.
IliadXIII
cesses achieved without toil and trouble, so that they 324-5 describesAchilles and Ajax as best in the two
may make the same decisions in the present situa- kinds of close combat. Salamis had been Athenian
tion too. Having conceived resentment against the since the time of Solon. Furthermore,many Atheni-
Athenians, the Corinthiansin inviting all the Hel- ans belonged to a pseudo-genosof Salaminiansin the
lenes to the Isthmian Games-it was a festival open fourth century: see W. S. Ferguson, Hesperia 7
to all-omitted the Athenians. The latter, being (1938): pp. I-74 and M. P. Nilsson, AJP 59 (1938):
god-fearingpeople, sent their sacrificewith an escort pp. 385-393. For the phrase -r rrpos6 T-rvrro6XEov
of hoplites, that if (the Corinthians)accepted it, (the see Thucyd. II 17, 4 and Lysias, Olympiacus7, who
hoplites) might return under the truce. This is ex- says that the Lacedaemonians were leaders of the
actly what has happened. For once they had seen Hellenes because of their native excellence and their
the military force, the Corinthians accepted. (The knowledge of the works of war. Herodotus I 65, 5
Athenians) did in fact successfully conclude this says T-rElSrOv wr6TXov.
affair without toil of battle." 261. "The god originally ordained their laws for"
"Eleusis." This word acts as a bridge to the next the Lacedaemonians. This is asserted by both
section. Cleiniasand Megillusin Plato's Laws I 624a. It may
257. "Mysteries." L. Deubner, Attische Feste be inferred also from Tyrtaeus, fr. 3a-b (see J. H.
(Berlin, I932), pp. 69-92; Hesperia 11 (I942): pp. Oliver, Demokratia ... [Baltimore, I960], p. 38).
65-72. The god was Apollo.
"Multitude of human beings," rroWvavepcowria. "This same god ... made for our city its division
Philostratus, Vit. Apoll. IV 17, says that at the time into tribes and clans (y?vi,)." For the names of the
of the Mysteries Athens was the most populous city ten tribes Cleisthenesturned to the Oracleof Delphi
of Greece. (Ath. Pol. 21, 6), but the clans belonged to the pre-
258. For the initiation of Heracles and the Dio- Cleisthenean city of the four tribes and in a new
scuri see the speech of Calliasin Xenophon, Hell. VI form to the post-Sullan city (see Ch. II supra).
3, 6, and from the second century after Christ the Roman Athens appears to have consulted the god
epigram of the hierophantis, IG II2 3575 (= III 900). concerning the clans.
260. "This city, while she does not need to go "Hence the god would be a lawgiver of this city
back to Homeric times, is not deprived even of that no less than of theirs." Cicero,De rep. I 2 attributes
satisfaction." The Corinthiansdid not like it when to Cato the Censor a contrast between the con-
Simonides of Ceos (fr. 50) wrote that Ilion had no stitutions of Greek cities and that of Rome. The
complaint against the Corinthians. Corinth had no Roman constitution was the superior product of
Homeric titles to fame. ages while the constitutions of Greekcities were the
"The highest perfection 'in the marshalling of inferior works of individuals like Lycurgus and
chariots and of shield-bearing men."' Iliad II 552 Solon according to Cato. This is not the way Aris-
was cited also by the Athenian envoy to Gelon in tides visualized it.
Herodotus VII I6I, 3, as an Athenian title to 262. "Simple and not simple" constitutions, i.e.
hegemony. Then one of the herms in the Agora, polities. The simple polities are as Isocrates, Panath.
cited by Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon I85 and by 132 says, three in number, namely oligarchy,
Plutarch, Cimon 7, 6 says of Menestheus that democracy, and monarchy. The word oligarchy had
Homer called him an "outstanding marshaller of unfortunate connotations; Aristides replaces it with
battle." aristocracy. The not simple polity is the mixed con-
"The best 'of men and steeds who followed the stitution. Isocrates, Panath. devotes sections 127-
sons of Atreus."' In citing Iliad II 554, Aristides I50 to the subject of constitutions.
imitates the speech of the Athenian ambassador to "Kingships ... not only of the Erechtheidae, but
Gelon in Herodotus VII I6I, 3. even of those who later were deemed worthy." This
"Finally, when he makes two of the Achaeans best is merely a paraphrase of Plato, Menexenus 238d:
in respect to the deeds of war, Salamis of course PaaolAfS 1:v yap &si ltiv Eifiv-o'rroi 68 -rOTT Xv EK
supplies one of the ethnics by which he identifies y?vovu, ToTi 8i aolperof.
10*
148 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

263. For the three constitutions see J. de Romilly, thing permanent. That is, water may be vaporized
"Le Classementdes constitutions jusqu'h Aristote," or solidified, etc. Aristides has already, I think, re-
REG 72 (I959): pp. 81-99. For the mixture see K. flected Timaeus49 in the striking passage of section
von Fritz, The Theory of the Mixed Constitutionin 19.
Antiquity (Columbia Univ. Press, I954). 267. "This city was the first to teach not to give
264. "The kings ... pleased with her equality of one's vote to wealth nor to be impressed by it
rights and privileges."The whole section is wordedto either." The philosophers, Socrates and Plato, so
contrast with what Aristotle, Politics II I270b23-26 taught, but it is an attitude for which the Athenian
said about Sparta. The Spartan kings were satisfied Stranger in Plato's Laws III 696a, particularly
only because of their own privileged position. praises the Spartans. In Epistle VIII 355a-b Plato
"Someone superior to the Many." This seems a advised: "First of all, men of Syracuse, accept such
reminiscence of the position occupied by Pericles, laws as you see clearly will not turn your thoughts
a statement vague enough to include Herodes and desires to money-getting and riches. There are
Atticus. three things, soul and body and money. Put in the
"The same reward also for the Few." The back- place of highest honor the excellence of the soul;
ground is that of oligarchic theory of the Classical put next, that of the body, subject, however, to
Period, but vague enough to include the enemies of that of the soul; and in the third and last place put
Herodes Atticus. the honor paid to money, making it a slave to the
"TheCouncilis ever looking for ways to strength- body and to the soul" (Post's translation). See also
en the People," ofP ouA TOvSqilov orrcoSpeitcoKa- Plato, Laws IX 87oa-b.
-rTacrio03cKOlrouoC' &di.The Council,here mentioned, "She alone of cities did not transpose the rule
is not the CleistheneanCouncilof the Five Hundred, and make the third by natural right (<pOaEi) the first
but the Council of the Areopagus. The phrase "to by law" (vo6icp).On the contrast of physis and nomos
strengthen the demos" resembles the old theme see F. Heinimann, Nomos und Physis: Herkunftund
(r6 KOIVOV aOiEiv)of Xenophon, Hell. I 4, 13 (in BedeutungeinerAntitheseim griechischenDenkendes
referenceto Alcibiades) and of Demosthenes III 26. 5. Jahrhunderts(= SchweizerischeBeitragezur Alter-
Polybius V 88, 6 and Hellenistic inscriptions cited tumswissenschaft, Heft I, I945). The place of wealth
in Holleaux, ttudes d'epigraphieet d'histoiregrecques is well illustrated by an Athenian inscription erected
I (Paris, I938): p. 448, n. 2, speak of Erracnriarland by T. Flavius Glaucus of Marathon, poet, rhetor,
TaOtetiv, but in Ephesos 3, No. 48 P. Gavius Balbus and philosopher,in honor of Q. Statius Themistocles
is praised for having strengthened (aofiocavTa) (Hesperia, Suppl. 8 [I949], p. 247); the distinction
both the city and the province. of the latter's family is indicated by the significant
265. "The mixture of constitutions," The simple tricolon "descendant of philosophers and consulars
forms antedated the mixed constitution. Cleisthenes and Asiarchs," wherein the distinction of culture
according to Plutarch, Pericles 3, 2 established the comes first, that of political life second and that of
mixed constitution. wealth third. See Plato, RepublicIX 583a.
"For just as, on the one hand, this whole uni- 268. "He achieved glory by his assessments." For
verse, I think, came together from four elements, the glory of Aristides the Just see Plutarch,Aristides
as the ancient tale says, but, on the other hand, 24-25. See further B. D. Meritt, H. T. Wade-Gery,
each of these itself partakes, by its natural develop- and M. F. McGregor, The Athenian Tribute Lists
ment, also of the rest, while separately each kind of III (Amer. School Class. Studies, I950), pp. 234-243.
element has received its name by its excess," 270. "The best group and the group in powerhave
coamEp yap 6 TrraorrocriK6O(S1oS oltiat ovvorrl IJv iK coincided here." This encomiastic motif is drawn
rE-lapcov, Cd 6 rraciatS ?6oyos, acrTO ' <cao-rovac from Utopian plans for ideal states like Plato's
TOiTCOV $
gET?XElTir 9CtEl KOalTCOV TC 8' UrrEp- Republic. There is nothing even in Isocrates VII
XOITrCOV,
.p[A?iovTriMv hrrovuiJiav Xcopis Elos EtlXpgEv. with which to connect it. It is adumbrated in the
Kcxaorov
"The ancient tale" is a phrase used by Critias in Menexenus.
Plato's Timaeus2Ia: 'Eycd9papaco,Traatl6v&KTOcrlSo "Five-game champions." J. Jiithner, WienerStu-
A6yov oU vEov&avp65.The composition of the dien 53 (I935), pp. 78f.
whole cosmos out of four elements is the subject 271. "Stories," ?6yolS. These logoi are the legends
discussed in the Timaeus in the passage beginning which contain at least symbolic truth and are
(Tim. 32c): Tcov 6S 86i TrETrapov Ev O8ov fKacrrov spiritual treasures.
ir TOUKOCTaOU
EiAl?r9Ev crorraoalS. In Timaeus 49 Plato 271. "The generations of the lovers of knowledge
points out that air, water, earth, and fire change have not died," Tr&yvrl TCOV <ptAoC6pcov o0i TriOvrKE.
into one another and that the name is not for some- The word philosophoimay have an Isocratean color,
VOL- 58, PT. i, i968] COMMENTARY 1499
but, even so, the passage may reflect Plato, Phaedo TO~T[&v aUTO e&aV, F o is the starting
64a-b on philosophers as dead. point for Pseudo-Plato, Epinomis 984-985 and for
272. "Both commoners and kings have honored the Middle Platonism. See particularly Paere des
her." The list of dedications among which those of Places, "La porte' religieuse de l'Epinomis," REG 50
Hadrian and the Stoa of Attalus are conspicuous, (I937): pp. 32I-328; Guy Soury, La De'monologiede
would be a long one from Alexander the Great on. Plutarque: Essai sur les ide'esreligienses et les mythes
Perhaps the foreigners who undertook the archon- d' un platonicien e'clectiq-ue (Th'ese,Paris, 1942); J.
ship and liturgies may be in his mind also. Danielou, Platonisme et the'ologiemystique: Doctrine
273. "The common mantis and exegete who is spirituelle de Saint Gregoire de Nysse ( IStudes E
ancestral to the city." Apollo Patr6oos is Apollo publiees ... Faculte de Th6ologie S. J. de Lyon-
Pythios. Compare section 12 and AJP 87 (1966): Fourviere) 2 (I944): PP. 143-172, chapter on "La
p. 495. cite des anges." In Aeschylus, PrometheusBound
274. (She) "has heard no song of praise worthy of 14 Hephaestus refers to the 8aipov Prometheus as a
her." Plato, Phaedrus 247C says: "Of that place avyyevfi 8E6v. The kinship of man through the
beyond the heavens none of our earthly poets has preexisting human soul to gods is an old Platonic
yet sung and none shall sing worthily" (Hackforth's belief (Protagoras 322a, Laws X 899d, etc.)
translation). "Image of the virtue and standard of the power
"The hall (-rrpv-rTavEov)of wisdom and the hearth in human nature,"TfJS(P1aEcoSTrj&S EiY6ova
a5vepoTriTEca
(cEcriTav)of Hellas." Athenaeus VI 65, p. 254 B, Kc 6pov. Man is naturally a TroALTiK6vUj$ov.Like
mentions the city of the Athenians flv 6 y'v TTheAoSthe republic within man (Plato, Rep. IX 59ie:
EOTlQicVTrlSc'E A'aoo aVEK11pVE, -TPUTv-VEaOV 8' 'EXX'a- 'AAN'exTrop3ATro)v )E, EbITOV,Trp'OSTfllv iV a'VTC- -1ToX-
8o
6 bVEvIA8raTroT
8OS OEE6,Troprros(fr. 281 Jacoby), but TEEav)Athens is the model for the whole of human-
in V 12, p. 187 D, Athenaeus attributes both ity; and it is an image of the unseen city. Maximus
phrases," cT-ria of Hellas" and "hall of Hellas," to of Tyre, XXXVI init., refers to Plato's Republic as
the Pythian Apollo. Also Hippias in Plato's Prota- an eik6on: Xcoy(pa'Tnl Svfl'ipciEpi StaAEy6iEVOEV -iro?i-
goras 337d calls Athens "the hall of Hellas." Aelian, T1KOosaV8paCTaiV ava-TrTa'TTEi TCi) A6ycp, Ka8arrTEP Ev
VH IV 6: "Oracle in behalf of the Athenians that Sp&pa-rTi, -rrOECOS'Kla -rrolTEidas&yaOeij
TE EsiK6va.The
when the Lacedaemonians wished to annihilate two nouns EiKCOV and &pos somewhat resemble ?6oyos
(aqxaviocai)the city of the Athenians, they asked the and 'poS in Aristotle, Eudemian Ethics I222b,
god, and he replied -rv Koivo'va-riav -rTc'E\Xa'8oSpix Ti~ 8' 6 6peo6 7oyoS Kat Trpo% 8Ea 1 6pov &trrop3?-
Twal
KivETv." H. W. Parke, Hermathena 72 (1948): p. noVTarS ?EyEIV TO jIEOOVVO`TEpOV roMaKE1TTEOV, and
104 considers the oracle spurious and suggests that apaoEasand aTro.iTo .TlatSin what Tamblichussays, Vita
subsequent myth-makers tried to provide a contrary pythagorica 66, &aiov cEavTovTlyEiTo 515aaxKEacai Ti
picture to that of Athens as the object of Apollo's Kai iKpaveOavElvK(ai oPoioJCTaKal K'cT' pEoEVVKa'iexTro-
vengeance in 404 B.C. On Kotvi ~a-ria as site and pih.inaiv ToiS oUpaviots, coS aYv oJTrcoS EMTrvXCAS TrpOs
beginning of all development see Pseudo-Heraclitus, Tov <JocaavoroavtTov 8atioviov tio6vov5icopyavcoijiEvov,
Homeric Questions 41, 1o (ed. Buffi'ere with Buffiere's &YcyTr)TTOv B&ToiS a?XoilS aYvepbTro1 USvTrE?6'43avEv EIS
discussion on p. 151): KO1VOV 5 'rr&vc'OV icxi i8pai'6. acTov a(popoaY Kali -ra Trap' aviTovJ XapicaTilpia at'
-rTTOV &TvEQ)1SVaTo aTOXETOV Elval T'fV )'flV COA1TrE EIKOVCAV TEK(at VTO&E1YPa.IaTCOV 86iopeOj-
(.PE?Eioaeal Ka'a
-riTs Trov oAcv
cT-riav -rTivaX 8rbipiovpyf'as. Compare o-eai, pi. 8vvape'voS TC-Ov K'alEI'(KPIVcOV
iTrpCATCoV &pXE-
Plato, Timaeus 52a8-bI. cA&v cs &;rje&osa5V-TnaI3a'vEo~a%i.
TnTOW For man-
"All these expressions fall too short." Isocrates kind, which cannot perceive the original and true
XVI 27 says that those who called Athens capital archetypes, it suffices to look at the city of the
of Hellas and habitually used such terms of sur- Athenians. The development of the term eikodnhas
passing praise were speaking the truth. been traced by Hans Willms, EiKcbv:Eine begrifis-
of
"Legate gods or kin thereof," OERSvv-rrapXovil geschichtliche Untersuchung zum Platonismus: I Teil:
auyyev?j. The angels who are intermediaries be- "Philon von Alexandreia mit einer Einleitung fiber
tween God and men are called God's legates (07rapXoi) Platon und die Zwischenzeit" (Miinster in West-
by Philo, Somn. I 22, 140. The pagan Greek authors phalia, I935). The starting point seems to be Plato,
call their intermediaries5afhiovE.Plato, Symp. 202d- Timaeuts 29b where the visible cosmos is said to be
203a, where Diotima defines the role of the 8attio6viov an EtKCovof the invisible 7Tapa8Eiyp.a,and particul-
as ipplrjvEiovKaibta-TropepEuoV Tr&
eEOiS Trrap' a'VepCO- arly Plato, Republic VI 505-5II, where the sun in
TrCovKai avOpco'Twot TaarCapa'e Os$v, TrOWvp'Ev-Ta'S8aEIa the visible world is represented as the EiKcovof the
K Ov OYiCXa, TOWv 'E TarTTaCs SEIS TE KCai 4p03as TaOv r Good which comes first in the invisible world. Then
eotaicov, Ev Eiacc) 8E 'ovval(po-rEpcov vYavirArjpoI, $oorE in the Middle Platonism Ei'C)Vappears, not so much
150 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

as an imitation of the invisible ideal, but as a model, a finis aequi iuris. Finally the term 6pos is not so
visible or even invisible. In using the term 6pos, unlike the name Horus of whom Plutarch, De Iside
which means "standard," "limit," or "definition," et Osiride 54 says: Tr6vT)pov, 6v f 'lcns EdK6vaTOU
Aristides was following some Aristotelian critic or voTl-roViK6apIou alotyr6v 6vra yevvq. And Philo,
Middle Platonist interpreter of Plato's thought, Legum Alleg. I 43 calls Wisdom &pXfvKaCEIK6va
because the Greek term opos, in which the ancients elK6va Kai 6paCtv Eeo0. For the Roman Period see
felt a connection with 6paco, something to look at now F. W. Eltester, Eikon im Neuen Testament
and orient oneself by, was probably the term which (Beiheftezur Zeitsch. neutest. Wiss. 23 [I958]).
lay behind the word limes which Chalcidius, De 275. The Athenian Funeral Oration, to which the
Natura CCCV (ed. Waszink, p. 306, 12) uses, a Panathenaic Oration of Aelius Aristides is typologi-
passage translated by J. C. M. van Winden, Calci- cally indebted, contained in addition to the praise
dius on Matter: his Doctrine and Sources (Leyden, of the city a consolation and an appeal to pride.
1959), p. 137: "Now a principle (initium) is, first of 276. "It is finished; we too have wrought a work
all, a limit (limes) after which comes everything of art, the ... discourse ... instead of the peplos, an
beginning from that limit." On the other hand, van adornment," epyao-rat Kai fiiv, 6 6oyos&vriTOro
Winden connects the statement of Chalcidius with K6oOpos.
nrrirAou, In Thucydides II 46 Pericles con-
Aristotle, Met. IoI3a I7-19 and insists that limes tloit 76ycp, rXA.
cludes,etpTal KaCi Solon,frag. I Diehl,
is the translation of wrrpas,because Aristotle, Met. in a poem cited by Plutarch, Solon 8, calls it a kos-
I022a 12 says f v yap &pXiwTrrpaS Tt. mos of words when he offers the Athenians a poem
There are two terms opos and Tripca,both Aristo- instead of a discourse (Kx6aIovhrTcovcSiv &vr'&yo-
telian if you will, but opos seems to have been puqseeovo). Pindar, frag. I94 Snell, in a poem cited
adopted in the Middle Platonic circle to which in a by Aelius Aristides (p. I59 Keil), says "A golden
sense Aristides belongs. The word 6pos occurs foundation has been laid ... come, let us build now
strikingly also in Simplicius who (In Aristot. De a kosmos of words" (rrotKixov KOC6ovaciOS6evaA6-
Anima 427aio) calls the soul an intermediate 6pos ycov). Democritus, B 2I Diels-Kranz in a fragment
and 6pit6OpEvov.The Middle Platonist Albinus, cited by Dio of Prusa LIII, says "he artfully made
Epitome (ed. Louis) IX, calls the Idea a "measure" a kosmosof all sorts of words."
(pvrpov)in relation to matter, and in IV 8 (p. I56 The peplos, woven by Athenian girls and beauti-
Hermann) he says &vaciqpovreS pvCaK&svvoiaS fully embroidered with scenes from the Giganto-
hrliTd&S
W obpipCIva,KpiVOIJEV.In VI 6 machy, was severely traditional in the stories it told.
os 'hrri repa rtv&
Albinus speaks of the middle as 6 Koiv6s6pos. Plato The purpose of the Panathenaic Procession, in
says that the idea is something an artisan looks at which the festival culminated, was to bring the new
when he goes to work: 6 8r1ptovpy6s &<xrr{pov TO0 peplos for the wooden statue of Athena on the
OKEIov0Swrp6 T-v 168av pAITrrovorrco wrold (Republic Acropolis, probably to be a vestment or cover, but,
X 596b). Christian writers have similar phrases according to Ch. Kardara, "nTvKitv6 86ios KalTrava-
noted by M. Harl, "Le guetteur et la cible: les deux OrvaCiKiTrrrXos,"'ApXaioAoylKi'E9"riepiS,1960
sens de skopos dans la langue religieuse des Chrd- (published in I965): pp. I85-202, to be a hanging
tiens," REG 74 (I96I): pp. 450-468, to which may curtain which separated the holy area from the
be added the phrase which Constantius II applies to rest.
a man like Themistius: oiry&p r6v piov dcxr6Ep Kav6- "Togive it a graceis for her, the very goddessof
va SETKalioKOTr6v -TpoKEiC0alTOTiS
&rraOl 6jMolS(Din- both the Logos which is Reason and the city."
dorf's edition of Themistius, p. 25). Dionysius of AthenagivesTelemachus"a grace"at the assembly
Halicarnassus,De Demosthenei speaks of the varied of the Ithacans (Od. II 12). The play on the logos
style of which Thucydides was opoSKaiKavcdv. Taci- (discourse)and the Logos (Reason)bringsus back
tus, Annals III 27 calls the code of the Twelve Tables to the prooemium(section3).
 PART IV

TEXT AND APPARATUS

150D THANAeHNAIKO2 eiprlK6cn Kci TrpoKaTe-rirp6o'i Tras aKoas ETrepXO6ESIa,

IIeiov EXOVTErs Epyov O TI puvXaO66pEeSa 1 OTCOXpro'6-
1 N6pos CTriTroI "EAqahra
wraataoS,otlaic KaiT'rV p3ap- pE$OaEUJpE1V.aAXXA)v yap &AAa KEKOcrpljK6ToCV Kai
Papcov roTIs TrrTXio0ro, Tpo4peUaC Xapiv ETriVElV T'Ta- 81sEe1nXuS6oTrcvra Trcam Clr apewiEva Traa1 Kai IE'rrXi-
rav, 6o"rlbuvaTri. OUarTvas ' av T'rrpoqTaSTrpoTupouS pcorTat Kai oaupp3aiveiStiroUv 'TOva&yva yiyvEoaSa
Upcov &yot TIS, co a&vpEs 'ASrivaooi, SOKOOV
ye 65' ro5 rTCopErTCa vras EYeYXpoUVTr, Kai XcopiS wpTpOS Kaorov
eiS "EArvas TeXEiV,oU pa6iov eUpeTv,cS ye pI0 pCaiVE- Kai KOIVWi rTps arrav-ras.
Tra. pia(io-ra piv yap Kai TfiS vEvopl'ail[VS
l TauTrrai Ou pI'v &cAA' aO0r6ye TOUT'o6 ErT Kal TO p6VOVTrE- 4
TppoqpiSKai KOltVSUOpaSEuSJs av eUpoI TIrS iTOV[ovOUg TrOOlIKOS PoI TrOVXoyov, OTt oVTrco woXXols KaoiIey&- 152D
Kail wroptrrTas KOTCCOVEi apXS
S Eo
crE e eTortv EtErtv AoIS TfjS TrT6WOECO
UTTEpexoUrvc's, Kal TO6TOV oOSEiva rois
iSi,xa 1Ev A2XouSahXoiS lvat TrpoqpEaS, o0s Cv il Tr)(T pouXopEvoIS E?U9Pp?ETV dpyov TrapE1KuiaS,oU6EiS TrCO
Kai 6 CNUII'TuVTTC Xpovos EKaroTOiswTapacrKeuaacl, tXpip TraoSE 'rTS fp IPpa eiS rravrTaKaC9TKEVEaIUTOV
KOlVOOS8E a' TravTrcovTpoQpeas Uiias EIva Kal o6VOUS ouS' eC&pprlcav. &AW'oi plv TroOa&VCOXpovovs Ev TroS
Kai Trp6 ye aUTCov ETI TOOV TpO(P9ov, oo-rrep os 7ToflpacTiv c8ouvC1 Kal Ta rTpOS TOjrS SEOUS KOIVa Tri
TraTelpaSTrraTTpcovKaCXoCICY ol TIroITaiT Si' &Kai 1iova TrTaEI, KaI TrauT' &TrOTO0 wapEiKovros, oi sE TrjS ETrl
T'rv EOvolav rfpKEIwapa wTavTcov vuiv Elval KaTa pCtaiV. TCOV KatpCOVTWO0Ho.1S Trpos 'EXXArvasKtai paptpapous
2 ou [lrv (&?A'ol pMeT.covTO SiKatov ETrotouiJrlvKai TrEpi acuirfis &a9TyoUijvat PEl?ptall[voOS' ETEpoi 68 T-rv Tro0l-
]S e1XOv EV VC Trpo<fS eTEITv, Trfis cs iCo5 Ka$apas
X$9& T?Eia KaTaEyOUC'tV' o8i 1 V TOiS ETrrlTaiotg A6yois
Kai Siapp6vrTcos aVSpcoTrou, TrqS Ev paofllalct <Kai TCOVcTrosavOvTcov EviouS TrporElpiKacalv. Eioi S6 ol
AOyois, TiS OUTCOS Ecoo TOUTCOV eCriv Co-rT' &yvoeiv K&CV TloSroTvo, o0I cS VOpEE1Tati, Tia -rCV TrpcEgCOV
Trap' ipoCv oxcYav &atraot T-rV OcPXil; co-r EiK6osKai i'Sov, &WA' rETpav rTpTrrovro, SEicoavrTE,Epoi[SoKeiv,
151 D rTV 7rep1iTOrwTCOV o6yov 86epo KO[itEIV Kai TriaCV TO!T yEvEcarSaTcOVwTpaypraTCov,
hrrTTrous OUKEgCopiV Trro
yiyvogpvois T-rv i6Xtiv. cS Tras pEv &Acas XaprTaS ovuyvcbiJris XapoT6vrers p63ov, a&X' oiv oiOro TroXXAo
SiKaiaS pIeV,oU pi'nVTOV Trpayp-iarcoV&VTrKpuselvat TIVOgESiCcTavTrrepiTrraVTwvyE TCOVVTrapXoVTrooTr
CouVJiPT3rKe, piOVTV8E TaUTrrVyvrcaiav T1rSEO pycrias TroAei 6ieeA9XStv. KaCipIV oil p[Iv TV aocpiav auJTTis
EeaTlr Trpoo'EarTrV.rl yap itnrrp A6ywv X6ycp ytyvo- yKcOpia&LOUCtV,oi 6S T-rS &iroIKitas KaTaxYyoUCav,
pivrl Xapts o0 p6VOVTO SiKcIOv EXEIi1ES'CaUTrIS,&XXa ETEpot Si a0i TIrV KOtV6TriTa KCai 9iXavSpcoTriav .Vu-
Kai TrV arro TOU Xolyou TpCoTov TrrcovwuiavpePa3ioi, vovot, Kai TraCrraol pEV TOiSO5YyypaIJIaaCi Ttou TOS
3 6OVrlyap Eo-rv K:pt13g coX eoyos. pirl6eiS6i VcV,
cv, cAXAois yKaTapiyvUIvTs, oi 6' &rr6 owcrr aTos ovTrooci
viv -r TrapOVTreTroS Xo6yois Kca XpoVc AouVcr6pvol, KaTa TO Coppa3ivoVTrfrs pvfirl5. Co)S6i aTXcoS Ed7rdv,
[pSEi6av 7tpo7wreTeav ipir i eS1 3eiav Karayv TOUto aTravrTS nf TCrpouv?l?laTIaTC')cTP IrpcP TppKaCr'lavq
TavrTOSEyXeIprijpaTOS, ei
E ArTETTpoorTTro'caEvoI oX)(fta V TE T
Tr suVVcaI rrpos T'nV 'rr6Xtv, oI TC TTrS iThXreCoA
pauXAo'rpovTOUXoyou pirTE& TroAXXKai Epycl 'rTC p[Tpcp oi8s TCRTrOVwTpayp&Tcoov, icAx& oCTrep 'rrea-
A6ycp rrp6aeo-r SeiaCav-reS oTrICorrPV'K TOU pavepoU yous a rrepou Kai TroS 6 xSaAos o
aXpo o 6piLovTos
TroaoUrov dcyova. [1Aic-ra ,UEv yap, El Kai TOUTO EKaacTOS Oov KaSopc', 'TOiTO T9 sauAlE' KaCiCupE3p-3I- 153D
&aiov alTriaS, o'SE TaCTrpbsrTOUS Seo0Usriv yE Trap-rTat KEV joTreppaiiviyLa Tr -rro'XE'r i yap TOaoUToV EU9Tr-
-TOp[i o0 TeTorroAhijaa. ETEilTr' o'S'Eoi TOUTO E qXrlj.ev piCAv Kai 6?rlS TTepiEoTI, TaOTma, K&V cos eaiXXlocov
coS EpycbSrjs 6 Aoyos Kai XaAeTrOsS1EVEyKETv Kai Tas TroJTrov )v pTEreroV etTTi , TtS, O0 TOU wrravTOr g tpap-
EKSpOPa& 6o-rciroaas EXe as Kali ovviSelv 'CrraCTa Kai
SIXEaS9ai KaS' EKcorCTlrv Kai TrArinpcrat St1ixTriou 4 aOuro ye (Tr A) TOUTO ECrriKaOiT6O L6VOVART,
&a8Uvarov p[i oU0 a'iv pIEyarl Kai aphctmp Tr3 T-rX1'* aOTr6 yE TOT' crri TO Kai pOVOVU. Traura (TaTr' U)
Trrpos8E TOUroiro, ?Ep' o'otS ESvEci Troi TrEPiCOtTcov CTrO TOJU'rapeiKoVTos ARU2, TrapriKovrTOTU. Post
pap3papouvomisit au'rfriA. pE'ieeTpIKaciv
ARTU. oi6'S
2 rrpCOTOvETrcovvujiav AR2L2, TTpCbrTTlv
?. RTUELN. TrIt (TCOomisit U) rTOVTrpaylicrrcovART. 6pilovroS
aKplp3cose0Aoyos ART, cos a&rleoS euOAoyos U. ARTU, 6pi<o-roiu>6vrog Holleck. TroUro(fortasse
3 TOrp[i oU TrETO21rfiaoeaART, T-rO
o0 pi Tr.UN. o0S' Reiske) Oaupi&LUEIARTU.
Tr<oc>oCrro Troo'ircov (rTOcOU-
Epi ARTUELN, ot0E pe Iunta. Tov R) eqrptwcovATU. ewrrrlt RTU, ET1rot A.
151
 152 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

TrilaTaci. 5i
oU0 68Kacov io6vrv
'Trv -roi -roAipaT'ros aoi o-x0jtc TOOUTOV
ymjS &< Kai $cSarrlI Secopo0v-rt.
8io's -rog WVviX6you, rTaO-
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8 TroS ''EXArlcr TeTayCEvoI. -
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6 Iv pvfripr ARU, bv -rflt pvpit T. o1K6oaOU5 ARU, K6CapoT. pO6vrliTftTlWEt TR2U,
7 OUTr fj yi ... OoT?roi avSpE5 ARTU. po6vr Tqgr rr6oecoS AR.
8-raTtv XOUcraARTU, yp TFrTxouv(aR2, Ew' II Post KaO''Opirpov add. ETTErTv Aldinae, Steph.,
addidit T2. Iebb, Dindorf.
 VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 153
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 154 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

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TTrS XcopaS, olov eiOOSU TO IXTEOwrTrcov elvat Sita
t'rriaS &vfXASeTO ybvos, a0Tor6 aiuToJ Xapv T-rV a&pxlv
PnITI6peiov TraCVTEX?OS, &A' E'X.pacTicrSaCtTrpos TV-r Kai g?voi Kaci 'rroITaTi 1p6v Tri yi TraciTrrirp'TrouC
EKaTcpou XpEiaV ?v pEpEIKaciTWET''OKiKxat, cAoTre 'rSTTS 6pi9p.cSai. ol pEv yap aiotl KaoSaTrrep S.Eav KaTa- 27
OUK &v 6pScos eiTr01 TIS elvat <(TaiTraCXCAPopas> TeAtas XapOvreS oTrco TraOTaKPIvouaiv, ov T"rOpxiSov cau- 164D
Kai TrlaS' ST iS oiKOULEvrSoiovei i[|illrja acoLoaolrs; TOTS7Trpo'K?EIV TCOVXcopiCoVTOVS&aXousS&popilovweS,
23 ETi 6Te Tjs5 sai6TTl?s TE Kai yfjs sti TOV Xtivcov aCx TCo,9sfival KraTacaX6VTES, Kail Evous 6voiat[ouvl
ovluuyia Kali ovu(pcovia, TCOv 6' caO Tre8icv Kai T-rv TOVS euTppouS XS96VTaS, ayvooUVrrS OTI TrrVTeS
"
6opcvrl CT0copV C a iItS KatiXaptS oi Torv OTTOU TIS av O6oico'SeiGi ?VOI, pCuAXOv S6 aClTOi VOi TTpcoTl, Kai
ElTTro0toUjpeP3rlK6Tcov olpat, EoeCTt6 6pav Kai a&S TroaoUTovTCOvrlporrTOl'-rTCOV, OUSaiTroi 1TOlOUVTal,
9pM3paS T-rS apyupiTil6as crairep voTriSaSSiat rraxo' Sia9cpovaiv, OCOVoU KPI$EVrEs &aitOTirSTroATTeCas,
TrnS6peiou iiTrKouo'aS,oTrTCOS &pca pir6Ev &pyov e1ir &WA' Eiapiaao&J.eVOl TrpOlpa?Xovro TiTVTraTpiSa, &cC-
TTs 'ATA'rtKfisprT' etir Tarcts rrpoCo'6OS 8uaXcopia irep OT6rACoV a&ropia TCR (pavEVTI XpilCa&EvoI' p6voiS
1r6aCfipn,XAAaT'IV T-rpov eVyecoV n T-iM6e iaOwiopos 5' viv vTpra KCaSi EvyVEI6&vre
PXeI Ka,Scapav TroA0iTeiCIa
VtKCjT). 8' &pa KaCiTOUTOEAeu3epiacS
ETrrpTrrE g966tov acivjacat. Kai SUOTvOvrOiv 6VOliaTOiV&aT?EpovV KUpl6v 28
KaLi IeyaXoyvAXias TrapeoKeua'aCIt Trnj rroei. TtI aorTTi XCp9 SiaT6O ?TEpoV EiKOT6r)S.01 TrEY&Pp VOI
Toivuv &evacov rroTacicovpeuJpaTaauwTraKai Trrly&as6ia TroUS Ci5Aous TroMiTas yvriaious ovTrcas Evovrai
&d6Svous Kai KaprTov rrxavTcov popav, cv 6 Trrvrcov TCRiTpocaprlaTI, o0 ' Tr
ro?iTaci E(3PaCoUC T'?V ETrrcoW-
flepcoTaTTOS:VTaiCi' <6> T-rV Travrcaxou K&x:a-roS piav rTc KaSCapoijVcoV elval TO ? c&pXijs. oOVKOUv
Trreptgavcos. elTreiv, o0S' av
eoivArlsye ,O6voiSUi11, el oTlv Tr'oaCTiv
24 'AMa TrauTraievEcrriv cafirep TrroTCrvTpayrlpa- e?SAX6)OI TirsYS, OV p&X?X6vye TrisIpTrp6sTlVI.Kai 29
11
TCO)VTl V eUcoX)iaovaieviOveiv TOV 6E oiKeiTiTaT6ro
v Kai
Kai os
pEylrAov Tris XcbpaSKap'w6v re. Kai KOCaIOV 25 '1TrroiKai KOveSARTU. vieTripav Aldinae et
editores, cpe-rEpavARTUIunt.
20 'rroTOUTrixous ART; TOUiomisit U. x?Kaorrl 26 raXvTa(TrraVrcovT) KpaTforroUSARU. Kai oUVK
rqtl OaAilc
lt ARU, &xaoTrlt eaXNdacrrliT. i<fop[oOv- kwrreio'xTou UN; Kai omiserunt ART. ,iyriaaipvaiv
-rov TU, ^poppcbvrcov AR. cboTrep&AXotsARTU: an AT, fyqcracpvcovRU. povri U, pOvoIART.
corTremp<Trrap>aA<Xil>Aois? 27 pi?uov cauTroisARTU; post puiAAovaddidit
22 coore TrcS oiK &v U; oo-re omiserunt ART. elvat &AAcovR2. rravTrE6ioicoS RTU; 6goico5 omisit A.
TEAeiasARTU; Taura XcbpaSaddidit Reiske. 28 KVjpl6vown ART, ?o-ri KvpicosU sed Kupicosin
23 oroTTTiS av e?'rroIART, 6oTroTi5 &v 1rrr U. Kiplov correctum.
wrapeoKeuwacal ARTU, sed correctum ex TrapaOaKEu- 29 yevo[voti U, yivopevous AR, ylyvopevois T.
cao0atin A. evrcai' <6> emendavi; ivrauia ARTU, ATR2U. oiKEiavTU, oiKiavAR.
v6ou5 eidorrotelrcia
(6> evracea Reiske. <ol>5Reiske, cos ARTU. TU, Eyy6voisAR.
<Ky6voti
 VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 155
Toivuv pOvo15 T-15 Tri6?EYEVOpEVO1s 5rloTpO1wTOS OtUK -TCOVSECOV ocopeas OUT0CS EU TOUS s86vTarS Epiplj'aCVT
TrEo?rtyXCAc) OVT?rSyap &rctaT?ES 4pUoCE?WroXi-rai-r COCTt aIrTOi TOIS {a7ois a&v9pcbTrroS aVTiTrCV SEv
Xcopas v6pc TroTS&aAXoiS TT-VTIpTV aTrrEvEiaTr* TCr)V KaT?rOTrrlCav, Kai Trs1paVTaUCTrlIVTTpcbTTrVE8ooCav TO
165D 8' aANcov oi 'rrX'croI KIVuv?UEouoi v6$oi vo6ouS KCaTIaiav TVUXElV, rTOXPCO'aoSai TroIs iTrapXouoiv
, Xpovcp T-rv apXaiav wo'Cavb6iaopqipav-
Eto'TroiEiaSac cbS TrpoofiKEv. oU yap iicocaav auTo 5r6 TOUTO yi 167D
T?S, COCTlEpEv aovoiKia TTj waa yrli IcVTSrEs,?K TrEpiO- KpuiaVTrS ? apKEiV, aAcx TOoUTOV a'XrriT)OV TOU
6cov KaCouvTES oiKEiav ot TrEAETarCOTCrV aAXcwv (po3rlfi,val [pTlapa -TOUSa&Xous ? 'I'Cou C9i 0 TrOITl-
oiKCrapEivoi. Kai iot SOKET TiS av Eti-rrV'rrapaiTTraa- craitv, Too'r OUKelvai KaXAlOV corirlscaav o0c) TrOV
01
IEvOS TOV9o6VOV OTI Oi V &AOI TarSITo6AEIS OiKOiCTIV, &atAcov wTpoEXOuoCv ?v6e?ia'cr ait El'ravTaS
Ei eO TrroIUV-
coo-rrp T-rpaTOTTESa,<oi>s Ka-rEAapov EppiivavrTs, TES 6qOSicrOVTai.8oKe1 68EPOI Kai 'HpaKAfiS U0TepOV 34
p6voIS 68 TOIS-rTaVUTT EKy6voisT-rS XoApas n worris wTapa8tEypta TOU piou T-rlv8 T-rv w6'Ai TroitrcoapEvoS
a xp6vrjlwr6oAcov,fi KOtI68 ye ?V OXiyais rTTv l8tvoiav
Ti Kppi KCi ?KE?IVVU'TrrEp arwavrcov avSpcOTrcov ta-
o-riav a<iVTrTOV TTrpravEioU 6IKaicoS vEpie. PEts, FtIpETra TCOVSqEV aUTObVKaTaOTCriO'aaa EXEI. Kai
30 TTo?Nv s8i EwTppeovrcov Kai Travrcov aUTO EKaCTOV TO orC'nEtovEvapyEg TrTrps To'cta qnlia oU p6vov rTCV
ETreTVETrty6ovTcovalpoupait TrO r T tUC1 ' 8eIrTpov Kai EKEIVOIS TrpoS TOUS aAAous, a&xa Kai rTC)VoioI-ro'vouv
rTOTrpOaUTOUO pEpa3IOOUV &aro6oOvaI.
E(pE?sfS EiTrEl?1y&p TrpoS aiAAl7ouS KaS' rTaipiav yEvopivcov TrapwTArl.9?S
a&ViKEV T)xcopa Tro0S av8paS, EK6O'pEI Kai KaTCO'KXUaLE UiT?p?EouVa. &vS' C(v ai Kai lTpcbT-rlT ro6ecoV 6?
rTOVpio aurTo, a irl.rTpos iv Epya Troiouoa, Kai ou '?TinprlctV?KEiVOVTaiS TOrVSecov T-ripia Kai TOUS Tras8aS
TTEPIEtiEv coTrr?p &?aoTpiaS T-rq TrpoqoU5T0 8 vras, 51?TETiprCyEp6Vrj. a&A' 6 Aoyos y&p coCrrep pEUEpa
31 &aA' ? TCrvaVTCo)VK6O\TcoVE6copeTO Ta&8?UTEpa. Kai p?pcovUTrfiVEyKEpia[' &vaXcopTEv oOvV O6?v E?3priv Kaip6s.
yiyveTai 85 wrravriyvpis &s aNr$cS& iepa Kai Uirrp yns ElT-rrouva 68 ?ic
Troia Irr yfjv Tr-av a(poppas 35
Trri
7TraoTnTi'S EV Scopi,a
EVTaUSOTlKai cOWTTEp
OiKOVUpIvrIS TOOJp3iou, KaSaTrEp S?ECopKOUTIVOS Sta8OCtrv ?TrIT1ri-
lTravra EiS apAlNaV KaTEoTrl. EpporTOpiV rl yYi 'rrp6S oavT?S TCOrV ArlEirTppos, POpIS
y,
cov?y?T, poipc Kai
aracras yovas, Seoi 86 acuVpEpov-rS rrapeiXov oi p?v TO appa rTT?pC)rTOv Elvatl pplrl KaT?OrXEV,OTI $ TTOV
uTvra, oi 6&aTTrppiaTa, oi 56 p3o<KioraTa, 0cv E. XEEV fi t TavTaXO, Kali Tp6ocavrTS ov8'a[oaTprov
?EATri8osi?i1
(popa TO TOU avSpco'TTOUovJlaC KOCnil1EiV oujX -rTTov oU8?v uv o Tco, &AA'cborrp 8a WAo TOUa?pos,
1q Ttv
TO oiKE1ov Kai rrap~etEi aK?EWrBVKOIVfIV TOis ISV OUTCOS?KOpJl[.iTO.6OKOU(i I KaKE?VOVTOV Aoyov
'? o01
TTV TT-rO10V Kai wrrpcbTrrvaei, TOIS 6SE IS OCTov ?l- ?pycp TrpC)TrTOI
Pepaijoal, Kai KaTa?ital Ta-rgX6aPtraS
166D KVEITO'TrXvaS 6? ETil TOUTOISE?O?aVOV TaS IUEVTrUpi TaX?iaS Elvat TTrv (pUcIV' E0 yap TTOIOUVTESq9avov
32 aoyKEpavvOv-rT, rTaS6E Kai Trupos XCOPifS. KairTOTaUrOra TrlSv ETSl iav T-rCVEC0waS?EV 8EOPIvcov. PvrPIEoV 86
oU p6vov TOUTrAXr$9ous EVEKa TCOrVEvrTaUSaKaoipiVTCrOV Kai OcuppoAov TrfiS S.iaCS ?KEiVS TTropn'Ts Kai TfiS ?iS
Kai (avErVCOV (pitAoT-riiav XEt? T-ri TrroT Kait XapiV, a&ravrTa ?EUEpyE?iaS ai wTapa TCOV'EXAivcov a'TapXai 168 D
aAa Kati TrEKPiTlpia TTaptUEyE9SlTOU TnrpcoTrov A6yov, 8?Up' aq9KVOUI?IVal Ka$' EKaOCOV?TOS TCOVCTrT?pCpaTCV
Kai Trav-r6 Eo-rTIVvapyEacTpa, OTI 'TrrpTOVcvpco'rroS Tri TCOrV OV
TpoTrpov Xp6vcov. ErT 68 ai TOiU Seo0U pav-
TrriTfiCS Trfi yfis OTTn,Kai TaUTa Jo'p3aiCveIt
ITXrTiSE Tr1ait, 61' CV Il-rTpO6-OAIV
TOV KapwTCoV 6VOPI[.l TryV
T? UVT?pap?ptIvKai CTrlEta T-fS &AtS?iaoS&aXiotis gSS TwoAIt, ap[ico IapTupcov, Kai rrpcoTnv EXE1VKai rois
elvai. TpCoTOUS piV yap <pivTras sBt TTpcbTous Kai iAAotis rrap' aCrrTg yEvEoSat. TiSrCrll 6 Kai a6y'ovas
6rET,fivat, 8ErS9?VTras8 TTOVKai TUVXEV'KaiCpTV TOUTO TrpcoTr wrrOAEv aTraoco)v Kai TO E&Aov ?K TCrV EUEpyE-
ye aPilXavov p[fl SgEOAtEiSOVTraS,SgEO(ptiAs8' acx TI- caICOv,KaAosa TC 8oSEvra r'ICrTOUPEVr1. TS OvUK 36
KaiTo Trco
Ssval TOiS TrpcOTOvS&icoS39Tras c vpVal TrwCS OVK aArI9coS EKeTval SECoV pIEVTral6ES, .Se6V 6E Kai rTpO6pOIt,
33 eiOoyov; rra&Xvyap is TrauTrov?Trav?pX-rTa.Kaipxiv wrp6yovoi 6e TOiU KotvoIV plOU riou r v avSpc-rrolS; oi
?TOISyE?S-9EOvda&ppoT?Ppov X&PIV ?iKOS T'r Yi T'Yv popav IETa To T
TO1CIJTlV TI V Trapa TCrcV Secov auTroTs vrrap-
7rAlppcoaal, TOUTO?IVTflS XPEias, OTITTpCOTOvS, oCr?Tip ~aaav aAAa KaAAoicoTroTsE EauTcoVveiS (piAoT-riiav
Eq)lpl, -TOiS EVTaCrT1NKaT?Axa'ipaVC, TOUTrOS? TfiSTIP'rlS, KaTArtTrov, TOIOUTOIrolV TrpOS -TOS sVT-raS SEOUS
qI Tos &pTOis
pi CO)EiAETO.Xap36vTrES 8 OIOrTCAs Tr apa yev6OIeVO, OUTrc 8' aic Kai rTOS &aAAos 6oiilAoavTE?
aVSpc-rrois. Kai rTOUTO[pIv EVTaUroI Afivav TE7Icos 37
' EVTErvSV co'TrrTp 680o
ART, KaTE?cI?Va?TroU. <(r-rTputa>
30 KaTE?CK?oaL[ fiiV 8tiTlvvUO-ra, T-ra 8srTT
pro &aoroTpiasHolleck.
3I yiyvrTat TU, yiv?TairAR. I1KV?ITOT, ?E1KVOITO 34 ETaipiav AR, ErTalpiav TU. TraupTrAr1e0s AU,
ARU. RT. 81eTrifprlpv A.
rawpirrXAre?S
32 Kai TauOTa(TauTaTReiske) oup3aiv?l ARTU. 35 rTCOATprlrTpos Tpoqpi[cov, coS AyYErTa, gva trans-
&XAAriotsomisit U, addidit in margine U2. rTpcb- posuit U. Post apacrov omiserunt o8uev AR. TTpo-
TOUSTE(pU? Reiske) yap ARTU. TEpCOVRU, TrpOTEpOvAT.
33 KarT?Eawp3av?v R.
A, KarT?EcAapavov CoCT? TUR2; 36 Et 'arTcov ATUR2, EaoTOU R.
cocy? A cum scholio, R. 37 Ev ip?pEt6 ETrEivARU.
 156 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

$.oi S
p?p?EIKal T'rrEco Ti"pOaTa TOIS PEV EiprtllVOiS EKaCoTOV rT6XECs TpoS &aiXXAousfiptaav, &A a Kaicav
EV
pTEs^S, PEppI 6' ElEtiEV,Ei 0acloovra ?v &iAXXoiS T"lv fppiaav TrpoS &XAqiouS EVTr5Er8 TT6XE1 Tas KpiC0EIS
v,
Sta8oXi o,i Tco 8
5Xov. iETwofiaaVro, wTravTXOEV WraTaS avSpcbTrou ETTI-
38 KpaTitTrov 8' tocOS TrEpiTCrV 9SEIV TrpO-TOV 6IESEX- EcTpEpoVTES wrpo TiV wrOXv Kai -rraVT-cv ap&as Kai
SE1V, EIS' OUTrCoKai rrEpiTlS a
&XXrS EKEiVCOVapETfnS S8iy1yaTa pouX6opvoi KaTaSc.Sao Trap' auT1i, KCaSaXTEp
SiaMyEcOSal EgTI 5E
?;V Ka$' TE
aUCTOUS Kai EV KOIVC- oi TO0S TraTSas TrpoStacOKOVTES,
IV' CdorEOpTravTaXOU
vial[ EIpyao'avTOoi KaS' K&aOTOUSaci TroS xpovous. TCOV&KpCOVTrpoStiaIaVTCov KaaooS EXEITO7S IrixoUIIV,
39 pIKpoV E a&va?XlogcaroU'y&p p6vov ols ?TwTTovETi[Xl- OUTC0 K&KEIVOtTXEktOI T-lV ylyVOpEV1]V apET11V cTro-
169D cav oi $soi T'lv yfiv ipTv, &XXaKai TroXAoiT aA&Xois paTLV,ols Xpflv ETwOIEVOI,Ka[i p1.iOVOV TCOV TrrIpcA)vKai
psya&Xot,psyijorcp 6E, 6 Kai O6vov EiTrETv
loYoSElpKSEI KpicA9v E1] Ta oPrrEppaTa auToTi, Kai
AAX"a b5KatooivtnS
Trrpi yap o6vr1STauTirl TGOvviq' iicXp rrw6AXcovptlaav Kai T7rS tiArlS aITacylls 8laiTaTrI TE Kai 1TrOITEiaS EK
Kai KaTOAakpaP&vOvuI Tr1V aKprro1TOIv 500rsEp rTTi sECoVaOiroTS 81ir Ta CTrrEppaTa. Kai XayXaVEtl To0EC1lov
povapXi[a oXE?6v bo5 ElsTrEVoi 'TrpCTOI TCOV SEeCV. "ApEl T-rv Lrrrp TOVw1rat86 Kai VIKCEV aTraaCtTOtS
TaVThr,sSE TrS TITriSOU)X ~ITTCO TrV 8EUTvpav ?wTrei- SEoTS Kai TT'V ETrTOvuilav 6 TO6rrOSXappaVE1 T iV
avTro, w-rrlTpeaVTrEs sKaO-aTai Kai KptTaiS aUTOTS aCT-lv TOU TE avJIpa&VTOSaiJpoXov Kai StKaioo'0vr
TOTSTOTE Tl V Xcbpav ?XOUoTI,vopiCJaVT?SX&apEVKai aoTrrep&aAoTI papTU-ptov Kai TriC-TIVEiS cXVSpc')TruS. 171D
KOOpov E1T' ap9p6Tppa EV ToTS rwalstKOiS KptlSValI. ou yap ?TVTV ip APEIOEp TOV"ApElov T&ov O V E8pETv,E8 43
9(aVVTrcV 8?TCA-rCvV p6wOcv EKaTEpcos.8V, TOi Tr po- TrS UTrrppoX'nv rlrToir. &?A' oarep Ta uSaTa oca
Siou Kali TOi OSaKXo0,VIKOt pv 'ASrva K ac a
a KaTOi'K- pavTIrrKaKai TVEuOpaTa aOlTOSEV<a&V>i0XEI,OUTCo0S Kai
vuocI TOV SaX7ov viKrlS e?vait cyvnpo?ov, Too0EI8cov 6S 6
OOiTOS X)()poS c)aTrEp aVEvatl SOKST TOTV-rTOi SKaiou
Ur?-XcbprlaE8 pIv, ou pnV KaTEAUCrE TOV pcorTa.T-rS 58 yv0coav EVapyrT Kai TTSs Trapa TOIS $Eo0S coS SUVaTO-
rrap' acpOTE?pCv oTwrovuSrTE Kai TTIPTf OUKEAXrTTXo yyvUTaCT00. Kai TOCaOUTC)TETiprlTat TTapa raVTOcv
a.tEaTa Ta EUTEpa' rq pEv yap aooi,a VIKaV EScoKET7r TC)CruyKEXCOp)pKOTt, co0S' ol p1EV lTTcbCEVOI crTEpyov-
'T6AsI, 06 8 Tai vaSV axiaiS oU poi6vovTOvS aVTraycA- Criv O1oiOS TOIS KEKpaTrKOCT'IV, apXai 6E arracati Kai
vcrrtaS VIKav, &X?a Kai TOS TCOV acTCoAV PETaX)(OVTaS, oCVESpta Ta TE &aXXa Kai TO pEyi-rTOV6 S?IoS WraVTES
olpaal 6E Kai ols oAcos a&ycovs Kai vTKat VaUT-rKaiyeyo- isicITai Trpos TaS EV TOUTCO Ty TO-c
6TSr Kas EiaiV
vaacv. &AX' 6 pEv TrEpi TOrTCOVEK86XE-TatXAyos E1KOVTES.Kai pETapO3h TOU XCopiou TOUTOVUp16V 172D
40 avTiKa. Aap3ouaa S6 Tra5 'I9(OUS Q'l SOS TTIVETCOVV- Sri aXE(6v oO)( qrlaTo, ola 81 Ta- a&vspcb-rva, a&X'
ipav TTrT-rr6oE6i6coav cb5EauTrqSoValn Kal KaTe- C)rrrEp aycvlcnTTlplOV TOtETS$05 a&vETail Kcai ols E
aKEU(caaaTOc 5 KTIKpaaCIUTaS, SiapKi TrpoSEiprivrlVT8 EKEiVOU KaSljKEI Kali tTraVT1 S TwapaSE8tya StKatOaOVvnr
Kai Tr6XEPOV,TCTpCTOV pEV ?AyoUS TE Kai vOpcov Tra&t vopiLoVTES OUTCo T-rjaitV aiSoi T-rV sECAV. T-rpa 6i 44
KaTaeicoaaca Kai TrOAITmiaVBSvaotriaS dTrtrlXcay- yiyVETal KpiaoSiJYTpOV plrKTn TroS (CaycVlrcTaTS, SEia
170D Eevrlv.aq&' v paSTlpaTa TravTa eipESri Kai picov 6S Kai aUCTri TO-S SiKaCTacTS, 'iYV 'ayCVilETai TCV TTE-
TrapaSeiylaTa EoiiSX.ev. aCt9iS 8 O7rAcovT XpC0iv XomTri6v avi'p 5uoCTUJXcoV Trp'S TXS vvv TrpocoiKoUS
Kcai Ko'0ri0ocr.aoa
t6iagaoo'a TrpCbTOUS C Vuv 'fe7S TCp TrOTCrp Kap KaaUyV K Si OUS corTEp
SEaS CTaEVVaS,
' TnrpicovKai
iTrrwcov &PIlAAlX TTwOlV, CS EVTaOSa ElTTEp TWOUrTiV
o.XIpCaTI, ?TtI
EKEiV1rV 9pEaC1VEiS TV
roA6|oiaTrljpicov Epr1vev 6XrPaTa' Kai [EiOyvvuCv {v SiKaiav ptXaavSpcoTriavoOicav, Kait TUXCOVT-rS .SEo
TriS6 T'r y) r Tpc ros SpdwcoTrc 6 TroYr8eT &ov0 TCOV pOiavicov Tnra'c1aTTETaI.
TrapESpos &pupa ItoV Cav -r7i eCO
T- Kai pa{ive1 TraCTl pV 56 yEVOVS Kai Tpo9pfS Kai T-lS ?K SEVC 45
nEpi Il
41 TflV T-EXiav iTrntlKnv. rri 6? TOTOIS-XopETaiK'ai T8??- TiriTS Kai TCOV ScopEov, &S ao-roi TE EOpoVTo Kai rTOS
Tai Kai rravrlyuPEIs 6TrrKpaTTr1av &aalt 81' aXAcov &XAols EVuElpaV, Eip-rTal, TCOV1JEVTrpay1aTCO- v tac0o
S9ECTV rl6TlniaS. TaCi yap Tipais TOWV$SoV ilKOXOVUe1 fiTTov, o0x froTTV 5E 1 TroIS TrpO T1iCOV.VUV 5E TraVTO-
T-a copa 6i6vrTcv Kai Xaipao3v6orcovK TOV acTcV Sarrcov ETrtOVTCV aK6xOUvsv CaC0o EC0T1i EYEItV Jv
42 rTa EwTrtpa6ovra &KaT-pOIS.OU pO6VV S6 i5Trp p TjS p1poS EyyEyparTat TOIS OO.1 TlVi Kai oOa 173D
EipTr1iEVoIS,
Tri TrTpiouvCia T7rS lpavSpcowTria ElS ElTCravTaCS ?XPi-
38 ouTrcoAR, OUTC-r TU. ErTI E a v ARTU. caVTro Kai OTTCO ES TO' KOIVOVETrOXITEv.CaVTO. aVE1i Si 46
39 uliv U, qiuv ARTN. Trre?eiSavro ART, &wcrrE6i-
avTroU. ou povov ART, pihpo6vovU. X6yoS 6K5SXe?Tat 43 &via)oi Canter et Reiske, iaXUEtARU, iaoXEi T.
transposuit R. oUrcoS ART, U.
OUT0C ARU,
EIKOVTrS T,
1qKOVTEr K6VTrES
40 EpOiir ATUR2, TrUpO1riR. Post TrapaSeiypaTa Reiske. rTOTOU -TOUXcopiou transposuit U.
A.
addiderunt Tr&avraTR2. TroXEprlorTpico) 44 ATmpaSil TUR2, -TEpaSi AR. yivETai TU.
e8Ov transposuit T.
4I TaiS yap IaT4paiTCOV 45 EvyypaTrrTa R, EVy?ypairrat AT. T-ri 1q oiC
42 KaOXoS EXEiTU, )X1l]AR. Pn'ip6vov TCOVTrupCOV omiserunt ARU, addidit R2 et in margine U2.
ATU, povcov R. etrl Ta orrppacrra acrroTS omisit T. 46 &drrxpn
rlv T. ava6eiacoeal ARTU2, EvSEiaae0a
cap3poXovTUR2, ovCupi6ovAR. U. oU6E ?KE1VOI
U.
 VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 157
aCOTrEp pIKp6V.
KdVTaU$jSa TOIS SEOTS OUK &aTI- TroS EKE1VOU
yap wrlaioV CorTTEP Tiva Epavou 9(Opv 5ieacb-
XprlcE 5t' EVOSTIVOSTp6ov-OUTTlVEUvolav &va8EidacS9ac CaOTo EiK6TCos. Kai yap E?KiVCOTCOV'rrXEiOTCOV Si
Tr Tr6oEI, OUTCOSOU' EKEIVOl T1VO
TOI TO KOiVCOOiaV Kai
OTi?aCOScOVVTE-rrI'ITTrro, "rrdAal KOIVCOV6V iyEV, 176D
ToTi dvSpCvbprolS &A'
EKpivav oEapKeTV, 6o5C nrpoiEcrav d()' oC TaUTra ECOpa yiyvboCKovTra aUTv-rlK1ai a p?V 50
a0OVTES TES Vv (pOTpTiaV, CoTrrEpo0 Ta C7Tr?pIaTa. KaTEipyaacaTO p1T' aCTcov Kai U7Ip aUTCOVEV ETEpa
pEyi(orl E Kal KOlVOTaTiT TCOV EVEpyElICKV 1r TCV TCOV AOycov ?5
Ka9iK1El ,.Aaool 1.Epi51- TrV 5' o0vV
uoTroSOX
TravTaX6OSEV 6UCaTUXOUVTCX)o Kai TroapaOpuia. E?rrTpOT'rfvOUTCO
apwp&v auTvv ?WOtTlOfaTo coo-'
47 ou yap EC-TIyEvoS oV8EV TTS 'EA?aSoS, cbS EwrTSEiTTEV, aUTOi5 TfTV ou yap ThV 6p-
alv uppopav XAuVoTEAfXqia.
O6-riSYE T-r-rr6SXES 7TrEipCaTOV ECTIV, 00o6 a&OKOVETUi p6vov
ISrlAov
qaviav aVTi TOU TraTpOS
Ka(TraTTarlEV,
Katipcv, &A.Xa Ka0i wr6kEIS Kai ?9vrI PETEX'lXUV,EVEiS aUTOiT yEvoPEvrT, aAAd Kai cs TraTp6oEV EuEpyETra
aOTflv Kai KaTaTrCEpEuyE,Kai KOT' Cvpa C)XE?8OVoi TCOVavSpcoTrcov OUTCOS ETij11TCE, TETTapasS1iEV oucao
yvcoplJoTacTOi, wcv rravT-rcv pEV adrlXOavov Kai vEo9EaSa TrOAE6 S TCOVTOTEoiKoU011vVCO V EV Tr Xcbp,
IvrlpovEUoa'l TrpcopTovKai T1-S gVlpTis TOvS Aoyous T-rpcbTOuSS SpEyaopa 5r11oo'ia, TraTrpS EiJEpyETrou
OCVUp?TpOUSoaro68OUva, pTirOTI TCOV18i1a Ayo pIiETa- Tri5oas, Co0'TTEpoUS UoTEpov TCOV EVTCA Trro0ep?cT?A?EU-
aOTavTCOv KaTraaUpq)opas, adhA' ov58 TCOVKOIVT*& ' TTrloavrcovTpE(EIV EVO6C1aE. Kai pEVTOIKai TraTTpOpEta
icrri TCO)VTrcaAalCov Ev-TIpOTCaTaKai Coa'TrEpcPXI TrpETrOVTra EKopicaTOTEaUT-r- TCrV yap uTrtrpyypVcov
A
48 Troi rroA.oTS 1SirnyEo.Sa, 'HpaK?Aous adtrrEA6vTOS a&iou05E?pEV. 5' EKEiVCOV 656S rTO8Epo KOIV T-rravrTCov 51
174D f1 pEv wTrois Kai vECoS Kai PCpoi05
a&vSpcT-rrcov OcrTEpov TC-V EKlTr-TOVTCO)V Ey'VETO, p:ahxXoV56 ETri
iSpOE?Tal TTpcT-rl, KaIaTTEp
oKai Trpoa$EV TOIS pu1Tcrl- TroXAoiSTOiSTpOTTEp KaKVO K
aKEVUOl (Tuyov. &TOaWOyap
piois ETi1larlE TrpCATOV EVCOV.Kai s5aTEXeTSTi 9EC0 C) V isauTTlv TrapE?oETOi5 EVXPEI? KOIVTIVE0U,9jSE
'rr6lTr5
Kai SOK8(V E? EKEiVOV.OU yap O6VOVTOUS TrrpECPUTd- apXTS, Kai TrrvTE?s ETrriuoiV 6p1pEV E5oavoi0 "EAXXrVES
TOUS apa TCOV sECov1'pfE Tipav, Kai TaUrTa SiaT(spV- d&riSri VOpiamVTEr, iiS1ia '?V EKaoTro T-rV apXaiav,
-
Ka(i iTEp rTaVTaS TOS
'TCOS , aTMA
daKroXouSioTavTasr KOIVhV5' &7'raVTES TOUTIV'rpoo'oVOpaloVTE? rraTrpiSa,
Kai TOVS
JTrrqXuSaS a0Th pETC TCEV XAAXCv E&V EVE- Kai TTlV pEv iTrpOT-rpav
5Ev-rEpav,TTrV6E Uo-rEpav
TOIS SEOi5' aga yap
175 D KPIVEV,cAirTEp CuITp7roXTEUOPEVnr TrrpoT-pavadyovTESTri SUVdpE1.TOcOUTCp yap p3EpaO-
EKETVOiTEE?EXOVTO Kai TaUITfV O0K EXAXEiStE,&XV rTpav TaOTrlv aUTOis EIVal KaiXuC(ITEAEo-rpav, 6oc'
EriyEiTO TOIS CAAotls avS.pcTr0olS Kai aVEKIipUTTEV, paXA&ovavdacoTOV Kai coS darlcos5 iEpav Kai pETa Tri5 177D
co)-rE drT?9rV?ETOVS TE OrEpaious oAiyov Tri q(pae iTEiPOS eyvcocrav, opScoS POVuAEV6EVOI,TOUTO1EV oi
wrpoclrKOVTraSaUTrco, KaTr TaUT-a 6 Kai T-OUS CXAouS TrEpi OelPPa drTUXTCaaVTESK(ai TrCrlS Tri BotcoriOa
otrTcri cnpTEC-TIVc5OOiKEioISEKEiVOVU
pVlPTrl5. p6vrl yap O(VVEK'r?ao6VTES,TOrrTO65? eTT-raCA)V OiTa TIT TpOa-
E?85 TiVCoVi'v &i0os. aUOTCZpIEV5A TOauTTv darTO8eSCbK? TrO61VO0Kai Tavaypaicov oi i?ETaTaoVT?Es,AcopI?CV
Tr'V Xapiv, t6' f'v Kai oacov Trapc TCOV&AACOv ETU1XEV n?XoTrovviCoOU KpaTCTalOVTCOV,UTrO TCV EitaVTCOV
'HpaKXS d'Wao'ras Tfi5 WT6ECOSXaPlTOaS SKaOiCOsav T1S aVacTaVTrE5'OTrol 'Uo'av5' TO 8' aO-T 52
'Icovia TWaVTES.
AEyoi TrauTrlv yap d(TraVTErS Iinrcaa1pEVOTa 6iKala TTpOsTOUs drTr' &p(OTEpcov TCOrvatyloiaZv ETroiraE?,
49 ruvcopoX6yrlctav. EUpuova9cos 8' EAaoavTros pEV EK TOU 9 ?'crTrEpiouKai TOU ?Ecou. Kai yap Kai TOuTOUS
lEXo0TroVVi'cOU TO0S 7raiTaS a-rTOv, Trpoa.9Vros 6S EV TaiS aVayKa1is UTT?EaTO. E?OTI
KCK?IEVOUS 6' & Kal
ET?pav ayvco)iouvrlv ETI pEEico Kai Se1VOTEpav, TO TrraTaTrTOaVEKK?XCOprlKOTaVUVYEVri TCV EA
Xivcov
p16rlS TCOVCAACOv Tro6EcOvV pTIr6?EiaV 6?XEoy9al TrpoKrl- KarTaO?UyovTa Ei aUrTTiv &v?Aap?V,coaTrrpApuolTra
puJCai, Kai T-a EoaXcaTa aTrEfiCArOavT,
O oi i?V aXAOI
TrlVTES EXE6TAiaiZov, 8
3POTS?9EV OUK ?IXOV' q Tr6AiS5? 50 Kai UTrT?pauTcov omiserunt AR, addidit R2.
UTTE8EcaT po6vrl TCOV TTavTcov, plcrlcaac&a piAAov rdaS povov Reiske, j6vrlv ARTU. corr?Ep o0U5UorTEpov
daTrEAaS f (Ipopr9?Tlao, Kai Tniv Trpoo-roiaov, )v UA2R2; coTTrEp omisit A; EiTr?pT; boSUrT?EpOVR.
&TTavTcovav9pcoTrcov 'HpaKAijs Eo'XE,TaOTnrv lauTT 5I Post KOIVT addidit 6? R. Trp6TEpOV ARU, rrpo-
T?pol5T. E'ri 5uoTv 6ppUTvRTU, ?Trriuoiv OP,oiv A.
47 KeiT' &vSpas aXE856v AR. TTr n pvri U. KaTr KOItvv ART, KOlvit U. aou-rolAR, auTro5TU. 'Icovia
cuvp)opas ATUR2, Kai rdS av-upopaS R. RTU, 'Icoviai A.
48 wrp6aOEvATUR2, wrp6oeER. oi yap povov ARU, 52 Trpos ToUS a&T' aulo0T?pcov Canter, TrpoS &Tr'
p6vouS T. auTT-r p1ET6TC-rVaAXcov 0E6&vTU, auTrl A; d&po-rT?pcovAR, -rpos daCpOT?pCOV T, 61' adppoT?pcov
OESovomiserunt AR sed correxit R2. &aa1 yap R2, U. ?Tor0iTlrvA. Kai rTOUJTousK&KEivouS ATUR2, trans-
a&a 8? ARTU. oio-rtio R2, OtaTi ARTU. EI1EAR, ol5E posuit R. Ea?TI5? & Kai TravTaTraEloiv
EKK?XCOpT)KOTa vuv
TU. auTcol pEv 86i ARU, auTCtl p1Ev oCV T. Post y?vrl TCOV'EAAXivcov T; &omiserunt AR, post 'EAAi-
Tror6coSomisit XadpTra R. vcov transposuit U. a&uaKai rcoT-rpiasE?ioiv T. &aa K(ai
49 8E aao-avTas T. Kai T-a Ecrxra TU; Kai omise- TS CcoTTrpias auTcv- (auTcTv, erasum in A, abest in U)
runt AR. TraTrcov ARU, &TravTcov T. aTravrcov E?iiV ARU. q Kai KaTa OT-raCiV 1 Kai KOT' a&XXvlv
ATUR2, Trdavcov R. E'CXEVT. ylVcboKOVTaARU. ARTU, TKKOTaorTaov i KOT'
T adArlv L et Dindorf.
 158 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

nleAayos' cv '?T Kai vuivorMTa -rij acoTrlpias rTOUCv

KaTEi KXprlTat, KaCIKS8' iITTCXaavCras nTrihCaKE, Tr
M?ireTra. ai yap &drr'aorcov nrrcowvviaiao'poXov T'rxO)(n ITpoUiia TrIV lXavSpc'rilav, r
&X& ToCS TOi
178D oiaic TrOiSoiKfjEo aTrrov &aa Kai aCOTTipias EIOiCV. SuouvXeTv Kmapo*j TOU 'rrp&rrlIV eC' 7rT'rrOiTrK,
TOTS
oOTrco8' xKTrCaXalouTraiv EaVUrTVSoUija SieTl'Tprloev rroXoTs -rTCrap' aOiris &yaS& rrpocaSTaa Kal rrolrl-
cocrrep v6oOv siS 'rTos T-rv yvcbpJrv,Kai SIijSXe 6ia aaliEivri KOtVCOVOUS,cv oTre K&XXMtrra iTrpaTTov oOU'
' v &rrwacl roIS Trs 181 D
TravrTov TCOV'EXXrlviKcoVKaipcv, &rraaC Tr&sT'rra ExAri5 v av ToTi. Kai yap rot Trr&VrES
rravoiyouca TroTSiK TrC)VrTO cov, i Kal KaT& XpEia5 Kaipo`S.[iav TaTvr v 66ov e6ov 'TrV 8sUpo 9i-
aT&OCIV,i K KaCi KC' Tqv Tiv&a 9EyoUva TvXTIv pouaav. Kai TrpEapvUrTarr TCOV'Earlvicov oiaa rTC
' Tc-r
wrrppcoSEvTrpoKrlprrroucxaSappEtv, bS oi8EiS Eorai 'naTvraXva6.SV IS.Aov
S6iXer9a Tro%S Tpoelirneival
TCOV'EXXfvcov&rroXlS,?cos &v f T-r)v 'ASrlvaicov i -TCXPOVC) c0brTpEpITraTpiskocI Kai o'rTia
TroUy?vou5
wr6Xt, &X' Fi TraTrpa pIEraTaxoucvivols ovpupaivel. KOIVr. Kai TIV -TrrlT6rr80TlrTa Trlv wrp6o5 rrasTas oO
53 pias pEvye TCOV v Sia-
TpliCv EvTTEhoTovvfiac oipotp p6vov ols a'rri Trap' a'rfTis &TrrrEoTlIXE i8rXAcoaev,
9pape?ior TriS MeoCorvicov p6vr SieTriprla6 TO;s Aoi- aiXa& Kai T7C Trov8a0po 5 apXeiV TroTs oosEv KaTOa-
T'roIs alTCov, 8EaapEvrlTE Kai oKEapinvl 7rT'roUSEv 9eUlyOUClV Ei5 aCOTlVKaCirpocaiEaai TraVTaSdos 'CpoS
ols EEAXov i6pcraEo9ai. Kai vUv eiai MEaac vioi1681 airrs.
Trnv 'rr6Xiv. aOlSi 8E Troi rrpi BoicoTiav 'rrasouS "Ev puv oiv Tro0r TO OUTOVKaO TOO'JOTOV 1T0OS55
179D avup&avros Kai Tris 'rTapaaXooca1r rroT9' aOrrv EvEUTU- evepyeiaS TOlroT 7rpoOwrrpyvoi5 &K66Xou.ov- E?TepoV
T
Xicrai roiS "EAriacn Torr6AScos Trrpoa8OKTlTco Kai -rrap' 8', 6 Kai TO7S TrpCpaylciaavoCTliV Efig5 Kati p?y.Sous
a&tiavavalpeSeior5, o8sVEs eis Tlv Xpeiav &rtrenrl- X&pivov AiTrrTart,rrpoaXapouCayap -OV KOIVOV T-rO
p6vEuvav ouS' 'rreKoipltav, aXaa TO p?v TCrV &aAXcov 'EXXAvcov nrlyrljniv, cauTri i trrraTpcpov, rTO 'ATrr6WAx
pipos igxiKETr6O MaTalEcov y?voS, 8. ror6MIs pLreTarTOYVh,Siov, ?;yaye 'rwavaaXoT yfis -r 'EXArlvK6v,
KaXOU TrooUXi pcaToS rTv SuvcrvXiav ?nrrrvcbp$cocEv T1lV aTrnIv pUXaCaKIV &aCLKal TTpOcOSriKrV TC ykVEt
avrroTl,'ASrlvaious &avri1TAa-Taicov a(Troqpivaaa Kai wroioup6vTl. Kali TrpcoTOV V "'EV T rV IKEI?JiVKTV K&'TipE 56
puagaaaa TroTOTi rrc pvr
lpeTov, cb'rr'p ElKOS ?v TriV Sa?XaTrrav, OIKOa 8i O T6 rrpcTOV ov MyEtV TrOV pycov,
KOtivr 8 TravrV Trrpou
TTE iLauav TroiU5r WTaCaViTaS Kali TrfS 'E?aM&os co?ap XqLrlv &peT'IE,rTOIS ir TCOV
-rOV ?KET 9aVEpcoVa&vbpScoo'). Tr&cAtV 'roivuv eOpaicov ?r'poSIpcov6XXrlpov5&vaacraiaaaa, a7yco -rOXoa-ru<OV
KaKC)5 irTO TT1S 9ppovp&s TfIS AaKCOVIKiS 61iCKE?PVCOV TrravKali 3apapppK6v, Kai KaravayKC&aaaa CS' Trop-
ESEgaTo rTOv 8ijpov Kai ItrpIPOov oi peryovres Cos pCOT&6TC T-rfi 'EAXXrVIKfiwTapaczias Kai TCOVElaTrr?ov
180D 'ASrvalot TrOVXpovov TOUTOV, ?cog EApXov sti TfSs &rroxcopfcllai. i bv 6 TrCV vrio'ov K6in1OScKioy'rS 182D
-
Tr6XocoSaCSitl KoIETo'aSai TV oavUrov. aOSis a0i pepaCico Kali S1i TCO'V IMpco'T&Trcov 'OV AiyaTov
fTTaTamlas 6E\T6Epov oIKIua$SvTaSKai EEacrltEas &a,ia VOTrfpe Tr71XVaiv6uo Kai K ovTrpeIS Tr6X1aS,CcwTrep-v
KE?ivoIS8EXETal TravoiKTri[a. Kal T'rraXVEOriaiouS T'i ilreipcAp vacov piis &pdEipovTraS goT-rl o0' o0rcos5E
ToiS ?'aXTroIs &ruX)(iatcalKai Trpo TOUTrcoV TroiS iTw KaT-rTKEoaaOE T'V SaXaTTrav. Trp6S 8i Tro0ots Tr&S57
OpaKTrSi KCaKOs TTpaaVTras5oO Kai rTpi6KOovTa eTr1Kei1iVa T7
T T
UE8oTrovv
wTrecoV Tr1IKEtlpVaS I 'EOTO VVltf' Iacp LrOOUS
vioaous CKI'E, 70U5
4)KIY8, TOOS
o,ov AolTr6OV, TroS ?K KopivSou Kai O o&COU Kai Bv- oTrrepioUsTO7rTOUS OtK?lOUvvl Kai iTavTaXo$SV -roU
lavrriou Kai TrraraXvaXov TiS &v EgapiStprlaeiEv; oTpal pappa&pous cowTrep rrpopO6Aos acveipyoucaa' cb 5'
54 pev oU6?Tro5 &iT-r)vvfiacov O6vovelvail fistov. p.6OVTavrri 68ix6.O9vKaTco-KElaaoTo ir T'5 'EMAa8o 9ppoupa
yap CbSEirreTvSiayEyove Trp6o T'rV &dTravrcovTr)(rlv Kai aUV?KKEi1aTCo co"TrrepAXuCi1 KXaECTrois, oOTrcorq8r
&aiXcVini Kati TrE1pcoA)vriwrraiC TrEp1piwpT1V TIra Kati pIXpi T'i uirepopia S 8ia
61 Tfis S a6rTTrS, Kai
Cvpupopas rTi.S&repa, Kai Tri v wapotpiav `viXXaoev Siepipaiev assrlv 'Acolav 'aas rro7aS Katl pieycXas
ov yap KTroScdv elval KaTr8EIgE 9piXOUKaKoS rpa- &rrolKiaS,ovvcarr-rova Tr/Ivyfv cbs pfav oOiaav Tr,
gavros, &XXa a TroXXMoKai TCOVTrpoaSEV Sia9ppcov 1l 9UiaE1, KCa TCa rrpav TMS 'EMA&os o0 KEXcoptoiva,
TroTS &ruvXraClt 9iXouS wmTroi'rTai.o0US'eO pEv -rpar- EcoS KaTEoKEoaoCETbOiET TiS 'Aacias &vTiTrpcppov, ?i
ol6v r' Eirelv, 'EAxaSi Tr'iTraXaai, ipey6?i. IJv aOtouaa
53 gXXeWv U. iSpsoaaacai ARN. woe' a'rriv edi- oipq Tar inrTpXsovTra'ros "EAltCrl,,ya 8' eIS &ao'a-
tores, TTOT'auTrilvARTU. KoivI TU, KOlvtiv ARL.
aO-rjcv TpooT-raav rTOT U. &vcbp0coa T, ivcdbpecooe 55 Post gEv pEv omisit oOv T. TOlOUTOAT. Trav-
U2, avopecoCai ARU. gaurcovART, arrcov U. 8XeTrat TaXoT AR, TravTaX)lt TU. &aa WUX?aKiKv transposuit
TU, SeXEoxatAR. rravotKrliaiaAR, rravolKEaiatTU. UN.
rTOOS KxKopiveouT2 Aldinae, TaiSEKKopiveou ARTU. 56 &qcpTeevA. ArlorlK6v ARU, AriorplKov T Aldinae.
54 Stayyyovev A. TacrivA. Krro8cbvARU, El'Tro5bv Post appapKap6ov omisit Kai U. TroppcoTrrcolA. Kal
T. ilrTlpaKeVA. TrETroirIKE ARU.
T Aldinae, wrr-w0rotiK?t EiclrTcovAR, TCOV addiderunt GLNR2.
Trap' a'rriS U, Trap'aOTrrq ART. Kai yap Tt((VT? U. 57 avyKiuctrro R. dvTrirrpcOl-
ATU, cavvK&A6EtTO
av rrao' T-rfsXpias KaipoTiU. aO'TrTrrap'
a'rijs ART. RTU. 'E7a'St TU, 'EAMxSaAR.
pov A, &vTrirrpcopov
cos p?pos au'rqi RU, auTon AT. "EAXrllTv yiverai airia transposuit T.
A.
 VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 159
Emav T-TV KOIVTIV,
Trpoi8ovucYa C5 E6SEIEV 6 pXEcov rETpav 6oTrc)s KTriccovrTla avuprrapeoaKEuacUE, 6ooicos
Xp6vo5. KAliaTrov K6crpoV dpaCoTEpcpT.O yEVEI
8 -ri T? oiKEia Kai Tr aXobaTrnfi 6?8XE'CSaiTU0
1j SEOEVouS
o0v
TrrEpiSETCa p6vov TC) '7rrXiSE Kai &apaKaipicp Trs a&toucra, Kai Ta TrpE'TrOVTa EKaTEpoiS TOIS KalpoIs
XclpaS, &Xaa Kai TC, SE&taiTtjv 6pi6voiav oacov Kai ETr.lprloEV; OTE piV yap a&CoEVEeSroaav,TOv (p63ov
58 olcv ayaScov aiTria yiyvETra. TaurrTS 6? ToiarrUT TEPIEiTEVaurTo)VKai rTa ar'opiaL5 ETrrlvcop$coAev
cE S 8'
caO-lTEpKprtI'TTSOSq pilrIS 0TrOKEIpEVTIS E%O0iTTo'aVKai a1ElVOVrq KaTa ovuppopav ETrETrpayEaav, OUTOros
fiSr
8ia orraoaiS '86r yffs ai T-OV 'EATiuvcov a-rroiKia. -rois SIEK6CpEl1 KaOi 'TpowTrEpTrEV, fyEp6VaS TE EKadoTO1t
Kai KpaTri'aaaLivEpCO Erp-Tri'TEI avouIrarcov CObv Kai
yap TrEI.9SEToa IpItPl-?piarTaaa, Co'ATEp aUTril fvyE
caaoSai ThlV prlTp6OroXiv. Kai Sltaap36VrS coKltOV Tf-l qpuiAaoeyEy6vE KOIVfI, Kai XECbOV OiKOSEV TrapaLEUy-
' ou 16vov -ra-is
183D y?fv, ?KT?-VOVTES WOS<ETT'> a&xNoTi pETpOVTO TTiS vvcra. -rTarra rpa'Ealv EUvpo T-rSav 61
'EXXAaos, E?co E 1TrAXipcoVav a Trav TO6EXO61EVOV. Kai ouvExfi, AAax Kai TCi p3ouilraT.
acraTrEp yap TOvS
)
vOv ETr' c(ai9OT-Epols T01S rTEpaCo T y)SYS ETEpTCov TWpOT-rpovs 68EapjVrl KaT-iyayE, TOiS 'HpaKXEiSaS
TraiScov TTraTESoiKOUC-i, ol pv &Xpt raSEipcov arr6 ElTTOV,OUTCOKai TO'S pET' EKEVOUS5Eaap1vrl TTpcoTOV,
Maoaaoaia TrrapijKovTEs, oi 8' E'ri TCT TavaiSt Kai Tri: EiT' EwETrE yayE, siTrAXv &av' aTrXfi TfiV VEEpyEaarv
Xip,vnI pIEEpipoi'VOt. COT' Epol pv yEXcos e'TErpXE?Ta ETr' ayqOTEpcov TIStEIEVBr. Kai TrpotovCoa a'ro TOU
aKOUOVTl TCAV VV TO6ECO)V T-01 o0'p?T?pOls KOC'pOIS pTrCOTOVU wrpo TO -rEXErTaov adi OUT-COS, OTrEp EITrOV,
TlAOT.IpOUpEvcOvKai ippovouovcv cbs ?rri XaarrpopS, TroXrTEia TwpOaEOiKEV rl TfiS Tr6OAECo5 UjTp TOrV 'EAl-
oTrav Epil<cO SECwpCoviWrO T-iS UVjETEpasrTTr6EC0S y?fv vcov Trpovola Kai Sia TroXAXf Kai cuvEXouS -TriS aKO-
V aVeU TOV aAXcov wroAXv
Kai saoAarTTavKeKOCIrIhvrlV AouSiaS acrC[ETai. Kai PilV T6Opev TOViSpEOyoVTraS sXE- 62
59 Kai rroMco peiLovcov. TOUTO
r6i pOUXOpOalSi ppax?Ecov acSai, E Kai p1rls TOUT' EKpEUyEI KOIVfiS Elval EiTypa 185 D
E'TavEXS9cov E.?Tacrai 6SETai T
Kai -V ovvEXEiav TtrS lXAavSpcoTrtia, & XX' Ov EtTroi y' av Tl S cs ?KEivou5 iv
TTOXiTEiaS, fi KEXp|Ta-l wpbOS TO 'EXAVIKObV iv Tr6AlS, EO oTr010OUcTS p116OVu, oCao TaU T5rri T1fS
T'iXrV S ETrEipa-
Kai OTI OUK ETo-i rp6oprlpiia pETiOV T EVEyKEiV O0 VUV Srlaav. ai S6 T-rV &aTrOlKcVKaTaOKEUai KOIVOVTCOV
E9(p?y~apjv. OTE pEv yap T-ols 'cHpaKovU wTralaiv E8S1 'EAXivcov KEp80S EiTiV, O0 p6OVcO TOVV &TrEXASVrcV.
porlS?iaS, 'TTap?XE p6OVrI Kai IET?68COKEVarraVTCov, Kai yap Trow6XE Kai XC0p Kal 8uvauEIs TroXAaSKai
TrapEXSocaa T- lV XpEiav Ti pEyaXouvXiaC. ?wrEi E PEy&?XaS EiS T6 KOIVOVwrrpoo'Eapo0V, E' JV OUK 6Xiycp
EiEl T TV TTeoX-r6vvrc(ov AcopiEcov yEvEo'Sai, ovy- piEilOUS EyEVOVTO. OujTCOSEycbyT(PI T-qS TroAECOSoV)(
KaTTiyayE wrraXlv aUiroUI pETa TOU SEoOi. yevopvrlTS 6& iTTOV TO EKTtrpyal wTrap' auTi-s 1' TO Eio'p{E}pECoSal
TrS 'HpaKAElScoV Ka968OU Kai VECOTEApOV CoYppa.VTcOV -TOUS68ErT3EVTaSTrpos TTrvTrapa TCOV EAAivcov Elval
?v Trfi rTXoTrovvilCTc, TrraXv -TOKlvrlS?v 6SoaTro. Ev 6 Xaplv. Kai yap TOI COTUp3p3rnKE 6OVOISTOiT TaUTrn Kai
184 D T-a EVTCOVTTpOT.Epov iKETcoVadYpaXSA)s ?dXEV,ETEpoI Sla TCO)V EvavTiCOV E?U8OKIPETV.oi yap auToi TrpEoapU-
60 8E au5 TO E?KEiVWCV pETEI?xIECTaV. SE?apVT1 8E TaTro TCOV
OqX)(qpfOla a'ACOv 'EEAnivcov Eiai Kai EiS VEOU5"EAArIvas
fiSrl TravTaS a&vpcOTrousKai pLETaBoucaa XcApag Kai T-rEXoal Toroaxnfi, KaSaTrEp TOV AtovuvOovypapouoclv.
v6oov Kai TrWOXITiaS ?TrEv6OraEVUTrrp Tf-S 'EAXXaos ETrTEAS6VTES 6 ou8ao6S9EV, &aX' a'UTor6V TUVTESTOoS
XpflSat TCAO Kai Ta&STrap' aivrri Tro'6iS
TrAEOVEKT.rlpaTt TraVTaXO9EV TroEcoS 8SETI vTraS '85tavTro. Kati ptIV
TroXXAaS oUTrrE(pEuyuias a(poppiTv rTCOV ewco Tr6oAov 58E6aPEVO1TOUS aCTraVTaXo6EV, TraVTaxoi Kali TrE'Tr6p-
oTroAcov Kai pEy&Xcov TroilcaaaSal. KairTOITrrOSav 9pa01l, 'C'bOVTES Ka'V TOOIS TO pOKOV ?fiS. Kai

tiXavSpcorr OTEpov i) P XaaTIrpOT-rpov TrEpi yap

TrrrXiS -6rr&CS TCOV TrXtiorous
TrpEap3uTaT-rcv IVa
TOE S arroyo-
TCOV UavTOOs86wrTcov 3pov0uOcaTo, q TrrpC-rTOV pv Ei vous EiK6o,Kai puaAov i TIVCOWV a(Acov Kai -TO8XEo9Sai
TfiS oaUT-Tr XbpaS Kali 'oXtTEoiaS ETTEI$' TOUS 8EO?pvoUS TOV KpEITTVOVOV
?ETE.SCOKEV, EOri. Kai PTIV TCOyE
TOV aOT-OVEV &PX-i SiavET1ai TrCOSO0K eli TaUvTOVinKEI
58 Sia Tr&ralis
fi8rT-rfi yiS T, 6ta wrraarS yiS U. TO Kai Ta TCOVaTrOlKlC)Vapr'Vlr SiaTrEpyait Kai KaTOi- 186D
ARTU. U1-rETpcov
A. cbS 7r' scripsi, $oa-rrep
TrEppqEiTlv
TU, fP1ETErpcvARLN. 6I &Xaa Kai rTCO)pouipacraT RTUA2; Kai omisit A.
59 ?rri Trit rTXowTrovv/laco U. KaTilyayEv A. EIT' ETrEgiyayE T, EITa 'wnTEgyayE R,
60 vo6pcov ARU, vo6ou T. Trap' aioriT editores, eITa TTrEgiyayEV A, EiTa T-rEglyayE U.
Trap' avrfiT ARTU. i (if R) TrpC)oTOVpEV Eli Trf aUTifiS 62 ?i Kali Pi/ T. EU Troiocaa UN. ou povcov ARU, oi
AR, i TrpCoTroVpEv TriS auTrqs U, sed Ei ante TrSs pOvov T. rrpooEAapov ARU, rrpocopacov T. EioappoEoal
erasum est; Fi Trp&oTa pEv TrSi auv-Tf T, yp(aTr-rov) Cobet (Variae lectiones2, I873, p. 577), EicapEpEc0ai
f TrpcoTa pEv Ei Tfi
ECaUTf-r T2. KTrlacoVTai ARU2, ARTU. rrapa TCOv'EXAivcov ARU, TrE(pi) TCOV 'EAX-
KTriaovtrai TU. S6 a1Eivov T. TrpoETrEpTrEVCanter, vcov T. Kai yap TOt TU, Kai yap T- AR. po1volS TOiS
Trpoo-TrETrEwEVARTU. Post KOtVfiaddidit Iva yap gliT rTauTrrl RTU; TOIS omisit A. eicaiv A. TeAoXorov A.
866or daTTiouvvauiTo. 8ita T-rf adTroiKias Kai 'A0qrvaiouv rToXAaXniARU. T-ravTaxi- TR2. TravTaxoL AR, rrav-
avSpas oaUVEETrpEyEVV aUTOiSU, quod in AR scholion rTaxfi TU. rrETr6Op'acltv A. EcTriv A. TCoyE RU, TO yE
est. AT. KaTrolKiai RTU, KaTroIKfial A. EiVEKaARTULN.
 160 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

KlCaaITTVyfiv; 6aoos TrEKcai eou'aicxaS

fil Trraitv CaVTCA)V T piaS &Taaav
aavro v coorTrpas)
'CTT 'rr v ?E0O0VVrOV
nraacv TflV T'neoTr6vvlcrov iXEu- EvU-
oVOiris EpyalEccSai Kai Ta TOV 13iou TirSEaSai p1aov Sepooca, TroaoOrcr XETpov &KEr<iV SItcaKEvrnv occp
dc9oppCOV EiVEKa. Trois pv Pf1 Ka'TracOpEiV 'rropprSiv, Trosi 85E 8 XEar-
63 'EKSXETrai 6' { Tcrr6aca TOJ X6yov -rpoaPOC8OKoiEVrt Sat, o1i v t -i5 T S E
av Ov o oiK
poTpa, coS iioi SOKEi,KaCi TnrO ai
TroACoGv, PE-r& TrCV EIXOV OTrTTCSP'1 TTOtilCTC' TKoEEV6OUEVOV. ETEpOV 86 67
KIvS6vcov rp&aEis,&S Eycb 88oi0Ka pj-h TCr Ayovrt Trpo TOVTCOV
rVv piarl Tir Botco-ri T-rfS TrrOAEcS pyov
KivS8vov EX(OaTV rfo 6Xai Tr&VEpycov yiyvETrai, Kali <(KaTa>)Tr:iAaE.VTOI T
Eiwrev pjiaAov q Ti rfi 1TOECOS, 6 TCR
OTE TrwpaypcIaTE?TO. 0U I.lV &?X' &vayKcaTova&aalSa p v d6KouCalKxaiTri XpEi' TCr iKhETCVCrrrp 'ApyEicov 188D
Kal TOUTCOV6r 6STuoTIvElTVKa, EVOs,iEV OTt TCOV&Tr6 oi TOTE ETrpCaavIo,Ti 5' &d9XqEiaKaci Tc oT)('xipaT Tfi
TiS ?ip vTiS 6cyaScov Kai ols KaT-rKEsOacETrV piov ?UEpyeoiias UTiip T-rS OPaEOosa-T&caTTaS Tf-jS avSpCooTriaS
1I Tv &rroxpcbvTrooS pvrpiTovEUcavTraSEeiK6giv 8s Twrou KaT?Trpa6XSri. cb yap iKouvcav Tro*S uO Tr 'rio KaS.EiCa
KaliTrS ?TrirTCOVTepcov Katipcv Twpa&EiS pI TrrapIEASEv, 6va-ruvXiLravTarS aTra&qovU5 ppiq$at, o0 q9oprS9VTr?S
&iXXos r Kaci rrXiou5 Iv Tq T'aS TCOV6ACov ovprrav- Tjnv Jppiv T-rV TaUra -rTETOpllIKOT OV oS8' ola 3pou-
rTCov,EiloVs 8 &arraacISv ovaoTacSv rrapEXiiq)pa6Ev?<(EU)O>IVOlS irEpi (cV av KpaTriCao'iCtVETriao'l, &AA7
ErT?pou 8'8OTI c'vrrirEIT
M TrTTaTIC (plavSCpcorria TrS TriV lpV TOU VIKjiaEtV EXrri8ca TCr aoVEiS6OTtTOV KpEiT-
T6.EC?S,, 'v a&prt6VpTi6i r ETOaTua'ipESa, 6 TrcV rTovo5 8s6vr, T'iv 8' Opyrv c oTEEp av iaToi IrTTroV-
Ev
Epycov TCOV -rTOIS TroXEIoS ErTaCao'5, coa.9' ilIV SO6TE5, O'TCo xapovTEs vrrTp TOU KOIVOUv6Oiov TrpE-
64 Trr&Xtv &cpXlv KxTrEXfiUTj S 'TraViK6EV. o)(X86v pIv oiv rouvaav -roTs iev T-rV TirTlv, T-rS SE TrIV TtlCopiav
r
068 TaS&CSTOKiCaS eOpot T1S avr TOiUTO rT ppos TsOV drrrE8oaav. Kaci pIlv aC-r TOroT rrpO -rov -rTO1TavTas 68
.
Aoycov tCa'rrTPEuyuiaC yap ov avEu ov
IpEIyaX dydcvcov TroiS EV XpEia P0oq1ia,9S KaTaC9OyEIV wil ThV TO?6Xtv
oU86Troi 'TravraXOiKpaCreTv oOS' aO.rat6I'l TrOU cUvv- CoSoTEp EKsuOIv iToSoV cbs &cInSCOsKai pI6Eiciav T-OV
65 pirrav. ETarveipt68'OSEVEiauov&alv. o0 Troivuv pOVOV &aIcov -rr6Ecov pav pcya Kali pavEp6v caoppoo6v &oari
raciS&AcaiS 6copEaTl oi'S Tri TCOV KaTar(peuy6vOrov 6r KaCi orTlAXirs aIEIVOV TOiUwpoOx)(vE ESiSU F &PXi)S,o(t
TrrouSEpcaiTEa Kaci Trrpoo-raaoi, oa0'o ooTS, S Esi''roEfv, oaov Aava$vEiV, Kai capTrplOpt6v yE suoTv rTOI KaXcia-
ri,irae TO 'EAXnVtKV Tirs EIS 'rr&vTas &peTfiS KOai TOIV av6pEias Kaci (piWavSpcoTiac, El6i p(3ovAX, Xyco
pi?yaXowux'ias Evapyjq 8EyiyaTa EJiVEyKEV / Tr6Xis StKatOO'ivrls avri T-rS piXavSpcorrilaS. CoSTrEp yap
,ilTv, c&A' oiS6is EorTIvdycdv O-TOUSficaav cEKvrTl(v, KfipUKES&TcraTES OirTOit rTpi aUc-rij yyOvcaal Kati Th
187D &At' a&ldvov TirEpirTOvSErnS,EVTrasi 'x KVOt avvepo*- avapprloav aiTr' aOuTrov-TCV Epycov 'TroiTTinv-rTa, PJi-TE
66 Xovro EyEvETO.a9' Cv 8' ilpa&IeS' cpTrooS T-rv 6ArIv pIXtiv TlrtO'TOU SIKaiov pa?laov TCOV'ASqrvaicov lx'-TE
piCXavSpoTrriav eTarlEa1V, rTaCS,' iTvV Kali VUv Tfis 'rri &dEi?vovSElval KcoAi.EFtV oaa &v EgcOTOUKaXoy0yiyvrl-
TrOVaycovcov a&pxTrco,rTOIScriv EOpvuaSeT leowrrov- Tai, &?i 7' ElvactT-S t.EV6a\cXaSTroXei TrgF'ASrlvaicov
vrlciovs iES' oCou 'TOUKPEirTTOVoS fiOlvaTro rrrppTr'OV 8Eopuvas au-rTaS p't acvro&v a&ptiv TrwpoOcaas Tri 189D
'HpaKAEtS&Ov Kxi T'OTrpaylCa cos p6T?3rlKEV. Ov yap oO 'EAaslt, T'nv 8' cds arlscoaS oOr6Ep rr6XtVv X opiots
Trr6oA,OVKavitp, ou yEvog o0?6v TCOvEv -roS "EEriaiv aviXouvaav oioilav Tr- KcTraOTaEUV Kcai rTOS AoytcrpoTs,
v9cproaTo, KCai 6 TaOCrTOV TrEpvfiv CoSr' &crrETretv TCOv piveTra iKaia rTIpICVTrOV 66XvpCoTipav,TCOV6 -TaS
TrE
a(IrEliXS KOIVaSrTOIS HpaKMous Trraia Kali Tras TrO- 8Vva&pElt X6VTCoV rmtEIKErTpav, &AX1Mov 8? TOrV tCiV
XAEo,ToTIsgv, Ei pavlaov-rTal, TasTi, l Siov'rai, Ta siKata TIpJlcVTrcV &KiptPo??pav Ei{ aCo6v rTO TO'
TOrTOV,Eil TrOUr'iyayEV Cdo o' aOCrTOV oiKO Ta<pfis fi SiKaiOU X6yov, TroV 8S <rTas suv&VItS xOVT6rcV> ErTi
TuXE?v, Kai -TfiS EJouvCiaS, i5 Trap' &aiav drwiAauvo'E TOi ptlalEaoSt sUuvaTCOT EpaV EiS-riAos COoT'
a'ipc 9oo Tr
EipuoaSEOS,ThV TE-rAUThv 1i) rro6ASEip KaTr' a&iav. Kai y?vr 61' cap9ov viKav. TaUTiprlV oOv KOtV& BEiypiatra, 69
TOUT' ap' EKEiVOs eV Kaipcp OVV
i6ov piaPPc ToIs y&p 0'rrp EiTrov, a&vSpEia TE Kai piXav.SpcoAriaS vTrapXeTCo
vrrapXouao' Sappriacr ESCSOKE 8iKxiv. Kati TOT-O I.tv EV TCOrV apXcaiov lEtA7EypEva. a&ia jpi]v & yE lTrrp Tfi
Tri 'ATTIKrrTO gpyov KpiSrl, Kai Si& TfrS TCOViKETEu- OiKEiaS ETrESEi'avTo Trp6s -TOVS &KC'rOTEEwtrVTaS

TU, IVEKaAR. &pTtART,

R. EiVEKa
63 KaTrETKEOacEV 67 Post rrpo omisit rTOT-rOVU. yivETra T. Kai
apT-ios U. <KarTa>rTa&Mascripsi, Kai TrAAaARTU, Kaoi<pa>Wac
65 TrrpoorTiacKacieeparraE transposuit U. E{ii- Reiske et Dindorf. pouXA<Eu>ovEvois Reiske, pouAo-
'
VEYKEvARU, T.
?1iViliKEV BEETieOv'ras KTVOiT, SErj- ARTU.
uevoti
evTraS F1?KExVOi KEVOI
RU, E6?r1nVTCIa5 A. 68 CK Suiev Tro8covU sed correxit wTroTvU2. eOTrV
66 fpaeXepEa&pTfirCT. aojv EUpvuoeEAU, iv A. oiX oaov ARTU; ov<8'> baoov Holleck.
EOpuoaeTR, aOv EUptoOIeT. &Trr7au?v U. EiOptaOEC &v5pEia5 AT, d&v5pia5 RU. yEyOvaaiv A. pilTE
T. 5p?EVA; post E0pEomisit KOaT'&aCav R sed cor- &(Eivous U. aOcrOv TOV TOoUSiKaoi Xoyou RTUA2,
AR. rTO pyov ART, rTCOVpycov U.
rexit R2. O3ptpiEv rTOv omisit A. <-rcTabuv&aiEIsiX6vrcov> addidit
fiXeuOvpcoaEvA. rT01SPVv aAotis piw KOaTaCESOyEIV U. Holleck.
1TOtfiaco1 ART, Trotifoouvci U. 69 &v8piasRU. UTripTrf5Tfi5 OiKEia5U.
 VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 161
avlKOOS EVoU o5?
E opiai, AEKTEOV 8e Kai TOUTCOV TTO6tvSia TroaUTOcovKai ETITT rAEX16ovTCOV TrapaSEty-
70 PIKP"aTpoX(EPIpTicraivouS. cal
'AiiaZ6ol pEvy6ap, TapAX- p&aTClv, Kai al
Iprl8Eia.v i
SEiaTSai PlTE KOtlfVV U-TTEppo-
9Sv TroTSpyol TrilV
(p' iv, cvvCUavorvTEN,iV pr'iT' iSiav. ou TOIvv T-CV plEv TA.oCvoUVSEKas' 1EV
'rrTOjaxiawv
TravcoAESpia 8iepqSElpav, oEv6oS a&VTrapovTos TCOV iTTaa-9Iat Ti rI'N.Et O1uJEipprlKElv,O'8E TCOIV
TrO?E.JiCOV
IPXpi TriS 'ATTIKfiS, a?X' EilCTCKEC'aV116r Tr
as flTTEi- oaolv eITrov KEKpaT'IKE'VCI,TCrlV8E Trap' auTri TruTra
190D povs, co-rrrp aw16 oT1Eilo TOU eEpPcW ovrToS 6ppb- yvo6vrTCvUTrrp avotfS acrroXEtip9fvait rrEpiTrlv Xaptv,
pEval, Trflv J v 'Aaiav p?Xpt AuKias Kai Kacxpia Kai d&XAaKal TO TOUTS TaTS E?UpyEo'iatl v?ViKTIlKUTapavil- 193 D
na"cpuAias wapaT?ivoucal, CAoo1TEp Ev oTpaTOTE8cCA), oErTa, Ko6pcp piv Bouoia Thlv apxilv EiS TO5S WTrai8a
T-rV8' EUpcb'rrrlv aXpi TU orpaTcTro-ovUTOJTrposTTrV Kai Koao'nlaaaCKai Trap' auT0i Kav Tr) UOrrpopiacTO
Tro6Iv. VTrEUESV s if6ri TraVracwOTTEp K&XcorpayVT-ros ybvo5, TCOlV 68 KOp&$vipa iSpuoal'ivrl KatiSEiaS goipas
EXCopr1lc?v 6Trrico, Kai SlEXEAXuro 'AUcaL6oIv 're T pPX alvTi SvTl-rfS aTl'cicbaa'a TaTC Ti.aTls. 'EpEXSa 6E TOI5
Kai O68p>po, Kaci fl TriS KaVTaJOSaEP03o1i9rloFT EV dKpOTro6XAe SE615 rrapE8pov &Tro6Siaoca.
KOIV1i vpCTEI,Kai VUVEiSarTirTro TTEPIE T TTlKEV El TrOTE Kal TauTa UE v fi.iv EiS TOCOUTOVaV''liX3c TOU X6- 74
71 ?y?vovTO. olpal 8' oUSE OpPaKasavUroiSpi1pyaoSai TTrS you, 8EiylaTa TrfSTEwrposTOUSEco&SEvlpXavSpcoTriaS
191 D ovCup0op&S, oi SEiup'ETITrp6O9EvEXS96vTr cTv EUpXoA-Trc TCOVl TrpOy6VCooKai TflS vUT?paUTCoVEUyUXiaS ?V TOTS
Kai 'EAAilvcov'rois TrKEIVCOV 7AoEvolsEyvcooav Trapa- wTrdiyouov,Kai aC T&COV ETwtipavo 'TE Kai TroAAXXv C5o
TArXioaaPOUAEiuCaCVTES COOrrep av El TriV SaXaTCrav aANfl oits bouiXouv.XPTi 68 Kai TCrOv AoiTrCv icrco KaS' 194D
72 ?EVEXipouvTrEpaiouoSail TrE)i. &lov Troivuv K&aKEVOOCaov yXcopEi pvrllacr9vat, ET-rroxoavrOvTasTra ' UTrep
TrpocaSEval, 6 TOiS TroXXoli TCrVEIcO6Trcov Eyelv rTri TCOrO aNXAcov KaTarrpaXS9'vrTaKai 6oca crrrp TTfi oiKEiaS
TCr)Tarpc T'r 8nrlooicp wapElTal, OTI oU pOVOV 1 iU'T?rcrrTav, OTrcoSav 0'JupiJiwrTri Trc_oycp TOUlpq
KOtVil TrqS TOAXEooS TrpoSuvia TE Kal p)CUprl Too'aUTT TrO\i T&S wrpa&EtSTCrOXp6ovc TrapEVEyKEiV. EoTri 8'
'TrEp 'rrav-ra a 8Ei YEY?VrTal, a;ka Kai i6ia TrEprl|vaaiv aKOUOrTa5 Tr' acT'rv TCO' V Epycov StlapEiTv T& TE Kotva
EvTaiuSap3ouX6oPvoiTrVESXpiC7a7'Saaoiu-popaS VrE1p KaOiT& 1tla. El p?V oOv Trepi aANr1l TrlvOSlv w6'XEAcoS 6 75
rTOiKOIVOU,Kai p&aXaEOX6Oycos. co yap &copcovTrpo6rc Noyos, OUK a&v rv wapEXS9Eiv&a vOv E6?Ticr?E pa&?ES,
TTiv TraTpiSa TroIS "EA.raiv o.ulXov'aav, TOrTOV aAAt 16ovas av 'rTaraS arrXplc'aEV Ei'rrE1 Etoii yap
)ovro8VT v CaUjTOi TrpocapEC3ait rlT rraTpiSi,l fiviK' &v6 oia5 &avrTS El1TiTrroE, Kai Tro?Xoi qTroAowlV av Xlpllna-
Kaipos KaXooirI COOTEKai EK TCAVKOIVc)vKci ?K TCOV rTOV, Ei 8vaClV'TO, wpiatVTro aUTois Evat. VUV 61 E
iSiCOVSiTrArv Elvat Triv 6Or?v 'ri irrT6XEATopioTiiav. 6 iovU KEaSEoT'rTOSTOI .9' EuPEiv &XP TrwapaCXrlEiVKai
6E yE ?TI TOVTOU pET6LV ortv, o OTr Kal TrCv Evcov 'TIVES rTOUTrpoS a&iav EiTTEIV ra viKIOaaVTa, Kai OUjEV'OS pEV
73 OUTCOTrpo6 a'rvr'v 86iT?-rrSlav. XEyETai yap 'EpEX$SuS o'8' ?v aTrAr btillyqao'EtwTavrTaTwCOSIXEES96VTos,
piv Ev T-rCZ rpoS Ev'Eiowrrov TroOTrcp TroXEcpC TTrvSuya- TrXEToraS' UcTrp plaS TrO6EC)STraUT-l5cTra'VTCoVEiprl-
TE'pa UpTr TqiS Tro6XECoS TnI8OUVvai,TOUV EOi XpriclaVTOS, K6OTOV,pCuaXovS' 'Trrp IpvrilS TrXeicoaXESo6vi TCrOv
TrpocrayayEiv 8' aC'Tiv KColfioaaca i pniLTilrp ocrT?rp &aXcov &aTraacoov, OOKEV8EXETai8t1iEIvai KaS' EKaCTOV
192D e1SSecopiav wr6p-rovoaaAECdSSe6 ooa rTOUTrcO pOUXEI- aKpipc[os, 63X' avalyKr Ta Trx r oTr a TrapalnTrEiv, iva
aaS, EKO-rfivai T&-VS9yaTrpcOVKai OlTroSv rTCo 7olCo' TO15 pEyiLoTOIXpl0Cr0bE.Ea.ETrEiTri ovuKav &CaItlvCos
K6Spos 68 v rTCO -rrp05AcoptIaSrTOXA,Co Kai TlEXorrov- Kai rTaUra ElS pIO'OVifVEyKeVa& rTpOIt y' a&vfpKEI Kai
vrT1oioUauTOTSs79Eov-lTr5 VTrEp TfIS XCOPaSaTro3avETv. I6ova; TpitCv yap ESvCv TOrV PEyioarcov vVTOTS "EAArl- 76
CoCrETKaciOl TOIaOUavTr TaPXE TCOV tIV ET1SEIlEVCov '
Co' ETPCOVBilly,- i Tr670Et, T,O Ev aCurVp)uyfiys TpiiJOav 195D
oaa9ai, Kai TOU'TOISpi8iVV El'vai Xov ITTrTV T'OV Trap' a&TrfiXE, TO AcopiK6V, BoiCOTOi S6 XEPc'iV 1'-TrCOATO,
Vplv, aX?a KCai TCOVrTOIOU'TCV Epycov apXEtv Trnv Kai Ev
Tri auTrS ?lpEpas EUJoETs Evjuoia' TOO-OUTOV
S
TrEpliV Ti Tr6NAEt ' &X Iva Itp Trwo;XaToiauTra AEycov
70oE1OCKE6ac Ev
p jiV T. Cor6Ep EV aTpaTOT65scot
ARTU, CdoTTEPE(i> oaparTOTCScp aut co'rTTEpv<i) 74 Ur p acTr&-v ART, aurTov U. ETr'iyoualv U. ac
o-rpaTOTro8cp Reiske. K6Aov payEv-ros ARTU. rTOV U, acTrov ART. &aX7ilous AR. KaTaTrpaXOEvTa
7I auTroT Aldinae, aUcraiSARTU. e&aaTav R. ARU, lTpax0vrTa T. acupTriTrTOi T.
72 Post TrpoVOIpa omisit TE Kaiplcbpq U, addidit 75 Trrpi a XArlST'6OS Twro6cos5iv transposuit U. ElWl-
U2. TrEqEivaCri TIVESEvTaUja pOVuXO6sVOI transposuit T-rlcEv A. aucrois editores, au'ToT Elvat ARTU. TOU
U. TTOUOVCOtOVTO AR, rTOiJTCOA CtlVTO T, TOUTCO 8' EUpEivU, TOU TE EUpElivART. oCS' Ev RTU, oUS'v A.
CA)OVTO U. ijViK'av ARTU. rTfiTr6XEI Tr'VO6Arv q(pXont- Post TravTa omisit TrTCA. 86 UcTEp TU. &TraaC-v
,piavtransposuit T. ATU, TraaoovR. a&capvcoSARU, aoapEvo5 T.
73 Post 'Ep?Ex0Eisomiserunt ,Ev AR sed addidit 76 ET1t0ieEpov' Tri TTOAE1 ?V TOTS "EAAlo't transposuit
R2. K68poS 5' Ev U. irrrapX1Et TolarTa transposuit U, apy suprascriptis correxit U2. auCTro RTU,
T. v(pivT, fiTv ARU. pijrTE i6iav RU. occovAU, ocov auT-rcl A. Kali papP3apoit ARU, KaciTroi pappa3pot T.
R, ols T. Post aTTowrOEtipevat omiserunt TrepiARU lTrEpTE ocoTrTlpiaSU. auTriS IlKp&V transposuit U.
sed addiderunt R2U2. TrrEOv ES6KEtL, wTrAeov ARTU.
11
 162 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

wrrppco TOU KaipoU yEvcoi,al, TrapEis a&rav T6Opcov & Kai 6vopa<>r)Ti yvcopioat (plOT-riiav EIXEKai tXlAi
Kal TrpoaXprTTapevos Kal rrpos aOr6 ye TOUTO 'r
T Tf TTOpEioC Eli XTTios KpETrrTOV
8IESE-I 'V. TrraVTayap TOTE
Tr6AEcospycyacoyux)iaKai 81 'Trp6oacria Kipia
Tr& rTO rparat EIrrETro,
)JcoTrrp &NAcos Ijv o0 Suva&pEva.EXCOV
Aoyou rTpEoipat. OTryap TroTs "EAXqciKal Pappa&pois 8', cbS ETrrov,pEcrlv TtVa TOUTrEp6j3ou Kal Tri5 rlStu-
rTOCrpayClTa EKpiVETOKali pIKpOV wrpos rroX TTiS Yy5 pUaSfiXSev. aUcrTs,pv yap Crrryvcopil b8apaivEiv,Tra
gEpos i yovieTO, 6 8' 6ycov vfv UTrEp Trf 'coTpi[as 5' ?gvrl 1T?pITrrEVWTTEV6El.
apac KaCiapeTIS, TOT' ?viKrICEvfi 'rr6OXa &pcAo TC) yivrT Kai TrpcoTOVPEv i1 TCOV KrlpiKCoV TrEpioSOS nI yiyvo- 79
K&AiXOVe0')(J, cS TO p?v 'rrpoo'3OTK1rVpIlKpav alOT5S Opvrl KaT& r V EA
T'VEXaSa a KE?iVOU TE Kal TOU IpIET'
196D &rroqoavSjval, rT 8E 'rrAXovXeTpovTj oacA 7TXrovi86KEt. EKE?VOV paaCIlECos TrEpiTfIS yiS Kal TOOU UiaTOS aTdro
77 g:ETETl plIVOiv Kaci SECV TiVa aiTlTa'acaSa TOUTraVTrb TaUTrrSTri TrrOXEco5 fpXE?TO, Kai iTavTa TTrpoTaTrrrlv
ppyou pou6XO6pevovcarrEp Kpialv TiVa Trouilo'aaSat iEXAEyovTO' v TETaiS ETrrlaToXai5TrcaT'EA7XXrVKaiS Kal
-rTOvVi' aTorv avSpdwbTcov Kai TOV aycova TOUTOV o6ai TrUKvai rTOS UTrraPXOoiS1iCav oOU6v fiv OTt xPi
StaSETvat, KaSaTrEp Tro0S Eico.9oTaC qfE1iS, OU pjihV&aX' 'ASivoat, cbg TaurTOv6v EITrEVT'v 'ASqvaicov rro6iv
OVKE6(XlCTrTOV f
pEpoS TriS 'rr6XAEoS&pE?T-l
oUVVpaXETO, Kai TriV'EAX(&a, Kal OCIK EiTrE1Vp6vov, a&XaKai Epycp
Kal &Xi' EIKOTCoSKai P.ET' d(cov TOU Xoyou TfiS vupI3aivov lTraoas XXE1 T&aS TTOAEIS, El TIS KaTCaXOI
pEiXoiorTiS T'rJXnS. CorrOTE yp p Tri TOrJTCPKlvoCaa TaTrrlqv. Kai PnIv oaa yE aOi TOUTOIS 5EI Xpiacaaat
p
TO'S pappa&povs, iv' aoT1iV TE Kai wTavTO 'EAVrlvIK6v Kal TrpopouXUCEaatTTEpiTCOVO6Aov, Ca'ravTa Tr r6OXlS
EKpi'VEIEKai sE{iE1E TIS oOaa TTVCOVTrpoEorrlKEV, oUrTco 9EiTaLEV, aTrr' a(pxS 'rrporTaao'a rTCO 'EAXfvcov
E9Ei?XK-caTO aCOTOUS,OiK asIKOV Tr'v apxh v Trapa- a1JT1vv.Kal 6StX6SEVf86rl drO TnlEpcrAv Kai 'ASrlvaicov 198D
(oXoP?Vl o8s', doarep oi aT-rpov Stapa&VrEs EiS Tlv OUVEKpOTE?TO 6 wr6OXEOS, TOi pEv &rCEtAXovrUTOSKail
'Aciav, EpcTI TOU 'rAeiovos, &AA'il86r TOT?a&lcvopvrV TrrEpcoiiEVOU,Tfi5 6' &vSEorriTjKaS Kal viKCbo'ri5 E.Usi
Kal 68iKnV a&tiouaa Xap3EV TCOVEV T'r qrTECipCTC OV TaCS CrroKpiao'E. Kai rrap' a& qpOTEpcoV TOUTCOVIpaap-
'Ic)vcov8E8ovAcopvcov'EAAXivcov,
oVs ip6vmpIv ?Sk8aTo TupETTO OTi 'ASrlvaicov Kal T[EpaooVEoC-IV6 rr6AOXEp
9?pEpoIIEvovsKara TraaoavTrfV'EAAaSa, po6vrl6e E15TO TrEpl TS 'EEXX&oS, T-rV pEv Xapeiv TrEIpcoE.VoV, T-rv
78 SEov KaToaTlo.
KaT i. Kal wrpCoTOi 8 TCV E15 KEiVOV TOV 65 Ko0Acalt. ?v ?KEiVOtS
pEVTOlTOISKalpoTSEpya X6ycov 80
Xp6vov cEAXXivcov&vap&avrEs elsS E&apBES oapaTni r STT9riS- ?iyco 6S T-T"a V &iAXcov pya A6ycov TCOr
KOtIV Trop$icrjavrES Co(XOVTOTO-ro586 v BapvuXcvos Trap' 0iVv - Kali ylriplC-pa TpoTraiou KpE-TTOVEIS
Ta&?EKai TCOV?v 'IV6oTs"EAi)nVE5s E&apEiS 9Saujalov' pVlriIIrpV EViKTClaEVa&a Xo yco Kai ?pyc vIKfiaav. E09US
'
197D capcbv S TarorvTrpopaCav AapETos iavXTuiav &ayEiv yop ?v Xepaiv KUplov iV oU Tr Xr1porTOvia p6vov, cjS
OK i)S'vaOro, &AX'?MiTaLE V Xv Kai rTas uva-
TT[arp) vopoS, &aa Kali TCOSltaS?lpai TOU5ayy?AouS. TCr 6'
PEISouvVEKpoTEt, Kal Trav PIoKpOVT'V aUTCp.Kali iTO Uv ppirlvEC'aatvrtTa ypappaTa StaXEtpOTOviav pEv a(TrE-
Trp6aXT1Ia TOrTO 'ro v a&pUvaaSai 'AS.rvaiovS Kal Soaav, iv', T-rrEt61TrE?p "EANiTviv, ?XOtX-rEov T1iV TiS
'EpETpItas' TrapEV.TSKrIV yap TOUS 'EpETpItaS wEToii- KpioECOSEiK6Va, (TrEiKTEtVaV &6 Kai TOUTOV, CbS oO8'
aTro, lva S6 TriOTOV i. 81o0 5' CAS ArLScos5 v Ta 6Xpi 9cov1fis SiaKovfijCal TrpocrfKOV TOTS Papp(pois.
KivOUTra, ?v p,V p6pOS fi6rl Kaciorrroyia Trf5 rrEoS KalTO io)(xup6v Tr?ptfiXE ar* TOV yap TfiS WTrO6Xc
pi' apa oOUSEv irroxpv &?tca ETE?pov S' 'rri$'Upiia OT-rOIKOVOUK iTiOUv KaTa Tfi5 Kai rTCV 'EAXA-
Tr6oXEco5
Kai Tr63os aOjficrat T'nV acpXlv vS6ocp 'n'poao'1iKn Ti vcov gpppiV?a TC-r<pi?0a TroX1Epic yiyvEcS9at. Kal OUTrc
-TOO'EM?rVIKOUKal rfi yfS pH Sliprl|Pvcos apXEIv, 6fi pTrTOuaiV EiSTO Ppappov, COCT'&aous &vayyel- 199D
AAaKKali TraOrl-T.TOUTO5' ou 'TravTa rrnaov &vEXTriOaTO Xat TC pacriXE TaCrocrrKpi OKalS Kai Trapa T-CVTrEpp-
iv aC-rT), S6&aTrArfios TC-V fS6r1SEouvAcopevcov&SvCOv, S9vrcov pf EKyevoaSatpaStiv. 6 5? 8f1 Kai l 6f AapTpcos81
EKIVE?TO,Kal TOUTrO pEV rTOSiTra'PXOIS?KE?U?EV ?TOt-
p&.lEtvaOUTr6E T&S TrESa5 'S rrEppacobv i KaS' OCOUS
77 OE6vTiva R. TCO)v 0p' aO'rcv avepcorcov A, sed CETOTOCOS 'ASrlivaiousElvat, iva pi6els5 a6&5EToS
aTcorv
arrov correxit A2. o'uVEp6AETroAR. p67la EIK6TCOSlStaTuyot, Kai T'IS 6pyiS o5rro\aCcovEcoS fijv, -TOUTO
R. aurriv TU, auTilv AR. K9<jEV?E Aldinae, xK9fvrlTE
R, KxTpivat TE U2, EK9plviTatA,JpqpIval TEU. 8EIIEIE
ARU, &rrOSEiIq T. i8apav'rEsEiST'IV'Aioav TU, 6t6a 79 urr&pxotiARU, Trrapxots T. TCOV 'A0rvafcov U.
TriV 'Aoiav AR; correxerunt A2 et R2 sed omisit EIS XocovART, &XXcovU. ATU,
'EAXXivcov 'EXAArlViKovR.
A2. 1-TrEiPC)TCOV'ICVCov ARTU; post ilTrripcO awTrfivART, aoTriv U.
addidit Ti) Reiske. 80 uipiv ARU, ipiv TN. Ev XEp<a>iv scripsi, Ev
78 Post Xpovov omisit 'EXXivcov T. i6<rvaTo RTN, Xepolv ARTUPhotius. vopos scripsi, vo6uo ARTU.
E6SOvaroAU. EV pEv Iv f 6i 9pos transposuit N, ?v gXOtARU, EXriT pilt-trovaiv T.
pEv 68fi96po T. &Crroxpfv RTU, &droxpiqvatA. Post 81 Iva 8il T. a8ETos a'rcov Slatajyoi R2, OaTrco
Trpoo0iKin, omisit T U. 6vopa<(>Tl Reiske, 6V6paTt a&ETroSitayUyT U, &a6Ero aOrrOv8taOIyoi ART.
ARTU. eTXEv AR. ?XXaAUR2, aXrlART.
 VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 163
S TrXriSIv aoXa CA\oiS ET-rTaTTEV.
82 8E T0roi EK86 TOUTOU apyov ?TI, aX o? 0i viEVpUXaK TTCOV iEpCv oi yEpovTES
KIPVUKES p?V OUKETIE(pOlTCOV EiS TTiV 'EAAXSa, aurTy- Kai Tq5S 7TroAXECos TXEITrOVTO, T 6E VEOTTlSEXCpPEI.Kai 85
y?Eov 8s 8irS KaTETrrEP'Tr TOV o-rTov, Trrpoo-rio'as TTpCoTOV pEV TOUS Ev TOIS -T?E(paviTalSSp6oous &rrEKpU-
a&PXovTaslEpcTrcv TOUSapicaTOU, Kai 6i8cocn 'TrXfiSoS 4av, 6ocC TrEpi Ka?Xit6VCov TCOV&aScov qycovilovTo,
orpaTlia. oZ TO iaaX&7aTTOV Trap' iEKcToou T-OS a(prl- TOaCOUTC).9aupaTcoT?pav T-rv rpoSupiav wTapaoX6-
youliEvous TOCroTOV EcTV coOT' Eval rTOV piyIToov p.EVOI E?IT?iTa Kp?iTToUS fiaav T-r TEAXUT-iaa T T-a aTro
opov o-Tr6ou, povuXO6EvoS I5rI?Ei{av wrp6Ocaolv AlTrEiv TCOV ITrUXcV. KaiCTOI pIEaOUVTaS p?V ETI TTS 'TopElaS 86
pjTT' EKEiVOIS jTIT' aUTOTaTCOT_ TO PIr OU wrpaai TrrEpi ETpOo'?paE?V COTr?p wV?UJa CwTO aXAaTT1|S 3ocr 7Up-
Cv EVETeX7ETO.TaUJTa5' v T-rV P?V rr6OivK-aTaTroVTi- Tulyns iTr?rTCO Kai avSpcov Kai TCOV
aCA)cov 9PoXKiCOV TCr
aat, TO 65? <puov KOPi?1EiVarrav ccb aOTov 6 5q8 O-rpaTOTr?8cp, TCV pI?V Xp?iacS E?VKa, TCOV ? Kai
83 7rpOEIPfK?1TO oX7')PaTri. SupOUJp?EV5T Kia wTapa- u)xaycoyiaS pappapaiKfs KEKOp1i(TJVCOV, UlT?pp3aX6v-
OKE?VfSOUTCOS EX) T& Tro paColacA)?, oi S' pE?poVTO TE? 8' OUK ?TXOVO Tl i8cOCa, XTrnlVTCV WTTOXEpCiOV Kai
Trr?pTXOrlxVT?Sp?V TOV Aiyaiov, aTroT?EpoUVTES 6? T/IV TCOV aTOT6COV ?KE?VCOV 9Cpao&TCOV. XaAKOS 5? Kal a(i58r-
o6iv TOUS lVTruyXavoVTCra, (puyfiS 8' ?pwripTw&EavT?S TT)V pos Tr6ppco?EV E?py?EPil Trpoal?vat. ToaaruTl 68' iV
SCaaTTarv Cor' ou?iS T'v O6TIStvCaov TOT av OiKEiV U'rrEprl9avia TTs rrapao<K?EuVs Kal TCOV rrOIOUVEVCOV
iPOOX?TO. TI 8' aUTOISoiC'Iv EV1TrACKai lKpOV w'rp CA)o' E?apKEiV E86K?i TOIS pappa3pois 6O9Svatl pOvov.
200D TTS KaTaYCOyyiS ?5o?EV rapcTao'3SatTots TOUPaiA?t 3aa coovro yap C)OTrEp EV aSXoti a&WaVTaS E?Uss aSrro-
ETrlTtTayciao Kai coo?rrp t TrpooipOV &CaiO TOJ TTro?- yvcboEoaS?a Kai 8CbaElV cau-rTOUaKOVTri. acTirrI rpcoT- 87
,OU' Kai s56av OUTcoS'Ep?TplC?as?TriaVT?E COXOVTO 5ripoTEX?ASKpiaiS Ev TCZJI.?c) KaT' av9pco'rrouS y?V?ETO
pEpovrT?E, aayrlvrlv TIVCaII(lllpaCEVOIVaUTIKriV. Kal TO ap?T-r5 rrpOs TrXoiJTOVKali ppov-paTos 'EAAriVIKOUTwrpo
?V 'Epe?Trpiov yEvos OUTCOS avTlpPTraaTO coo'aT?p?<(K) pappapcov TrXrjSosKai TrapaaK?urEv, ou X6ycov E?urlia,
Trapa&{A}ou TIVO5 TCOV Kp?ETTOVCoVavapTraao9Sv, oi KpI?l,EYa, dk' EpyCOVa&TTO?Ei E Kal TC_OKaXtOUjVTI TOU
8' Tri TOV58UT?pOV I?ECav, CbsavaC-rTaaoVT?SaUTroTi Kaipou. ou yap EdSqpo[ov T-iV 3?av ETpE?av, &aT' E?
f68'r TOUS 'ASrlvaious Kai T]iV 'EXXCaa &vapwraco6E?vot, TrpoSuvuiav KaTEXpTioavcTO, ou1S' ?E?E'TXayrijaa TCOV 202D
KaKCoI E?ioTE? olaV il pav IE?TpXTovraiKai OTt oOK 6pco?vcov T-rValt?llav, a&x' fijarljav 6pcovT?S o&cov
?V?XOvrT'a TC-O AoycAp &S
apa ou Ta 9?Uyov-ra SlcbKoU- KpEiTTOUS yEVTlovTrai, Kai VOaio'aVTESCO7oTrEp a(poppilv
CIV, cXa
x ua?XAov Ta 8rioKEV
TCA) CNVVs9Tl. E?iArl<val Trapa T1lS TUrXrS u0T?Eppa?o'3at TraWvTas
84 OUTco 6? TOUTCOV KEXCOprlKOTCOV Kali (p?pO?VCOV avSpcoTtous &v8payaSia Kai TOUT' EdvaIlTX?ov Tfq
aUTCOrvrrpO T-rV 'TwT?EpOVCOOTrp &aXou TIVOS ?K TOO TOaaoTriS rTpaTlaS EX)EV cooTrEp XpflgaC(V &a96vcos
7TrE?yous KaKOi, oi. ?EVaol Oi rravr?s 'EA rlv?s Kai XpTao'saaoa, Kai 6iaVOrIS?VTES OTI vuv 0 coTrEp orTla-
wTraal wTpoi56VT?E T/V Si[apaciv Kai TOTE 6pCVTES ooVTrai Xap7TpcOSUOTTO TCOVP3appapcov Kai TriS a&pETTS
f8rl KaSfiVTO E?KTrErXriypyi?VoI,TO p?AXov &Crroo- a&ticoS Trl5 ?auTv v. Kai yap I1rrot Kali P?iATKai vfE?S
wTOUVT?S, 6v?tpoTro?OUvTES EKKacTOI TaS 'EpE?Tp?COV Kai wiyXa Kai oTpE-rpoi Kai KUIVES Kali TravTa XPl1iarTa
oav 0opaS, Kai TOCOJOTOVTCOV 5?1vcIv VOUl- Scopa TSf TU)XT1S?EOTi 'TpOKE?IE?Vat TO15 KpE?TTO(I, Kai
T?')(XE1V
LovT?SOCTOV TOVoTpaTOVaUTCOV. 1 S? TrrO6Xis
roprrTv TraV-raTaUTa{r ViKI 'rrapacSicoa. TarTa KatioTpaTTi- 88
PiXXov
ayoUaCr3TpoaEc?K?E1 f Trwp65ayc&ova KOClOU- yoi <Kal crpaTicoTai> Trpos iaCUTOuS
?iTr6VTE?
Kali Tpos
p?V). i?pa TE yap iravra aV?ECy? Kai Ta TCOViE?p?ov a7irXout5 EKaO-rol 8ia;?EXSEVTES, ?K SEc?V apafCpEVOI
yVTl OJVfy?E Kai 5IETrp?E0PE3?U?TrTpOSTOUS EOjUSTOV Kai TOOU 9ilou TraicovoS, ?EX)cbpouvSp61Ocp,Ka9aT?rEp 86a
201 D apX)aiov Tp'TrOV,ovUIaXOUS T?-KcAXOUaKai flyE?6vaS Kai TOTs pap3papois OK
wlXou TOU TrESiou S?o9EVTES,
P 'V O Tl TcrTiTa ylyvo6pEva, &a' &pa TE
?SCOKaV i5EIV
'Troloui?vri co' S' aITr- TO 9SEOV c<rFrTO, oUS?v
Ta&?ES ppcbyE?CaVKaCi&VSpES KTEi{OVTOKai'1TTro
82 opov or6oAov U. auTos- aurrco R., aucTos aOTcoi COVEXaIp.aVOVTO Kai VE&SEiAKOvTOKai XpiraTCa iyE-TO
ATU. cos arrov editores, cos au-ov ARTU. 6?EU. Kai XOPEia TTavo6 fiv Ta Troiou,pEva. qrI S TrISKai
TrpOElplK?E ARU, TTpO?ElpK(Etv) T, wTpO?EIPK?EVAldi- TEXEUTC'aaS eiTflK?EI TEpiTOTEVSE1S jTro TCOV pappa&-
nae Steph. Reiske Dindorf.
83 d?XEVA. TrprirjprrXavrT ARTU.
R2, ?TrrplTTXavT?S 86 p?V oiv ETI A. TrpocraEpAAevAR. EVEKaAR,
e&Xaaraav U.
i3poUIATo AR, E?3oUir?T TU. E?rrTay- VE?KEVT, E'VEKaU. uTT?EPpXXovT?S T. 56 O0KARU, s'
aaoiv A- 'Ep?Tpi?as R2, 'EpETp?as A, 'EpETplas R. OUKT. IScoGnvA. ElpyE A. S flv R. urrEprilaviaART,
'EpETpfas TU. ccrrr?p ?<K> Trap&X{A}ou scripsi; frlTTEpIavEla U.
corTT?p?i Trap' a7iAou ARTU. avapTrac?Ov ARU, 87 KaT' &cvepcbTrouARU, KaTraTro avepco rrous T.
apTraaO'v T. TO{v} Canter. Ta SICOKE?V CtV\'i9e T. a&rieEav RU, &aXieeav AT. KpEi{crouST. yeAtia T.
84 Trrpol6vrT? ART, -rrpo?66T?S U. KaeflvTO TU, 88 TaCrra ART, TocauOTaU. KaCiorpaTicoTai addidi.
Ka&rTVTo AR. a&v?oy(Ev)R. iEp?covy?vrl ARU, iEPCOV &XXAiXouSTU2, at'Tou RU, auTrouSA. TraicovoS AR
rravra T. auvfiy(Ev) R. TCOViEpcov Kai T1S Tr6A?co5oi et scholia, wTaiavos TU et scholion T. TOU5Spap-
y)povT?E transposuit U. PapouS U. ylv6oiEva AT. Post &apaomiserunt TEARU.
11*
 164 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

203 D pcov, <op3cov rTOS XOIrrOUS,cooraEp &SavaTroS cAv. val, a&A?a Kali -rTp TrI6ivac EyyUS elvail rTOS 'rrarpXouv-
aTrroXuipevoti8 oi TO pEy&?XaTro?Xpl'raVTES Kai Tp6- cnv. CiOT' El TOxrl C XEiV [ 0aou yEVECSai T'OOVlrTTOVCOV
Trata (pipovrTs EvTaTg vaucri ITXEious auVTrosiipavrlaav O
icrriv, &craivroa VEVIK1lKacriv.olpal av oiv ei Kai 6ova 91
l TrrpOTEpov. OuTe yap TO E?os oUJrEf SSaa rrta ap- Tau-ra EKAEaS'ETTETra'CVIurv,
?XEIV&v Trrpas &cpKouvTOV
KoOVrwos aUiTOi'S ESEXETO, oU68' 'v EupuvXcopia Tois Aoyov Kai itrl6v &v 'rrpocSETvTr T7r6E1
EplXoroTiliaS
KaKoTS oU68e 6iso5oS, &aXa?T-r-r cbS &xr6SoS 6X\os priS' &pETrTSEis TO 6pi6oquov. Tf v yap 'rrpT'-rv p'v
OVTrESiasa3vovro Kai
payIoTrov vavricopa eaiuTois, Kai d&vEToaav
avSpcb-rrou, TrrpcTrrTv86 piou Xpiio'l Eipov-
TOISTrXEiooav'rTroUSiyEvovroif oaoiaOv 1Tt5E aPXiS aav, Sp~Eaoav 8' oiu p6vov rTOUSg aUTnrS,aMaa Kai
E9apprlaov &VTirrofiva. baT-r ol TOU aliarros rJcaKES TraxTra, 68Ecapvrlv S6 T05 EKWTiWrToTraS TwrpcbTmvTE
89 fwpKouV ?v voTi'cp Tra vauoaiv ElvaI. rToaauTr 6E ?' Kai TrXhEiorous,KCaoTOUS TEKai o-ATrTavTaS,TrXEiToous
XaOpTp6orris TCOVav8pGv KKEiVCov
C yVVETO Kai rTOaCOTO 8E aOiSS aTrooTEiXaoavav TraVTaXO, 1TwaiV S' Ev ToIS
TqS ViKTS 'TO &d(copa, Co rTE Kai TO Xcopov Co"OrrEp Ti OITEpaCTOTpias ycoav a poTpC oTv TpoOV rpO- av, TOOV
o'VppoXov&apETrs KaTao-rqrav. OKOUVEOrTlyE o'68ei T' iV Tir irEpopia Kai TCOVTirrTT15apXaia5 'EXEXaSo,
ooriS 6caKoaaS TOrTOUMapaScovos ovopa OVKavijcra- Tro65ou 6xa TravTos &v EnTrolTIS aiX9al KaCiKaSaTTEp
Tra Tri )(i oVi8' Co"rep &7Ao Ti Tilv wTrovupiav TO05 Spopias TO yiyvOpiiVOV WTreTrIArloKEval; oocTE
&aTraleTai Kai oerpETai CV xapS. auvpOrii Kai 8 Ti pTrispiav wrpo TaUTrls EyXcopEivEv TOIS "EAXrlai
-TrO6t1pi
Trpcori KitVUVUCT ai TCOV KaTOaTrlV qTreipov KrlprrTTEaSa. Trpiv yap apXeoSac TCOVo oiclv iro -
'ETXjvcov, pIOVi 85e apKCEai ViKoC'ait, TCOV 86 i86cov pous, TOCOUToVl TroXt5TrpoEXrl1Vs.9E
KtV8UvCOv KOtVa Ta &SAa aCTtrra KaTaOarCiCa Kai Oi J.xIlvEoa.i ye TT'rEA$EVaCi-Tpa&EtS,aXXa&KouAoiai 92
rTpO9bv oOaav rT1S'EaXXaoS TroOvavriov TOU VEvopIa- Kai wTpooa6youtva Eis TO w cp6AcoTOU X6you, Kai TO-
pIvou wTroifaai. TOUS pEv yap aXXouv T'a TpoEita aoUTrcOj.iaov Yoacp Tai-TaOaKplpEcraTpov lr|TaorTal.
Ko,pilEoaSai Trapa TCoV 6KTpaIpVTCV 6 VO6pOAeyEi, q) TooaciTrlv yap vcrreppoXlv TroiT ?&pE6fjS wTroitlcaTO 7
68 TwroX5 wrposTas Trpopals Kai oTs ESCAOKEV E &p(PXfS Kai Tr6l5 acr.9'cVTE?pfiPEV aTilv TOCoUToV oaov'rTp TpO
'Tv E?u.9Sepiav pETa Tris 0comTpias Ev TroI aoT'ris TOi TO0S &iAXous. Kaci rrpiv rTa -rpcTa &a'ois Tiva 93
204D KIV8UVOI5dnTESCOKETri 'EAASir, AooTrEpTOUTO 6ro eXou- SaulJpacat, rffSTIlKE Ta SEiTrEpa, cj-TrEp aOlT1i Trpos 206D
aa TroI "EAXriai, TroiETv6& TrravTOsaUTroUSE? Kai aiTrr v a&PitXXcovri. yEvopUEVO yap TOU Mapa$Svi
TOOTO cbpoToyrlKUia TroiS ITp TOU wnaaiv. CorT' ElKO- ToXp\ipiaTO5 Kai TCOVpapCIpcov XaSEvTrcov?K TITS
TCO5 EiTerv Elvati TT' pev wrrOtv TO-v XEu.Qptiov Aia 'EAaxSog aoT-rrp KOVIOpTOU,ACapEio5p?V OUK EtXEVO
Tipav ETri TroS rrpaX,,ET1ci TrpoolnKE1V, Tr5S 6E 6XAoit Ti XpilcraT, &aX' correp EK S.Eo0 rrA?ryEig inroTreWr-
"E?CarlatT'V Tr6oXv,Kai vopil.eiv TOV'ASrlvaicov Snpov TC)KEl Tfi 1T6XEi Kac T-OUS aiT-rous T-rS siap&aec
90 Co'rrEp XEVu9Eptov rTOi "EXXrTIavelvat. SOKETi 8 pot KaT?EI?PE?TO, cbS KCaKc5 TrpOEVjO'CaVTaCSaCIoT) TOUS
oayKlrlpcoaSfivai T-r T-) rl
Tr 6XECo5 fl P&X)( KCi 'ASrlvafouS, Kai TE?XEUTv- a 6i, TTpiVTI EIOTEpOVKaKO6V
prlSevcov aAXcovElvat KaTa yYvoS 'I TCOV'ASrlvaicov. acTOrv iEpya(aoaSal. 6 8 'rravrTaspaocXiacs 'rrapevEy- 94
?KEiVl yap, El Kai VEaVIKCbTEpOV EiTETiV, CoorTEp pTrlTp6- KCOVTaTs5 TTivoial5s Kai i IVr KaaXrIT)v &TO'TTOV
TroX1S Kal &qoppi] TCOVUorEpov TaVrTCYov EyEVETOTro vopiaai, iEpiS 6 A0apEiou, KaTayvous p?v TOiUTrrrpo
"EMraliv, oi p6ovov TCV iv roTS TroEopt5 o adycbvCov cos EvECOS TXrrixElpilaavTos, irrrpli8cv 86 TTriswrr6Xcos
avri KprlnTri8o5P TrapaSEiypaTOS TrpOTEXeEaSeSica, &Xax Kai TCOV'EAXSlvcovcos o'Sagou ( avrlcTaoEvcov,dcycova
Kai TraVrcov E'ITrtT8EUJp'aTCO Kai pfou Kai 'rpoatpioecos StrrXoOv aycovileTai, rTOvpv ITrEppaooSat, T1rV66
Kai, TO TOO
ou'prraTV Ei'ITtrrv, TCOV 'EAXXlvcov oTrrppIaToS. Tlpcoplocraoc-9a, PEeTa TrooAAo TOUoKpi-TTrOVOS. Kai
Ka i pi l TOTE
16 TrOXIiS oTrco sI:VEYKEV, &Tr'avr &v eppet TOCoOUTOV UipptaE Ti UOTrEppoXfi COTT-' eyvcA TOV TrpO-
Kai ccbpoaTa Kai wrpa&Eis Kai X6yot Kai Ta Kolva T5 TEpov oTr6ov cboTrEpEi wralSiav &Tropivai. SOKEi 8 95
ipJoEcos. oi pEv oOv TroAXoiSaupalouvav o aas pupia- pot Kaliwrpos ras 8toarlias TOTE ?prS oV i6vov wrpos
8as TO-V pap3papcov EViKKCO, Eloi 86 8OKOUCTIV &TravrTa TOv TrraTrpaajX&pIioaoaaai Kali 'rpo5 a&waraav otiv
205D a&vpcoTrouv, ou p6vov Trpo5 ous ?iyCovriavTro, KEiVOI
VEViKTIIKEvaC, El8eI TrapatTrIaa&pevov T6v qo6vov EITreiV, 91 S6 o' R. [ auTirr AR. wTavTaXoT AR, rravTaX-
oU p6vov TCoTra'oi TOItoliTCov yacovA)vaiTiot KaTaaOrT- TU. ir7Tp TrfS c-coTTrpia5R. TrpoeXrVeOElt ARU, rrapE-
XrlXeEl TR2L.
89 TOoIUJTOARTU. yE TU, eo'-r ye A, cr-riye
TIrl 92 o'Caiv ye A. aTrrEAXOTv ARU, rrapeXOeTv T. Ka-
R. 6A?Xo Tr RTU, &TX-A. avvprlI 8/ ARTU. TroT Aooaiv A. Trpocyovalv UN.
6rrrac UN. Ante TpopElia omiserunt -rT RU. acirr 93 XPrllratTo T, xprlo.rTTatAR, XprloErTatUA2.
RT, ac-rfi A, aUToiSU. WrpoO'KEiR. au'rov RTU, airrov A.
90 UaorTp(cov) T. o0 p6vov U2. TrpoTEEaOiTaa 94 VTrEppoAfji RTU, rrEptipoAfi A.
ARU, TrpOTEOeTaa TU2. fv et ARTUL, Kai el Aldina 95 0tooarpeiaS ATN. aCrrou Steph., auTrouARTU.
secunda Stephanus Jebb Dindorf. Tro0lsEr' 0rT(p- Post EKEivosomisit yE U. auvEoriTXev A. rTap'ai'Tou
Xouvlv R. ARTU.
 VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 165
TE Kai CXKOriV AXrIv. E8?XETO
avSpAoTOIg aVEArictorov oTTrrEpv6?idaca- OuTEy OUTE$Xa'CTTa iKaVcoS, 98
6' COUTOV
Sat p3ouXAO6pvoSOT' aTou pEp3aicosErTiV f) yij. rroiav
Kai TaCTCa E?KE rpbs TTfV KEiVOuXpEiav Kai IIETEpaAAEV
yap KupaTcov E-wppoilv, il TJivaS OnKrlTrTOiS,TiVaS eis &AArlXa.yfi Tr yap Ti p?V EyiyvETo, Ti6' crcbXAAVTO,
'i rroiav VE(pcoV
CYEtoiCYoU, rO
i XaAacilrSElpPoVAv, TTOUS Kai AaCTT-ra UTrrExcbPE1 Kai TrraXV auvri'E TCo p3aaiAct
a&SEIsa&rTCpaS OUnKEXAacpopTrpous yE
EKEIVOS &nr1SEtiEv; - KaCi VUV VaCI c aTAa
oCT1 TS vas TTrs 6Qao TS EKEIVOU
fi Triou s p63povs Eyysiouvs SaAaTrious ouxi cruvV- siapaascox Xp6VOSKai 6 "AScos avriorTLArTS TCOEpycp 210D
96 crTrtXATOIS Trap' aurTou; o0 Tra cnmrTlAasTwpcoTOVOiK ,EAeiTrTaTt'- cos 8' ei1TS1v TralVTr KtVOVpEVOIS
EcKEI Kai
flv EOTC'rOi
TOTScoYiVaKoVoCla,&aW' -rrfiyov EiSEaXaTra PESicrTajipEVOitcS soKOir'. KaX'rIAoi 8S Xpuv(oU
KEKVCp
207 D YfS, Kal TrpouXEyov & uri6evos v E\1pETVThrXVEK Evou. Kai apyijpou KaTEAaCXnro,OCoV ilKIcrrotV o-iv &av-
aiTEiv PiEVyap EipaaKEv oCu6,v TCOV&AAoTpicov, &ai' acai, TOaJOUTOV?'TTrXOUaca. Ei 8' 1Tr1SVUtJl?EEOXKiCS,
dlTapXas yiS Kai uSaTos TravTCO)v8' Elval TO:TCOYV 6v8pov jv avUToZXpucOUv j oK<ia. coorTE VUKTCOPp.EV
K1.plO5. TTS 8' dyvCYVOocrvv1rs TTIS MapaScOvi AXUCaI fi-rTpaTrTv apyvpcp Kai Xpvuco, i.tS' fl.E pav 6E VUKTa
pliav Elvail Kai TrapaiTrlTlav, Ei TaOuIa aCyXcoplcraTiV rroAoiT 6' f V 99
KEEXUCTEtE.
ETrrfiyV oacrXou TOSEVJCali
KCai pETa TOrV aX?.cov avSpc'Trcov yEvoiTro Kcai TOv awavyirs Jv fyEv o0i yfis eir Ta vUv. oiVSEv8' fiv ESvos
KO1VOV8?OTr6TTlV yVOiEV' i S pni, 58sC&?ivauOTOuS TCOVKaTra TllV TropEiaCVIIEiOV
LO KpV'WTerCSai. qlXOVet-
KaAO)S PE?T TCOV TTpO7TaTOpcovScoV' OUTO) yap &eoi Kiacas 6S paSeTv 6 TraVvTaaTOTrro pacYiAEsj 6oT-rTouS
T? Kali [Ip~rI SOKEIVUTEp -rTv Ep0ou wTpay(JaTcov' &yst, XPfv yap Kai TOUTO EKEiVC?yEVECISaisuvaTrov,
fi'Stv yap aycov c'TravTaG, vaouS pv ocaS rl 'EXXArvitK flVayKaol<a-Srj Tp-crla TpO1WOV 8il TVa Ia.l Aov q
S&XarTTa otux urWO8ESTai, wi-Trcp 6E Kati Telooi5 &no- apSltijaai TilV orpaTlaV, Kai KaTax<ovaCxUaaiVOS
KpOEIy1V TrV 'ATTIKjIV, Kai TTjV wTOAlV ioTTPoKpOTOV T?1XOS pvpioavpov rrp6s pIITpOV lpiJipEl. KXai6 p?V 100
KaTaaTOEIVetV,iEpa E6 cUAp7i1EtS1VKai S1KCS a&vappi1siv OUTCO)TrCavTaKIVCOVTEi, TOacaUTa 1Trpooapl3pavco
KaCiprTacOKEUaacV aTwaVra. ETt S6 'ArXawarKOi TrEAa- OwT6cToiSVTU)rxoI, Kai KCaT7TrITTXEI Kai E9vrl Kai TroAEiS
youS KArlpouxiaS Tripous n'wTXiASE Kai yriS wroirlolv Kai Trwrava yEvrj Kai Eupco-actia Kai TZa ETl T1f 'Aoias
Eco) TTrSOiKOuVivrTI,|V avayKaOaEIv lKpco)TTpiao'CpIvouS wcVTrra, Kai wTpbo T-nv KiVWcriV IKEVCobCrTp Ta KOv)pa
208D TtpoXouv Ei1 T6O TAaryoS, 0ucop pIIv a&vTAouTras, Oa'vTroACJc. TC-Op63cp. 1 W6OXtg8' ETrEpaa&VTrrSTWSEKVuTO,
c
?rrTpa5 6 OprrTTOTras,TOaaUT-'EXovrTa TOU arcbpaTOS oui' qv Eprqv piXAov Saugviaatc TTrSuTrspropavias i
97 oaa TOIS Epyoi5 &pKEali. Kal OUK rlTT?iAet pEV OUTCO5 -TOUpr8?v TCOV
TiV nr6TAiv EKEiVOUSauvpacrat' i SopO-
ariSrI Kai UTrrpPIpaKai o3POvu[iEILco,ETSAuiT'rclE 68' pou TooUoOTov 6ia yf5 aTacrraw KaTappayEVTOS Kai
EvTauSa, ah' TcnTEKppuye TOiS EpyoiS rTasOrEiAaS, aveu TCOVfTrEpipcov a(PoTEpcov KPIVOpIEVCoV
ETl TTfi EA\aXos
ye TOU T-ri vri9Stlvat, AEyco 61i XP1'aoto'Sa T1- TrO1stl. daVTrcrEV, boOnElpEpulca Kai TrpofpoAo, crr' apXTis
Tiva yap pHEucoyEiav rov ' ATA1av-XiKv
ro paxiav OVK d6pascevr Kali aTvrfi Ta avUTrST-sETIKvOvalt. rrpcoTov 101
Ciaeiaev; Ti TroIov K6OTr'VVlc i vaaa
C &VaSpCOTrOt,A,yCo iev TOTr TrEpi Tas ETrCTroXas aKppooicroils Kai 211 D
-rTV EiCeX6ovTcv aTro Trfis Eco S 'aA'TTirr, wTapfiKEV TrEipai5 Toaov'TOV irrTpEcXE )povfiLacTl Kai -rTOCoUTOV
i&cavppoAov; o0 TOV SiS OaTciv, o0 TOV avco TOV n-Tp- aTE?aXE TOV TrTrorS1ValVcTrpos Trs T-CV 6vTOTrcoV EKEi-
aIKOV, O.K EpuSpv &SaaTT-av, oiu 'YpKaviav, oO vcov p963pcv 'rrayoyas, CaTEOVK?iSE$Srj rlqTicrJaToS
TravTaS ouvriyayEv; ou BtilpeuvijraTro Travra5s Trfi 7Tp65 TaOTa ETI, a CA.'
cOrTKEpAvOS KOIVOi VeVIKriKOroS
p
y?fs TO5S pUX0OJ GcKplp3crrTpov ArTIS Tr v 'Eprpit- TOU KaTa AapETov, .iTS8EV'diKOviiIVpapp3apcov, Irpiv
KfiV; OUK EOXcaTtCai ySfi Kai SaAaTT'rlrr TOV ro6Xov EKKArlcriav &rroSouvat, &(paviiEl TO'vS ayyEXoug a'uTi,
copiaaTo, coCTrEp CayrlYvSUCo T'nV apxilv TfiV aOrTS aYKEUi Kai lTTOKi{Ciaact, Kai TOT15EO (PpovouC TOV
209D aUTrro; TroTov 68ETOTE? poiCia OUK EKIV1|9iS; TjTi TCOV
OrTcov o)0x UTrpc&bSI9; V1Ti TO-r o 6VTcov oVK Ey&- 98 Kai rTarTa SIKE
RTU, TarTa correctum in Travra
TOr ' V TTancov A. XAIa Kai TauTrca Reiske. P,iT?3aASv RU2.
VETO;o0x oi TrropSpoi TOoQovaUrjTc tov A, EIKSV
8iapPEItv E86KOUV,OCyOV 0 1TrapXSiXv Trtilv ? aO-rTcV; iyiyvTro A2, syivETOARTU. &rr6oAroro A. 0aAa'icrS
oi 6' aEvaol TtOTapoi TCOVXE1lCaPPCOV ov6SVv&WAAo6- T. 8iap&oaEco5 6 Xp6vog U. ?TE)Xouvcra TA2R2U2,
TEpOV 68lT?S-rlaav, piaAAXov 6 TroS XE1apPPoi1 EIS rrEXouvcatRU et erasum in A.
ToOvavTriovTTrepItcrTlo'avcoarrep yap -TOCKI?VCOVOEu- 99 XPiv TA2U2, XPnAR, xp -vac UN sed litterae at
?K Ai65 acOEratt, OUTCOS
.iUaTa p Tr&VTcia Tir -
U1T' iO Epr, erasae in U.
Ioo Kal 6 t EVOUTCOART, 6 pv oi5v OUTiOU. aVTErTE-
96 -TAiYv EKEiVOu ARTU, sed post EKEiVouaddidit SEiKVUTOTU2, avra1TrSEiKVUEV AR, a&VTTrETE8iKVUSV
U,
p6vou T. Kai rTOV
KOIVOV 6eoTr6TrTvyvoiEv omisit U sed A2. puaAov Eiphrlv T. TocoiTrou ATU,
&avT-rTrEEiKVUTO
addidit U2. e0Aacyca TU. iEpa TET. TOIOUTOUR.
97 iilco w6p3ou U. 6cnTr<pupvyA. paXEtiav AR. Tfis Io1011TpTOV ieV yE UR2. iUTEPEoXSA. arTEaXevA.
y1rS TOUS [PuxoxJr AR, TOUS puXoUS T1I5 yfi TU. <XKivcov omisit T. COOTSE
oOKARTU. TOUTC)v KaTa U.
~cYXaTia5 A. Post apXilv omiserunt T-iV UN. au-ro pi'8sv' (cKOOUSElARU2, prn6eva T, p.rl8v U. TWOIKIA-
acrTOi AR. 6E aEvvaoi T. iuac(iv) R.
 166 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

102 'EMfvcov fiyeldrv Trfs &nroKpiaecoS I y?9 rob V TTiS T'rrXSroe

lybvETO. rreImra eIpAK6v, o'l a3&pco i's roro xAa-
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ycyyM6vTrcov 8
Tr& iva 8fi Tarcia, OTnTrC&vra TpcoS, r6 Tr Kai
'EMXrlvtiKv rTOPapp3kpiK6v,r6 piv
XpwsaTraplyvTwra Kal TCOVcEAXfvcovKEpSavoiickv oi dmrravrcov Ui0o Lv)(X, TrO6S o08' kyyi0s yev6Ovov, Kai
TeAerUToiC,TarVTES8 coarrep rin' KicraTosTOVTroV7- rr&ltv ipIKpcpye w apO6rSEVprlv, OTriIiXaov alcau)vo-
Iou KaXupf9>aovracl, Kai Trooaorrr KacrrexoiroTs?K- piv?r ovviyE TOiS5'E rlvaS ' Seovopvri, WV TOUCTO
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ldval ropeiav per& TrV 7ovrrcov&vSpcbrrcoviri TM'
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Trepi
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EOPouAWUaaTO, 1A0tolra atria Tri5 wusEpiaSpaAMov q px6vq SIKaioCo
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MapaSovit.oOyxp avrri ye v AXtois
elX? r&asrAri6as Kai T&An Tri T0'rCroX0ou wrrapaCoKeuiv i6vov&Vrrip-
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CaUTO ToIS SO,CaCXO'a. yap ?Eavcrrto ca,
IieTOiKiL.TaCi 'roirTOv ' ou0rco KEiE'OVOU Ka'iTTav'V vrvTa'ri KaxTra
Kai TO iyiao'rov &rTavrcov, yq1 ptEVoiSC6agioC, 'rraTa "rirr6 pylrpilovcov ({i SE vcov} Kai aoqpcov Kai
yap deXTro, f1 8Eis
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oUK oTriv&VTrtwelv cbsoC)XftI' ioarlvrlTrapa-
Tis TrrEpi 'TOv'AS9o 5Icopux)(i Kai rTO' ropSUoUT1]S oaXOi.iv T6v poveOUacrUaivovO KCaiTrepiaTrrCvKai Trwep
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crdaoeiv iep v.
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piovov TrpoaiSelv'oware W.9ov oOiXeijPETV TrOAiv <Kati6g oariv o068 T-rvarvria TOiTs(pacvepois ppovcov
oOS E?IXE
?C?apiTv?XCoV CoS4eTro' oTOroSels &rropovKai SoriSoU aovpJgiri c Xo0ix eiS TrasvaOs nKe r6TTrTrois
inrepQuVi aviyica cvvrlX69Sr,. &da' com'rrep-rTv Trrotrl- "EAXXqiTOTrrppay-icara, o08E cbsTO0VO &pitarov 'jvT"rS
TrOv
T'rV Pao'i rIVes'ATO avSpovT-r- 'EXEvrS5TOE860o- yvc;birns' ot pEv y&p eIs -1OXaS gesXSOv'resx KaiCTraCIavrres
Aov Xaca3ev, aOirVv 86ouV 6vrlSfivai, OOTCO KaciSpPrT1 Crril T's Trapo6ousoipliv obaorrp
aworros ve9gXqv 'rrpoo'-
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YE 681KOaxOS ICiC Kai 2o.aXaiii, Kai 8ip9Seipav, SpaCt'reTEeiEv
eiOpsvIT' 'AprT?iip Kai acbleiv
vayKaac9rSVTes
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fveyKev, CoCrrrp gTt TrOVSeivOV
&X' KTirrayei?S oU
8sEicEV pOvov 'repl TCrOVXorrrov, ourcos davouofoi -rlv Mapaocovit I6cXrlnv iiijiaav-ro'
213D 5A& Kxci rEpi rTOij acbaTICro,trrdvrcaTOv EpTrpoo9Se oi S irroXmepSkvres oOiK 68uvvijrlav -rawrl v TroIs
Xp6vov &iSS1i Co) Tro0rUTKai TCR(pO(3ElV OcVVel'KcbS. MapacS,vi SitarrpaoaaoSai, b&7X' eiSCS T-reCUEvavCbs
103 O'Trp 86 Ka<iwpiv &Trrroc9aTrOv o6ycov roirrcov rrpo- -retcr'6Ovol paiov f Sp6aowreS Kai KaTacxcocaSvTFrS
&arcrb6ovro, ?vi TroCrcpKoapC5icravrESTrjv'E7AAaa, "Tcr
102 CocITp 0 rr KvJcaTOS TUR2, vrro omiserunt AR. KacioS drrroSavdv, Kal TOrOTaOV C i'rov riSeit voi Ui6vov'
TroUpappaCpouARU, -rois p3app&apovu T. care ElK&Cleiv ol 8' co'TarepXElia&ppouv iXcbpovv 6i& -TrrTTroV 85rT
ARU. eXEVA. airrGv T, crrcv ARU. 6poicos ARU, 6XOJvcCOV.KaiTro TOUTO8CVO?Ivv OrCTrl
anov, rTOUpirT' 105
o6oiaS T. Post 6poics omisit Tr U. trapXAQvvyE A. iv Trny~j pavfjvati rivas TrV EXXfivcov6o.ioious r' 215 D
eaiiao-iv A. &reXcbproac AR,
ULN, &xrrexcprTnaev Trr6XetKaxio10 KeiVOl'rrporTpovKaxiT'pacav, .i&Oov S6
&TrrXcbpei T. &6coRU, 6&covAT. SicopvXi'sART, TOv WjTSOvi'rcavrTav 6o.io{ou5Kal TOU
Tor&EvTnrSa9c6&r-
Sicopvyfi U. rTOrTOT"6Xprlma AR. &v'reTreiS(aTo mT;Jiova rTOTET"roT"EAXXrl'cai X jivar oOrco 8' cai
ARTU, avracreSeidaToR2. bore ?XecbvARTU. elXev rTOiroU CaOp9oO 6VTOS Kal 81STAnXV yevaSCiat TIV
A. Eipev A. ropyovos RTUA2,yovos A. yvcbi.v o6Sevl XEiororovTO a C rov 8ioiveyKxv f
103 o08' EyyS TU, oiK Syyi5 AR. p1Kpci ye ARTU.
ovvfiyev A. iTreppaAoopvriTU. acbsiaalvA. Kai XpI- I04 "0 Si TroC'r' igpTrrTxt AR sed correxit R2.
omiserunt AR sed addidit R2. KaTXiar7T
acaia To A. AR. cb5 onK els ARTULN, cos EIS
oOrcoSCoKai6S
'EMArVIKOV omisit A. Xpqv Kai ARTU.
scripsi, Xpfvvat Stephanus Jebb Dindorf. KxevA. 'rTOT6e
TOTTU,
KaCraTraCrro U, KxTr' CauroT, KaCr'aOCrov AR; fi 0eI,- -r6 T-rXoS AR. o06? cj5 ARTULN. TroTMapa-
TroIS
vcovut scholium delevit Reiske; KaT-rTa0r6 rrl<pi- ecoviols A. eOOirS
T-reEtPvav ARTULN.
LoOvcovq'perperamdelevit Dindorf. KaiTrepiaTrcov I TU.
eivac U. r6TOT'
105 votiao'atKOiV&STIrr&vrcov
TrcOv
KaCi 7AcovU. E,ipeev UN, gieAt7Xov
ART. dycovileoOat U. irl8i ARTU.
e?er(
 VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 167
'TrAiS EVTOUTOISCaOTE K&VaiXuvSqfivai Tiva UjTrEpTfiS TrL
EITrElVEopcov CaUTroVVIKfLC'arWpcTOTyap ?wToirlaav
?Aolnrfis 'EAXX&os. wrpCrTOV pEyV yE TC)iTrrXiSE TCV TT V TpOTrflV.
TptlpcoV OJUT' Aac7TppCS UjrpTT CACTE, El TIS XCp15
pEcPEV BoXAopai 5E EcravaxcA)opioaasETI pIKpca TrpO Trql 108
a9XpAo TO TrTS Tr0?ECO5&aic)pcaKai TThV
5svvailJv wrp6syE vaupaXiaS -TpOEITTEIV. oi pEV yap CAAol rravrTE TO T6CV
TOV Ov.AXEX.EVTa TOU VaUTIKOUapIdrp6v, EEival rTaS VECOV
TrrAi9osKai Trlv rTpoSupiav TTrSTW6OECAS
Kali Ta
pEV TTS WXAECOs
F vavS VOpioacl TaS aTraVTc-ov Elval, Tas T EpaE1S EyKCOt.luloCtOCIV, Eyco 56, Ei KaCi wrapa&boov
5E KOlVaS aTraVTrcovtiila TIVOSTCOV TVTOS "EXXaI EiTrElV,EV T Wp
piVTlT CTa S a
TOvOa TEXwiv, OUjEv6s
S TrapaC
TTOAECOS.COOTEE T'IS ECOVfiPETO TOlS "EAirvas TOT' Ei TrTTov TO-TCOV a&loV i6EIV Kai SaClUa'Cai, 6 VUVaUCTO
Pi' 8Eot TrraaacSaycAvicaaloSa.9i r1E EEiT, WOT6TEpOV Tra EiS EaOOV SilCYCo, Ta&XSrl9 OUK aiYXuVEis' cbcs OCTrtS 217D
-rraVTCOVTCOWVaAco)v TrapoOaclS
8EOaiVTO &v piaXxAovf aio()Xuvlr TOUTOTrapEpX?rTaKaci 6' Evvolav T-V Trpos
TaS 'ASivrTiSEV p16vas, ouX alpEolv Elval TrrCaTESav Tflv wrroAvTrapacX-rrClaovTrolET6coTrEpav Ei Kai -TlV
ETrrov, adAX' 'ASSrvaious VrTEp orpCv aycovijE-cSai vacuPa)iav rap?pXoITO 61' EUvolav T1V TrpoS TflV
106 EiTTEoSCal.KaV Ei TTraXlVauTos 6 SE65 aCuTOVS
E'TravTr- Trr6Av.a&pooT~pasyap -ras viKaS aveiovTo Vaq)rpEaTaTa
PETO,OUKOUV O6poXoyET-''ASTIvaiolS yE SappEiv prrrp avSpc)rTcov oi 6TOTE, TrwAal Tr 689TraS'ASivas oiKOUV-
av-Tcov paAXXovf oJpiivaIrTOI5,'apvrlolS OUKqV 8fiTrov- ETSKai ETI K&aAlOVKOtCiaa1EVOI'TOjS ?EVyap EXSpous
SEV.o0 yap pEpos E5STO KOIVOV oCUVE1CioVEyKaV, aXx' P TOIS OT'rAOIS,T-ri 5' ETrIEiKEi'a TrS (piAouS EviKrTICa. TO
Trapa
7Tapa TWaVTCOV ouVTrXEAEa
rrav-rcovavE PEpos TCOV i8icov T-TS
Ti5 TwOAECOS yap TOaaUTlrV pEV TrrpoSvpiciav wTapEXOPEVOS UTrTEp
, , , ,
EyEVETO. &a?aX,T iv T-rV yE EJvUXicaV Kail ToAicaV T-rS &TravTc-v acoTrpias, TOoaavTlrV8E E?iCpopaVEiCE-
TOCaUTTrV oUX.VE1(:oi1VEyKav CKOOTE InKpOV ElVal TO Tati VEyK6VTaS Tri KOlvi XpE1c, TraVTa6E aUITOvS VTras,Kai
vaCloi TOCOOUTOV UrTEPEXEIV. p6OVOI pEV yap aTravTcov TCA)VpEV TTpayclyaTCov EiS TTV SaXaTTca Kai Tra vauS,
216D av9pcpTrcov cVTrEEivavl v EKavEaJvEKXlTrEiV VrrEp TOU TCV 85' EV TaiS vauO'iv EiS TTV -TTr6VAVCaKEIiEVCO)V,T&OV
T aAv
pi T'rV TV aXcov aTravTrcv avacTraTov yEvopEVTrv 8' &aAAcov, CCbTrEp XE?IpA)VOS p,a, KaTa(EVuyovTcov
ETTlrEiV,pOVOI 6E OlX UTTOTwo?Ep[ic)VTOUTO TraS6VTES, Trrpo TiV EKEiVCA)V lSVaCjlVKai iTriTriS EKEiVCOV apETTS
virT CyqA)V avOTOiVEOcpKiSc'ICIaV vjrEp VIKTIS,OU KaCa TE Kai TU-Xr5SoppOiVTCOV,Kal PrTy' av auTcO)v, OrrEp
T&
vcupqopav 1J9' TpcV, & &' A'oits
roTs TrTpaSElvaC E1TrOV, E&apvcov ylyvopEvcov S)5 ouX) OVTCOSTaCT'
SOKE1 T T
V TOS T OE1OS aTVX)(TJi(XaTC)V, TaUT' EiS EXEI, TO(OUTOVTrpa6TTrTOS Kai PEYaOyaXowuias T-po'-
dpETTfv ETpEEylaVKai rcapEiAovTO Ip~Tv Ta&5 E'xrriSaS SEival cba' ETEpOiS5yE'cSalt ovyxcoproalt TflV ETwl
TO KaC' aUCTOUS,EV5EIa1PEIVOi TOUS', OTI K&V P1iuplaKI oX piOaTOS 'lyEpoviav, Kai p[ 9iAxOVE1KfiCaal, pirls8
KaCTaCraXTlV Xcopav, KaV rTa EoTiaS SIEpEuVViCTTal, (<iviK>ca K&V oi vcoASpoTaTro T11V v9OUcv EITwov, K&V
Kav K pwaSpcov&aTavraavaaoraato, oU68v paXXovrTO VTTEp aUTCi)V ETEpOI, p15EVi Pi'TE 9SEyoao'Sal t pTTE
TCOV'ASrlvaicov aic1ca KaSaipr'ilaE oU056 acalpio-ETal P13' oACoAS
pEAAcTafial )VTIVv EXOUOIV E01KOTaS o6qSfival
(pas5TOyE 'ASrlvaioousElva, 6AX'arrpavra rrOVET Kai TOUTCOV EVEKa, Trrc oU wToaaavi86rl ao<piav Trap' KEI- 218D
107 ToTs Ev "At8ou KaTraSiKOISrrpoaop1Ola. KaiToI TiS vois oiyaav cbs &arS&5coa&ropaivEl Kai TravTcOV &vSpas
TiS ECiuYxia qcavEpcoTEpa
TrpoSuuia clXapTrpOTEpa, Tivcov &piacTOUS EKEiVOUSKai KaTa ESvr1 Kca KaS.' Eva Kai
'EAXivcov q KcIaSaraT EI'rErE1VavSpcoTrcov E?ETa(OVTI OTrcoCOUOvEETTalOVTIl;El yap TOT' EKEiVOI5uaXEpaVaV-
9avfilCTai; o0 TfjS yis E TorC0Tav irrEp TOU p'rTE EV TE
T?S Tv TOlaoTrlv ayvcopoirVTjv 'EK'TcO'VEo-TTrav, 1l
yi p1ITTEEV SaCi TT1I 6OUAEUCai, TO pIEV TThPE1VTa TrpOS qIlovEIKiav EXcbprll7av, TiS rlXclavfi crcT-rlpias, nl
vJTrapXovTa 8OuAEiac apxT'lv VOpJiaaVTE5 ElVal, TT-V 8E TOiOV ovap XprlcaT6VKaT-EArrEToTOiS&aAois,Ti TiS
TCOV OVTCOV OTEprl'nv a(popphiv T-rV aya$Sov
pEXXMVTrcV TCOVETE TrAE6VCov
ET?EEAa-TTO'vwv VECOVUTrfipgEV a&vEs
TrolTir'a,UEVOI,Kai TOS EXOVTaSTa EaUTcoWEOcolZov ap)' TOTOI6
SV
EAotv
ro ETI; (EpE yap 'rrpos $9EV, Tva 109
CV acUToi TwpOEVTOT?iV ajTCOTV.fl pEV 5 wp6 T T
VpO KIV-
SUvcOvTEKai wTrposTOU KIV6UVOIS -rrpoSu1ia TroaucrlT io8 C7ZrTEpav ElKai UN; Kai omiserunt ART. Tra-
Kai OUTCOS aXoyos cs EiTTEiV, '1 T6 YE &XAlEOCTEpOVpEpXOiTOART, TrapipXETroU. oi TOTETraAXal TE 68s T,
EiTrE'V, OUTCOSEvjoyos' 1 68ETrap' auCTv TOVdv'y$va oi TOTE?S T6ra'Aal TE AR, oi Tr6TE 'Traal TE U. &5
Kai KiVSuvOV OVUTCOTrEptlpaCvfs CA)TE pOVOVuSEEoTIV ETrIElKEiaU. KaTaCq)Ey6OVTco ULN, KaTa-rCTrEEUyoTCcO
ART. Post apE-rfi omisit Tr U sed addidit U2. yivo-
io6 acUTOUSATUR2, al-TOiS R. ETFavEpolToU. acv- pEvcov ARU. OUTrc U. c'e6' N, COrTEETEpOlt ARTU.
TCOvAU, auTcov RT. oavEICTivEyKavAT, EioilVEyKav Pni8 (<viK>a Kav scripsi; Pr18Ea&Kav ARTU. prlS6Vi
RUN. Post 6OVOI omisit pIEV U. &vatoaTov ARU, j
ART, pr58v U. KaT' E0vrl U. rTOTEEKEIVOI AR. EXcbprl-
avacraaolv T. EV U.
TroXE`poI5 TO KcT' aCTOVSUN. TO aavTR2, omiserunt AR, wavEXcprlaav U. KaTEAiITETO
yE 'AOrivaious ATUR2, TO TE R. AR, KaTE'EAEiTETOTU. Ti TCOVETITTAE16VCOV U.
EV EV
107 pIrTE yli prITTE OeaaTTrl ARTULN. rrpo- IO9 EV EaUTOi5AT, EV a-rTOis RU. fyiyrcaaupvcovT.
EIVTO UN, TrpooIvTo ART. aAqOEO-rEpov T, &XareiS auTolS ARTU, <Err'> acUroIS Reiske. 6Eicaol A.
AUR2, a&XrleoS R. OVT-COEV?xoyoSU. Kai KivSUvoV avaTcracTrou5 ARU, avaoaTaTrouST. EKEiVCp post OVTl-
omisit U sed addidit U2' va omisit U, erasum in N.
 168 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

pIKpOVTrpoc8iaTpicpcojiev TCRAycp Kai TO ijSos a0- n'TvrTvs 5' iEToaou cVTrX0ouv, oi 68 vaiapXol 'rrapa-
-rTOKCal rav o AMycoCaCprTpov KaTIr8I TIS, ei TrV 'rTrlaicos deXOV Tas 9paeSc XarolSois, epacvos 8' fV,
"'EXTvacS
fiyEpovtv al-TOirT-rETroCI i'TTrlavc,X{yovTre GEI8' EKTCV InTapXO6vTCrv cn<eKapiEvousTroS fyqoo-
bst, &v E?VKpaTclSCori Tci vavuIlaXi, OUK o'ovTra p?vovs KaTaa-rciTaa, TTCOS OUK iKE1VOI81a rWavrcov
KvpiOl crpiciv alipeto-Sa TroIS yEpO6vaSoV85 C Vrrip rTCO cAap'rrov O'aTrep&dorpES; j TrCS o0iX OrrEp aCp-
Ev EacTroISIyrCaOIEiVcoV6 3&app3apos acOiroIS vat cavTrasicaav TatS lPOIts, ov 6ovovKrara TvTrVelrTri-
?rrolo'aeiTOVW6yov, &A' &aKoXouvSev aitaXpC~S&<Eivco prlV; KaCITOITOUTOE?o)aTOVelvaClOK? TCV sIKCXacov 113
6eincreiKai 8SouAouSKai &vaoTrcrrovS yevoca9ai, itacoS Iv ToTS TOioOiroiS ou yap 8i' 'rrou Kacra liav v -a&v
8i o0So' &KoAov$SEiV,6A' a&cpaviat9SeraS Tp6Orov vriva TCOrvTrpiqpov auTciro Tivrcos oiPXov KuV3pVfTTai
KE<iVCp866EIEV&TrrE7XSVS &vSpCbrrcoVaClTOiS iEpoiS T'rXVnTtrpoKp1SeVTre,Trracov 6S AapceTv Trv fqyeJoviav
110 KaCiOlrr7ois Kal V6opoiS AeyOVTEs 5' 8 TOTiTaS.9' fptes oO ToTs TauITa KparTiaTrotsodEiA6TO, dXa KCaiTOUTO
TrpoopcbpEvoI T1V TrOAiv EiS Tas TprptpetSTraaav leTe- pIKpOv KEivoiS T6OsiKalov. &X' KEITv6 yE 86i Kai
OaKevUOaCapie, EiTlE6T Tra pjiyiara TErTO?irlK6vat,
Kai iK- wrrp6r8qXovKacip6vov &pKOUv, TVOV auvE0iXEypVCov 6tOV
Ta
AXAE1TrTa1 KOtVa TrfiSavSpcoTrEiaSQ9icEcoS cliv rrmp TrivasiYEo'SCa T'rOUrp6s 'Tv pacppapov 'rroApov, o0
IICOV,EiTE TrapaoTKE1ufs oVTros5 XEeiv,CbSapicoTOV 6v 'ro*s rTpOSrTV rTp6TEpov crr6OovTO-VacTCiOVTroITrOV
frTT'rriSETiv, peTs TOjTO
SIravevoEtESa' Kai p6voIS pappa3pcov iiovous Ktv8uvUEvaacvras urp raVTrcOv,
ilTv cvayKaT6v o-ri TO VIKaV' CAoTr' EtTE TI ViKrS TOTrouS clyedcrsai Et i; oTl yap T& rapovTra Kotva
219D 6eTaSe, rTOCaoTOVlIiv TrpOKoKOTrTai, EiTE Kal TriV TwpoSTOIS pETErXovraSifv, oCrroi TOIS 18ioI0 EVIKCOV
oavvuriAiav 6eT aXKOwdV, viorTOJU'acvr6s ?p{pnpOvoI &7TravTasc Kal TOCaOTcpi yYEEXCTTcoT'nV Xapiv iKOPji-
111 TrrTipoUpEv, oCiroi 8' EKoorTV TOO Trap' cIOP&vEi TCOvrrapoxv-
lovr' av, o6cp Travraspv lvXEA?Uvpcoaav,
TaCU' AEEyOV Kai KE(pCXaia wTpoC(YETiO-eCa,OTI El IEV rTCOv
6i peM0ov YyiCroteai.
6eXEacSEeTri rTOTOrISei El xI, OKTo'rreTTE PTl OOKfiP5a Kal i iv Ei p?Vo0jeiS a&VT?TTreV
aUTOIsTrposTCaUTa, 114
jiei 6vcov fi cipas acTroUS am'OCTOEpiC'reTe ? i 68 Kai adX& 'rravTESa&p1oiv XEpoiv ac'rcT-rTCaav,I-rT OiOK221 D
el
?Co
TrpooC9rTcKav, yap TOV iyouipEvov, 65 TroCTrov &Olov TirjS tEyaXoOyuxias &yaaoSfvai; oi rcTavTaxfi
araTrcov cTrepEIXEV v CDa' ES s avri warcov
fCvV, o6 TrapeSiov T& KCa' aVTroIs, Kali TOoOUTOVpV I TOV
p6voS KaCirTO6TouKxacK(alpOISKaCITC TOWV papp&pcov rrp6ac9v a&paeEvoi, r60Xtv 5E Ev 'rT TOTrETrrrp TrV
Srr6pprlTa Kai T& ,pAXoVTa ~oTrrEp Clj&VT1S E9:YEdTO' qp0Crv <piOTWIOnp:VOit r7rAiovoiSEv lfnTrcaav. EI 8S 5lh
dX' EI TrpooE'SqKaVK?eVO Opvov TXaEctai, rPOK1 OTt, rrpooaEiv peA7Xov caTots oi "EAXrlvEs, ot 6? rrpOS
eI 6' &p'aAXcoseYVCoKaTE OjpIeI,ti1i1V6' ETePOSS8Cbae 6pyiv eyKaTA7rrrov, rT fi v Iv eacpR... rTTioVS' iv
T1V iOP.-eTpav flyeLoviav &OacEvoSKai TrpocaS^ae To5s Pappa3pois drrcareppi-Pvri 'E E 8rao TO Saui-
XplCaraT MrItKax Kaci copeds, TrpOs rTaTa aipeToSe Lo'Scai & t ovs' o6vopa vwv 7E'n'eo'9ai; &?dAa |pv 115
112 6Orr6TEpapoUeCioSE, &p' i TCRSIKaicp A.6youv o0IXi TplCOV ye EV TI KaclTV6(yKaoro, TVrraVTrcv EiaVTrcov
aouppaivovrraS, i rcTai TrapoIo'aas dv ayKai oious 9XEtVT YVyfiyoviav, oi0 p-iTov ovSEv &v Eiroi w T1S
EYXcopeT irapliSTv, ETTrOV &v, ei TOIrTOIS?XPCOVTr; OPh 6Etyipa TTrS EKEivcov &pETrSf Kai TOU wTpolKa rTOi
yap OTI2.Etl rroPiVS PEVT|S SaST6rrcls i6vrlS, TocaaOCraS "E.XmivaSEAEuV$po0v, q nTSvo6sTaOTaa CUYXcopoUTros
86 vaOj aCrrovs i5ia TrapexoVIvovs,TC'v S' AwTricov 6TcravTraoXEa9clai KcaTAErr S vrTaS, ii S(Xa Tr&Syl- 222D
ovraS TO Ie
Ke9p&Aaov, 9<pcrTrrK6TaS T'ri P'OTr' T"fS o(ovS MSETv, iv (c acracacalFiv Kail wrO7EIEivTrpb O &X5fi-
6E
acorrlpiaS, povoUS daycovioras 6Vras TOOU Trpa&ypaTOS Aovus ?v, OK X)ovTrasSo)'coS XpilrOVCrai Troi p3appapois
220D &ai6OXpeoS,TraTrcov 8e TrpoP3EPXr7nKOTa acrroSS, o0X O TriUiV TOUTrrpOypaTOS <piuoaiov i(3&v, T ri i Keivcov
fyelj6vcov"TOCEtV iv6vov, (AAAKaCi-raTrpcov, EXovTrs S' TrrpovoiaKcoAvSv caifVTraL . Kali piv el pIEV EKiVEITClara 116
COS EITrreVTrap' aCrTCOV JvVhTroi{OUT'iV 1YEIIOVIav d&A,'
el KOtVA
El Kotv& ,U?V
p~v 'rr&v'ra V, gri5es
[TrVTI 'v, ti?S1 5e8? IJTrEPEIXE
O5repetxFe W)8?EVOS, II3 EorXaTOv
prlI5ev6s, elvat TOUTOtransposuit U. oi0 yap
ARTU, Ei y&p Holleck. Kara& piiav pev av TCrvTrptlpcO
IIO TcaUT' fi pS A. Post TrapaKoxKufiomiserunt ARTU. o0 TOS' ARTU, oVK oiiv Tro' T2U2. irrrp
ART, sed addiderunt A2R2. ov RTU, ov A. Post cOcrT' TVTrvrcvTOrTrcOV U. clyEiaOalE8EtU2N, flyeiral 8eT
E'Tr omisit Tr U. 8Seiara AT, sed correctum in T. 8e ARTU. Post Trapovrcov omisit 6e T. fiyiCoreoatU,
EiKOOrrov
ATU. TyicaoraOatART.
III TaurTa 'EAyov AT. KEpaiTatOV
T. &TrooT-epfIarT'r 114 TCOVwrp6ocev AR. Post iv pacp lacunam
U. corre EIST. apa aX?cosARTU. 'ilv y' :TEPOS U. indicavi.
-rarra aipeiae ARTUN. II5 <acro0s> Holleck. Post eilrro omisit TIST.
XE(1v
II2 TpOpEP3XrK6OTaS avrroi5 RT et scholium, Trpo- <TroTJv s I.6vou)> KaTcaAei9ip0vras<rrpoaolvat TOI
PEPTrK6Ta5 aCuTO5vU, rrpoE3ArloK6oTasaCTro*sA. Post pappapois> Reiske. Xp6iaovTa1 N, xpri ARTU. xpr
TIOtlv omisit p6ovov U. &dia TrcaTpcov AR. Trap' <(rrpoao'val>Iunt., Henricus Stephanus. 6' &KEiVCOV
U.
aurcrTv U, Trap'auTciovART. TnrrEpeXEv A. 6g icrouR. 116 EoaXrriSCanter, IoXraTr|vARTU. o06v cOVTro
ot<Eyopivous AR. R2, oU06vcovTO ARTU. oiV6v 4ovro TO T2U2.
 VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 169
aoTrois & VUV 81EqgASov, Eira KaT1EXOVCtynI TO'S 'AXA&a yap i T-rrEpi -rTs oSdErroSEieSaTrouSl Kal M6yos 119
Aoyi,crpoOs, oaXaTnrrlsdcatvov KaprEpiaS TrapEIXOV. El X6ycp -rapaOS8ou5 ipas TrwaplVEyKETrEpaTrrEpco. Elpi 8E
8' oUSv CovTro EiaTTroUos9at, rivca EiS TraUTOrv &ttov Err'airasT5 rr v
-ra S wpCaEitS, ?ETT?1i TrEPi (v E3ouXA6-
EKEiVOisSEvaC, Ol 6VoVOIsSEaoaVTOIrS3app3Cpois piv Ev rTCO a iEac Sloapov. PurEiSd56E ma InyEicaS
opyicaSai; &a' oiaci Trpos ?VTOUrTO &Travra cOuvE- ETrpa TOWSovroS Sia'rpiPEi3v iPtrl' irTT'Eetpyao'pEvoIs
Ta'avro, OTTCOS KXaiTO'rS irapovras Kai TOUjSaCiTOras avaXAaipalv3tv, &dAaxKolTrEiocco) T'nv XpEiav 6orq Kai
TOiS p?V EKOVTaS,TOsVS8' aKOVTCraS Egaipo'ovTal Kai T-rVEK6oTrou TOo Xoyou wrpO6aoiv Kai TTO qppsEI.K&V
TOUTOSiKatoV Ecbpcov pJVOV,elTEiwTaTra yE El KaSa- OUTC)O aKOTr, TroAAa piv Eivat 860Et Ta XAEy6Opva,
pCS eTi-Talov, ouSEiS
&v 'EAAivcov TOT'fyv 'v aaAaplivi. [Kacorov 8' EiCaaTrra ipfOcSat, Kai Ti) pEV avayKir
117 rrpoao'Saicoyap EvrprlpiaSEVKa T-rlV aAXa-iiva. vUv 86 EpditApXaTravra, CorrE gri81yvElvat TwapaXtarEivdTtil-r
TOOJTOcrpiCtV EKpiVaV EgapKeiv, KarTaa-rTvat TOIS aav-ra, T-r TarEt 8 ETEppco)S O0KEyXCopOIVVTa CuVpqIvat,
"EAXro't TaCTrpayplaTa. Kai 6it TOUJTOoCOpJ6vov Trls -TO8e &i wTapEVEyKOV TI5SOjuv?XEiasOV Kai Tfs5 aKO-
223D ylyEioviaS, da&A Kati rfs TroAEcoSaOrTfi &dcr'rrlcrav, Nou9iaS Ei'aETal, &vaapia3&vcov TCOv cTaura rrap' 225D
c 'arSorlS iSiaS aOTcr Kai CKOTrCwV El TrCOS E?T 120
&opacaEiaS Kati TrAXEVEiaSTr KOlv paov
E?T'rCpoS ipporTTrEv.
oavuippovra nTrpoKpivavTs, Kai vopilovTEs TariTrrv cS 8E El pEVTrEpiPris8VO5&dicov TrpaydaTrcov1 TrEpi(jv EK
d&ArlS|AS Kai PEsyCnrv ilyEIoOviav KaTEpyaaEaoSai, Eav yEtTOvcov ecrTiTa rrapaESiyp-aTa T'rVET'racra TaU-rTIV
ilyriacovrTat roTs "EAArloaTrpoS Ti'V EVA9EpiaVKaCTO Kai OTrouv8tv ETrrotouipE$a, EiKOTCOS&v TIS fPoas
EJ)rl
ocoSqvat. AaKESatpoviouS 86, CcrTrEp oi TOjS TrarSaS pIKpoXoyEiTOSat-VOV68 l'rrrp 1vTTrVTES1ElVToroIrTai
7rpo6tI6aoKOV-TrE, Epoui.SriCaav wTpo9ulpoTEpouS Trotiq- A?yOVTE5gE'AdTTrovS
yEyovaoal, T&raaaS6Er TrEpi TOUS
crat. Kai at&TOUTT'
ryayov Esi TO TTpo'SEVTapaK?Al- XAoyous 8uvapjiSi'-r-rTTat, TravTE5 5' cc0TrEp wrr' EK-
aEcoS EVEKa Kai TOU 'Tr -TpaTTOPEVa irrr6 cacv i1pEiTaSal. lT?iECO5S.audItovoual pixaov i' oi 8t' &dKpipEias EKaoTa
TaU-ra 86 ETroiovvKai TroS TPiiotapaltv. o0 llT1vCoaTTEp ECApaKOTES, TrTEpTO\jTWVayCOVtI6OPE9ea OUSEv EXATTco
Tc) pTiaTI Kai TWCKEpa TjiS TrapaTEd?cS, OVTC) Kav Kara TOUjS o6youS d&yva IiKpOl 68iv 1 KaTa TaS
TaTs Trp&aEol TTrv TlyEIoviav ETEpoiS oTapEicaV. rTO6Ev; Trp&E1s EKETiVOI TOTE.OU68V OUv apyov ouS' davEETa-
d' oi pEVovonga 'nyE6ovCov, oi 6' pya wTapEiXovTro, CTOVEiKOS TrapaiTTrEIV,C5 6.oikOcosn T' ETrti TroS IIKpOIS
Kai ToaovT'c Kx\AAOVaCTroTsTO cXipa KaSiocTaTO CTroT'ouSr 9pEIt ivKatIV
Kai -TOTroiS TrrltKOUTrOtP rTr]V
OCrCTrCVflYEOVCovaorTCOvEIXOVTriv iyEPoviav. 6 ri a&iav a T&rr&vrcov<puXAaat. Kal yap TOUTO ETEpov
yap pil S816Etv 'ASrivaicov Evi, TrrVTa' iv aKupa, dCcS' TpOTTOV av tS ETvait 9air tiKpoAoyouJIEvou. adA'
6 pEv AaKE5attJovicov vaOapXoS -rcv &q' E-rKaTWC ETraVE11t5r.
dpXO6vTcov ippX?v, 6 6S TrOV 'ASqvaicov apXovTos yap roU TT?piTTaSrTXaS TwraSouSKal TfiS 121
jlulpavTroS
118 apX6vrcov. arrEp obiv Kai ol "EA?rlvEsovvIt86vTr5 Ta 'EAa&SoSgXaiTrpcoS Kai o<paspcopS &voxS9EiorTSoi ptv
aptiTcra rTOV vlavJa)(Xiv C'rrSooaav Tri Tr6AEt, Kai CcA)TrEp TrnwAa TEriXous p[bqaVTE? E-icrEXovTO, Suoiv
224D tapTurpiav TrapovTcov cbs aX'TSos5 Kai kwopaKOTcov PEpi8otV O8ETrpas OaTEP6o PvoI. oxEV
oi yap EK6VTEs, oi 8'
rTapEoxovro TriveSiaav oi rrpos T-rVacoTrrpiav aITroiS avyKir TrrpoaXcbpouv, rptIppovTos TOUiTOEroweOU Kai
Tiyrlo'xaEPVOI.Kai oUvvpr3nTIqiTrXotA 8tXO6ev Tra'rpCoTEra TraVTcovEp?EfS Coo-TrEp Trup ETrtIVUTrocpEuyOvTcoV, oi 122
aVEAcrSat. rTaS Piv yap Tr6oAEsVn'rpeTXov 'A$fivat,
TroiS Se avSpaS a&vhp'ASrqvaicov eTS.oOrTCS6 piv iv
rTpOTrov rpa6OTTTosEVTc E vyXc)opiCaat wTapEaXOVTO, II9 rrapilVEyKEVA. TrrpaT-rpc)t R. Elht 6' ?rr' U.
8 68 &diXvS I fy5 EypoviaS iv wTapa wTraXCov EKEiVOti lrtl8EE?TepyaaCU?vois A, 1xlf8 trr'EEPpyaCCT votisRT.
av6ETSrT. Kai PhivKai TrpS -ra AorlT TOOTroXEIlovT'rV Post XpEiav omiserunt 6ocr AR, addidit R2. oUTrco
TrOA6v |6Sir KaSapcos TrpoEo-rio'avTro oi "EANrlvES' aKO1TrtARTU. 6?ErTpco5 ARTU. Trap' a'VTCtAR. TO
rTavrTEyap oi aCrXoyot Kai ail aOvoSot rrp6s 'ASrl- 8' aEi U.
vaiovu Kal rrap' 'ASrivaicov K TOiUTCOV ey[yVOVTO, Kai I20 yEyo6vaatv A. 6E i ARU, 8' f T. SE CorTrp T.
KaTEcrr Tr KOIVOV PouAUTr)ptioV Tr 'nTrOIt TOO TrpOs TOV Post &xoAhovq omiserunt oi ARU, addidit R2. ECOpa-
pappapov -roXeou. K6orE ARTU; EKao-ra Trepi rTOUTrCV EcopaK6TrEtrans-
posuerunt AUN, correxit U2. Kara rTaS Trs WrpaEtS
T. Post rTt omisit Elvat T.
II7 KaTa'roa vat ARTU2, KaTaorflicra U. KarEpya- 121 rTrep6OjiEvo ATR2, oTrepoPEVO UN, raTEvoi-
CEo-EaiDindorf, KaTepyadcaaCatARTU. "EAArcriv A. LEVOtR.
71yrlac7vTratR. rTOUTr' yayov ARTU. EdVEKa TUN. 122 Ei[gaVTrS5TroXA&Kt1transposuit U, correxit
-TarTa U. WrpciaCpacT. rrapeTrAav TUA2, 'rrapiKaV U2. iXECoTir TTqSOEOUXpwOvrat 8tavoia U, TRAEoTfi (a
R, Trapijoav AR2. 86 Epya R. erasum est) Tfrs OEOjXp&ovrat Stavoia (c erasum est)
ii8 ouvt86vrES RTU2, acruVE86T? AU. Trap6vTrov T, IXECo(i erasum est) T-rS TOU (eEiou supra addidit
omiserunt AR, addidit R2. EcopaKOTCov ARTU. A2) XPCOVTaiS8avoiaS A, iAEc Tfqs rasura (OEo0 in
'rrpovourTaavTo U. rasura R2) Xpcwvrat Stavoi' (as supra addidit R2)
 170 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

86 ris 'ASrvaxsev -rroAXoTsf6r1 rroXXAKIS 6eiavre cbS avaOia TCOV 'EXAivoavPovoXEuopevcov Tfis rr' 'AprE-
6pSos EiciV e'ITCbw oip 1KaCiJXiaCI oECE Tj TriS SEOO ptoicprTr6Xprs Kai T"iS 'ASrnvaicov wTapouCTiaKai
Xpcovrat slavoia, Kai avvEiSo6-E5 gco.sev oiaav ri VIKCOVTOS 6iTi TOU Spaoip,ov, S6EKCbAX'aav
aC'To1 Kai
226D Tr6oAei
TrIlv qpaKfV 4ntOpi'ptaTroiouVvraiT'lvpVTVr6iv KaTrrivayKacaV cAo'rrEp Traias aKov-ras vrroarfivat
CTrrTpEyai T T-rroXtoUiXp
S9Ec,'raTSaS68 Kai yUvalTKaS Tri SEpaIrrEl 1aVT-ra wpay1taTEUc'apEvoi, TO pEv
crrapaKaTaSo'cx.,at, CauTOi8E yUVvcosEVTES
Els TpoiLjva wrpc-rov Ev5eXopvvouS poilS qcovTiv TrEi0ovTE5,EilTrEra,
TCOVTrplTTrCOV TrpoppaaEo'Sa T V sXarTrav, 'rravrcov CS arrEOpaVTovfiv, arrpoo8oKlTro S 7TrplieEv-r TaS
oo' a<v> TIS E'iTO IPiylIcTa KaT' &vspCOTrUOSEV ?p
Epa avayKca5 Kali ovoaKeuvCavrEs TTV vaucJaxiav, coTrE
pla TrrapacoX6IpEvol oaLpj3oXa EVaEpEicas,KapTEpias, Trpos piav Sappfciat. ETrrETa yiyvopEvr15 Tflr ouvvoou
ppovo'ecoWS, lptavvSpcoTriras, pEyacXouxvia' Evo'EpEJiaS Kai TCOVpapCpapcov TTEptKaX&avTcoVrTat vauCaiv
pEv 8ta TV-iaV TiO lveV TOIS eoT1S EXov' KapTEpias 8e &Travrr TOEV Eco TOTrOV, TOTef68r Kai yfiS Kai SaXaT- 228D
1TraiScov Kai yUvalKcov Kai TTS TCOV OiKEITaTCoV TTrS Trapa TOcOUTOV Eetipy6O?EVOI, rrap' 6oov at
ovSErSiasc a7TreLeUyi'yvoIi EpOVTI TCr SvUpc
' piXav- TrplpE1t5 ETrETXOV, Kai cO5 AiXriSCco Coarrp <ev>SaA&ciTTr
SpcotriaS OTI TaVra l
rrrp T-rSTCrOV 6AAcov To'orrpias Kai KUIpaCIt TaravTaX TaUTOV OpC)VTES OTTOtI p3AXeav,
iriTrEVOV. Kai pIV Kai IJEyaCAoUy)(Vi yE TiS avSpcpTwCOV TroAXEious, oi6iv rwapcto'av ETEpOlS,&AX"awTpoToI
iKEiVOIS oJpOIOS,o0 TCOVOVTrcV 7Trrp TTrS Xeu&pias PIV arrToi KaTqipCaVTfis valvJiaxioas, oCaTrp Ev E0vpoia
&arrerrlcaav; aA&a pilv TO y
yE yv vat TO
r povov .XNAov TrrTVTCov TrO
&aTroKvo"VTcov, p6vot 6 Trav EgipyaaavTo,
Siaacleitv a'arrvra Tr&rrpaypaTa, rTTVaopiav AEyco, ocra piv crpaTcrrlyovTtpovoia KaKoa)ca TOV pacnaia
1' F V KaCiT'I Uv'TrO 'TavrTcoV EV TOIS X6Oyois T7IEvrov lS e6et Trp6oTEpov Trapaacn<ecavTErs, c)OTE Ev TOIS TrroXE-
TOiS apXouvcv EUTrEiSEiasTOVS5TrTCoTOT' EviK1rCaav TCO I.OlS 4pXiAcov Kai TOrVo'VVEVuOPIEVC.V E'uropficPat -- Ayco
123 86oypaTi. Kaoioi p,V OVTCOS rrECKEvaaCotVOI
T rrpoS Tri 6e T-rV TrEpi TOS 'Icovas Trptaiv - & 6E XEIPCoV VO6CpC
acAaprvt KaTEIXOV T'OoS TEXArnvaS, 6 6E &aptqoTEp a T1i Kai iErTa KOIVfiS TfiS EuYUX)(as E6Et TpacXSfivai, Ka7khocTa
XE?pi rrapiv, aycov TroiSPe)XpiTrS 'ATrrtiKs"EAA?rvOa6Ti TCOVU9' rjAfcp iap-vTpi Kai TO7Ai1WaOaVTES Kal
227D 61cooj Kai j3app&apous, KaciTruTE1rel 8- irawlv EiS T-rV T-rEXEaC&1voI,Ta&avTrEspEv EaUTOUS VavTria EKEiVOtS,
capaiitva, KEXEUcov& wTpOTOi, yfv Kai 06cop Xap3eiv, oiTrEp ojlav KEq)&aalOV 'TOOVavUTiKOTCOIV 'TrOXEPICOV,
vouiEcov, El TTapoVTCOVKai 6pco)IvwCv rTOV 6eiVoV TrpEpYaevoI6t rrppoTot Kai 6iap9SepavTrs &XAas
yiyvov-ro oi Aoyol, puoAAv Tr KaSioaeosc$ai Kai 6AXaXOU'TCOVVECIvev'TawVro6aTrroi TCOVEpyov E16EoCi,
Trapa6cboetv TCacra aUTOvs' EVTarci9a6'l Ka'i TrrETaTOV wrapao)(X6vTr 6SeTOIS AotrrWOSSCKEIV a&VTiTOi vav-
ATrroi6oSEaa'Ari. OUTO-r y&p Tr6ppco6Eou f TOVI. ETra- paXEiV. CoCTr'Epoi pEV TrapaTrAr[aicoSolt EAXArive 60- 125
SCaaSa Tri Trr TOv V EcPXfS eYVCooCIsevcovEyEVOVTOCoaTr KOtJcr VlKiTOa T1V vavC1axiav <KEIrlVV C)OrTEp &V ei Kai
Trrei6fiTIS iTOt6XTBEVEiTrEivcbs XPTn ovyxcopeTV, aCTol MapaSwvi wTapOvrTE5 PETEo'OV TfiS ViKTlS. ?KEI Tr yap
pev aur6ov, at 6 Tyv yuvCaiKE V yuvaiKa eTreA9orOeai fnpKEaEvrlniTOAi aUTIr Kai ?v EaXaapvi TOWvylyvope-
1iEp9seipav K X1tp6s. Kai TrapdaKAXriSaUT1r TrpCOT VOVaTrraauo'aavoi Aotrroi. Kai TOTrgi?Ev ripp, 1,'c Tfi
Tslv
Trrpo vaupvaXiav rTis "EXErlcav yE'VEro KOIVP1 6
I.I)(rS 1CTeprlcTav AaKeSalpi6vioi, EKEiVTi T1i e11pqC
124 TCOvTE av6pcov Kati TCOVyUvaiKCO. OU) oPTIVV KaTI'T(Xv- aOcrriSOicrrprav rSV TpoTrriSot auvTE7AE1.Kai TOCTOU- 229 D
VaV TaUTtV TroTS gpyoiS Epe?iS, TACa rpcTOV pEV rTOV Siev1voXV Co"T'EIKOTcoS av Tiva 9icrait PTpi6vov
EpiS prl6S TCOV
TfjS EVSepias aSAcov rTCOV K Tfis vauivaXia
R. Tpoitfiva U, Tpoilqva ART. Kai TravTcovAT. Ca' X&apiv &VT-r TrEroi TO5S"EAXrlvaSXVeiv S6Kaicos, &A,o&
&<v> scripsi, caa ARTU. anreLEvuypvot ART, TrrO- Kai TfiS vixK'qavTfir. Kai yap TaUrTrlv coonrEpcaXo T-
LEUYViVUpVOI U. TOyE ART, TOrye U. rTOpovov JiAXov K?p60oSwpooXAap6vrES qaivovrai Kal 'Tfis 9l?OTlpfaS
itaacLteivART, rTOP7ieAov cjrOeiv U, pieAXovp6vov KOtlvri IETaOcX6VTE5. eVTaUISa Si Trao'CapbV &KTTI126
LN. vavayicov iTreriarrNcTO, TraVTES6E oi 'TropStoi avvEK?-
I23 Si?q)eEtpav ART, drrrKTreivav UN. Post av'rT XUVro, E9EP 8E 6 TrO6po TrpO5Trlv fiwrtpov Eco TCO
omiserunt wrpcbTTARL. Post vauvaXiaV omisit roTS paoclAeT 6eiv&a SE9cTa Kai p&Xa Tr&rrovTa TfiS
U. KOtV RUT2, KOtlvriAT. TOrvTr &vSpcov Kac yJvat- EKEiVOU TrEplVOiaS Kai Trpugfi. &atlOvS Kati Trfiserl9l-
KmoV ARU. Krl TrOvKCaKmov TCOVyEVOPiVCvoV TroS pappa&pois pvcra-
I24 CirrooT-rvat RU, vrnrocxfjvatT, rvrroaxolvatA.
Post ovv6oou addidit Kal TriS avupoXis T; recte I25 coTrrEp Ei U. fipKeaav AR, correxit R2.
delevit Dindorf; absunt in ARU. caTorrp <ev> ea- vo-rTpitav ... ficrepitaav U.
Aa6trr Reiske; Ev omiserunt ARTU. TOV pacoltNa I26 TrrTFrAClo-ro ART, ipTrerrArlo-ro ULN. Post Trav-
A2R2T2U2, TCV pamOClAc ARTU, TroS paoaAXcos L. TEr 6S omisit oi U. Post rTCO KaKCo omiserunt TrOV
CoCoriv ARTU. AXyco86i U. pETarKOIVS 1 TiCSEi'yvuXiaS yevopEvcov ARTL. pvrllo8fvat ART, Trivrljvoeival
UT2; Tf'S omiserunt ART. rrpaXOfivaiK&XAlorTa 6q UN. KaTEAapov 'TOART, Ka-rEXapovroU. Post SOKEI
omiserunt AR, correxit R2.
%auTroVs ARU, acrovs omisit yap A, addidit A2. vTraipEIv
ATU, &wr&apai
T. ES8EaWv
A. R. TrpEap'urasARTU, TrpEopv-pu'rouv
R2.
 VOL. 58, PT. I, i968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 171
$ftvac. TO yap 5i TrrdrpEpyoVv V Epycov oiK OnTIO- Ka ol O1 OK
U ETTOirlcE pO6vrl (pEpETai TTIv TOU TraVTOS
TEpov 1TpooE[Eipyaco-ai. Ti O0V TlV TOUTO; TpEs TO- KpiaolV ETITtpOS TOUTOISTi) TOU O`TpaTTyOU O-UVTEIEaEl,
TrOUSoi p3ppapol KcaTrEapovTO KOT' &pXas, TTrV TC)O TrA TVT_YTpqpcv,
KaTapo CO
ppC at TCOVvaupa-
fiwTrEpov, TTiV SXarrTTav, TrlV wrpO TiS EaXaiTvoS XiC)V, TCO TOUS TOTTOUS EUpEiv, TC) TOUSj "EXrcvaS
vfClOV, OTCA)SaKplpOcTEpOV 8tlKTJCp avyKAXEioVTOoi KaTaCoXEIV, TC' TTPCA)TTVVlKfCial K1ai
aTTV pEyicOTrV TOU
"EXXrIvEs. 86KEi yap Elval JxeyaXrl o-uPivopa Kai rrapa vautvrKOii popav, TCAOTrAEiOTOV5lapSEipaO, ToIS &Tw'
TOVvo6ov TOVMrl6IK6v, El TISTCOV aVTraipEVTC) Paci-'EAEuivo5 9(pacclaoa, TO015V YUTv-aria rrEpiTTOIS, Tr
AITTO?XirloavTrcovlSa<pEvUETal.KaTaTOJV TOoS EKTriTr- <TE Trapa TC)V (piXcv paCpTUpi(a Kai Tfi) rrapa TCOV
TOVTas EKTfi5 VaUIaX{aC E'Ta)XS1rTa KUjpiaTrS OTpca- EX$pCoVoi 1pEVyap Ta apio-rETa ESocav Tri -rrTAE Kai
TiaS, av6p?S T[pcCoY. oi TilV
TrpO.TOi, KaCi KaTEOYXOV TaUTra 'yETiCOalEAp' (&v I , 6 8E EKEiVCOV paoYlIEiU
VflaOV EPEOTT'KOTeSc6)S ?9' ?ToipoiS. Cs 6? TCOVTrpCbTCV (E)ycov )XE?TO'CaT Kea1i Trapa SEO)VKai Trwap avSpco -
aTrrETXOV Kai E.Ta TCOV 'EAXilvcov qv 1i TUiXr Kai TTCOV Kai piAcov Kaiwo<Tro?icov Tri TXrOAE5686o'Csa Tas
f
TTEptioTparTrro TTEipa, a&vip 'ASrivaicov EISEsEXOVTTS Tqi)OUS. Kai TaClUTrJ aU0 86X6S?V TOaUa OUpaiv3VE, Tr 232 D
'
TOVKiVS8vov v(pioc[TCaTO KaCiXCapCAv TOv o'vTIaaCvuTc)V ApV g )yVKOlV TWpoUKpiS.rl KCaiKaTETrpaOE, TaX Ag
230D Ev a7SaaPivl
TOIv S TrpecpU3Ta0S&aWropp3acaS EiSTljV vTCYov Jcv 5ia TOU -rTpaTTiryoU.Kai T-a pIEVauZ TOU pacnlXAcos 129
127 KTEiveI Trav TOUTO TO rEpCoKOV. IEp1rli 68 KaotSioTo OVTCwS EXE' Maps6vios Si UTEXEiT'TTo iEV SavaTCov,
pev ATriT'lS )TIrEipOVKEKOOirLIJplVOS, c)oTrCEp aAXXov Trva ouvE1i5c) EOaUTCv- p po TI TIS cTrpaTEiaS aiTioS yEyo-
aycova IrTOIC)V, fi TTCI TV E? oopavov KpITTiS TC)V vcos, TriS 6' caO-fS (<E>i)vfi(<0>a TUjXTS EyVcO TI Kai
ylyvopEvcov, oiO6pvoS TroT5 EauTOv TOV Trap' CavTOu TopAirlaS Kai XapcjovTrapa TOI paO'iAECos TC-rKppaTioTa
p6pov a pKEo'iV. Kai TOCOUvTOV flv apa TO Epyov aoTcA TOU TrELOUTrpOCTEKaC(STTO. OU [fiV Ou85 Twpos TaTOa
OCTOVTOIS pEV Opyio$SIvai, TOoS 8 Tlpicyait TCOV ATEpcov E6rlXcETo15 "EAricaiv, dA2A' CA)yTr?p aXho TI
oTrpaTIC)oTc)V. c)S 8' ECpa T-rV SadaTrrav alitCaTI Kai AOIT'OV Kai TOUTO wpTOC'YEEipyaCyaTOr TwO6Ai Kai
poSico LEouovav Kai 1TravTaCVEKpC)VKai vavayicov IEoTa 81EtfiXAE [ElXpiTfiS TEAEUTTiS,C)OTrEpol TOIS O-TEqaVOUS
Kai KUplCOTEpOUSETEpOVS(poPETVKai TOjS EKEiVOUKai oCvEipovTES. oi pEV oUv aACoI Tri ETOUCoia Tfs5 pCaXrSs130
aUvTOv, EKTrAayEiS KaOi vopio'aS SauJIpaTOTrolo Elvat CYEIViuVOVTra,OCOOL 5 Kai TrapEyEVOVTO, Kai TaUTa
T/iV rr6Xiv -ractvcpSioav iBE, Kai piETTacorpwcs TlEI TlV OU8EVESaCUTc)VEyyUS T1S TrroXEC)S O'UTErrXA'SE1 -rTpa-
aUT'V, OU .iETa TOoUaUTOU Xo)(fiJLaTOS,EVfriiS TOUT' TOT50U OUTETrpoSupia YEVOIpEvol, E f 86?qtIlETpa
C TrolS
CAycobvicawTOIOUIpvoSi Ti'v oX(E5iav KcraTapE1V. TroAXXoC TWrpOTpOV TiS paXrliS EViKarEV aiCSis Kai Map-
128 OUTCO Sia TravTcov irv Trs xO CCo 'EAxrl- 56viov KaOipacicac cbs adrl9IoS i8iav viKrlv EaUTviSKai
VIKOV, Kai TOiS T-rrTaCTIV E EiXST vov puAaKTflpIov Up6vois TOI5 'ASrivaioiS rrpooiTKouovav. cos yap TTpos
oCia ToTS"EAXrliav, oTlaic 68 Kai TCotAoTrrcpjEpEi TIS- auTlV Ecbpa TracV'TO 'EAnlTVKKOV Kai Trap' apI(pOTEpCov
oiKOUpEvriS. TiaC 86i yAyco TrOIWaCriv; oTS AviKa Trp6- Eyvcooro KacoX5 o0 T-rV Trpayp(aTACOVEOri Ta KUpia,
TEpov JI6vrl MapaSc)vi, ols oaT-rpov TOCOUTOV wrapfiA- Kai Trapa TC)oV EAXrivcovAXyco KaCiTrapa TC-rVpappa- 233D
SE T05 caUrarcTas, ols aiTTn KE9pacaiov TOU T0roXEpo pcov, EvSClpiov paoXAEiKCaiMapSovic yiyVETai' 6 Kai
TOiSoT6X.ois a&pIOTEpoiS 'v, TOiS EV nThuais a'uVXOvo'CV ppOvtIov Kai Ev
E'UrliS EECTTpt wpoc1EiTE1v. p[V yE TO
aVEUV Tr6S EOXCOS, TOI5ETT''ApTEpllcC VIKCCOl 61a Tri) WraVTCovKpaTIO'TOV lTEpitavcoS, EI wTpOUXcbpTiCE.TOUTO
231D TrOAECOS, TaT5 TOV S.90EU ,EavrETais, Vv ai pEv Tr1S 86 flv TraVTOS pXaAov &aSvaCrov. rTi 8 TOUTO IV; 131
'ASrlvas Edval Triv 8copEav, aci 8E a'TrroXEoSa9TOiS EOKyavTO [IETaoTcrroalrpTos a-rTOiS Tf-V wrXiv Kaci t1-
"E?Xrvcas5Eppalov, El OVCaTTEV 'AS9rvaiol IE-TOa TCOV AXocait TO 'EAriVIKOv OaUTfis, O0 po6VOvTa TrapEAS0VTa,
pappapcov. COXTE Kati ?E cv OVK Ercra9ov ol 'EA?rlvES oaUVEto6TES, &?Xai Kai Ta rrapovTa opcoVTES co5 81'
Kai (Sv EAXX0ov7TEiaECEsC9al Kai ols Ewroirc7EV l Tw6OIS KEiVCO)V fiyETO' wTpS6O TOUTOSr Kail TOV EK AEAPqOV
Aoyicov, C)S AyyE-rTa, 5iappfi6rlv paOpTUpoUTrcov, El
127 rrap' auTou TU. Post KupicorTEpousomisit yEvoivTo 'Arlvaiot pE-rTaTOUTCOV, oiX'oEacSai TrOIS
iTApovs A, addidit A2. ilSEV AR. 0auvIaTorolov "EAiTriacTa TrpayypaTaa. 56KoKE 8I TCr paa\AlETKai TOV
ARTU2, eavoTrol6v U. Post PIiETaTOU omisit auOTO0 p6poV cOVOU[VYcpKai T6 KpSoS VSVIUpOUpIVCOp TTElpac-
A, addidit A2.
128 o'oo)CEV T. p6vov ARTU2, o6vil U. TiCT 68 I29 aC0TOO R, CauToOATU. UTTEAElTETo RU, IrTTE-
ARTU. TrpOTEpo v Mapacxvti RU. TrapfiXeEv A. olT AiwrETO AT correctus. aTpaTias R. p<EP>)vqoa<e>ai
atriT AR. VIKCotIV A. EPpaLov RTUA2, E'rPalov A scripsi, p6vrnS Kai ARTU.
rCOOTE Jv c UN. 3
PIET appapcov U. ots
Ol K TwoirOIcEV I30 oyyuS caTcOv transposuit U. 5? friTEpa ART,
A. TC)tI TrAElCTov ARU, TCOVTrAEioTcov sed litteris 8' p-rETpaU. i5iav RU, bia A, 5il T. yivErTa U.
deletis rTOCTTAEiOTCT. y(palciCaol AR. <TE rrapa T-)v 13I Ti 68i RTU, T-i 8 AL. Trpos au0Tro0 L, Trpos
q)iAcovpapTupia (vel y1W,cp) KaCTij> supplevit Beecke, acTroui U2, TrpoSaurrov A, TrpoSa0rTov RTU. TrpOC0Ev
p. 38. Kai TaCOTaART, Kai TravTa U. 6 8' U.
eKEiVCOV TUR2, rrpoaOEAR. 6oa Ev "EATcnaiT; Ev omiserunt
rrapa avepc'rrcov ARTU. KaTETrpacEv AR. ARU
 172 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER.PHIL. SOC.

Sai TrIS rT6oEcos'Kali1TErp'rEi86 KnppUKKa

T&vavTia roTs 6rrXoAEoS i auvvyvcocYav Pa&XNov fil -rrTESaVTO,rTC
Trp6oCSv AEyoVras. aTrl yap cv frTEITrpOTEpovy?f !i.v 9p63c XpricTrouS vopiiovrEs, oT5 6' wTrlTyyTEXovro
Kai U6aTos, TaUTa 86i8ou T6TE, OUK&dro lrou TOY arrtipoUS ETI TCOV'ASr vaicov' Kai T-rV PEyaXouyvXiav
IT-rpou, aXAa rTO-rTO pv T-rV rroiv Kai T-rv Xcbpav o0X irTTOV ESE1;av TCZ TT'V Opyhv KarTaaoXEV Ti Trp
aT-ro0T aTrrES6iou Traoaav, TOUTO 6E Trv XAoirriv 'EA- TarS ErayyEiactS SicbyaaSal' E0Uyap TrolETv,OUxK E
Aa'Sa 6copEav wTpocaETi'SE. X(Cpis s TroVTCOVETTfV TradXEIV'n'TEpuKOTEs5 G8CEoav Kali piuo'v 6Opi'iElv aO-
XpcpaTra VTrrpTrravS' o'a ev "EXAlAii Kai piAou5 Kai TO:S TOS Ei TOTroIoOU'TO 'EMArlvK6v, &A' o'OX avTrovs
o'vUpMpjaXU EO
Elvati pEpaiO[S' v OTIKai p6VOUS ESiEI 8ETvTrap' r?T?pcVptiicr6v Tfs' ap?TrfS AaIpaVEIV, C08'
Kai p6vois eSappEIl pIaAov ' Traralvols EIXEV, Ei 'TE- EiriKepSEIt 9lIiV TO5Ss6vTra acTroUS,oUS6v yE paiAov
EIapTUpEi. Kai TO pEVKEaXalIOVTfS'1TpEcpEias i o$
COEIEV, Og WTralCS6aKai yovas ?ETriKepSEi piAE?iv,&XXa Kai
132 TOIOUTOrv'v. ?KrlTpIKUEE 6? 'A~CavSpos paClnEis pIJrTaTCOV avaAcohCTcov ac.lEiV, Coc)wrEpEiKoS TO'rS cS
MaKESOViaS. oi 6 TOCOOUTOV
ToXrr(aOVr TOU saupao'ac UTrrp OIKEiCOVTaTS yvcbpCaiS SiaKE?I?VOus. Kai TOUTO p?V 135
Ta ETTrayyEAiaS,
ix Kai otiuTravTa a KEKTTrIrat
686vra TrooUTOV Kai Tl|AIKOUTOVEpyov Fi ap?TrIS Aoyov Ev
a&ita pco -v ETvat vopicaal, CWowTE
EoCoE' TOV wrpPEoCpUT'nV Troi TOU 'ToAeiov KalpOiS E;EAaji4E, pEaOV T"iS EV
234D 'TO oa)( a
X T'5S TrpoEvias. ou p.rv oUS6 OUTCrOS SEa EaXapiTvivaupax(iaS Kai TTiS liAaTCaiacl o'i aX). EStEIav 236D
KaSaTcra aTrrEocrtEAcav, &a?' El pI' TrpO ilAiou sUvovros 8' c Kai <6ta> rTOU-rTCo)XcopiS 6v Kai rrp6aO9SvSie81rl'
EKTOS OPCoVEi1, Kai TOV XorlroU rTpOElT6vTES a7Oo T-r KaCiPacaiEXu Kai oi "EAAIVEs? &aTraVTcoV TOIS 'ASQI-
TroS 'AS9rvaiol pxuaAov rrpoEEvEiv,cbS oUK &vEuSava&- vaioiS TtiEpEVOI6 piv 5ia MapBoviou Ka?ocovETriTOU-
TOU TOiaUTraTrpEaPEOCOVrTaC Kai &aa aycoyoi Sta Tfis TolS, oi 6 i T1roET1v TaTra 8ia AaKAe6aiovicov 6E6-
XcopaS aUrTOv fyov, OTrwTC5i'rTETIS a&rTal pI-rT?E TCO pEVOI TO yap avS9AKEiV Kai KOaXsv os aucToujsEKaTE-
6tia,erTal. TaTrrlTvEycb TT-rV v
adTrrKpltv TTr1S IaXa- pous y)iToS qiv pcavEpa Kai T'riTatisEvapylS Trrap'&a-
iivI VaCupaXiaSKai TCOVTPOTraicOVovX IrTOV ' &aiav 9oiv OTI'Kal opcov aUTci)V Kai TCOV EVaVTicoV oUvvicaoc
/fyoUopa SuavCIuaat oUS6 EaTTxrrcolo0TiXoLiavTrapEXEtv KpEiTTOUS6vras o0 IptKpC)TIVI. OVTA) 8S' EArTo'iavTrESE
OUT?r TroiSSoUov oiT-rET TTE{iaavTi.Els5pV yap K?Eiva apXiS ETI paAAov S.auvpaoavrT? aTrfXSov TCrOv pEV
OTXrAoiKai T-plrpEca Kai opyavoiS ?ESE'wTpoaxplcaar- yap OUlK Tiv0oXovTO,TOUSS6 a&rro wroAou TOUKpEiTTO-
Sat, EvrTaUJaS6 rTOIS aeTEpoiS aUTCrv KaSapoS EXP'- vo5 7TpooaECavro. doorT Kai TO EIKOSTwpooyEVE-9sai,
aavTro, yvobl,u Kai Aoycp. rT Kai aUTroUs5cUrrEpoa9cv auTcov TTrV a&iav Trpo'-
133 TivEs o0v &pErTfSaycoviacTai KaXXioUv, r TIVESTC)V S9o.at yfi 9ov Kai TpEI5 Elvat TOUS IapTvpap S ?8E'S,
TrrCTrrOTE
-r apKE?TEpOV TTfV ETri6?tEiV aUTqS ?'TTrroIT- TOS TroXaEIiious, TO0S oaXvo&XouS, aUTroUS auTroTi
aavro; oi Kai Xpucco Kai apyupcp Kaciai6ipco KaciTOTS Epycp 86ia 1TavTc)v o6oifouS yEyEvrlpvouv. avvayayov- 136
Trraolv &iTrrI-rTOI s1EyEvovTro Kai 'rrravTao rrErlvav TEs 8E TroU "EAXArvasf8 ir paaov avurosi56KoouSoTv
6ooicos a&prlTraa TC paaClET C' crTrp &v El ?Kp1TrTETO 8UvapEvoUS nXaTata&'t yiyvovTra. Kai TO P,v acicopa
VirTOyfiS -TI, TrEviav ,Ev aVT-riTrOUTOUT'rtCiocaaT?S, TCOVTrpaTOTr68cov,i' T-rv TrrapTa'aiv T-rV pappi&pcov,
KIVvoOVUS E &VTr' &da(paEiaS Xo6pEvol, iKaltooavllv S' cos Ta&XSr18ia TTISBolcOTias, i Ta Trpo T1riSpaXlS
134 aTvi TfS Pacrto7o T-ooaarrS i1tav9pcoTria5. Kal oO SitlyearSai icaTrpip EOrTI r-S 'rrouvS5sOUK?piKVou-
TT
1TrpOs,iv rTa5 appapiKas 1TrocrOX&'EI or TCoS ?EX9pco pivrl. papTupia 6' ai$tl yiyv-Tra TrirrolT.EiSavpaOaTi 237 D
Kai TrapaTETaypivco ElXOV,Trp6SSe TarS'E?MrVIKaS,El rrap' apqo-rTpcov wrr1T-rs cSpaXnS. AaKE8aiip6ovio p&v
235D TrpooEii oafil Pa XpEiaS, uT'rrOTrTTroKOTCo, 1i cos5 Tri yap 'ASrlvaiots EoErcraav T'rf E?Tri Epaas Ta'Eco5,
TrrAEov&<KoicaiXA6you.&XXaaXS96v-r0vAaKe8ailo- CowaTrp dvayKrl TiVi Kai :1aEi CoyKEKXr1pcoiJPvOV
viCov Trrpi96pcv Kai 8EopivcAv EvavTria Tri TOU pacti- nTTpaas'ASr9vaicov ]TTr'raSai. aCSiS 6S &vSuvrr-iy
XCoOSTrpEap3Eia Kai TOIrS 'rralTiac Kali rTapOrPTaS Kait Ma6p6vtos TroUSAaKe6atpoviouS &v.Salpoui?EvoS,fyo*-
yvvaiKaS aUT0ro5 SpetiV UOTnVOVpUVCoAV,EcoS &V 0 pIEVOSXuaiTreTXv aOcr AaK8aitpovious KaXcos aTro-
$vioKtovras p&Xiaovfi 'ASgrvaious Kaocos5viKcovTas.
132 Post 'AAScavSpos omiserunt pait7hEs ARU, TauTa yap EK TCOV TrrpboaUTOoS TrapasElypaTCOv
addidit U2. il RTU, fi A. t6i5VTrET. CTo-r' TcoaEU.
Kaalelarra R. Trp6oiXiov Buapjcv U. I35 ?gXaayIev A. Kal <68a> TOiTCOVCanter, Kai
I33 a&pTfig TUR2, &pET-rv AR. Erroti)avTro ToOirov ARTU, K&(K) TOiTOTOV Dindorf. pfil wroEiv
RTUA2, iTnroilroaToA. Post oi omisit Kai U. AT. Post yq$pos
TauTarU. cos ai-uTo RU, cos auTroOS
I34 &a7' ?&06VrcovU. 6S& ErlyyA7Xovro U. S6a- omisit ?v T. oaqcv aucrrcv R. avvioaaaiv A.
cyoaao-cla T, litteris deletis 6t{ao)cbocaacai A. lp
I36 liaTpirp Tr Trfi5 orouSi6S Aldinae, BiaTptp[3
TrrEpuK6TaSU. auToi5 TOISTU, CauoliS TroI ARL, a
aCrroi{s} Reiske o6X avcroijs editores, oVK aCrrousi Trfi5s cou6is5 -crriv T, SiaTplpi Tri5 o'TroU6iS 'Toriv
ARTULN. Tro1S 86vraS acuroOsAR et scholia, Trois ARU. bpi^tIKVOUpEVr Aldinae. yivETatARTU. au0rTr
b6vtras avTo'ro TU. r?Ta TCV &cvaXAcoprcov ARTU, editores, aiiTcoi ARTU. p&uaov ?1Reiske, i' puaXov
pLET'avaAcopdarcovReiske. ARTU. TUL.
rlTpVIKEv AR, EOpioXEV
 VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 173
137 rlVplIKEV. CjCYTTEpOJV oi Ir0UKTat TrEpi TT'S ordauo'E TTOUTrTSTtavriyUpECosov TrOpapEXASEV.T1 KOpI5o y' 141
-rrpcTroV 'nyCoviaVTro, oi SE ESEXOVTo pJEVTTEpaas, aV Eir TOrVaTr6OCV, Ei oi lEV VOOSErTai
r TOUTOUXapiv
E86XOVTO 65 TraVTraS a&vgpCb'rous, VTrnIpxov 86 Eis ETEivvaTvTaS auv6SouS, Kai vr Aia yE arTo TrouIvoia
raTavcra VIKCOVTrES,TOVS pEV p3appcpous apETril, rTOiS ' TIS iEpoCrIviaS wTrapEprcav, 7iAEi"oTOVXPOoV wTpoa-
"EAXrlsvaSapET'ri TE Kai rrXSl.EI.
T'rVKai TE paxrlvSEVTES,OTwCoS Erli XiCTotrTov
aAAXXfiotSOloiTEV, TUPIE1S
KpivouoC 6iac WraXVTrcV~EX6ovTES Kla TOVS fiyoupEVOUS 8' avri TOiJ XPlOaacySat TrOTCOEip.pO<(i)>E,Sa. CoaCTrEp
Tris iTrT-rou iaq9EipaVTeS. Kai 8Ecq'rav TEtlXopaxias, o5v Tots TCOV 6aSAov yupvaoiois OUKaaXS96P.9Ea EVTuy-
atv eiTrEiVoi a&Xol TrpOSaOTroi0 X&VovrTES
orov aicX)uv9EirI TIrS Ep' IpEpa <(iPpav>, &aA' ?v KEp6ous EpEpi
iqcav, ecoS TCOv pap3papcov ol pEV ouj X 6poicos Kai TiS a&Ei TrrapoUorCT SEaS aTrroavoJ0oEV,OUTCO Kai Trrpi
ITp6OSEV KaTEIXOV T'Vv BoicTiCav KEIlEVOI, ol 8' cwaTTEp TCr)VX6ycv EXEIVEIK6S,KCaTaUTa yE TCOV T rq
wTTavi)yu-
EK vavCayCl ao&oTol Koai a'1cjVTaKTOt VIKTa LjtEpas pEtl CIUKEKAKrpCAO)lEVCOV, TrCVTCAS OCjX EcbAotS a&E TOIS
-rTlicorTpav ayov-rTE, EK rTroAXXv oXiyoi Kai WroAAoi V EVTErUE(oSE,OVSj' daTI.UOTEPOISEKEiVCOV
vTroAEtqPSEIC9
Kar' oXiyous TroXa
E?EXCdbpriCaV,T'ris vrTrEpriqpavou avvEivai. &aXh' ox rTTAEiCo
Iva TOrVa&VyKaioOV Trapat-
138 crrpartia Kai rTCV 'ASrlvaicov pEpvrlpPvoi. TO'UTCV 8' TOVEYVOg aUTCO irpKVCK
T'rOTC)O JO, ) rrpOSTrOUS EpE~ETj TrOV
OUTCA KaTaaTaVTlrcov oi pev aAXXol TrravTEs "EAArlvEs AXyoov Kai CUVEXEISKaCi58i TrpCEojal.
aacpvcoS avaTrrElTVEoKEcav, ovX 6oov &v Kai TrpocrES6- 'EretiSTi y&ap f 'EXAAX5 ?aCUTfSEyEVETO Kai -TavTa 142
Kr,caV sltaTrrE9FyT?ES XEitPCva, Kai TnjV TroIV EcaTE- EEKEXCOP'KEI,VfiES,iTrTrOt,TO TrTE6V,UTrapXOI,paoti- 240D
qpavouv, S.avactlov, Tlrav T'i EITToiEVaUTTV pIIKpOV AMES,TrpoTrov iEVTrvray1VpEIS Kaclwp6aoCotI TOISSEOiS
flyovTro. OUTCOTrIj AAo T1VOS auTroi5 ESEl TTroi'cai O icaav oTaoS oUTETrpoTEpovov0' UoCTEpoV oU68EiS1E'1vr1VTat
238D Ti yE 8OKEIV ?XEIVa5lov a'Trfis' i ES Ev'raUSa S6 Kal yEyovuiaS Ev EAEpUSp a T' EEAXaSI.oCUyap v6o oS fv 6
TV
pAxiorTa '-r T
rEpitooicav s5 pET-rT ErTESEioaT-O. avvaycov oCSE Xp6vou TXK-rTT TT EpioSoS, A&X'EKTOOv
rTOCJOTOVryap ETr?EfQX$ev EV TOrcS Tip&yp'aaiv coc-r Trpay&aTrcov 'iv Kai KaTr' avpa Kai KcaTaTTOAEIS
ErTtpiaAov Eco 8etal TroTsp3appapois'rivES icav oi Kcai EvsioEi.CaSal Kai CoTE?qavrqPopVEt Kai TroS SEO0S ,pap-
Tra Ev Tr 'EAA&ta TragTa spaCaovTrs acUTOISvKi Trivas TUipEoSal TijS Trrapocr1)S EucaitpoviaS. Kati TOUTO ro EV
(pEUyEiv KpivaVTES ayaTrroTov nTrrfSov. 3cop6O5 XAEuSEpiou Ai6O, autTCo TE TCO)SECO XaPICjrilpiov
139 'OpC) IpIE ov Kai rTOv Aoyov EKTEIVOI6EVOV Kai ETri Kai TOI5 KaTOpS.,O'aCla Vi rlVUPEV 1ET'aotTo TOV TOTrrOU
TroIOVTOIS TOiS TrpoEprpEIvolI 1Oo0 paov 6v rrp6S TOWVEpycov KOIVFiV
EocrriT, EXC)V TrapaKArl'aIv totS
fi8ovhv o0UTEaUTOVrETI ElTrEiVOVTETUXELV&KOU6VTCOV, "EAArNciv EiS TE 6oi6voiav Kai TO TOrv pappa&pov Kara-
CoA)CTEp V EUSOKIplJ'TrKOT
gET' aycOVlATTTo EiaIOVTa ETEpOV. povETiv ToTro
r 68 TO6KOIVOVT-rv 'EAXXlVCv iEpOVTO EV
oUi ptv WuxaycoyCasxY apv
Pa.Pov V TrEUTarV TOVS AEXpqoT5E<EKoc'IIpTrlO'jV KaXOis KCaiTrpETTOC1CT'OI ETri-
XAyouv 6E701 E"ia "ET' CaXrNEiCa5Tn V T'rjS TTOAECOS yp6piaacrv, ae rE
TOv T6 AEtSoO TO'VaE apETfS povov, dXAXa241 D
a&iav- COTE &T asiKilC Ka,9Iu(pEi paJxov iq 6itoXAirco KCaiTOV EKTrI KaTaCxKI(EViS KOC61OV TrpoCoEA'aov,Kai
140 AEycov. TTEriTa EvSupirTE'oVKai aTrr' a'Trou TrOVCTup- 6 TCrOpappapcov T-rrATOs t S TOiuSKPEi-TTro E1EpicSrTI.
239D P36oou TCOV Aoycov OTI oU6E T'iv T TOV1avaSrqvaicov Kai piEVTCro
K&VTOUTOISaO Trawtv n rTroAiSTOCcovJTOv 143
aVTCOv EOpT'Iv iPlivfVlEpac s pila avayKTr PETrpETv, cA', OCOVTTEpv aUTaCl TraTs Trpa&tECI
8tEVEyKOUC(aCavij-
El yE Kai TOUTO r EI rrpoo'SEivai, KCaiTrO XrA9o TOAV c'ETta TCOJTO .1EVyap Trv aKKpOTroX?tv KaTEKOO'UrpJ'E
ilEpcoV KCopov Xapiv Kai oCE[WVOTr"TOS aVEtTair- OOTE TOTS rTOV Epyoov vrroCivTlpaoct, Kai TCr) TTri5 (piCEco
ou6 TO T-r V Aoywov 7rXSr3o5otKapov EVTroIOT-rcTCrV KaXAE TO Ta' TOO TXOVTOU Kai Tfi) TEXVI)SEq)a.IIAov
Epycov Kcalpc. oCVtVICleV6SE8i WTOU Kai TOV a&y&va TOV TrpooaE9rKEV,eorT' Elval 'Tr&orava&rT' avaS9fi1aTroS,
yupVIK6v Kai 'ETt
paTXov rTOVT-rSPJOUOCIKS OvUK
Eia'&CCra i&AXov 6E &aVT'ayaAXoIaToS' TrOUTO8E TaS cAXaSTi'rpaS
6pltO6iEvov, &XX' Ep' EKCKacrrTEAEUTc'vrTa COS EiITE1V TOTSSECOiSaVfi4E, KPEiTTOV S E
&wdoa'rT EATIVIKiKSSuva-
LEpa' Kai Trraxvt a &pX)fiKaSltorTapEVov,Kai ov0u TrOI
SE18E TC
rV SEap'caTv KTrAi)povpJEvov aOV$rlpEpO6v. 141 TYv iEpontrviav UN, correxit U2. O6uiAoiEvU.
caS9'ocaa KOlirTO vUv KaipOv EK(pEViyETOVOXov yE 86i pEpC()o<i>)EOcaReiske, pE1o(p6opEeaARTU. a&Acov TU,
aAAXov ARL. fiEgpav addidi. OU'TCyE Kai R. oUx
137 pappapous apETrf TE Kai TrXiOEli AR olim, sed 6cbXoisDindorf, OUKECjXOtS ARTU. EvTEvua0eEA.
litteris deletis correxerunt (pcap3papous apET-ri TroCS I42 EKKEXCOP1rKEIUN. KcIT' avSpa KOl KaTa T6EIS
KCai
6' "EXTArvas -rrAilOeA2) A2R2. wrp6oeEvATUR2, TrpaOr UN, Kaora a&vpa Kai TrTOAEI ART. KaTaCecjCOiamR.
R. o-pa-rTEiasA. EXCoV AUN, EXOVRT. E?KKOcrYiPer TA2, EKOoCyerlUN,
I38 EThEXAeEv T, wTTEAXeov ARU. E?EKOjfirT A, ?EEKOPOIiaTe R. KaTacaKEufS ARTU2,
I39 paritiov 6v A. gIET&&XrleEiaSART. doCTE a&t- TrapaorKEufi U.
KfICoARTU. AMyovomisit R, addidit R2. I43 TOUTO ,JU V yap U, Kai TOUTO ,TV ycp A; Kai
140 piEpas uais ARTU; "Aut fri.Epa,i(a est legen- deletum in RN. Post KaTEK6O'crloaE omisit TroS U,
dum, aut deest aliquid, e. c. Ev ppa)XEi Xp6vc" addidit U2. EpauitAAa T. avfiEV A. apXcaous ATUR2,
Reiske. Ante rOTrrXAfiosomisit Kai U. 18ious R. KacIlcKiCufTET .
 174 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER.PHIL. SOC.

PIECos,T&CpjVUOlKOt,TC 8' 6vTiv OrEpopiaf aQrrT'TE TO TOSTiporTpots aO-

dwrVTrewEXTv
ITOipEousUoCaaciv
Trapfi9Se T"roUS&dpXaiouS8pouS TracvaXfi KaT' a&iav Tros? i:v Tri TOV&pXo6vrcov,
, :XEuvSepicp I8KOatoOtvl)8i
TCOV?pycov Kcai Trv TOU KiKXOUwrrpoao,9Kr|v'roIOU- Ti) TCOVe&UVOIpEVov Xpc0o1vouS, TOUT' o0v fq w6oXt
8' E
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KTrTOSEyEVETO, 8'
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242D rTOVTrpo'CSEv&OiKfTlrcov T
ETrriapev &aa ToTS pyotl Kai Froriv, otrav iKCcoi, nroteivdyaSoS TOUr5"Ervacs,
Tri58n KxaiTrl K6CTIIC KaX
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" iTrrrpaKTrat acioiv, 63cAAc244D
144 pivr. &A?a?yap EvroauSa pEv cbairEp OKcoV EV rETOVv Kai TCwWrpOT?pous a;pXEtv ,TKCcoS XetIv fyeiao'Sav vUv
Ka$' 686v TOUAoyov pa?Aov i 'rrpoei6SoEvos' ou yap 8' OTe if aPXfl 'TrepioSrTiKEVEiS SIKaiOU T&aitv, E0 Kai
eis TaCurra6opov ifTrliyy6ollv, &AN' EKETVO riET1Etai Kaoks.O ECEoaSe TrIVvasKEKtIVlKaOT.OITrCOSEyc qpi)ptt Kai 148
povA6pEvo,V,OTI t KaMiolorO V a&vSpcb'roisKaOTO aUTO wrrposSKatoo'ivriS Kai wrpos avSpElas EiTreStitv dc&hl-
ualrTe7XoraTOVT? Kai VIKCv 18Iovij,.Sev 'rrp6oo8oi StvfS r&8OSTerFpa, iva pfrlSv rcaX$iSerrco, TrOV wrp6-
TOUO TOT' ravo$'cav
Kai 6 [tXiAi,KaCTOiUT'EiS5TOroTov Trepov oX)( i-rrov vapyql TrErpaxSait Tri wrrOet.wp6s
o i ]a 6i -rr6oet
Tots "EA'EXXrt 6 rTaiTrTn avtar' &v T-r 68 TorootOS Kca TOrV 'EAWivoWV&Ocp7aXEtiav elvat Kai
t
'iTpoaSir' SIKaicos, TrpcoTOVpEV KaTr'aCOrtTvCs a'q- ocoTrTpilavvrrrAeitpavev OiK ?i KaSe.ipTaaa a0TOOS^Trri
-rTOv SeOvrtijp"v' T5
Scs rTTv ro T yap soOs cobs alTriov 'Tr5 aoriaS Tripoi'r,o0S' Et prT68vjrIT' aOri 6St'acr*rv
6i Trou TrCv&yaS&ov&rlTav-rssa&iEpt6eS6a, f TrE'rr6XI pl-rT'aOtroi 'Trp6TrotevvUrrrpCapov aOT~ov, &aX' El TOCSs
rTOy' eis &vSpcoTrouSiSov -TOT'?Tri -TrXTcrrovaTria pappapous cbs iTi rrtlWo-rov oraanvro Tr'o ris 'EXEa-
'
TCOV orroVpavTrovaliVErTa Trr?TarTCKal Tro1SavaSi- 8os, OUToS cST-ro dpiorrlv Kal KtaSapav qovXiav
paatIV aotroI Kai TOIS XaPIcrraTpioti TOCaoUrTOV Crep- arraotv
6pS,o9S
a,EaoSai, XoytiLonvraKci Ta rrpacy-
aXeTV.Ta yap CovppoXaTfrs 6oECsplas aCrrS riTaUTa TOU tiaTa c3s TrrpuK?ev opooaa. p6VOI yap oaXE86v oirro
TeKUplpia.o' ptIVlCapK?lV KaSapcos
145 K6(ous KaCiipEYSouS orTlI 1'VXU)(&ouotv oiTitVE &V 8S({cot
pO llTrrcavrC
TOUTrr'evouIae, Xapiv TroTSeoTs ?Xe?vTCovyeyevrl)J.vcov fiovXiav &yEtv8sEO6tvot.
IrJTrev oUS8'E'rriTOYSTporTaiots KacSica-
Kai Iri,'6V TrrA7ov 'O p?v Aoytacos orros 6 Trf S wrr6ocoo,&rTavCra 149
Sat, cborrep &arrtTroUcaavcauTrij, hXX'coxTrEp -rripactv EXCOV 6oa av rTIS iVv
s'orrtKoaMtbtra &vSpcbTrroupa6t.
TCOVpJeb6VTrcov ra Xrrr(pxovrTa Kpivaoaa aOrrTl rpos 8tlavorISvTres 8E OUTCO TI Xpfl rrppTov, 1i T-rT"rXwTcaYov
iarUTrv ili)XUacraTO, KaCXS Kal T'r Katpco wrpocrl- EirTEiv,EviKooV p?VTrlV?v MuKaXrJ pJcXrlvoCK v 6XWycp245 D
243D KovTa povAeuaaJOivvr' Ev yap rTols sErpoIs Xpovots T4 JiEcp,,s8rlpEuvlaavTrO 8i T'ri Epcb'rrrl TaS
r x5r&s,
ra SEuTrepa 'rrp'rTEv ftijou. rTaurTa 8' iv el
avTEre'TEEX- TTOU Trg TIt KpU'TrTOlTO TOrOV xres6VTrco, Kal TOi1
S[ev TOTSrTpOTEpotS hrctaTpaTeio aaOtKai TrotS (p6oou5 pEv drro -TpupovoS ijXaacrv, TO*J 68E rn6o2TraTowJ,
146 KaciTroi KItv&vous eis Triv KEiVOVpr?Taocrrocat.8 Kai TroiS8' &rr BuvavTriou. wrravra8E coaTrep&yo; KaoSaf-
p&dXCTT' &atov TrV Ev TroT SpyoiS &<EivotsdcyaCaT val povrES 1TrfX?Sov, oOK X6rrrco8i TOrVKacT'iTrropiav
T6 oXipta TOUTro7EHOU Kal TflV c'iorCTaCtv.svoTv yexp rrXeo6vrcov'rr' &ayKUp$vdcpp(iacvTO.Trv 86 Tptlrro-
OVrotv ETfpotv TroATeotv, TOO pJV, av &PXl. TIS {~ Xpou 6St& TOUa&Epos5 EXSE91aav wopeiav, bv c WrrapiqKe
apXfis, roi 8, &v&aOvr"rTat, rTCio xv o0 )(XrE?Tai T6 xKETvos, tcipTlaVTO.6 piv yap e TrTOtCIV E1STOKOtVOV
oi
SiKaiov, TOU6' &cpatpel-r5s <pioTitpias { rjS a&v6yrKtl &lrTcavTas, Trap' 8 c v '8et 8iKIlv Xoa"eTvKOXa5tovret
rrpocrSiKrl, S6t T-O9<pO yvcboi?v av&yKS5 KXC)opio- i ar'CTav, yfOpEvot KaOiTO'UTOT-r4 KOIVWyiVEt TOrV
6
Sat. &AX'&aeivcovvpv OTOItVv olpaCt ra StKata va?y- &vSpco9rcov XucraTXeTv, TroOsOippicr&as Kai I.it[ov Trifs
Kaicos roU TQrapapaiCvOVTOs i6VroS, o0 U v aOTroU ye 9iceoS qppovoUvrcas"rciTswppEwoOrclaa Utrr"yetv L[1- 246D
TO 'rrav cbs eiTreTvyiyveTac. Kac 68i Kai OTETOU 'rrpo- pJiial. yvo6vres S o0'TCro &ata pEv rrepti-w?eov TfjV 150
Trpou TrroXeiourTOPv alt'xp6v eS Tros papp3&pous 'Aciav, &aca8 &cvfrrXeov81&TOrv 6eXopevCov rroTa-
iASE, 'TO 8' Ot6pEI6ivov irCapa T-rV cEAviX/vcov &rriTTv- p$ov, &apa6' InKOUovro,&lia 8' gcopv'ro' Saucia-r^v
'
TvevItxKiKEoccavpv, r6TO xK rreptouocia oU 86 :TrESeictavro Kail cS c&Xr9njS iv6OrrXA6vTviva Kai
To'E?V boaT'
147 rrpoofjv. 6 86 TrpiTovv&v TI <otairq o
Tro TroAov U a(Xia, 'rro;kou (XopEiav.ov0ro 8i 'V".nOV6 KaxiCovrovov &if-
XavOro TvTOT15 'n'cp6cpaylavdor? Kai TOTS
ACaKESaOtpiviot
144 nrpoi66Eevos AUN. 'rravOijav TOTEtransposuit
U. "EXAMrvA. TOo KU ov Kai TOO pey0ouS U.
Kalou I48 &cvpias RU. Trp6rTpovARTU2, rrpo-rpcov UR2.
145 irnCrtpat"rei ao'lv A. KaOtipcOCaa'aiOrots A. 8t' atrrcov UR2, 7rp6s acTiov
146 t&orCT"ra a&tov ARU. ToU -rro7ipov -r6Oaxcitia ART. e?icoatv A.
transposuit U. 8i &patpEi T. Trfs tiAoTl.iotasARTU, I49 TrrcTvr'X)ov U. elwro ART, Elrri U. Kx&?torm
T'rv piWoTrtIiiavCanter. SK6vTroSU. fi'ev A. cboTre &voiu 9Ctae UN. q TrE'EuraTlov U. EtrreTvARTU,
vevtKrJfiKeOa ATUR2, Co're v6VIKi1Kacat R. <Troi>EiVHolleck. TroS 8' omrr6 locrroo AR. cpiJiaavro
147 6 Si ARTU. Ucrrp acrrfis A. iKcOOat TU, EKXooa U, cbppncravTro ART. S6Krlvg68ttransposueruntAT.
AR. o'piat -rarrao rTrpaCKTca TrxTrtI transposuit R, 150 Kai avTrrAeov R. 8 i:cop-vTroU. giXXAavTOA.
correxit R2. PfilSvvapvot TU. &TroXpjaivA.
 VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 175
pEV wpcbTOtsTcOVEpyo)v TapEyEvOVTO, ETrIT' &Trrfipav, Sail SwvvaTCTorovs, SvoIv EvayovTOIv, Evog pVIE TO
COxnTEpTr1voTS CXKoXouv$EiV O 8UVdapEVOI. TO 8' CaTo p5rlEv TVY E0oxcTCov, oaov E'S yvcbprlv Kcal rrapao-
TOO-TOKai rTCVA&XAcov'EXAivcov oi Kaci T& TrpC)Ta KEvnV TiKETCOVpapp3apcov, EAXXElPiCSal TOiS "EArlat
aUVEKTXEIrAcYavTESiAlyylac'avrTES MTlipaov, ol 86 T-OU TO piT oU TrETrOV96vTaS ETval, &vS' Sv8ETvdapwaEcSat
&Tro TqS 'Acaias EXOVTE, ois P3acaiAEs lTrp6TEpov ETr' Kai prT16aplcoS
pIKpCS5,ETEpOU65 TOU TrpO TOV?onwrv
EKEiVOUS Kai TTiV'EXXAaa ifKEVaycov, TOUTO1tE)Xpw)VTO Xp6vov acrpaAoOsT13 'EAa&Sit,EcoSEyvoo pacateiS
151 arroxp6cai. Kai 1lv autoTL aq)opiJpLKarTa TOU pa3aiAoElco TrapaTrAtlatoviTOIOCv &vTaipcoYv Tri TAro6a'orrep av
Ta TOO poaalcX0os rrpaypiaTa. Kai yap 6opioi Kal TEiiXr Ei irpos Xo6ya TroAAhlvETriovaav VArlv TrTrlpiEvos
Kai XapaKCCilaTa Kai TraVTa ?EKEVOUSE8?XETO, Kai -yCOvl|aETO.ocSVY yap rov0 TI O0K E?TraOXEV,(at' 155
TrrXaKai ViE? ?EKEiVCOV EYIYVOVTO. rrapEicrav8' oU6i8v avrlAiCO-KTO ac-rTO? aUrTOU Kai T-rivXcbpav ETrtTEiXaICIa
&aTripclTOv Tfis EavTcov ap?Ttrs, 6pOO uEv C(OoivliK KCai TrTSCEaTOUo-o)TrlTpiaS?XCO)VO'SE-TO,Kal rpOfiXSEV
KiilXi KaiKuTai piols vauJaIotaouVTES EV pEo TCAAiyvr- 68COT6 TplTOVKXXAlOV TOU TTPCOTO VOV JiCoaa,[2pIov
TICOVTrE2'ayEi Kai VaUTIlK aSpoa Xapp3avovTrEs, opou S& &avayKaioTEpov. ETrEVJIrloE [pEVyap TO E acPXfiS
SE !TpOs Traaav TfiV rTEpacOVapXi'v SlaKIVSUVEViOVTS EV TnV 'EA?XXaSa rrpocraXapv KtaiTfiS EupcbrlTisTO AOItrTv,
Tri y?i aVT' daplpOU CyCO[paTCOV E9vCvVapiStpois 5ica- 3c-?9ETO8E OCV SUVaTOV EPCOV. 8EvTEpOVfiV aUCTCo TlV
VTr
9sEipovrl KaT i a
CxipavoVTES. i86rlS6 Kacisio TporWaia lTrapXoUCrav apxiv iaaobotaoaait, oUii ToOS ' iTOr6is249D
247D Eis piav qpElpav qXS e Kai vavuiaxia TrEloPaxiao Trapi- jVE60XETO.TI)V CCOT-lpiav Kai 86i TrAsEiVOSaCIav ETroil-
(cbSri. TOCOOiTOV8 TC pC(OlXE TrEpIey'VETOCo'rT? EV o- caTO, Kai wTroXopCtp i 1Tr 1T6E TOCOOVTOV EK yTfi Kai
OTEpav aUCTOv TThVapx?lV Kai TO0S TWOUTrV T-ra SaAarTTTrls o0i) oaov, paoi, rrpuvvav KpouIaarSa
viKaCISTrroir'CCav. 6 8' oiiv EvipupEScovouX 0 KITcra 8T ou6' COS Erli Tro6a avaXoopficrat, c&X' a&jKE Trar&vra o EV
152 51a TOUTOUS 'SETra. ES`aiav 8' OTt OCT AlvoSE8aCp TOV KaTCOTOTrOV,IvptIaSCScrTraSiovTIrS'Aafia oCK
aXESia[ TO0S5rropS0ov.S [EVuyvUVToaSETSiapaivEiv oVSE EAaTTOV'in iJ EyaA!IS &PXTIs ElvaCTO oulJl'Trav'CoCrTE [l,
TOTS ck,TaAOTaTOIS TCO)V6pcv w-rpoawTra,ailv, COrrEp p6OVOV Tra VTICOUSKai TO0S EV/TCalTalC S TraVTOO8asTroS
TI Ka?XtIOV, &d' dv68pEi,a Kai yvcblrv TrpoEXovTaS "EAXrlvas EXeuSEpovs Elval, &aAa7 Kai TOUS TIV EKEIVOU.
KpaTeTv TCravTaXou KaCAi2orTOiSrraTaVTCOv Eq)0piolI otlai XCOpav KaTOIKOVTYras TrAEovTTiS EKEIVOVU SUVaoTEiaCI
Kai KaSapCOS OiKOSEV p6va i yap TCoV EX6vrcov Sia Kai aPXTjS"aTrEXEIV11 TrpOTEpovTOiS TTrVapxaiav
TEAoUS ECori, Ta 8' ac'a KOtva Trp6KElTTa TrTaClv CoS 'EXAA8a. ETXElEV YE TrpO TOU TOV [E,XPI 1n'rvetoV
EiTreTv TUJXr)S 8copa, 8?i El o? 0EI, &peTriS.CirIraPXE? pIv TOTrOVKaiTro TO S.avluaOA'TV&dpETAov, c0S 68i T- Sau-
yap Kai T-ro XEipoaiv E a&PXTS, oLEOTal 6& ETIEIKCO) p1aCoT6VAyAov E?TX?
ACt 5E rdaVTOaTOV [pEXPiTrS 'ATTIKSis,
153 TOYSKpEiTTOaIV. OVTCO 8') rlaaav Thv apXiIv EfilXEy- ECOS?VeTUIXETOIS EK TfIS 'ATTIKfS EV Ti, SaOaITTr,
Sav, Kai slioEiocav KacirrpO TOCOUTOTV dai)KoVTooi JpEV TOCroaiTv wrapEAriAvSE TOv O6pq)aXAv Trr yriS T- Kai
EiS O TT
rEpciKOV TAOXoVTeS TOO KaTaTpOVri9VCal, il Tri5 'EAAXX8o, TOUS AEAXPOVS. EK &6 TCOVTfiS TrOAIECO 156
6& TOU
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vKIVrasacav $appETiv, bo-r' EKtvfilSrlCv aycobvov Kai &T-rooT6oACv EiS TOUTO KaTfiASXVYCaS'
piv oi rrp06(IaDpcpAuipUES, auvaTrEocrlaav5E AiyrrT- CAoOX6yrlcY 8uoTv ?EV OpoIv E'ioo pnrjKETI TlTXre'eToSatl,
248 D TIOI, paCiOlEUs SE KairTO TraA6AaKaTca vojv1 Trepi aUTOVS Trpos p?oTrlppiav p1EV XElAiovoas, ITpOS 56 &pKTOV
'
wrpa&al SOKO)V &mr6Auvaiv Aiyuirrou v oTpav OUK KuavYa5s S6LeVOS, 9SaA'CTTrS a&p?EEIViCOV TrCaTacrXi 250D
'
oAiyrlv TO XAos. wpTtpTpov 6 priKEI TrCaav f16r.
1iS OTaliOUS cOUS
TrEVTaKocriOvs O' Elval TOV KOKAOVTOiUTOV
qv E TOr TCOV 'ASivriSEV Tptlpcov o6ov Ti TCOV E aVT' aAXou TIVOS aTEc<pvov TOIS "EAhlcriv irrrp KE(pOa-
154 o0pavoO p3EAcv. p6voi yap avspcwrrcov T-rV EISKOIVOV XfiSKal TriV ppoupav E aoUTfiSTfiXcSPaS TOUpaCoaiA0S.
TrOXITEUCaapEVCOV T iYVp?V OIKEiCaVCOTrTEpIAoTrpiav TOIOUTOVpiEvTOV 6TrOAEIIOv TOV TrpOSTOj5 PjapB&a- 157
Ev6opcrav, TTV Se adrXopioav ovoiX o) aaTCV aoTpiav, povu r1iTrO6A, TOV T' ETriTfiS OiKEia5Kai TOV EV T1j
&XAa TCOVOVa KC<KiavEoVEiOjvcOV. q(pAaK<cov 8' pl'icoaav EKE?VCOV, ToiaClTTI 8' a0I Kai TIlV ep{ivrTiV ETrOITiCaTO,?E
Piov, oU6E TOVTCOVi8pujlEvocv, oU6SE yE EVOs TOrTOU aCpOTepCOVSEioaaa OTI ov o TrXOUTOV 8ICoKoUaa ov8'
TIVOg T-rrEpliT6ov, &aXAa TOV 6185 wao'rl yS 'EXArlvtKOu jiSoVTj KEpSOU5 E?TTETifASEV,&2A' EV TO-rTO SrTPCOEVTO,
TrEptioAous EKEIVOVU Xpfi KaoEIv'T oAEHious SE oO TOIJS PEpafav TOS "EAArlclv EAEuS.Epiav Yarro TCOV pappapcov.
aorSEVEO6TaTOvS EovTro, d(AAx a TO0STrECIo-raavaaXECa- KaiCTO Ti KaAlov avV E1TTOI TtS EipYivrS 'n TOX7Uou

I5I Eyivovro AU. TC) TCOVAIyuTrTicov rrTEX6ayE U. I55 Post ETrEe,PjrloE(ETrEuiCiprlo

E A) omiserunt
Post StaqceOipovTe omiserunt T? ARU. TOCrOOTO U. pEv yap ART. Post 'OE-rTOomiserunt 6S ART,
ETToilOraaTO U. riKIcTa 68i ARTU. addidit R2. paaCiv
A. EIXE
5&UR2, ElX?yE RT, ElX?TEA.
I52 Ante avSpEia (avSpia RU) omiserunt atA' AR, I56 86 da&pEivT. "EAArla UTtrEp T.
addidit R2. TrpoexovTas Reiske, 'rpoaerXovTaSARTU. I57 ToauTra Kai Toi TolauOTa R. alyiiTvlov U.
Post otlat omisit Kal U. EVEKCjXbAaEARU, Ev EKXUCAvrEv T. cavupaXiax ART,
I53 Ta cAa AT. Tpirlpcov A. vaupoaxias U. ai N Reiske, aeilS ARTU. gE?pKE<(E>V
154 Post 5ocrTrep
&v Eiomisit TrposU. r]ycovVLETOR. Reiske, EilpKEaav ARTU. avTiS ART, auToIS U.
 176 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

KepaXatov Trp60 "EEXXrvas{1 rpo65 pappapous, &

|q SeiEt 7TO rav. &n'fo'cav pCV yap ai SuvaC&IS Tri rr6Xet,
TOTETas rpatetSif
KOTrrKAEtIC Kai TaUOra
rr6oXlS; PlVt TOI Tfip.jv KaTa T'V TCOV AiyuvrriCov xpEiav, v'Es wTTXlou
ra -TOcaucra Kai ToiaurTa 8t1X$e Ca'V ITro?XJoiS OpCoS | TOT' OTaav v TOT "'EAQrlovati crOwrraaatorXEe86v' f
EvavTricbpaCot TOV 'EAXivcov Kai rravrcv coorrep 8' Aiyivrl 'rrpooreKaTSrro, O'rrEpKal TOS vavTriou
251D avSeXK6vrcov, Ev
&EvTOtKOTCOV Tri
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giovkCov, BOICOTcOV 8' Evavrria TroepoOivTrcov,AIyivrl- elvat acohoXv 'ASrvaicov eiS TO Epyov auTroTs.Ei 8'
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TrpcbTOUS Ev EKcb(AXUEv,n 1rr6Xt TOXA rr' vtKcioaa TrTpoS 8S Kiav, TTyV T$5 Alyivri. oi yap &aXoS?v yE XAoIr6v
TOiTOIS KoptvSicov 861 MEyapEaC TrrapcojuIppEvcov Kai {ieiV OaTOU'. oi 6E TOCro0TOV KaTeyXacrav TOO C0 - 161
wToXE VTCov Kxai KTa yvKv xi Kai KaTa Xa-Trav, WciaaTos Cooa' o06Sv &aX,ovoi Trp6 Alyivn TOrT'
'ETrlSaupicov 86 Kaci xIKUCOVICOV aCv KopivSiois eT-ra- Kilvrl$rnaav TC)V v AiyxTrrcpKxaipr68lv rTETrUCaTpvcov, 254D
Lopivcov, Nacicov 68 Kai Oeaaicov Kai KapuvTicov KaKC)S &XXa TO XOITwOV TvrS itKias oti ITpeaTaTrot Kol Vecb-
Trepi Tf5J acUiJpaXia povoueuopvov, KaXOiVTCoV86 TaTroI POrO900UCIVEiS Ta- MEyapa, Kai SuoTv piJXaiv
OCoK?COV, Ka?XOUVTC oV 8' aio AoaKe5aitovicov, Saupaortou glSS KpEiTTOUSTrfS TOv KoplvSicov Kai lTeoTrrovvl-
6E KOKAOU 'payTpayaTcov OVTOS KaTa TflV 'EAMdSa CoOT', aicov d&K S i avrilcrav' Co-r' EKEIVOUS adKpiB3cof8rl
Ei Kai pOVOIS TOOTOIS pgxpKc<(e>VKai p6vaS TaS 'EXArl- CovyXcopforat Kai JriSE8vEXEIV E'iTEITVTI, rflS' CjSOU
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aatS, Mr8lKaci 8 i
p8laoIgou Trpooqaoav Aaprp6ToTT?ES, SOKEie.9ov TIVOSeOvoia KaioaroU8i -rrpb TTiVwrr6iv
158 E`apKeiv av Troi Xp6vois IESa&9yrihlv. i Kaci a109E- aovKev?Uaotfival TOUTOTO Se?UTpov, Coorrep Ev sp&-
pO'vTCOa
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6 oU g6vov
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pcogll Xapiv, &i7Aa Kari TO
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i
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C piv Vrr TCOV oiKicov, 6veI6i[lopEvouvSE ac53it EeXSeTv,
KaCSEoTTKOT'ov T1rS UrrTTEp TOOV'EAXqvcov rrpovoias av.9iaTa'vTaS8E Tp6lTatovIPlco TCOV TrWpO6Tpov 'rrpoo-
pr165vp&aJov &pEaTSai, &WX'iUrrEp TOWVKOIVTiauP- 'rra3ev, aOrTOSE'IroJiroEv TriCopayieotsai TTV ViK'qV,
9pp6ovrcov paailtA TwropECiv6St yi5 wcrratorlKai Sa- cbjspi SOKeT TI)xl, p Aov f T-r TOUKpeiTrovosXoycp 255D
XarrrlTS rr6oaI Tivi T E
XP ri pya0o uxyia rrpoacSeval, TO Epyov KpltSlv Kait a vuv KaoiTp6Tepov.OUKOUV TOU
252D XCopiS-To7 T-oactCTa Espit$qvSvaKaoi Tr'aVTcov cos p6vCov TpiTOUye wrreipaSrl'aav,KairTOTOi5SdyCovilras avIToi
EKa(rCOrV EpixK?Ca'9a,TrS5pv yvcbpi5 TTiV&v8pFiav, rTfj lTpoaavayKa&ovreS ?v 'IaSpC.
68 wapaCoKEuins 'TrV vlrrEppoXiv TrapgXEiv Saup&aal; 'Ap' oiv TauTa Kai p6ova TrCV&vSpov ?KEIVCOV 163
159 Ta TE yap TrpOST-roS pappa&pous cbs wrraav &youaa gXoPev X3yeiv; wrroXXCvpeVT&VKai e?ya&XCov &rro-
arr6 rrTavTcov a(oxi,lv oOJTrc 6icKxcroaTO, Kai TOiS?Vo - v TvTV nTeXo-
aoepoitrpev avOTOU'o0i 'wtepiETe'CETa
TOV
XXOUCI oE68vvoov
'EXv ivaoXov irrfipx Xpicaaa- rrTVVCrCov,oVX cbS TrrXCelTreivTrepi'7rrois
vavTrKOBS,
Sai TC KatCip, &Aa?i Kaci TOUTOIt oUTrcos alrrvTrlo'ev &A6' COOTre KpaTETvPEv TCOVWT1iKaipcov ThS Xcbpas,
CoAre aOpLTreVTE Kai cpT71TTXEiCo SXEV
TaUtrT' VIKaVSE TO1S &VTrrioCTa
&nrapISllEiv vra v paivXc, orpa-TMyos Erwi
CoaTrep &0a' arTTa aovuaPar v &piSiogUeva. iviKCoV crTpaTTrly. 8iparloav S eS
TEhV aVTriTrpaCS 'w1rTpOV,
253 D PEv ye vavuacaXia TleXowTovvrloiouS6Tri KeKpu9Cpaia, TrravIrs ToO TpooTUX6OrTOS e?KOVTro. aI0is 8' ^Tri
EviKCoV8' AiyivqTiaS Trp6s Alyivrl, Kai TTXoTrrovvl- OCoKOEaS AaKe8ai(poviCoV wTapes60vrcovgKx?i1CTroCgv 256D
aiouS ao$tSi. MeyapeoCtI 8' riV
'TrlClav XN pEXPi Sa- 6 KpiaaTos Ko6AroS,dTri'vrcov 8' Eri TOJSOpous. XcpiS
aTT'Tl5,KaOiTinV AXeuSepiav &caa Kai XpXcpav 819eg- 86 irrrp Meyapcov caav iv rFpaveiac (oare pfi.XEVv
aiCav' EViKCov KopltviouS rrp6 MeyCapECov, TTpiv AamKeSaltoviouS O TI XPlpC'ovrTa,
68 Kai o-rcVT-
&\X' &rropeiv
86c8EKa gxeK?EVTf?paos EViKCovao0i$S ?TEpaOV,OU Kxa.o, rTaSEv BoicoroT5oTrroi cYco$iSrlovTal ovTC-oI-rrptiTTrvEv
160 TOTp-rpaltOv 1poapwraloVtra.Koa
ai OT aCO TaUTa
eyaXJAa avuro5 q| Tr6ol?s.TrXo568 CavUp[iH&ouCv Ev Tav6ypa 164
&aM'eipricTral yap, KaV Trreiycopatlfi yap Trrpoo'aiKrl
I6I Post AlyrrrTcpomisit Kal U, addidit U2. Tis
158 s6a TijS y'iS UN. eaXcaarcS T. cbSopvov RN. R. TCOV Kopitvicov RU; omiserunt TCOV AT. Ta ye 86
&KaoTCOIA. a&vpiav RU. vuv TU2.
I59 Post pJaMov omiserunt UiTrfPX? AR, addidit R2. I62 TOUTO8eUT?epOVARU. TcX)a &v AR. UeTlov
oUVTrrEVT?T, CTUvTrr'VTrARU. CovpUlreiCo R, aUVTrXeico ULN.
T, oCUvT-rEicoAU. A&W' &rra T. &pi0poou'JvaARTU, 163 86 'rrrp TUR2, 8 rrepi R, Siwrp A. Xpaacov-ral
a&pt0oi,UeUaN. e0aXaCiCaaT U. R. acoeicacovwraR.
I60 KaTaTI]VTO)VAiyuTrTicovXPe{avR2, KaTrT'1V I64 Kal0'?v TOUrOpdovovU. Ante T'iv qvyTiv omisit
AiyvTrrriov Xpeiav ART, Karac Tv T-OV AlyuTTrrrov TO6pyov U; TOgpyov deletum in N. Kal {-rrapa} Tros
Xcbpav U. 6TOTercaav T, TOT' eClaav A. aXOX\fv elvai oAotsART, Kai TrapaTOTI
6Xotl Reiske, Kal rrcapaTO?S
transposuit U. oauvToTS ARTU. T1V T-rf Alyivrls UR2; &XAois U. &rroxcopicaavTrsARTU. o*K &VT-rOXov
TfiS omiserunt AT. ifeiv ART, Sgev U. ATU, o0 KaT')(XovR. CgXapevA.
 VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 177
-rTs BooricTaS,Kal yEVOiEvcoV
apCpOTEpcova&v6pCvrTOU KpEITTOVOS. OUT0O T1OVV TOOSwp3rp app3&pous 167
aic
TroXp1i'j-raToS v ESotav KcaS' ev rTOTOAaKESai- aycova, oV0Tro 6' a TTOV wTpO TOrS "EAXrvca 8Stvsy-
piovioi TriAov Eo')rltKvai, lrTCS &v ETTroti ErwpETTTrS; KOUJCaa, TOitaUTrVpEVT-rv TTpOsEKEiVOUS, TOIOUTTIV 8E
6KVCO yap EirETlvOTt O\K d-TcbAOTO. Kai yap iv opos KaO TTV WTp6o TOUTroU ?eiplvrlv E'rrotio'-rTO, OpcyOTrpcoV
o0ros 'ASrlvaioitsp?VKiXEicairiv irrpo8ov, AaKE6al- 6poO Kai Xcopis KpiTTrrov yevopiVTi. d(a il v pi6vq
povioiS 5EacoSijvai oiKa8E.Kai Kiv6uveei El 6vov ITOUTOpev aTraacrv Wr6XecoV i8iotI KItV8VOtS KOltVV 'Otav-ri
TO Epyov T-rV Upy V cv avUpoov Trs vl{KrS?EoXrlKvai, TC_pyEVEt Trilv C9qXAetav EnopicraTO, p6vr 68' K TCrV
ETTEi TOVS yE Kai rrapa T-rV tXiaXTlVKpE{TTOVS KCai KOIVCOV eUEpyEatI)V TTiV lyEpoviavV ?KTIfCjaTOKCa
{Trapa } Tros 6OotiS a&vu ToXAAXvTCOVKal TrpTrEpov pJieTE9rlKTOV SEoCVo' 0u yap e' Jv KCKaTE8ouXcc'aTo
KplvaVTCOV Tra EcpefiS E1VSUSESE1tE. TpIpTsy&p eciiv oi TaS TTroAeS?CTXET1tV apX)iv, &?a' 6e v Erroirlo'ev
papTruplocravTES rapaxplxua 'ASrlvaicov lval Trilv EAeuSEpaS cborT crup viJ3va0l TOiS aOTroS Xpovous Troi
VKTvr, 'ASr o, aKE8aCI6VOVi,BoicoTro. AaKE6ai- p?V "EAXrolytTOTriS EXAeu$pias, Trn T8 6roEt 'TO 'T5
po6vio pEv yap flya&rroaavaTroxcoprlcjavT?E, 'ASqrvacot &apXfi KepSos ?veyKEITv'p6vot yap MKOVTrcov iipav, KaC
86 TTpor?S9ovKaTOarro S -'rTs pjXr15, BOICOTOl 8E oOlK pJ6voSO5TOS 86cotv coC-rrp EISapXcov aiperos E 'arrav-
aVTroX)ov, &XXa'frTT-r9VT?rEg v OivopvrTOl5 'nTKuyav, TrcV EviKrioC, TO0S piEVpapf3apous TolS orrXots 3iacoa-
KaCipErT' a'ToV Kai
Cc1)EK?IS AoKpoi ViKI,pia. Kai rrapa pEVOS,TO0S58' 6oO(PXouS oU TrreiCmc5, W' uTr' avuTcOv
T
COUTOV
jlEV TOiTCOV TaUTTiVEa slKrlV 1T6F
rr S &vS' v rTCo E oitp3oXov
apXEIV TrtEIoiS, I8KatooavrlS EXcV )v TTlV
pappa3pcp ocvEoroTcxav Ev TOIS KOIVOT5 Tri5 'EAax8o5 XpXlV, OU1K SKiOas. Ei S Sei 81iX6vrTa EiTrreT, IJ6OVr
165 KiVSivoiS. ETEpov 8' Epyov aovTSr a iov EiT?rv Kai TTOAecovTCOVtiEv p3appapcov &KO6VTCOV,TCOV 8' 'EAXl-
o'poSpa pUVTOl Kai TOUTO poojv KCa68nrovv?TI rOppco- vcov 8Er9SEVTcov ETXET1nva&PXiv.
257D SEv OTCOVE?rl' YEvopEvou yap TOV wrpi -rITVAaKco- OrTCO 6?ETO'rTCOVTrOKEXCOprlK6OTCOV ,p?XPI p1V TIVOS 168
VIKIV aEICpOUiKCai AaKESatioviou5 TCrV iTepioiKCov qivriouvXia KaiTrfSuTrapXoOaTS eCuSatliovias ai rTr6XAe
TrEptolTawrCOvKai wTaVTrcVdob5&a?coOS C5c0TrrEp?v CocE- aTrrXauov, T1S: 8S KOtlvis TvU)(XS
&vSpcbTrcov, ' fl TravTa
ICJ TapaX9EVTcV TCv 'V TTE
Xonwovvrlyoc TrpayicaT&ov, Kai ol
KitvE, PjITXOV apa KaV EN
o EXvE5 KCi roXAISt oi ipv
oOK QIpSrltav AaKe8aipO6vOIKaOECT aVTES,Kai Trapfiv 6 yap oX)( Sv 6E 'Tra9ov X&ptVEoXoV slta TrXEou, &XA'
6ijpos ?v ToTSo8XroiS, TrijpEv cvS6pEiaSapp5v, 'VTrrp86 fl 85' irnp Jv
E9s96vric tvTrOV -pycov TaIS Trepp3o0XaT,
EKEiVCOVcbS VT'?p TTS EauITOVaco)T'rpiaS TrEptI8ErP1' 6 Kai a&TCavTa
C TrEOTi], TO/TOtS cuvVppate, Suoiv Sei'aaa
TroOSwTap6ovraSiXUVCa9p6ouS Tr AaKeSalpovia Kai c05 aKOUOaa, TCO)TEKCT' apXaS E87TI KIV.VOEVOUS KaTa-
166 8iKrlv Xap3Tv eClaaISiS wapEaKEoEaO?v aUTcOV. OVTCOS oXE?VKaK ErTa9at X6yca KpiveaSait TrrpiTCOV stcaopcov 259D
apa ou6acjoui TOS TTp&ael o08 'Tr TOroqpaTa Tris Kai TrCO TroWEVIEtv
a&VayKacY9iTCYa, O're EViKTIoC,pr8iE?V
'
rTorscogadorra&crtaaSali p&uXov C-T1V -rTOOV Epycov T7XEov ZTl-ricaa, &XXA'aEpivaI Tro0S EpicavTas aUrT
,iSos, aKpipj3ErEpovTpoTraiov OrtpaTvov -TOvSelpyaCI- TrepiTiSfslyEIoviaS Kal iqtrSEv&rajoTPpov EIayayeiv EK
pEvouS. TOV 8' irrTrp MAlroCicov KTrrXouvKoai TaS Ev TOOU 8eC.corTmpiov[u KpaTrfcaaaav TO E[ a&pXFisecpaXeTv.
a,iCtcpvavUtaX)iaS Kal TlV EpoEoov COCPpOVlpoviaTSTav -TOUToTial 6 fi8r Ti TIS &V xp 'CaalTO;aiCtXXOvo1atI'pEV169
aT6orTaolv Kai -Tro'xa ETepa ESeoTri8fi Kaci rrapa- yap Kal TaS sv NaulTrCaKTCvaupIaxias TrapaNEeiTrcov, &5
AiTErTv.
T-rAoS 8E a
KpaTcrI'aCo Tr&CVTasceFprVvTriVOlTail, oUre Trapa HptKpOVEViKCOVOTE o6Xiycp rArEiovaS,&aX' coS
5 atilOovpvrlo9ivca. oi yap T'v ai-r6v Tp6Onov8vTrEp 6E' epiiatov Tr\E:OavTeS, Kal ViKaS T-rIpas5 ETi Opa(Kris
Trpo TO5rS Kai
3appa[povS Trpos TO* ECTri-
"EAXrlvvac5 Kal Cbg KgpKVpaV E{EXovTO Kai T'a KaT' 'AvirpaKiav
caTro, aX' E'viAXaEsv. EKEIVCVpEV yap &aEp?Tie waCav Epya pEyioaa TCrv KaT' &KEIVOV TOV XpOvov cEA7rl-
T?rvKaTcoXcopav Kai TMVEVTO-S Jv El-rrovSa&XaTrav,
Troi 68 "ETMricyvc(v 6TrrTroOT0o\E1PouKaTEOrTr Kupia,
TaITr' drrEScoKe, MEyapa, Tpoitfiva, TTriya5, TracV TO I67 oOrco ' aci T6v ARU, oUTrO8' ai'rrovT, ai5Kal
'AXaiK6v. co Kai 8fqXov ccS KpaTOCOvaa TI1V eipivrlv rTO T2. -rotaUlTTVpiV TU, -rooaarrv "?v ARN. TotatO-
orvvSET-roou yap i]v 6 TI avTracr?apEv, aM?a uvoiv ev -rrlv8EKal ART; Kai omisit U. doXpEAav A. nfyei.ioviav
TO avTOavj oipo;ov E~KvEyKE,Kai TOU rptsiETvaC TC-r ART, TrrcovuvJpiavU. ,O6vrlK6OVTCOv ip~e U. S6 'EAXXi-
258D TTro?Xlcp Kai Trig EIJ0puro Xpcrfr6TlrTos, iyoupVrVl vcovARU.
Trpos pEv TroitSpappafpouv 68Ev Troe4ETIv t(Xpl TraVTos I68 e?ut8atovia TUR2, Kr1l8eoviaS AR. a'rEAauov
TOlU uvaTroi, pTrpOs TO'rS EAArivas rrXcos h?XPI TOU UA2, &TrriXcauov ART. UTrc-rrTomisit R, addidit R2.
ovvEppa{ev A. Tc) TE A, -T TET, TU, TTE R. Kpac -
CaaaaU.
I65 a&v85pRU. EauTro0ARU, aVrTOvT. I69 Ev NaUTrFaKTcoIRTUA2, EvaCiTraKTcotA. Trapa-
I66 E-crri 86 Iunt. et Dindorf, Eo-rCI SE ARTU. AE?ircovAldinae, Stephanus; rrapaANlTrcv ARTU.
Ante TOVS "EAXArlvaSomisit Trpos U. Tpotilrva T. wTrEcravTES Aldina secunda, Stephanus;; TrXAuEcavrTaS
E?1 VEyKEvA. Ev TO aoVr6 ART, Ev Ta-rTC U. aXpi TrOU ARTU. 'A3ippaKiav T. TaCOra apsTfit ARTU. TaCrra
TraXVToS8VaTOU U. E'iKEIVU.
12
 178 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

VIKCOV,Kai TaUTa &pe?T TrpaXX$EvTaO,

oU Xp?, 1 TrA?q
KCo TCOVOiKeT7)VOLK EXaTTrOV pcowa rS1vouS elval
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170 rroXX"arEpa epapt7XaaKai ElTrrETv KaCiSauI&aal. 6 86 aVTippoTroVTCrTwpoT-rpcKaliaTpaTrlyoiS bpapiXAovs,
aXX&ap?iovoS ErTuxliaSelvai pol SOKEi Kai AaKeSaipoviou5 atiouv irKEI
Kaipos O0 <p9PE1, WOXTAOpKEiV PET TT15
KcaTarrcxaacrTov.Ert 8', coITrep ErTTopEV,
OOaoyypa- ouvpuaxias, Troia? TaUT' VEOC(rYIiYVX TwapapaXEiv
9pfis pyov XiNfisrrpoeiXo6ea a&rlyeacSai Ta TrE- &vSpcoTrrivn, Kai Tirvo o0iK EO-rVXiaoSpuaxov Sauvl(&Cal;
?rrpaypva rrE,
Tr6Xi Kai yap &v ElS TT'V 'rtOUocav yEvoOpvou S6 TOU P1ya\Xou Tra6SouS-- 0i yap o0v 173
7trvrT?Tfrlpa iKTervoTro6 X6yo5, &.Xa T-rV piV Kcarr olCoorr'oiloCa,&a?a Kai TOUTO ?TI p[I ilCO 01 sOKEi
TOSro' TTrO0ov 5 paECov T&cSyvcApiIcoTaTC-a EiTreTV, 8EIKVUval Trv Tr6XilV- OUTOCo yap TroiS vrooiTrrolS
TCOv6' TrapXovrcov &ya.SoAv Trij rO6X KaS' oaov TrpoorlvEXSlrTrp&ylciaacvc$OnTEpav 8li TraaV EiXi^PlI
171 SvvaTorv prl85v rrapailTreTiv.rTaora 8' aTirrvO'K av 8id TinV iK8EXiav.OUy&p ETcrprlievrI 8Sv6VaPcoAS Ec)KEI, hX'
TrrvrcovEKaoTaXyCOiEV,aXA' &v prl86v e?18osE<pri- apTI TrpooK<KT?rlm v. Kai TVV 7VTO-VTp6Tcov EOKO-
picaS TrapaEi'XrrcopEv.cbS 6
8E 86K1 Tr4 sailovl pJlTro xiav Kai cco(poorjvr1v Kai TaOlIV8laiTrrl, 1 V iJr1p rTOU263 D
Tarra a&rroXpfivrfi 'EMa&8i, &A' TInKai KaTacyfiv Kai prkS:vaicaXp6vovyxcopficrai rrpoEi?ovro,oi8' av EIs
Karra SaXaT-rav KXuo'aSval Ta S 7r6X?E5,Kai TO5j p^v d&icos EiwTO. rrptorTavrcov 8& aUTOiSsTCOv 'EAfivcov
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TrifsTrro6ECoSErpovS av EXXOI 7by8Ev; oTSErr'ei iEv rrAeTv or"s 6&TjtS ovuirP(aas 6Xiyou 6ETvarraol5, Kai vi'acov
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172 T?5. KaOiTaS pV <vauCaxia5 VIKaVKCai>E'rrLopaxiCaKai pIVOU 86 K&KE?VOU (i1aa aC'PevCg, Kai ovUpToElovIJvTos0ro
ITrrroIaxias firrov acco a&lov Kxrrwayfval Sia Ti V &ai Kai acopao'Ct Kai vauVO Kal Xpucco Kai Tiva tTTrOV yf
TOOVIKaVorUV19EiavKal T6OSE86aSac Ti TrroXElKaS.a- q SaAarrl s o1 Ur ap)(ovros &dpoptillv -TCOTro0Xc;
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eOroISTO6& pr18 cb & aVT
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262D 1labov dTroo-riva, &WA'aTrrorvTcov ,Uv 6rr?ATCov, OrTCO KOIVC1 TrOXEcp pappapcov TE Kai 'EA?xIv0ov
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Kai TEXxVCOV
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c
vaS U, Trpo6Tpov FTrr6TrClav Eri rTO*S "EAXrcvaS xvbTi R2. KEKUKACOA)VCOV TR2U2, KeKUKXKCOvpVO ARU.
RTU2. Trp'aEa"v A. vaufaiv A. V1'aou T. Tria yfiS 0eaCaTTrri
172 vaCuVaXfaSVIK&VKai supplevi. avTTrEsEavA. TOrrOVO0 Trap)xovTos a&qoppil V TC TroAlEpcp ART, 1
'
aclroOrfivat TU, &vTrToivat AR. 6TrArkT-ovA. 68 Kai
0eaa'rrlS A2; rTiva
6TO'OV y"jS eaCa?TTisr aoop-
IiTrriCOvARU, 8' ir-rrCov T. o'rE a&pETTlv
T. Post liav oCi Trap?XOVTOs T7o Trwo?Eico transposuit U. Kar'
AaKESatclovicov omisit &8 A, addidit A2. Post pE- aOrrCov TUR2, Kae' aCirrTvAR. Post rpialiomiserunt
eECrOTCrK6ToV omisit Kai U. RTUA2,
TraapapaiETv TCOV ARU.
rrapacapCTv A. I74 aXXocoe ART, a&AOTSU. coS 1v fTpCO U.
 VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 179
arAou aAAioas KaTa8icAKOvTrS, EiAraS T5 ixaAov
COOrrfTp ZtKEXiA oU 6OVovo0 Kalall tiaaa o0S' Eri TI9V
Ev crpiaiv aUTroiS1' vaupaxiacS wTp6bsTOUSiVTuyX&vov- ovrco
Eipiv'nV OcJ,EvcoS KCaTaCpuyoCac, 'OA' SitaScTaa
TaS &Et TrOIOUpjEVOi' prlpCTaiT Kali 5V?iUPi1nriVcoS TOOS TrO?pjiious cocT' cao'pEvOus &V SKEiVOUS iSEiV, Es T1S
175 i-rEpcPTrpoEiprjTai. TE'ros 6' Eir KUliKc;pOVcrTrSa6VTS EipfiVrlvOystv s8vrEsirJl Tr acra TT-rVirr6lv. Kal pJIv ot 178
265D 6opoO AaK?8aipovioli Kai TroTScaT Trfg 'EA&aoSo Kal piv o s fKOUcacvT KvKovcovos Ev MurvTIivrl wroXtop-
TOTSaTrr Tfil 'Acias pappa&poit Kai (Dapvap6lcp Aacp- Kiav, oCK siErwXTayrCav, &A7a X'rAESaaVTESETr' 'Apyt-
a(xvouca Txa vaus Trapa TOCOUOTOV oU crraas Trrap' oaas voicaiS oaatS oOaS' av ETeSiK&aaEcVaVCrIV, EA60TTOcr
Si?pSEtpav' Kai (Dapvapalou KOCKCO TO 'aup3&pV icopEvo S6 O6.COA5 ETi TC)V &VTirTrAc.OV,acvTeTa aVro TravTi T C
Kai TTlV ITTrTOV ETrEwiaayVTo oli .?EV EKITOS5oirTTrwopa- VCavIriKCtTCOVTrOXE.NICOV,coa'TrEp aAAou pEV TIVOS &ES
XiaavTSr, oti ' acrroTCrVvecov Travra 6ipou XXipovvrat, xrap?Xovros c9icr i ra TpilipaSs, EVT& 8S C Kapi Kal oUK
vauTrtK6O, iTritK6v, TooTraS TOiS TrrTZtiKEAiaS, TOUjSK TvrTOS aTircv bcraccnlTraSTrEIpaCs TOIOuJPVOI1Kai OUTE
nEhoTrovvviroU, Tr v paaicXcos Xopnryiav, rTCaAaKE- TTArl9ous TrOV aVTITETaypEIvcoV Ep6ovTtoaaV OUTSETri
Saltovicov EXATiSas,Kai KEVOSf'sr TOTS?vaVTrioS 6 KaOitKpaTisoU o56Sr, OUTr vrilcov EXOP?vcoV OVOT
rtr6oA.os iv Kai rr'avra ppoiSa doaTrEp?K vauayiaS ?X3AoTpicptrl Vs cbs ESIT1EVi8Trl Tfrs Ti'(TXrl ov X?tijvoS
rTIVO5&XASC95.COa )S' r Ip v TOoOUiTOV VTrrppA1rSEliaa lrTTrfl$raav, o0(X o'ov 'TOUTroA0ou TO OIOrTOV EVE-
Trr6oTii avcruvor&aco5 TroAit o05' 6vopa ?ipfivrlS ?T' SviJiSrlcrav, &AX'Co'TrEpSIapKOUVEISTTrV .sXAarTav
iKEiVCOVTCOVXpOVCOAVV?VO6rlSEV, Ol S' &rr6 TOCOV'TCo iSETv, TpETroVraTtpVv AaKeSalOioviovs, KpaTOVOC 5E
Kai TTIAIKOUTcOV TrAEOVEKTprl6TI cOv 6p1cALCpEvoI Wnrl- oairpLavTTas STlAoiTovvrlcaiov, Trpl TPES 8 TaS pEv
176 yEVT-r KaTEq)UyOV EUSUs ?Tri TrfV ?ipfivrTv. aei ltiEV o5v aipou0a, ras S KaTaSuOUcalV 6o iov TO aK1lrrTc Kal
ycoy' EEUi?pC&arilV TOi ET-rTITIrtCOaI Ti; TCOV AaKSait- TOiS TrToAEiiOIS iaX6OIevoI TOC'OUTOV erroirqav TTFs
pOovicovTrro6i Kal TOUSJ'Vrrep TriSU1 ETEpa5&etoiiyo TToNiopKiaS TO Sia&OpOVWTO BE 1TCWVTCOV pEyIOTOV, OTI
Troitvs EKeivoti5 Ev yap a?rrXSavov-rTai, p&a 56' oi av8pa plov-Tat 6s p6voS TipKECET11V AaKESaltOVicov 268D
266 D Kooaoiiocv, cb oiovrai. &a' E yE Ti 6sEKal TrapaSOoov TrlEPOVSuvaoTriav KaTaXrciaa. oi 6' CoaTrEpO&raVT'S179
Ei'rlv, TOiVaVrTiov pot SOKOoiat 86pav fi poOiAovTat KaTaVaUiJiaXrl,TSTSS eliprivrTs cal5S ESo0VTro, OUTCOSOU0
paAAov yap ?K?iVOVS alpouIv TillV TrO6XlvsyKcopta- p6vov TOVS VTroT aycyoai TrapovTaS ioaro TOTE VIKaV
lovoa Kal 7irXEco) XaPiV v Trap' EKEiVCOV av'ToTi olpai ri -rri6X, i&al&Kac TO'Sao\ovus Ew'TTrl'rr Kal 6i wrrav-
Ta5) p3cAac<prqliaS q TCOv EpTqlpti-V EIVOal Trap' UtpcV. oi rTCOv EviKa. aAdXXi pTv pcavrcaeTa viKaS TE JELyioTrasTCOV
l.EVyap oUX OTL6EUTpoi TrS Tr6Oeco5OKOUOU(TI, TOUTO wrcbjTVOrE &vri3prlvrT Kcal aovpJopas OirTCS EVEyKouCa
[rltiouvTai, &Xa OT'Irrpos T-rv TrOtv Kpivovrai, TO-rTO cos aA.Aov av rtva Trs TTrO6ECOS acyaCoSa T VElv TOIS
KepsaiVOUaitV' Via 5'
8 oviX OTI KpsiTTOUs &Tropaivouot Saevots5 ?0vXiav T) T-a pya rTOV K6KpaTCTK6OTCV, C)OT'
aC?VivvovU'IV, a,A'aUrrC TC')O rapETE-ra'lEVEoiKaatv oC0 EpOIy Errwp?pXETa Kal TOUTOT' ESITr, OTt VtKCcoaa TalS
YIyvcbjCKsi' CrT' ovSEv &CriKtosujaCp& ri8repov T evrTpac[iais ovX qrTTov Ev olS iTXr)(lo' SiEVTVOXEV,
AaKESaitoviou5
S:Xiv, 6WoTaVTa rUTa aycoviLcovTai. ?STrTp PnliSei 6i.toicos Evrivox6 cuipOp&s. TOU lEV oijv ols 180
177 OU pfv &AA'wTrTT6i5Tr6p ?Ev ToOTrcTC) iPEpSi TOUA6you KaTcbp.9coaEVIKaV aVUETCOVwTpoSaUTroiS TrETpayp?-
yEyvr1lpai, Ev )TCrpoaXipAa TcrAs
oT-ri Ta-r wCTv, VCOVTOJS avtrrlwOXlTEUaacEEvoUs a&UTa v'-rapXei sirrTT
aV&YKTi Kal TroUT' iacos UrOpSeival, Iva til p6,vov bv TO-i Oaia?Ta&-r T? yap Kas' ai'uriv E1Tpas TCOV i5iac TCrli
ayCo'iv Oacp KpsiTTrcovi TroAiS &Tropacivwcpsv,&dAa Trpa)(s9vTcovvwirpaipSior)X 6oov &yvoTicraa,& r' v
Kal TOTS60Aoi. paviaov-rai yap AaK?6aipl6viot pv Tavorp ySvopEVcoVO6.o0 TravrE ic aTT S a
VTIls vai.
TptaKoaCcovd&vpcov orTprgIEVTr OUK
S EoVyKlvTrrE , &dA' Kal Pv 'V y TOIS SvuoK6Xot KPEiTTCov yEyOVs TCOV
isU9VSEyKAivalVTEs 6 pEi.ECO (PitOTipiav EXEi T)i wrA6t V6SVIKrKOTCOV
Oi p?EVyap eIKOVTSt, Ti ' &VT?XOVUC
TOOJVtKfiCai Ti i'X'I)i yap TCOV
V 'K6ivr|l 1iPEV a&vrlirav- T TOXg). OUKOvVallOTEpaS TaS
SiEiKTaCrai T ViKaS ov
rTOV KpEi'Tr v EyEveTro,Evots 6' a'TrlyopEucaav oi Xotroi Trapa itKpOvqfpSETatKai VIKCaSTs SrroXlSj ioicoS ols Tr
267D oC)(86v rawvTcov,cocTrep Ev $9Aoit, OrTavTras TiSeSlKrl KaTcobpcoaeOKai EVolS rnTETUXs.
avti6rTo0Coorrl
auJTi) 8& TOaati XPOPE'Ti
pa
Xpcapivril JOp
oa'ppopx raOT' Ev
EST TaUT
pET& ?V
I78 MiT-rv vrJU. 'Apyivoraaait ART. EiKaaeCiv A.
I75 Kai
'EAA&8os TOtiSdTr TfrS omiserunt AR, addi- i 6pcoS ARTU. Post OPcoSomisit ETI U. OUThAio-
dit R2; Kai omiserunt UN, addidit U2. Trap' o6aa TrplcouEvril TU. Post AaKeSainoviousaddiderunt Kpa-
ARTU, Trap' 6oov U2. Ante EKTrro6o omiserunt ol TrooaUCl aowrrav-ras AaKe6atpoviouv AR sed in A
CpvART, addidit R2. Ante wr6XPos omiserunt 6 AR. expunctum est. fipKeaEVA.
dATrlcoS ARTU, cos dATicos Reiske. Trr6 TiIS vaucr&- I79 o0 pOvov Toi5 A. ?v ctycoal U. 1iet0ro TOrE TU,
aocoS ARTU Photius, sed ov deletum est in R. Ka- e1iOa6TTEAR. &AA&KacTroIs bis scripsit A sed Kal
T?qSuyov R Photius. TroSc5AA&expunctum est. E?ewTrlTTrrSvA. TrxIrTjcSvA.
TU, Tla?TdpaS AR. EyKcoltaZoovaiv
I76 OCUET'paS A. 9v1rvoXE crupPop&aARTU.
I77 TO-rTOTacosARU. acrpSvosT. Post a&capvous I80 Ev ols U; gv superscriptum in N. KaTcrbpecoaEv
omisit &v U. Suvrjefi AR. A. Kao' fauTvrvETrpatEv U. FrrTrvX?vA.
12*
 180 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

181 Kal pinv arVTTipIEvES9v&ov a&paKal T6EAcovKEKp&rT- -rTIOvTOV VT' KEIVCV YEVOVEV
Cys6v it8v. ESeie? Si
KEV,aOrfs8' o0u8EiO0rTSoO VE'rTa TrohXXvavmiaXcov. Tr T' 9Tri TOrVTETptaKCoAioV VI.eTaoTa(roet T'fS WroAiTeia5,
269D ETI6' ac-rqi pv wTp6os aravra5 o6Pou TroNEIeTvfv&ay- jv &6/oprl3Ti KaTrXUCve, Kai TCOwrpos TO7S TpiaKovra
KaorTOTOIS JTiOVTraS, f KiVOUrCaS,TCOVS' valVTicov TroMpco,pis8ev
lTo?"@;, C?v TITlp?S TTE
ir\eious
Trrp5 X?ioVS PET' y/evo.vcp.
Ke.VO1J5YEVO"V@.
EKEIVOVS
oi TrrXeTorot rp6s pEposarrFis a&vTrpKaaiv, &9p6oas8 &dAA&11)v a,ia acopqpooivris TrEKali TOJr6Sr1o08EveS 186
T7S 6uVaPECOS Coa' r TCOV
fl TiS q o'S8iES TETrp&Srl. &vSpcblTCov raqEoTrepa 8eiypotaT' i7veyKav, oit ye
p&v roXXA68il rroAX6cs, '
'ASrlvaicov Trr6oAveviK'rlKe 6Aiycp pEV TREsiovS6v'resy errlTlKOVTraoi wrp-rTOi
182 aOTir8' iaa Kaci&TTrrlOr6 8 -rarTcovpiyiorrov
?o'T.rTO Tarra pouAe'UcavTes 6opouTrposTT?E v AaKeSaitovicov
OTi aUT'rS pv OUSei85EKpaTCrrIv- oU0EiS yap aJrf-s oOoCavKai TrpoSrTOVS
&pxilv yri Kai SaaCi&TTrrl EvaoTrr7
T'rv yvctirlv TrapeoTroraaTO,&A&ac-rpa-ria yyove T-r 71'ro6eKIV8JVVEVleV oij60evoi 85ev
UT0(TrCTloav, fV iqv
TavTra Ta Toiaa ?v EEvUSepia,Tl PT' TOpoCopav
druX^iaTal -- aO1TT86 TasIyvcbtas 'TOV 1tIov, KaKiaS IP&p-
TUrpatauTrois yevo6pvov. Erel 8' rlyo)vio'avro pAv Trpos
TCV evavtricov &paiaTroT Epyois SEouAIXcTai, 2pEr p?v
9peIy?EiVaCrO TCOVwTrpC(YiT-rovT0oitlaaa iV TroS &Tnr6
EiV OX1S TOV&aoreo, d&vrTa'aavro 5&AaKe8aip0oviois,
pIpet, AaKeSaipovious S d:vaKlivaca oO)XfTOv TOiS
ioCXov ^ TO'v leipaia, TrapalSetya 8' dvSppcTrroisTOV
c
eV TO7SseiVOiS EAXriSCoV yevovTO, 6 8iPos F1r auvei-
&nKOIovTasi' Tro0S VvTraiS I&xais rrap6vTaS Kai Trrai- 272D
183 aavraS auTrrv. yvoirl 8' av -rS cbS oOK rov o008' yseypvoi &apa T' els XlTpas TrapqrCav Kai aXe86v Els
Trv Orr6XecvTOUTOrcorre T-jCO
6Olioov -rTO ieySEti T'rV XOyovs, C)oTrrp ViTr?p&XXaf7cov, o0X) OrrTp a'ircov
Epycov O TOTrr foaCoipav o0$' 6Xcos oi8?evi Trv
S Tro TrroECISCovreSs &KaTepoIr coTre prLelvat 81ieXCSaatTr6-
lrrapxoVwTov. AaKeSat6viloipiv yap Ev AeFIKTpoisTrpov T'v EvavTricovijv KaTapa'cSai T ''v orTaiv, i
270D &vruxocavTresoOK a&vilveyK'a,c&x' coornp &v8p6s TO'V eOVoOV ovveEaaSai TriTOT6AEt, TO YO6Vye XAuSeTCav
Te?Xeu'TlK&KeIVOIsovvEpri. elpfvrlv p?v yap &rrrlicOo- TOVTpOTTov. v6orlace IEYVyap T1-rTOrV raOvrcv dv-
aav iroi lacaaSatTrposGrlpaious,g6v'vr Ti; T'rCV
'ASrQ- SpcbwTcov9cr?Ij, ia9Sn
r Tri auriTTsv'
COTEKOai-TTro
vaikv Trr6OAevopidLovres elKetV eOI'TPe'Trn Coviop(v lTqov aCrTi
pxjaXov evilvoxev i ovwpop&v. P3ouAopat 187
8E roTsa&JoiS TTelorrovvrloioiso0 8&T-roaTO
edvac,&cvaCiXSEv'reS rov TtIrip TCOV&v8pov KeiVCOV
elTreTv,6TI
iXOaov acolitv TripouvdEXOV i Tcv aSXcov Si0ovro Tri iv TOr6p, lrrapiX$Sovovi povov AaKe8alpovious,
O pEytirr6v ye aUroTi ir ir6Xts daXAaKal TroUSMapaSCvi oaXE86v
acb[eEvaopas' KaiOTO'6 TOVTrpoyovcov.ot
'
f|pK6E?e,7TO
pri. o"CrTep KCrratyi8os oCrpopiXou TIV6O xi.v y&p, Ei Kai TroAi-TCOVEvavTriov filTroUs, A'X' oCiv
184 ?poMXi KCasara vap'raao'C vai.
'8T KaWlTreiaa gv TrAlQSeI ovTeS 9&pprlaav, ot 8' 6Oiycp
CI wTro6is oCUvv&yaaTrOS
TTIvavIacxia Tri K0aS' 'EAACTrovrov, Kal caTeprl$eraa wA7Eious 6'vTs ol c0OtravreS T n rpos5 oaovs 7ro0s
q
Kai TOV VECov Kai TOV TlIXC)OV, Kai prTa TOUTOEVairrij TUpavvousfiycooviovro OuAhv KaT-riXaovY. Kai ol Ilv
o-raoae Xprloapivn, Kal AaKe8altovicov oiSiv Tii'ptov eY0.seVOva T
rTl I r6STroA.ecos VOU Kai pappapous, ol 8'
'rrotoVVTrcov,xKEivoVSpIv 6i' v6Os d&vp6Os &cpeiAeTo T-rs 'T~pooS
Ts eTrpayuias AaKeSaipov1foU TrOV 'EAnvcov
271D .Sa6aTrrrTs-rv &pxlv, aOTrn 5rWTrE
8' 'EXA?rlvKoIs aPXovTas Kal TOUS5'K TOU aCoTrEOS
TIroiS a0TCOV Kp6rTCOaaV.
185 (csarep apTinTapio0uaadTa6TCOV Mr8IIKCov. 0 'TOIWVUKpaT'faavTre 8 euA)(iVXaTOoS ?1X9pois, 7TOS
TIl1EKEia
I6vov ra rTOviToXp0ov iXalrraTrparTa Ki6AXov fV?eyKev 01KEOUvS ?ViKrlCYav.XPTCaaJpU?voi8' &o9pOTrpois, Kal 7 188
j TraSeJrrpaciaS 'Trepol, haXaKal -rTS OiKOI t8uovKoXiaS rrapa TroOSaycova5 atvSpdeia Kal TC-rpeSTa ras5 rpaEtei
oTCoo SitserTO co)aS' Opov lvatl ooxppoCvvils wTaiv & 8ETpouvAevao'Sat, oOTCoS&OeKTCrYoavTO Tqv Tr6Xtv
dvSpbwOroisKai gniSEva 6tiS' Oarepov gevupev gXE6V COOT'e' poU7oiTro TIS JiTP TravrTa 8tIyeir?Sat, veTival
KAN?al T'lv ovupaol&cv?iY r TOU Troi'tpLoucrU tpOPV' 273D
i8I Kal piv a-rrT Reiske, aCrri ARTU. 8&oO8eis oVrTCos dKOXOojsous TaTSa&vCo 1TPCae'e T&S?EEP?ST Kal
U. rtn8' au'rfi Photius, araur ARTU. iva6yKao-roTU rrpoetiovTroKal KaTcbpSCoav.KaiXTOI0S,OTe'TrratvTO
Kac
Photius, "ivayKaoral AR. &vrT'pKcali U. g?v rwoXXa &rreT?rtprlTo,TooOUTOVITTCOVTO AaKe8alp.O6vioI,1TtO6ci
8ihU. autri Reiske, au'rr ARTU. EorivA. XPTnvopiieitv Ta0Trrv irerrpaip1ev;
Tlvi Ti TrrepIovUCia
I82 Post wTravrcov
omiserunt p,ytocrovAR, addidit
T tOar
R2. TrravTaa T , TTraraTotaura ARU. a0Tfi i86 86FyI.YaT'
ART, 8eiyliaTa U. ol TaToCi-1'TpCoTO
Stephanus, aCTrrARTU. lEpri Aldinae Stephanus transposuit T. Kai yqfi KaliOeaXar'rTiU. i &Yvepcb-
Reiske. KEspSgvARTUN Photius. TrotS T. ouYvest7eyIivoART, cuvetXleyv0vosU. OiTrp
I83 Post i8eovro omisit crCLeivU. Post eoyiCrrov aU0r(v TroApf'iCavTrST. Trfi TOVTravrTovavpcoTrov
omisit ye U. qpi?retART, Tri TOrvaTrr&VToov U.
q)VCae
I84 KAaTrEcraa
ARTU2, CaprWrAaKeiToaU. Post crEpTl- I87 Post 6vrT? omisit oi U. EUeFvoUoariS UL,
Oeo?aomiserunt Kai TU. aOri] Dindorf, aOrrrARTU. ?erlVvo:aTorART. av0rr'vIunt., aOcrTovARU, ?auTC'O
I85 yEvopEvcovARU, yeyevrlpvcov T. wrr TOrV T. 8' eCrJyvXuU.
TETrpaKooIov ARUT2; rTOvomisit T. Kal TC' ITrpo I88 8i &p9OTErpotiU. avSpEiatATR2, &avpiat RU.
Tro0STrpIaKovTa(Tpi6KovTasU) TUR2; TCromiserunt x&Kcoo0eosULN. TrpoeXowroATUR2, TpoeiXavro R.
AR. KairTOiei OTETU.
 VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 181
189 "0 5' oUSEVOS i'TTOV TCoV UTT' EKEiVCOV wTpaXSEVT7ov EETErlATET-roU "EANrlvas' OiUT- yap
6pOTEpa T] Trr6iS
&alOV E'irrEiVTE KaCirTirCalt, AaKe5baClovicov yap & TOIS OUT'ai AaKES6ai6vlolo'UgpaXois
EXSpoiSwrKpOTEpoIS
TplaKOVTa E aVEiCav ETiI TOV rOV ov aTralTOUJVTCV, TrEp9vo-roEpolS&ata Kai SUvaT-rCOTpoIS
ETr'auTflV KEi-
ETTEiSi oavvEprloav, OUVEiETIUEV0 6SfiPOS, iV' pycp Tas vrlv EK?XprlVTo, oU g6VOVapXopEvou7TOU wOXEMOU Kai
avv79JKas PEPcaicbTA7Tal.Kati pTv AaKESacpo6vio pEV aAAa KaTiTO-TErEUTAIrca
gIEOOuiVTOS, TWETrauvo . &.A'
OTrcoScbA)pouv aAAXXiois OUK av EXOIpEVEIT1Eiv' KpUTT- los 6 5fijosiolpo
OUK 9rlS TOISyiyvogpvois, o05' aC 275D
TrpOsTC, Taox-eTEpa
TroVy&ap r S Trro6AS aCTrrSOUTCo Txiv aKalpiav vauVSgTlTE TETiXOS
KaCTEPEgJaTO TC_ gTl'TE7
SacrSati uETa TroX\ACvQpap7rvpcovKai TroiS &a6Xois rrapa- EXEIVTrCOTOTE, &a?A' CbrrEp O0cAaKESai6pOVOKIVOUV-
?EtyIa KaTrroTT. TO youv 'ApyEcov 7TTX$SOS VOaOVIv Tai, EvTaUoSa oaas SE6OVElvat ToU5 a'-ravTOv-TaS,
VoCrEpov iaCoaTOKai Epyc Kai a Aoyc' wrrEipaaa yap cs rrapaalpC oVTES lcEOTV T
TOI TOU-rro.Ho KIVSUvotSThV
190 acToirS Kai vcroovicaloaaa T.V EauTriS BiXXaEaE. pcai- Tr6iv, Trap' auTa raTO-r V ouavpopcov UTrovrilclaT-a,
vovTai ToiVUV o6oicS Tra TE OiKETa Kai Ta KOIVa TC)V EEAXSo9vT EiS 'AAioapTov EvavTia AucavSpcp Kati Tau-
'EXAMvcv TrroXITvUEaaipEvo povo TC)V &aAXcv T0US TE Cavia TTrVBoicoTiav 8EEiXovro.Kal T6OTES A'ucavSpos
y&p "EArivaS oU p6vov ?K TOV TroAEpicoVCOVTO5?Tv T7yVTCOV
aKplpjcS c'SQETO OTI OX)(, CASCE?TO,EVEVIKTKEI
purECySa, a?tax Kal vocaouvTaS EVavTOIS aTraciAaTTr-EV, 'ASrlvaicov lroAiv, &?' CO0TTEp TOIS
cbOVEpO7Tr6AOrE
aUToi TE Kai Trpo TOU5SE?o Trro0Xous Kai wrpOs rTa wratli TrapalrrAlTicoiS'iq ?V yap EU9UiSa&vEXlEI
rp Tas
OlKOISUOXKAiaSwTapECKEuaaCpEvoI KpEiTToVEATXi80o?co- oaugpopcps,6 5' oUi T- T-rV 'EAXvcov SICKE1,
,&aA'
191 pCovrT. oU 6Sl TOvS aXXAoSEv fTKOVTasKai TroXACAvECO- 6[oi
T'roI aoAAolSEKEITO.OU TroAcX) 5' 6 oTEpOV Kai 194
TEPpouSTpOs acUr6OXOVaS Kai wrpEopuviTpous, oU6 TO T'
KoptvSious 'EAArvIK1Kali Tri OA6 TtpETrouca ETrXASE
<KpUp5rlv pATa
TTV-r TCOV
OTrcv o SiKfl, Kai KaTaopEUyOUal Kai OUrTOI
a'oKrTcaV>, TriS Tt6- TwrpoTT-VwTr6Xvqiv
AECOS?T?poIS KcTarSEtlac"ls, OUSE TO PIrjSevO6 a6&Xou 67OTIOv Spcocav KaKOV aU7rTUs av
OJK TWT7E TTIViKavrVv
274D 'rrATlvTCOV8iS TO7V'r6TXEpovTrpovoovUpvous, T-rS Tr6- SiKTrVEXEIVvoItiC'at wr5a TiS av EKIKaCEV EK TCOVujTap-
AEcoS T7rAOV roiS aAo2oiS TaqT'-r VIKC0OTjS, oU TaTraXOVTrcO,0oi ' &wTp TrEpi Oq[paiov, TaUTa Kai TTEpi
8EIKVUOI TO OVKiaOV, aA2ta Kai TO Ev aVUTroiSTro
O6VOV 7TOTCOV yv6OVTS p3or$oUacv Eis K6ptlVov, cbS &v Tl5
-TOUTrro0pEouTrpay?aal Kal Kaipois TOOOUTOv (afvEa- lTrEpTfi oiKEia5' Kai yEVOgEVOu70rTO ToX 0po TrOAXOU
Sal Kpa.TOUCavT7T.Vrr6Xv, E? T?-Kai Cds ?T?pcos XW- Kai CUVEaXOUS EV KopivScp, paXaS TE TroAxaS TrpOKiV-
pouilv, cbs T TE EiprlgeVa 8rlXoi Kai 81' cbv wpoo'S9i- SUVEUCaVTES, KaliTEitX(i'avTES acTO'USKai TiV TrroAiv6ia
192 CopEv gEO-I71 SEcopEV. Trao(XCo5' EycoyE wrpos Tar5TS5 TTaVTCoV SitaqpuAravT5S, KaAltOTOV EKEiVOT9T?SrKaV'
iroAEcos Trpa5EIS OTTEpo0 wp TOUSVV cOpa' a?i yap pot EXOVTES yap TOV 'AKpoK6ptvSovKai Trapov auroiS
TO TrrpopaiVOpEvov TOV ?pycov Ka1tio-rov q)aiveTal Kai KaTaO7)XEIV T1]V TrrOtv, ilviK' EpoUXAoVTO,OUKE'SEE[aVTO
TiS.Epiai TOVTTCOKaTa TOV Xoyov. TaU-ra p?v o6iv SEcov oU0S' p[outaUoc/avTo, Epycp SEi1avTES 7OT TOV TCOV
7TS av KpiVEElKOAcoh, EycA) 5, do0rEp UTve7aXO6lvt,
ViEtpt TrpooraTOcv Tro0EgotIaIV, OU'XacuTroiSiSTia T TrpaT-
TC)OVtOtrcov -Ta yvcopilcoTaTat, E cv &apa TTlV TE TOVTES.Kai TiO0 ES70s TOUT aTropias KT8aCToraavAaKE- 195
yvcbjOrlv Kai TriV Suvapyv Tfs5 -rr67cOS SEOrTtA?oyiECo'- Saltovious Co'r' Tri -TOV TEpacov p3acatoa -rraXtv 276D
193 Sat. eva p?V TOoivV Kai WpcT-rov aTOrrov Tr0AEgov Kai KaTapEVUyouoCt Kai S1' EKEiVOUTrOtOUvrTa TrIv SpuAou-
SauacrTOV fparo UVrrEpOrEpaicov. ewTrEti yap cos ptEvrv Eipflvrlv, TO1Sr T' v 'Afiav oiKotuvTas "EAXrlvas
fipv
aTrElprIKOTWcov AaKE5alio6viol TrwaClav Ta A olTT' TrpoEtEvoI, 7rEpl cv oUS'V EycoyE KaTrIyopo*' aX' Ei
KpivaVrESiqpXoVTo TriS SuvaOEiaS xaTroTCOVCaurC)V TIS EpOtTO aUTOUS TrOTEpOVEKOVrESTaUTa UoVEVXCbplT-
a,uvpaXcov Kai qppoupav ETri Gripaious paivov, &gl- oaav, qi aa El V EK6OVTE5
9qi'OUCTIV, &VayKnr
'
6
WTpoSESCOKVlat aO'KE1V, TiS &V wTrOT'EOUCTElEV; El
189 Tri TOV 8Trov TUR2, E7ri T-rV Spcov AR. CKOVTESKai 86' avayKlrv, OpoAoyoUiaiv ffrrTTcaSai 8i
CoTr-Ep ART, oTTcosU. Trp65T7C ATUR2, Trp6 TO7R. TrOUTrpos TTiV Trr6XvTOYS 6OAotS oi yap av, El y' EIXo
Kai o6ycoi Kai Epycoi transposuit R. SqiX7taoEv A. O TI XpfiacovTat TOiS Trpdy'iclaav, ETr' EE'TriTTrSES
I90 Ev aU'rot U, Ev caUrTOi ART. TroAtEpous ART, TOiaoTrrv aio'xvrlv Tr1ioTrlacrav. CO'-TE Tr) .O6vcX
TroAXpiouS U. Trapao'KEuaaa'evoI U. ?EtTrO[g?VCpT-OVAoycov aUrToi { )} paprTupour TrrpoEXEIv
191 oV0 6Sl Tro ARTU, ov 68i TO TrOUJS Iunt., c T'ro?AEic T6OTr
TT.V w6OAlV, Kai TaUT'
rIKpOV.
OU.)i
Dindorf. KpvtpSBV pEXrTaV TiV-TCVr-8co v &aoKxrlIV
addidi. oovovATUR2, pJ6vIrR. Post Trp,ayaoalomisit I94 pETXetEVA. b5ia9uaXavTESAR, puXa&avTr5
Kai A, Kai 7T0S addidit A2. TEARTU, -' N. aEortv A. TU. 98ESa1avTOATU, E'86avro R. -TOVTCV TrpoCaTa-
I92 TOUTCOAU, TOUTO RT. KpiVEIEVA. 5? ColrrEp TCOVARN, -TCVTrrpoo-rcTrOv TU, 7'TVTpooraTCOv U2.
ARTU. yvcopipcoTaTa ART, yvcopiallaTa U. o0x acuroiSReiske, OUKauTroT ARTU.
I93 rwp6v ARTU. EwTrrXEEV A. OUT'aO UNR2, ou5' I95 'TOVTEpocov TUR2, TC-rvTEpacv AR. KaTaqpEu-
ai ART. KaT?-rjiEuaToART, EPElywaTro U. TTCO'TOT youalv A. XprlacovTatR. ac'roi {S} Reiske, aucToT
RTU, A.
TrrCO'T-rE rrap' aiuTa TCOVo-Uq)opov R. &Xiap- ARTU. TrpoEXEtV
ivapT-upouci transposuit U; papTu-
TOV A. cbvaEpoTrO6rl7aEvA. po0UaivA.
 182 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

196 Eirri 6 T7riSeipfvrl5 Eilvfio'^rv, -rr6tv VTroaia rraveX- K?VgKOUCaa,

Mbyapa, Nlaaiav, TpoiLiva, 'AXatav,
.9Ev po0iopai ppax'u Ti. Suoiv yap 6vrotv i <&v TT1riya. SoKie 5' iIoiye Kai rTOTrV alxPaXicbTrcovKai 200
KpivoVTralir6Xei, TrroXpov Kai eipl vrs, Kai TOrTCOv TrravoAcos TO rTOIOUrrTVrrfiS apETiS eTval -rTiTrr6e
a&pqoT-pcovT0ro1"EAriail Trpo TOUSpappa&pouv ycvo- orleiov, oiX, cbs &v TIS 1pocal, iovov oivrcoai tpXav-
pivcov, EIli piv TOoVTr0oAXo TOCvOUTOV 6IioveyKev f 6croiSVpvyap olIa i rap' EXhiSaSf S?vaiulv 279D
SpcoTrriaS.
r6AlS cSoa- & pt6vrlKcaTripyaraTo , piyiaora rTCVepycov Tra TOlauTa KaTopSoTrai, TTrS TrapoOlcTS EXovral
o'rTiv T0ro5 iOarcppovEc TIS TISoTro, TOcO0jTOVTOV TXilS, co-rep 0o S9rpav &SBvaTol TO ?r|.9$v &rrpoa-
wvTaoTx6orTcov-rrepqipev, oaovTrEp &v e KaS' acvrrv 6OKiFTcoS oC0 .ESta-cnv, oU0' av arro6SogSa TIS d(&lcbaq,
fiycoviLTro. Xcopis 6 TroirTCv TOis Trplai KatpoIs 'TiS d&ias Tuino'catvr' av, AX& r'iv ao-rcv &cuvvapifav
'
IpapTvupirTar Tcr pv yap -rpc-Tra TOV Xr0roiouvp6OVrl 'rrova&lovav.
TrpocTInivTrE5 8' olJaic ovveiSula
KaTrrrpacEv, Ev 6S ToIS cUErrpoisKaliwrpOsT-rv aotarica au'rripjKpEiTTrcvoiOaa 7rois 6X0otsoiSErrc'rrooT't1mKpo-
TrpoKivSuvvco'acca Ta &piatora TivEyKcrroT Ta ' ai XoyTicaTro, ? TcouUToiS rrapoUCi Ta &rrovra X'ri-
TeArevraa avUTfis ao-TI i?ia, ai TrepiKrrpov Kai lTait- Louvaoc66 Travra paov roTs 'rroXePiol5 nT 6cO'Kv 'q
Kai il v Ocrln 201
9u7,iav vaupaoxiail Kaiare [.olaxiat Kai 6 TnoXAs 58p6pios' 'KevoI Tra CaqMpa acrrTv aTdrr-TrTroav.
277D C)acrEKai pI6OVl TroiS pappa&pous Kai -rrpcT-ri VeViKTKE, tv eTSAaCKEapioviovTTriS o00' &v
'rro6cos pKpa'rTCIV
Kai aCUV 6AxoiS yevoPeVl oCK<EAaTrrovTroOSoCurrap6v- EXOi,OTTOU
ElSEiTIr6v da6rr KOIVOU
ye IrIS' p6voI 'ASrq-
Tras 1 T-ro0 avrTrrAOU5SvivKa'Kal rrapEcEivEpO6vr. vaicov 6' avlilp elS T'rj Saca,r'Trlr ActaKeSaipoviou
197 & "apilxv TrfS ye eipivriS Oaov rTO6a9popov ' yiv ye -&9Ed(?T To]V &pXiv, p6VOS&avSpcb'rrcov&pa TCOpaaI-
TfiS 'rroX6ecoSE'rTiTTret TCOpaCItNE K&KEiV6OV qpro1i6civ eTiaTpaTnTrlyicas Kai T.ri 'Trr6,e, paMAOV6Si Troi "E?aq-
TO KEXEVOU6VOV 7roieV' ov yap ?a wTrATv elao XEX7So- oIV. o08' OTIOUVyap TOV o-'riEteravra a&SlKCilaS
viEovKai KuavEcov,ei 8 ' rri Tr Ixrrrcpgpya 9poveT5, TrEi{Xl' Triv '-r6oAv Kai TO'S "EAArnvaS5X?u.ESPCoe,
oV6Sv piSxov Xs&aXpi Sa2,rrnls, p7 aOcri-s,9ci,
&p7' AaKe8atioviovu Ka-ra v)oaov KaciWTr67v VIKmCV. auOr^v 202
T
TiTs iTrrrousp6oiov fjipas -ri5 SaTT ro
lS dr)(ooxaes, Toivv TV T'S .SaXa
'd(TTT apX 'lv O
pv rr6oXtS / 6v
Kai xoKOiOUI TrepiTrCV'EArivcov 6opoicosTr rTCV iv Tri ToIS pappa&pous TOUS (pvaei TrOAE1tiOUS viKTiCoEV
'Ea&Stl Kai TCOV?V Tri OC0EaJTOi. TaCrra p?Ev il TfMS &XTrl(jaTo0,ot 8' ? (Bv i rTOAis6 ffT??L-rX 6. KTwtaaiJEVOI
Trr6XOECS dipilvl iyEI, i 6' g'rkpa rTO*S TrIV 'Aailav 'TOiwv Tfrv apXfiv oi pv o-rcoS Kxaorra8tieAov C0?ar
oiKoUvTras"EAiXlvaS &KoUeiv ToU paai7tco5 K&KxdTvov rTOov toioK<avra Trrap'acrols TroS "E7A7criat 8Kaov 280D
278D Troidv TI &avpoX-HrlTaiIrepiaCTrco Kai 'roTs&Xois T'a KArSlivatjO6vov 'E7Mivcv 6rro TOUiTOKai PrltV 86eV
SiKaia 6pileiv TrWpOT$SEIKev. &p' CaovTOKe9&Xaiov,jn ?rrplTT-rOTppo v aoipoAov EiTrETE TfIS ETcovuIIia, ?jv t1'
T6O
pIKp6v siaopov, 6hX' oU 'rravrToOvavTiov; ESKEVOU T6T rl 6XtS EKTr'caTro,oi 6' OUTrc TOIS
198 Tl6itv 8i Ta TrposTOU'S "EAXivas Kai Tas TrOvtv rrapa8oV6ra acrroU5 slirlKav COCrEKa&ltor' avS,pcb-
aUTroTSTrrWOhOV KaTraUcOtie.nq p?V TOIWV wro6XSo05 TTrrV rov &royiocav-ro vrrrEpT-rV KaTar KlaipotiS TtvaS
E1T.eAaKe8aitovicov oU6iv KxaKOV TroilCr'aTCadl'TwTEeiel aiTicov yevopvcov Trap' PviCo Tv Tr rr aTilov ' onVK
pJer'eip'lvlnS, Co"rrep&pKOUV d&perriVEVIKtKVaiV oi06' iv cbpO6Tno'' & TlS- av (pai TV ra, icos EIcoSoTcov
'EXAlroTr6vrcp AaKcSalpovicov, oOrco yap evTrrpe'rr EITriTpIav,&a!a TO6X}'Ei1KveTaali TaS poae1S a('Xp TOO
ois rAapov Tri vaunax[i Kxarrvra5 'ASirva(ov
ElTrTETv, ioou. Ka!iI'xv oli pEVT'MoV ipSOl8oIKovra ?TT1KaTi- 203
drrao'aaaav Trrapaxppia, Kai 'rr?ov oi6Ev Trpoori$JrlJt, oaXov, oi 6: O 'SI Tpes'Ov7s tjiln'Sias SieptluXaavTl^V
Kai Tauira Vrrd(pXovTroSTO rrapaeiyaiaTros aTrroI d3pTijv OUKOUv(Cs l?S$cSos Cx?xcos y' &v ini1, Ei iphTO
OIKOSev,otairepi TOr5S u7rvxo'cavras i wr6XtS oiriv' TrrpTrov'OXuprr{icovTTpooray6VrcovTrapOapov.
&X' 6icos 0o5' o'Trcos ltpitiotavTO, ToaoOrov T&iaxo0V TaUT' Eocriv ayco Tois 'rrapEET&rliVv pouXotivots 204
199 TO TrrpcTroiy' &v aoTrol 8u6vSfijvai KaTad8clai. TI r ' &X.9Soai. Ioaco5 IIv o0v K&yCo Talol TTOIEV&oTO'TOV
oi P.v o*?iiv ctroxppOv fyloavro, &7Ax' &xpi TsiTrj v SOK-,pCpl6opOvoS pE, cavrbos6' EiS0roi5 6.oious X6yous
i9ov ' Kxai81' ac'r' ye TaUT' Elp'rKcboacTroOs
T-riXcov i
KaaSaipCtocoS, wrr6XtS &6ravrra5 rrTpoErlUAv,ScbS,
nEcXorrovvroiious KaTra T05v &vco Xp6'ovo vEviKlK(ula,
cbs KopioaTO Tr v EUopoiav, oi 'rrpoXA.9e-rrepaliTpco, 200 SOKEl 6i pio R, ye addidit R2. Post iwrrias
A,a& Kai & TC'O
r roioicp Trwpoei7Aipai, Kai TrauTr'drrrSco- omisit 1 85rvactvU. Trpl,aaivT' TUA2, TrtlraaiT'AR.
aOirrvRTU, avTc'rvA. orpkTcpa aOrTovARTU.
I96 rieolTo ARTN TrierTO UL. Post SE8rtpois 201OaX&acto5 RU. Post o-rpacmyrilas omisit KaiU.
A.
omisit Kal U. VEPVIKlKEV 202 n'Xr(TCivA. TrapaSovTra aCrros;RU.
197 Kxo*o-niARTU. TrpOT0ritiKER. 203 8e 0o0' ARTU. &AAS ye av ARU. Post F1q
I98 w6&XIv Sfira TUN. TOU Trapa8eyIIaTO5 aCtroIs omiserunt ei AR.
ART, aUroTs TOUTrapa6eyyplaTOS U. ToaoTr' &nirovXv 204 Post iacos p?v omisit oiv A. K&ycbTrICIV&ro-
T. 'rrOVTroieTv
U. TrpoEX7Xue0&SART et Photii Marcianus,
I99 veviKrlKTaKalAR. NfaicaavStephanus, vfoalav woapEcXAXu0cbsU. ov0re eiEeTrl85s ART. EIveKaARTU.
ARTU. TpoiLfvaU, Tpoi[liva ART. mrro6sTlaiARU, TrrtidSEai T.
 VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 183
5i' a 9pTrii 5Ev il AEye1V. OU PxV a&A' E' aUTCrv TroU- a&rlASCs S8Kala -?Trprplcav AaKESatloviois 'ETre?EX-
T-roV Kai laxioor'Scv Tri KaTiSoi c0S oUrrE T Xapis SOVTrES'cv &dppOTTEpcov TirXPh pEiEOVeirrEV TrEpiTxfS 208
ScaclUpiaCrT, qV OiOVTral Tri -1Trr6 KaTaTCiSeCSaC, OTr' iT6ACco&S;-rlv TE yap Eiplivrlv EoXaTOI TCOV'EANxvcov
E??ETiT161ESTa yE ToiauTa ayCOVioTrov. oCOTOEl TIS ovveX)cprlcrpav Kai ou TrpOTrpov rrpiv yvwcaav OTI oi
281 D atiol Kali ,Uiv appriTa TaUTr' Elval, aX(E?6V TOrUTO p6vov AaKE?8atpovioiS&apaKati pacta'Ie Kai ESUrISKai
' (av
Xdpiv Elp'rTat' Xopi5 TOUTCOVavu
qVEVPaC94pTlia oi Atovuaicp Kai rleAOTrOVVrlc'iOis yKT Tr0oXePiIV, E'rEi
Aoyoi yEyovaoc Kai Tfis wapartEaouoVr0S XPia5 E'ivEKa. &XXatKai
Trwp6TOUTOYE U1rrppXovTrapeoKeuaaCI'EVOi,
oU yap /jv &AAco5 O6TpoEit6nrlv a`rTOSEdTat, oCr)' ?? cv ToTs oUmpJ(kXOiSTroTSap?ETEpoI aUTCo)V'OUjTCA)Trpo568- 283 D
205 EpEEuyov,EK TOUTCOV -Trpo0r(xSrv Ei'TETV.8OKOUol y&p S3roav Kal oUS' OUTcosaTraOaasC 5 l(S VTrUeteiVav,
S rTalis
,ioi AaKoEaioi6vioi TO TOU Trap' 'Olripcp TEsKpou &AXa TCOVye TtEiCaavrov KaTEYyvwooav, Ti'YOUPEvoI
wTposTOVAiavrTa Tr?TrovS3val'rrpOs-rlV rowXiv.Kai yap Trapa T'rV aUrcov elval q)'citv Kai o0USE,ITOVlTpOTC'V
EKiEVOSTCOV afAOov TWpOKIV8UVeUCOV 'WSTO-r Aiavra Tporralcov OVTIOUVTrCO'EEAAivcovpaacriAcos aKpoaCo-
avaXcopei Kai 61 ' EKEiVOV aiveTai, cAs 8' aUCTcoSKai Sai ovyxcoprfcai.
KpUrTTerTa, Kai AaKeSaio6V1io o0 TCOV 'EAXNivcov T'hV eipivrlv wTrapfiAXov209
'ETrEl5' 86EKai TrrapaTaUrTTJV
TrpoEXovTreKai 1TpoKtvSuv8?oEvTES v rTatiSXpeials TaTi- EiS ei)PaS >YvEycb 9E(pyc AEyEIV TroUvola Erri TOlOU-
8eS T1i Trow6li1TapapaCeTveioi. TEKPlUPIOV86' TCOTV YOoV TOtS, oU pOVOVwrpCoTOiTrWV'EAAivcov, aXa( Kati i6voi
vUctapXovTrc) Kai T?TrwpayPivcov aUTOT5 pEyloar TCaT' rrpaypaTcov avSripavro,
TCOrV corTEp palouv ap6-
EOTrV c)V KEKOIVCOvrKaOCi T'r TrOAEv*Kai TOvTCOV&jEIV pIVOI, Kai OUX EV E15o0 EUEpyeaCias wTreSEi(avTO, a&A'
8tIEXovTo a&rrETUXOV,& 8? o-cv TOIS &TrO T-rS Tr6XECOS oiU8v E180o EejpyeciaS aTrEXtrov, Se{a&eVOIt ?V Tf V
prrpacav, v5o06rTaTaa'vSpcOTrcov KaTcbpSoaav. OU'TCA (vuyTv Kai TTIVrrpaliv aUtTroio'v9VSEVTrEKai Trpo86i-
S1a TijfS Tr6XecoS Kai (paiVOVTat Kai KpU'TTOVTaI TraAiv. cocrrp 8paipa Trap' aourois, aTrAEtav8E Kai
avT?vrE5
206 oi plYv aXX' EycoyE o0TCOTrapa yvcoirpv els TOUrTOUSTroXiTEiavKai wraVTlcv p TOUaOiaVs86rres, cAOT'EpTOIS
?iX9rv rv TOUS X6yous, co-r' ?EpouX6Oprlvav Kati rT ?K KopivSou Kai Odcaou Kai BuilavTiou pErTao-Taoiv.
Tpo1Tata & XEAAco A?EyEIVa(rr' a?Acov vrrrTapXEv&va- TrEtS' cbS Kai TTq5 Sta TCOVorXV
rAcv E CrlaEporSlgiaS,
elval wTpoorTiEVatl
KEIpIEVa Tri T6oAXei Kai p ravayKaloV EeXAS6vTErspIKpoU 8ETvaTravTrS Co)Trep wpTTwOTrS &aX' oU
Tro5S rro7AoiT5OT aTro AaKeSbaCovicov. viv 6' aOrTaTa KtVWUVCOvgeSeE1IV pEAMOVTr, TIYV -TpOT'pav aUTrov
TrpayypaTa Ta'TrIV ayEt, oorT' oU TOU rrape?eTac'a 0oSov pitirloap6Evoi, Tr1 6E yvcb~jrl Kal cUTrppaAOXpVOt.
pr -TraVTa'na
TOJU
Xapiv eipicaErTa, cA?Xa -t'c Ta5 TpatEi TOTrepE yap cruaxias
oUK oUOirlS auTo1S ov Trpos Oq-
TrapEXSV9-vKai yap Eioiv &S TrapeapEAXrov-68E 68, 5c pafous gfiXAov, Ev 86 TOISXp6voIs TOUTOtS Kai TCOV
207 EOIKEV,OU TOU TUX6VTOS 8p6opou. EViKr'OaV pIEVToiwVV o-rraTX Tv TsvV crEup fi5 ovpitaxias jTrO Orp3aicov
282 D v AeXCaicpA Kai 56
8p9?pav pIKpOV TwavTO crrpaTOTre8oV, KaSrlpri t.vcoAv,a' p os XVTre7oyio'avro Trv
ETAov6E T'r& v Tr KopivScp 9poUpia Kai TrOJ iyKa- avotav auTcov Tir XpEi?, o08S p1Ahtov TolS 8tKaicoS
SEoC-rTTas AaKe8atpiovicov )ikXacrav Kali Ta TEiXrl KtVSUVeUOUCatcbpyiarSro'oavi TroISaSiKcos ?wTrEA9oUov.
KaTEOKaCWavv iX9ov 6' EiS 'ApKabiav Kaci p)XPt TVrS OUTCO 6E Xaaprrpois TOIS Aoyiociois Xprla'apVOi TrrpE-
AaKCOVIKKS,KaTcEKEtICaavS TOUjS Ev Q)loUVT, Kai TCOV rrouvaavT1rVTEeXerTTv ET.9,rSTjKaV.oi' yap Trapa piKpov 284D
E1TeAE.ST96cov Tp6oralov ?orroIcav, Kai Mavrtlvcov 6viKr7av o00' cbS (pop3ijcal i6vov AaKe5aitiovious, &X'
Trrativ Kai XIKUCOViCOV a9iS iv rV TC TreSC KaliTcOVoUVp- Kp3aO6vTES T-V pppoupav Kai r
TOU5 apl-oc- ras vTroc-
arXco)v TrapErrAEuaav 8' 'aXpt Buvavrriou, Kai TravTa Tr6v8ous avriyayov E15T]rVE` &PX)S Ta'tV TThVTrOAv.
rTOVTrpi OpKrlv-v TOTrOVSt' a UTCV TwtOilotaVTO,?ViKrl- Kai TOUTOVp1eViVTrEpT-rfS AXEUSEpiaTOV aycova TiS 210
aav 8 TOUS ETrtToiWrro0U TCOVappocrTov Kai -Tas ppou- EOrnaicov, rTOV8' Eq)ESi TrrE'paOTTfS ipavro Trfi
pas Ev MrnSUivrl Kati 8'
Trpos 'AP3u8c. rTOCOUTOV auTro15
-rrEpptiv CaoTr Kai TOU OpaKcO&v p3actiNaS s8flXAa~av.
yevop?vou 68 TOUJTrepi T'iv Ka6pIEiafv d'rrpocr8oKl'TOU 208 Trap& T'lv atrrcov Dindorf, uavrTCOAldinae,
KaKOUO pjvo TCAV 'EXAivov Kai TO TTiS aloXpaS auTcov ARTU.
Eip1vris SiKalov Kai Ta TCrOv 'EAvlvcov KaXa Kai cos 209 ETrei8T S? ART, ETrrEi 6 U. 8ETrloE?A. Crrrppa-
X6pevot ATU, uTrEppaAot6pevo R. rrepiTrfi ovupapxiaa5
ATU2, TrEpi TTrVacruvpa)iav RUN. cbpyio'0ocaav omisit
205 'OilpOu U. oa'rcos Kti KpljiTrTETaiART, aT0Cos U. ETrEeXOiUoR. qopafioait iovov U, popo-aai IaAAov
KEKpUrTTatU. EiClv A. EvSoorTara a&vpcoTrov ARTU. povov ART; puaAov, deletum in N, eiiciendum esse
206 COST'oiU TOU TrapE?erTacrat T et Photius, coS viderunt Reiske Dindorf.
TroU rapEerTacait U, cbo-r' oU Trape"ETaaco'AR. Trav- 210 TfS 0nlpaiOov TOV aycva transposuit U. TO'
Tarraciv A. &STrapEA1Trov U. 8' E?)ETS TA2, rTO ' E9?feSARU. TrroAco5T-rv Oq-
207 6S Eis TU. EuKicovafcov U. 61' aUCrov UA2, 61' paicov U. rrepiioraTrat S? pEART Photius, SE otI UN.
auTCrv ART. MieUpvrnt R. TOOUTOVART, TOCOUTO oCU8 ?v6O T, oU6iE vO A, oui' Ev6O U, ou6ev6s R.
U; post TOoa-UTOV omiserunt 6' AT. TrivCOVpivrlo'co U. rawravraxouUN.
 184 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

acoTrpias auTcov. TrapoguvSv-rrcovyap AaonKe8ao- eoaultco Troivuv TCOvTrI Mrixcov Kal SKicovaicov 213
viCOv Trpos T- ovIlpav Kai pjIET&a
Trariqs ouNlaxias ToAcVTCV 'rov rpoqpEptv Trij r6oAetTTOVYfTS 1 sCaXaTT15T
avrrTa'aVTO
FrrwEASOV9rcov wTp Tf5 Tr6?XEcoSTrfiSOrl- 6OT?ETraCTa KaTrlyopoUCl, Tr6TEPOV TaOTa p6va
paicov, aorpaT-ryo'S TE popEpcoT-pou5KEivoig a&TrE- TCOV
&KOVCaaVTrE TrETTpayLvcovTia KaTa fiSo0S r6X?el,
TrtrlCjacavTrE5 f 'KETVOt TOtS OUVv'Ayriat7.acp TrapEi- '1 Ta-rSaIUTcV rraTpiaLi OiIK v&V 'aUpIpoU?Vr.1) vTES Kai
Xovro, Kal BtaxTravTrcovoTTipES Ti) TroXEI yEV6pEVOt. Tarra KIa Tr&xAauTrrapXEtv oca Tr TXrr6Ai; Ei p?v yap
TrEpliorTaTat8 p1TE TavrToaTra ConOTEp Ev ouyypa9i) o0 avupoUIJec$ai (p^cOUCovaI,&VT?TrTiSEl&VTcoV ol
TCOVacTrrov Xpovcov, &api OrtIr aVTaa tiEE.XSETVE'TlO- &ycXXovrTar 81 ' OKn< &av(pUyoev TfllVaipecIV, El TIS
pov, &a' oi8 gv6OS orrpaTrryou TravTa egf5. BV Ti a0oTOIS it6Oi SE?cov, 1Tauoacr9ov pSeiooatv f KaS'
TrapEis TiVOSpvraSc.o; TrOTEpOV T5S eV Na&cpvaupa- airroioS 6yoIS E'YXEIpoUVVTE.?Tt Trovov r6OTEpov TTr5 287D
XiaS, pyoou TOCOTrou; 1 TCOV TrEpi KEpKupav ayco- rrA6XcoS qi TrCV capUpa3VTov KaTilyopou'tvI ei pEv yap
vtpaTrcov; f TCOV errieOpas TrEpTfTS EKe Trpax- T'rs wTT6cog, oOC8v, cb5 EOIKE, TCOVpEyio-coV ETriorav-
SE?vrrcov'EA?a'o58; q T-Cv ev 'AKapvavia; q TrOv Tat, &aX' KriTrpEuyEV alTouS &' di ]v r76ro6t yvcopi-
211 Travraxou; 1 TravTraTa7xa aqPElSo8pEytorov ?Xco Kal LETatl Ei E8 TX "vpavTa V pEP0T (JOVTal, OvUXopoia TCOS
.Saupao,rTTarTvKai Op6VOV cb5&AriSS TCOV 'ASrlvaicov OAotS, I ColS sOlKE, 0I5 rTpOEiXETO 11 TrrO6AvopilZOvreS
a&tov 'rpaat, TOUTOEt"irrco, TO e1rEt1 OrlE)ciaTot AaKE- oITrco (9povTatCOC-r' E CvrbVTO rpayta KCaKilout TI'V
285D Satlviovou5 ev AECKTpoitKPaTrCIaVTrES EEXETV ETrEV6OUVTr6XIviyKCOptIXalouo't. TOTry&p KaKia Kai TrrO6cosKai
Kal KaTEXAeATrTrOO Tr&TrpayaTa ?V TOU'rTCAaKESat- i8tIdTOv SEIKVUTat, oTav l pova Tcp TrpocrjTa Tnrai-
povioIS Ao-rrESeTvq 9Ecov TtVa XETpavrrEpXEtV,qi TTiV -Ta, ii 7TrAEicO T pa pajXa TCO'V ErTtEtKCoV EXEYXn1 TIS
n

Tro6lv KXrlpovOp'Yalt T-rCV&KEiVOISOVTCOV KItVUVCOV,lEIlco' rrpooaKEicSco yap- oTav 8' eE`Taltcov 86ta rrav-
ESeAovras' KairTOtC9tKTOIEVKaT' &pXaS EviSU5KTnpUV TCOV~VOSKai 8UoTV?Sa&pav,n,AArl$SaseTroatv-voTl
Trapa TCOVOrlpaiov, cbS Tr' EtVa7yyEXiotS'orTEpavco- &q)111, &XXAco TrEei prIS' iStCbTOU Troti TT-VKpiatV, &AAa
[pvoS, fKE 5' i rrTn'EoW6vvrno'os5COraa 6iBou0ca auiTTnV, rr6oEcos KaITa1\TriSTrpECpuTarTrS TCOV CEMAr)Vlcvov Kai
KEAEOOUaa eTr' &vatpeaEt rfiS T-rrapTrlS,cyeiTOSat' i6 El i TrXETrarauTrapXEI Ta SEOVTa avUpaVvTa. Ei 8E ETl
Kal 214
vil, eqrpaioiS filrEitouv TrpoocSfilaSact. ol 6' iTrriVv TrEEpT'ro'rcov a&roKpivaaSat, OVK pco T5TCO oi ErTa
TOiS rrap& TOU KJPVUKOS OVrTC)cS E8aKpUCYaV coarrEp rTara 8UvvrTivres TrpoaclvEXS9CTavTOIS aUTOiS Troi-
OiKEiav Ttiva ovXtPpOpav KxovaavTrE Kaic'TrrE'rwpTEav TOtISrrpayjIaaClV'orTE yap Xv-rrETv gycoyE oU8sva TCOV
(cSbrrp &K TCV papp&pcov fiKovra, wTrAETrov Sfi 656rgS 'EAAlvcov Trporip?tat, a&7a' avetTai TCP yEvl TCOV
?EvucrvrvTa' T-rV 6S AaKESatpovicov pripfav aVTr T-rS 'EAXXrvcov 6 Aoyos lAioTtliia KOtlvT, oUr' av ETEpovs
nlEAooTrOVViOaiCOV eKoUaiou oappaXiaS Kai Tfis 4plAias w7Trt5iicoir TwroupEitco Kai 6ev6o-rpa ElpyaapcEvous,
TCOVKEKPaTrlK6OTCOv EToVTO,O0)X iV TETrEOvSEaav &TroXoyia TOUT' oa-rivUrErp Ti5Wr16XEc05,&XX' opoAo-
acToi pvrEllOVEcravTlrEs,tXt' TrrEirovTTat AaKE8at- yia ptiaov EiSovyyvcbplv KaTa9EeUyovcaa oUSiv oOv
212 pO6vtotI TrepioqSEVT acrrTv Elvatl AiCaa vopio-aVTES.6 86opat TotavTrris &roAoyiaS. a&ta& pOI SOKOoUYtV 6Acos 215
8i 6 tC&kiaorra aOiov Tfis EKEivcov9p UOECOs yaaCfivat iyvorlKvat TtMV TCoV TrpaypaTrcov qpoaiv Kai coTrrep
Kal KpETTTOPVr KaT' a&V.pCoTrOV fiyclracSat, eo6v yap ESco OiKeiVTfS OiKOUViVTrin o't roS TotrrouS wrapa-
-auTroTsdo&KouSouovra5EXEtV AaKeSiatplovlioUKai KaTa T$pov-rs X6yovu. TrrcOyap &v Kal 7oyilecSSat <aiir TtIS
286D yfjv Kal KaT&aSaAaTTav, ii TrEptlIEV E?TiKEfiPCanV Cb'- aJTOrS wpl rEp TCTCOVVT IETpiCOg,fi trc'S OTrrrp&PXffS
$SvTaS, ovpdaXcovv, orEpoi iKETCOV,craVTwrcov Xpfvat 8ta?AyEaoat, Ei OTOrTOTrpoTOv `yvo'lKa't, 288D
mTavEcarrlnKOTl v, T'rriTOiSitoto ESogavro, Kai TropEvo- TylVqloitv aOTriS; a&Tracra yap 8'1rrov.9Ev&apxITCV
pvriS coTrreppX0oyo6TrfSeOrpalcovsUVap&Ecos5 TriTrV KpErTTOVCOV Erri Kai rrap' aOT6v TOV TTiS taoTilTOS
Tr6AtVTCOVAaKCE8atiOV(cov Kai T&( aottra T-rf5TlEo- v6Oov ei 8e pil, TrrTioSfIOV TTOU iKatoV q p6povs
TrovviCou p6vot Kal 'EAAlvcov Kal Pappapcov Trpo- ,AyEyeiV (71TO TTfSai OTrpiaS, i' v6pouS Ttl9Vat ToTS
TcrravrESKcbutcaav.?g cov OOTCO5Tr6TrVrcov &copcovro o0i6v 8Eo.?votS, f KpivEiV T&KElvcov, ) Trpoa-rTTElV, i,
CdSorKaTaorrivat TItV TroAv avvE6ptlov Tfi5 oupPclaxia TroXeev'i, r
K-raoSa Ta i TrpociTKoVTa; ioAco yap
T-r
arrars.
213 TaTs au rG wv TrarTpciav RTU, Troi1SCTvUTVTra-
211 TO &AAa AT. Oauvpacrr6TOpovU. TOUTOEITrCO Trpaaiv AL. avJTO*SATUR2, aUToTSR. Stoirn ART,
ART, TOUTC'EiTco UN. iv TITCP T &a Trrp&yLaTa Boirl UN. Trauaccy6co'vAldinae, rrauvaccrOcoaav
transposuit U. fKEV A. avrrcv elvat U, atOTcovElvat ARTULN. aOe'acv-rouART, KaT'auToroSUN. gOIKEV
ATR. R. TrpocYKEidCco TUA2, TrpoKEiOeco AR. 68 eETaLCOV
212 6 6S Kal 8iS Aldinae; Kal in T superne adscrip- AR. 6iAXcosrT ei ARTU. Trotfi ARTU, -roEiEDindorf.
tum. acXtarT'a&tov U. auTroT5 ARTU. Kal KaTa yijv 2I4 KOIVhUT2, Kotvrit ARTN.
Kal Karra e0&a-rrav T et Photius; Kal KaTa yfiv 2I5 gco OiKETV Aldinae et Stephanus, ?o<KEiv
omiserunt ARUN. ETriKeCpa1ivomisit R, superne ARTULN. BtaA?yEo-eat
RTUA2, 1ayEoeal A. EcrrlvA.
adscripsit R2. TO Keivcov U.
 VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 185
216 oiUEv TOTCOGVa'ro TO
TOU iaov yiyVETal. COCT' Ei TIS i'5iKrlvTo, a 6E Tri UoroTpaia PETEyvcooav Tris TrXEcos
aKplipooyEiTat TrEpiTCOV8IKaicov Kai aootlaO'TlSEalV qv p6vrns Kalr) Tpirplprs T-rV Trplqpri KaTEIrrXIpEl.Sau- 220
I&uaov 3poUAerTal -rpayyiaT-r v iucaEi vuy-
1F Tri TCOrV Pa&lo 56 EliTCOVp?V 1i8lCTo' v TrlV?pycp Tr&vT-r5 arro\o-
XcopETV, OvK av 9Savoi blaypapcov TraTaa apXaS TE yiav Tritpoi, TfS TroAEcoS56 oixi 6pev
p voi Ta
Kati SUVapEI a-TRXAc'Cos a&raVTa yE TOCUTaETorV EV ppya 61' olcov Kai ocacov aTO?roEAo6yITai TrEpi TOUTCOV.
TC) SQEcrpI&
TOUKPEiTTOVOS. ETI' VTO Coias &vEc
a o p- Kai TlAiOU p1EVKai CEAXlvrlSOUX)oaa PAaT.rTOucr KraTr-
Xpi TC)V Kal
S9EC)V, E)yXCoAV, Aycov os oU06 oiTroI TOIS yopouiuv, &AA' 6acov ayaSc6v a'Trolt yiyvovTal sau-
aVspcbTToiSE iaou TrpoaopioXUivcy,a&X' 1prBlvTat paElo?Ev,TriVTT6OV8' E cV EviOISTTpooCxKpouoev, &A'
KpEirTTro Elval. aAA&olTpt -TaT-r' EoT' ycoviaoS &dicov OUK E? cV Carao'lv c)piArl)ev, oV8' EKTfS oXrlS (pUoEcoS
&vspcoTrcovKai rTOvqAIovoViX EcopaKOTcov, 65 acxai- KpiVOUJIE?V; OU1K,oiopai yE, &AcrrrEpav e'1 TlS Kai TCOV
217 pTiroaTrov5aAXXouv acorpaS TO(pair avEoi$o.Ei 56 avay- 9ECOV KaTTcyopoirl TOS oCKTITTTOVS Kai TaS ppovrTas,
KaTov TO aTracTdr bUvao-TEia Kai Trraocr TrEptouoaia Ta KOV El T1 CTyE1yo-9,TaS oAaS Kai KOIVaS EUEpyEOciasavC-
ToiauTa'trpoo'ivoa, Kai OrTOS5'ETIV apPX)(S .Eao'CS, TCOVapiAlcaas C'KO7TTEV. 1 TOiVUV TroW6ASKiCovaiovU
iT aTro TOU I'ou Tpos TOvS VTlrTiK6OUKpivEaOai, T6TE pEV 6v?CTTrcre, TroUg ' "EAArlva5 a&TavTas Kai KOiVfi
VIKCOV TIS, rOaV
TrwiTCA 80Eia T'CV
i Ei'E 'EArMvl-
ca(XXAv Kai Kas' EKaXCTOU5 Kai TauTa piupiaKis. T'SE1CS
ECOCoCYE,
KCOVs5uvcaPEcVETTE Kai pCppoapptKCoV paCoXtlIEiv jVTI- 8' av TruSoipnjv TC'OVpa8iooS alOUjVToCoVCavTOuS Ta
voiv \XaTrTOVl TC-rf_
r TrAEXovEitasyiyvopivcp xpqoca- TTAlKavcTa KaTTiyopEv Tivas TOlOuTOUS avuTfiv ava-
pEvriv q TOY'TCA)V 'ASrIvaicov ?o-rT8fpov EVpEi. opavi- rTaTOUS Trroiqo'aai aClov oious a&vacraTOUS EKCbAkUaE
oETatyap a pEyvstapEp6vTcoSEp3ouAEUoCaTO v6oSa&vp6o yEvE'cSai eOrpaiovs, i' TiVCOV TEiXr) KcaSEXiV ola 291D
TiE1 KEXp)lEPVOS a S' EyKaCoUaOi
TOUPEATiroTO, TIVES, KoplvSiols aV?OTrlCEV, i r
TivaS TOIOUTOUS dvEAXETV
OV Ti) KOIVTi(pvCjElTCOV&av.pcbTcov ?EaIapTcrv, acXAa OIOU5 SiETiprlo'C AaKE5ailpOViOU5 Kai TaS IE?T'EKEiVCOV
Tri TrfS XapX)g C(KOXOUv-,lcSc aVayKri, Kai Suv(apEt p?V TrA61S, CaAAoIST TroXhoiS TraXaaioS Kai KcaXOIS pyois,
apXCo)vKaTacTaS TO ?E apflXs,
lrXaVEpCaoTlia 58 TO Kai Tra TEAEVTaaC Ti) TrEpi MavTrivElav &piicyT TC)v
289D i5 o801K6O?KcV pE3ESiSKai oXEO56vaVTOSaUTOr
Tris apXfS 'EhArivlKVcv, otpalt 6 Kai T-CV 1vrlPovE1voUOEVCOV,
iTrro-
TCOVEyK\rpTcov alTtos yEyovC).'STrAhEiaTc yap rcp paxia.
KOIVCO Kai LEETpiCpTrpos Ca1aVTaSXpr)caap?VOS Kai Tp6- "O 8' cboTrpepE KE(PaXXaaOV TrOV XPOVCoVEKEIVCOV o"rTi 221
TrOV ItVa T-r5S TrroiTEIkaS p.aXov KOLVCOVOJvS
T'rroiila- Kai O lTrtoaS Tri TroE6 Kai Tras avco Kai Tas TOTETrp&dEIS
IEvoS iF 8uvaoTE?iaS v6pcoA KcaTEX)cV, TaurTOv Trot ETr(o'ppayiraTro, AIovUciOU yap TOJU lKEAiaCs pEV
XprloTooSETraSETCOV SEoTroTvO ou yap 8ixa Trhvat?Arlv Tupavvou, 7TOAAcXV S6 Kai TrvV Ev 'iTaAia TrOAECov
E?TIEiKEIavXapliTog Trap' Evicov 'TU'Xev,&Xa EiT- Trrpoori- E?TapXovTOS EiS voUvV ipaAAXoopvou Ert9iaSo9at Tri
218 v&yKaaaEv,?Tripavg E60O pIlalEso'a. Kai piV li pIEV 'EAA6Si, TCOIj1pKEITCOVTTOAEPCOV
So KEKaKCA1KEVI, Kai TOUTO
EXOVTra TO TCOVOUTr A)KOCOVoX)fi(ta TaUT' Etpyaoipivos pEV TOUS TTpocoiKOVS TOIS "EAAXXq1 p3ap3papousTEsEpa-
(paiverat, 86cj)v TroISES.9Eouo' pXacr(3o'prlv Eis8 T0roS TrEUKOTOS?K TroAAOU, TOUTO SE TOY rEpCpoov pIroaaEa
?Varroo-rTavTasKai Trap' &diav cuppiaavrTa EiSauTOrv, KaAOUVTro, Kai TOI TrpdayaToS fiSrl LEovTOS,E?oXOv
TOUS 86? ?K TOU 9aVEpOU TAroEIioUS 6OVTaS, TTOTEpOIS Trfv TrEipav'ASQivaicov orpaTriyoi 8io, 6 p?V rTas cTro
a&lov EyKaAETv;oTluaiyE TolS T"Tva&VayKrlv Trapa(cXou- XtKEA,iasvaUS TrTpOorrAI 'aEOa d'arad'as Aapcbv aUCTroT
civ ETrEliKaKEiVOi pOt 8OKOU0aiv CA)OTrEpVXVXupov aUTO avSpacriv, 6 6E KaTavauLaXilrCaS AaKE?6alpov iouS EiT
rTOUTr'E?XOVTES ?iTrapSfva Kai TOUTCpp&XTa
j I r TTCTElU- AEVKalSt Kai TTYv S96aT-rav t' acTou Trrolcyao'divOS.
cVT'vrs &aap'rTv, o0 Tr 6sia TXAous KpacTi'rc1VTrfs O6vrlyap Troc OTiVrr oi pavvov yd yeTO, oi TrAXo- 222
a,&a
TrroEcoS, TCr pr6
avT' ArVlS l
corn9r6t8v 8Eiv6v
TrrEiaaSai, cos 'ASrlvaious yE TrquK6rKOTas acbleiv. 8qAov 220 Tl.co'Itv A. Kai 'TCOvV CVi TS r transposuit T.
219 86E & yap TrEpi MuTiArolvaicov i ETEyvcocav TriS EXE? K&VEl TI 0EiOC0oIiATR2, KaVEl TI aEloeiOri UN, Kai OTt
290D vlKioal Tro6Aisols E aPXTIS pouAXEucraTo; EKEIVOIyap L, K&VEi TtS5 Eio'CEi N2; K5V Ti 1E o'Eo'
CaE?IeEiTr
& iUEv Tr1TrpOTEpaica 68iyvcoav Trfi KpioacoSiv Kai Jcv omisit Photii codex Marcianus. avEcrrToaev A. aTrav-
Tra ARTU. EccocYEV A. a`iloOv'cov acurous T, &dalouv-
2I6 VTr6O aoqiav R. EcopaKO6covRTU et Photius, rTCO aoTfi5 UN, aitouvOTa auTroir AR. -Toflcyaa
eopaKOT-cv A. (paoiv A. Post TEAuErTaia omiserunt Tir AR,
2I7 6 a&vayKaiov ART, 8' UN. &Trawaio ARTL, adscripsit R2.
Traaor U. S6o01Kos Photii Marcianus, BEScoKcos 221 E?paX3OAAOpVOU R2, ?pP3aXop?vou ARTU. TroAe-
ARTUN. Post CoX)66v addidit aO'roS Reiske. pov ATUR2, TroAEcov rTOYvR. EpocOvTU2, TCOV Hnpocov
2I8 Post Kai pjlv omiserunt Ei pEv AR, superne ARULN. 81' auoro AU, 61' auTroORT.
adscripsit R2. 8' K ARTU. 222 cEauTOv fiyayEv AR, EauUTfv R2. Trfi TrV 'EAAri-
2I9 MrlTArIvCcov ATU. pErTEyvcocaV ATR2U2, 8i6- vcov aPXiS TL. aotirCA,Dindorf, auTC-rARTU. 8E Ev
yvcoaav R; pETEyvcoo'av-TrpoTEpaia omisit U, addidit U. TPOUKaOLpEv A. siETTiprio') v A. cUVVECTKoacV A. ?KAIVE
U2' xil1 R, EXEtR2. UR2, EKAXvav ART.
 186 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

TOVi$aUc acrev, OUKaa&pilXtav, oUX fi6ovas &VTri T-rV "O T voivV Eco pIEVKiv6Svcov 'rETETpaKTal,oV8EvOs 8' 224
SiKaicov i&A7XaC roT, &a7A'coarrp oaraca a
TrepUJKuvEijv -TTov qciavi1 TiiTrrOT TO'V T T 'ASrlvaitov Trpay-
ou-rcoG5EUTniv fyaye. Kai yap rTOITravTr, o6ao Trfi pa, ?v piv ToTS &vco X6yois ipaS s8IpuyE, vuv 8' cTcoSoV
'EAXXvcov:apXfS 'rTrESuipoao'av T rro'eOXOvvTES
T rri6E XETpovdmroIou0vai. YEvopivcov yap cauroTSCaUVvrKCOv
TOS
SiEybvovro. Kaoi D)iXIlTrrOS
rO v V vTrEPEISE TCA)V aAXcov Trrp6 AaKESaliov[ouS, Eav KpaT.rcl)cocl TrOV pcap3&pcov,
'Exxivcov, rTOUS 5' Kai
A-riXo' 8c.opeaii aUTci avUpTrpadr- a&VEXeiTOiS piljSriavTras, E1TrEifl w-apfXSov ot Kiv5vVOI,
292 D rTEv ETTEl0'* wTpbS6E Trilv w-rr6v 1TOXEpRoVE appxns .ris EXSpacS mrreaSovTO. Kai AcaKESaiiovious cbpInl-
SiETerhEoEV,.orTrEpOpov Tiva aVayKaiOV EK7rXrTlpov. qI pEvous TTOtEiv TC 6SE8oypVa SIE?KCAuICTav, o6pcoVTrTCOV
6 E:coSpiV ?)pKtE, TOES EpV prop6iTO,TOTS8' ?V wrraTpi- wToecov TO TrrXfi9os, als pEEXev fi 'EXas XS Arrcov
6os poipa( KCaT?iErT, -raVTrCOV 8E COOrTtEp1irTrlp VTrEp y?Ev'EoSaat oUCrrooo pO6vov rTC KOIVC)y'eVE TCOV
Traicov 'rrpovKaci,E, po6vr 6 TO crUpoXov TfrS CEasos 'E/r?ivcov, &7Ma Kai TroT5E a&pfiS a&lclpT-rovaKai EiS
SI8rTiprlcoe Kai CUVVr1KiaCao Ta' KcaTEXOovCaSTOTE avp- acirnv Kai itSTOrSE 'EXAivaS .ucai-TArZicevaei 8l Tro.9'
9opS ' 6' EKXivEraT payyciaTa, OUSv qV EiCTroScAv fi Tr6oAi,
ETrrei Kai oca EviKrioEvaKpip3oS ivrrp crraavrcov
(DIlAnrilTr , aAA' 6iEIX9S1 aacq)CoS O'T Kai aci vilKa Trfj bViKr0E?.
'rr6XEcosT-CV CEA'Nvcov elaci iKaClKaCira TfrS 'r6oEcos Kaci TrEpi l?V TOVITCViKaCva.J.V 8' oOu8EiSTO p?Xpi 225
?vavTriopjaTa TC-rV'EAAElvcovarravTrcov OT.riv.Oi yap TOUSE,o0Ca y' lpei5o0IVICrPEV,?VTaiiT KOlvaCs EjpTljpiats 294D
TrrpoTEpov TLS lyiovasOVi aS CTrOTTr'av (D)iAInTTTcpTrpiV eljiVlo'9rl, -TaTra oU Twpiv eThrevwracaopCa.Kai yap
223 -rr6ToATT-rVEiprivriv rrap?ESEaTOo . EXCOV S6 -rroXAa Kai dCoiTTpo0 SEiprTOV ot 01aivErTac Aoyois TC wrp&EiStF
-rTCOV U-rpov ElTrElv KaciJ.aXa)(dcr6TroOS Kai TOXpjil'CiaTa KOCpoiUvrca TOO KcaT' CaTOrS -TOIS XoyouS iEpous
Savpao-ra Kai KaprEpicas vCTrEp(pUEiS, OUKeS3'Opco TOV rrapX9ETv Trv tpvEiav. opvoi yap arravTrcov &avpcb-
KaltpV apKoUVTra. TOCOUT'OV 5' ETI TrpoaSEi5 TroS TrEpi TrCOV, TO eyO6EIvOV
8y TO'UTO, &VCaiCaKTOV TpoTralov
rTOUTCVA6yoIS &rrcaAAiTTOalo Es
TErT rapcas SE61Aca- o-TTflcaTE, o*CK arro BOItOT'CV oOS' &Cbr AaKESiatpovCiov
Sal yEVEl Tr7oXEplouV rTr6XTS?TTwoirjTat, TOOISpEvaCTrfi o06S KopwvSicov,a&' rrTO TCOV 6o.iopiOcov orraVTrcov,-
i6iouS, rTOU5SE rrrEpTOO KOIVOU Tqfi 'EAXaxos, Tros 6' AEyco 6e ovJX cos &v TiS "E7XArvas 'TrpooEiiTrOiTTp6o
VTrEp TCOv EV EipEl 6TrE19?VTr v, KaV TO-UTOIS acTroIS TOIS pacppapous avT&-rtapovopEvos, 5AX' &rro TOi KOIVOv
6SeEiq VTl EvIciv
V wV Kai ols EIXEV - Kai ViKrlV
UOq' itiKTrlro IyKoAilV yEvovs TC-rV avSpcbTrcov &VEiet'SE rVTiIov
EK TCO)V wTp6o'SE. fPrli ToiVUV Eyco TroUTi IiOVov TO Kai piyaiXrlv KaraTTracvrTOs TOU Xpovov, o0 KaTa T1TV
oXpipa TroU 'rroiEpou 'rr<aaas OpOU Tras 'EXNiVIKaS Ev Tavaypa T &VaipaopTTcrllnlOV oi6E paxAcia
ia)XrlVTrv
Twpa&EiSXEyXEv o1V oTpaS ouOaa. TTAEious yap Etaiv oU0 KaTa rTfVEv McapaSciVI TTIVTOCOUTOV vlKCocav, &W
irr6S a&yvco1pJoviCaavraS EiS caOTfilv Eoco,ev q OCOIS cbs &XrSco 'p-rv TTV prrWacT vSp
&vpc Kaci SIrlVeKii Kai
293D paiXXovxapiv Ej Troilccaaov TrrTEvrT16ovEuae,XEyco 8Si qiv Ai6s TrraTG aTrrpoaEtrretvEOaepg. &arroac yap ac
OrEpaiouvSorr6 AaKeSaliovicov, KopitviouS d'rr AaKE- roAEt1Kai Tlrrvcra T'a T-rV avSpcbwrcov yEvml'TrpbsCas
cbalovicov, AaKEaScipovviousarro ernl3aicov, Eupocas Kai TilV U41E?TpaVSiaTiav KCai(pcovlv XrrE'KivE.Kaci O0 226
TrrTO
Oerlpaicv, OTE 8iTTrsr a&p?T-rf8biycaTraci fVEyKE, ppoupcas eyKa,cowrTTliasias r svvaips -TS Tr6Xtecos
TOIS pEv Tras Tr6XE1S iu(pAaXcaaacKai TTiVXCAPpav c9' cVv oVVEX?TaiC , A&XXa 1Tavrcov SE^TrriTTESTf a iE'ipTEpa
arTrErTEprrTOTTiVaccTis, rTOOS 5' 5S EKparn'rEv urrro- i prl?vcov Kai eloTrotoiovrov cauTroUs, b5 8buvacrov, Tim
orr6vSous &peTiaa,caiSiS EpocaS m'rro6lAinrTrov, Bu- T'rr6X, CJUVtUopkvcovKai Trailt Kali avUTro15 TO wTrap
lavriouvs, lTTpIVSiouS, XEppOV'rlaTaS, XaXKitBas TO UipV KaXoiU peTaCapiETV' KCai O0Tre 'HpaKMOUSarijal
KaOS acuiTrlv, ErTpouS ,upiouS, avS' )v EiXpfV rConpEp
IlcbTrou r6oAlXEc EiK6va CTwoiioaaSait, TqrS 'ASivaicov 224 SIEpuyEv R, -v deletum in A. o6pCvrTeTO TCOv
wrpooiTKEpOVr1S Kai T-rIpaVco-rTp ycaXipa KOlVOV TrS Tr6ocov rrAfieos UN. 9XIrTcovRTUA2, X'rrcA A. eiS
TO rTOUJ 'r Dindorf. e15 ac'rfiv ARTU. EiS TrouS&aXXov
'E.asdoS. OTTEp yap ri Trr6XoE rrpUTcavEiov, acrrfiv c
Tr0t6X1 'Trail KOIVijyEyOVE TOtS"EAtlaiv'v v TCls Xpexpia5, EXAirvaS U. 56 wrrOT-rE ARTULN, 5r| iroe' Steph.
TCOVTppoTaicov Kai 'TCV TrltypacppaTcovKCuXAious&Ei Jebb Dindorf.
TrapoEXOpiEvTITaS VUrroo$SaE5. 225 jv 8' ART, oca 8' U. rTaucra ou ARTULN. oui'
TU, &rr&v-
'rrOKoplveicov U. 6ooipuAcov rravTrcov
223 [XCOV6? wTrlV R. 6E ErTA. yvrn UN. TCOV deletum in ARN. adrrKXtIEvAR.
autrfi
TU, aucrTi AR. 6ie rrp ARTU. uip' v ARTU2, ap9' 226 &AX' mT&drrTcvo T. lJp.rTpa UR2, fllTrEpa
2v UN. EiS acvrriv ARTU, aucrtv Dindorf. pAX7ov ARTN2. Boorr6pcp Kali rro-rOpcpT. 6nrr6cOcXrrriS
R.
RTUA2, arrEp- AR. 6XO 'vouS ATUR2, 6XogovaS'rrtpcol.vous
omisit U, deletum in N. &drrTEvriiOVEuoE
vrlpiv6vucav A. i6 TU, S6 AR. T- v acrris A, TC)V aCrrfiS a&vO lEoL al Ka0crneE pTrfs yfis TOrS veiv a6u-
aucirr RT, rTCV aiTTfS U. Kac' eavurTv T. Ei Xpiv va6rouv U, trrpcop'Evous av0&OL
Lo'iai Ka06arp TOS
ATUR2; Elomisit R. Troe' 1iUN, TOrTO fi ART. KOlvqt veTv&SuvarTOusARL, -Trtpco-pvousTiS yTiS avOailieoC-
ARTU2, KOtVhlUN. yEyovEv Ev Tro1 "EAtaIv AR. Oal Kaea7rep TOS velv a&uv&aTouSTA2L2 sed TrfiSyf
crrapexoipv.r UN, TrapacoXoE'vrl ART. punctis subnotata in N.
 VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 187
KcOAUOUCIV OCT? AtiP[riS KoXcovoi5 TaUTOa piE-rai, piias Trorl
6, ou p6vov 8ia TlS daTroiKOV T'ro6cos, &aA'
ou6' at Bocrlr6pcp 6OTroTrpcop3oUIA, oU6E crrTvoI5 OTI Kal l 9qcovl oaa(pcS EVSEvSE.&aToVTES5& ol X6yoI
'
XupiasKaSKai KiAaS, ad2a racoavTT-Vyjiv TU)XQT Tivi St6a VrraTcrcT-V E1i8cv ol Trap' UI'Tvapio-rot Kai oUS oi
SEia IXAoS ETrEp)XETalTTS ujTEtaspacS o<0ia Kai o'uvrl- rrap' 0UCv 6Troirlorav, Kai o-XE56v oi 6Sa -rravrcov ?v
SEia[S, Kai TauTTIrV ,iav (povTiv KOIVTV cTraVTES TOU "EAArlcliVitKiCoalrETaTratVTESTij TCOV'ASrivaicov uvca-
y~vouS Ev6olaav, Kai 61' upgov 6i6po9covos p?v Trraa PeI VEVIKTiKaCO1V.Ei Ej6i TI Kai TO KaS' q).pa5 -- TOUTO 229
' av Kai TOUS
y?yovEv 11OiKOUmpEvl,i6o01i 'Hvt6XoOS, vOv ErTl .Eg)v icvAsEVvrcAv - Kai TOUT' EiS 0uPa5 &ava-
295 D Kal TOUSvo,UEaS Kai TOvS arro Tri Sa ra-rTTrTS lCovra5, (p?pE, OUKOUV
0 EViaV yE EOCTI TOoVXoycov KaTayVCoval'
Kai TrvraTa o'a ESvri Kai KaTa Trro6AE Kai KaTa Xcb)pas C)oTr?p yap TrpoEti5Ua E apdX)(S TI (poUaS TrEpi T'rs
A?XO)I1
TrfS Trap' uC,iv (pcovs VOVSKai TrEipco)Evous T-6AEcos oCov TOi0 Epyois TrpoE1El TCOVaAXCOV,KaTE-
aVSa9trrrESat, KaSCaTrEp TffS Yf5 TOVUVEiva8SUVaTOVS. c'KeUvdacrTO aUTi TrpOsadiav TO0SXoyous, iva aUTril TE
227 TaUTTrlv ycb (Prlpt ThjV papTUpiav, c AaKE86alp6viot KOOC-OITO 0UT' T-rOVEaUTfiS ayaScov Kav TlCI- TCV
Kai TradVTrE "EAlvE5, Kai Trap' pCOvauTcoi v Kai TCOV Ca(AAov6?E1,Kai TOUT' SXOI eTa TCOV
aAxOrv
XrapilEo-
Trap' ulTv TrpcoTCOVS6tap6vEpro-r S EiC?TI UV
v ' KXKaCO'T Sat. TpO6TEpOV 1IEV OV TO0U KaTCaeCuyovTa5E9p' jPCS 230
"leipp T-rEhTa-Sa Tr TreTrsEt ViKTS' oi0 Tas pEv Tra- rTC)V 'EAcE vcov SIECjCbLET?E,vuvl 8' &aTXVc)5 TrXaVTas
Kai KaTatcYxuvISEEVav Kai EV
TpiouvS PcovaS EKAXEoi'Traoa avSpcob'rouS Kai TraVTa yEvr'l Tri KoAAiTNJ' T COV EiEp-
o'(9lav acTrois s5ia6XEX9vvat Tar apX(aia TrapovTrov Kai coqpitaSa&lTraCT
yeoalcOv avEXETE, fYE1?6VESTratlsiaS
papTUpcov' TraVST 6E? ?iT T'flVE XrXiuSaativ CocTrEp ytyv6pEvoI KCai TraVTas aTrtavTaXO KaSaipovTES. Tl
opov T-va TratSEias VopiloVTES. TaUTrriv EyC TfiV p?V yap TCOV'EAEuacvicov TE;XETTq TOiT ElCa(pKVOUvEVOIS
l6yaArlv apx(v KaAo; TfIV 'ASrivaicov, ou TpilpEt5 E'r)yrTTai T-OV ispcov Katl K liTvoCayCyo. KKATO-rSE,sta
itaKoc'iaS, i 'TrArEiouS,
ouS' 'Iclviav, o'S' C'EAATI'TrOV- rravrTS 5? TOU Xp6vou TrwaCvavSpcbwTroITCV E15 T6 297 D
rTO, oUS Tra Tri K a utpiouS iiETapEpAXrIKVpcEOV Eic9popc6v iEpcov E?rlyrlTai Kai 8ts6a'oaXot
OprraKlS,
&pXOVTaS. TOCvOUTOV yap TO 6a(popov TCOv68TOV KaSEoaTrlKaTE?aVS' CAV&aTravTas Tati TrpeiTouT'aat ETrC)-
6ycov TrpOS aTrravTaSTOUiS a;OU5 ?EaPpxfST?E'V Kai 6aTS Eq?9KEa?E, OUK iuyyI VrrOKIVOVTES, adC' TC-r
ETi pa&iXXov E EpaV'rTC- Xp6vc,, CCTr'oU O6vov EKAEXot- Kaio-r;TCp TOV tappKaKcOV, OOy, oyTc, OTrrp oi SEoi
TrTOTCV aXE86V 'ijr6 TCOV 6;aAcov o'8E T-rcUTOV avSou- Travrcov aVT&alov &vSpcbT-rco 116vcp TC)V a?Xcov ?6co-
CIV, a;ka Kai 9lo'EeV av T-r a'Tra'as raS TCOV
&a;cov pflTraVTO. OO'TETaS pEV cA\cAaS TrTOEtS, aS EKacOTO 231
WcovaSKai Pl OTtIpappa3pcov, & a'uTcoTv TCOV
'EAil- T-rijiCO, EiSTaTTiV EaiUTc)v q)alE av oTlail TraTpila, ?iTT
vCov TOIS
0 TCOvyEAXlopvcov TraiScov pilraac TrpoCoEOI- 6E T-f 'ASrlvaicv avTE-ropaTrTai, Kai 'rrxavTEou TTrV
KEVat 6cb Tr Trapt' uCicov Trapa3pa1ETVev.pUXpt tEV yap UJETPCTV EavT? 1EVav T1iIV PaeTa TfiV Ea1UT&V,a&X"aTTiV
6vOIT Kati TpitOV prlpT'rcov K&VaKOUot TIS KaV TEpTrOITO EaiUTCV peTa TTiV VpiETEpav, cOS TavJTrlv ouvav T-rV c5
co7TrEp Ev wTratia, TO SE AOtTroV K6poS 1n5r Kat TraVTa dAr(Sc)S oiKEiav Kai TrpOTepav,Kai ou' av EI vESVEpEl-
E\EY)XETatl 6E
pO6vr1 i8E 'Tr&aataSitEV TrravryuCpeo', Trraao oait. Co'TrE yap
yp TO S EOusKai Trpo TCO)OVV
yovc TlpaV
6E oauAXyotI Kai p3ouA?Errlpiots OajViETpoS, ETI E vEv6cVrtTai, cos KOIVOvS oVTaS aTraVT-ro yovEas TE Kai
aTraoalC Ki KapoTs Kai T6r-?rotI&pK?EKai 1t'laou TrpETrEt EUEpycTaS, OUTcOT-nV KOIVitVTraTpi5a TOU yEvoVu Trpo
B5uoyap Ta TrpcOT-a cXE'8V co Ei'TrESv KEKTTlTatiOVTl, Tfi5 i5ia5 E'cE?p?E5 TripaV.
OEpvoTriTa A;yco Kai Xapiv. &aia pI v -TOOy 6ita "Altov ToiVUV Kal TO TfiS ai6SOOS EiTrEiV6ooov Trapa 232
iTravrcov dy(ovoS Kai TOVOUKali 6p6oouv Kai KpaTrov TiS WaVTrcov EOCT-TE Kai yEyOVE Tr8E Tri 7TA6;E Kai KaTa
296D av olos T' EiT T'rr7rliov ?XSEiv, ETEpavKopilLov yAcoT- 7TavrTa aEi TOJS Xp6vous. ov yap uo6vovEUSEvovora1
Tav, Kai oU)X c5s a&AricoS TraiS a&v6p6sirTrlSEis aTrEt- rTfj 'EAaSdog 1tIOOU-TOTC)V wTpCOTEiCOV, aAAa Kav -rTa
228 oCI, iv' EUTrpETrC$5 Kai yap TOI
E1TTCo; O Traaa I.V TroiTrln
1] Trap' UCi&ovapirTrr Kai TrEAETaTrrl, Kai 6orl CoaEVO- ARTULN. iva auT*l TE KOC1O1TO
229 Evica yE EOc-rT
TTrTO5Kati 6orT XapiTcov TrpOoT-rrIKEV.EtlS 6ei Kai T-r TR2, IV acrnT Tr KOO'1OITOU, iva auToi TE KOOa'OiVTO
'OPipou UvrlaSfivat, Kai Ta1T
E-TEX?EI rrS Tfis (pOTt- AR. ?Xot Stephanus Jebb Dindorf, ?EX?ARTL,
Exrl UN et Photius.
227 Trap' Oucov ARU, Trap' flcov T. rTCOTrap' uCilv ATUR2, EopTrfl R. Trol aqlIKVOuV?vols
230 TEAXETrf U.
TU, TCOVTrap' u,gov AR. EKXEXOi-raotiv A. Post opov 23I T1iljco'i T. avTeoTpaITTat TU, &avoTparTTTa
omiserunt rtva AR. T-ri 'A0rvaicov ART, rTOV AR. av ETrOlEVtransposuit U. V?E?IEC'loT AR.
'AOrivaicovU. pilolaatv A. Trapapa7EivT, rrapapa'A- 232 yEyovEv AR. EOeEvouoCrl ULA2, eU0rrvoUCorls
EitV AU, Trappa6SaEIv R. wTavriyupEaolvA. &iTaa't r A B
KaipolS T. ART. o06Edia et i'cou Eoriv fiTis TavjTrl yEyEvrjTai
228 TaUTfir T1S ptAoTi[oias TUA2, TfS omiserunt AR. transposuit U et correxit U2. Xatpcoviav A. KaT?-
aTrav-TE 6? ARU, &arravTEyap T. Ante 76yoi omisit Xap3Ev A. Post 'A0rtvaicov delevit ueius Reiske.
oi U, oi deletum in N. Ante "EArl'at omisit ev R, 'AAEaovSpov 6s aei U. EoXEvA. /' TE vvv apxEi T..1
adscripsit R2. TroAtlSETpcAo transposuit U. E?XEvA.
 188 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER.PHIL. SOC.

pE-TapoWatSiou8eECiia crrTviT1TSA Icou TaUTrryy?vrl- Tr6aei 1TEpiEET-vEKTOU -rravTrs aiiovoS, El Ta UTrap-

Tal. (OiXTrr6os TEyap ETuu)(XilCa Tri 'rrpi XaipcbvEIav Xovra acT-r, wTaVTra p1V OfK racoS 86vaCrT, ihAAov 86
PuaIX) TilV pEV O'lpaipco)V
6v roIV EiUS (poupa KaTrEXCaE, ocawCS a&8uvarov, &AX' 6aca yE EyXcopETpEpicaaSaAo
298D TT-V6E TrV 'ASrlvaicov o0'8' 1i68v UTrrrEIVEV,TAA' ECTTr XiB7Tr6XaeiKaciXc)p?c poaSEic ,
SETTa &ayva
Tay X6yc-
KaTa Xcpav ait8o TOJ KpEi oS. KKai oICoTCOTOY wroltiaEEv, Kax$&aTp TrOITl-rV TiXopcv oU yap pol so0KE
'AMSav8pov, cbs aei Trpos auTfiv EoaXE SEpaOEUTitKcS. TrV VilKCoaV EUpEiV av p iabico olov Ei q(pIXOTiIIOiTO ir
fi TE VUvapXln yfiS rEKai saXa-rTTriS,Etir 68 aSavaTro, PEv CS wTpcbT r TeKoUcra TO TcOVavspcbwrov yEVOS, Ti 68
OUK&valVETat T&S'ASilvas .ii OUK?v 6I6ao<aXjov Kai cdS TTpcbTT 8ti Ciaaa TOUS KapITou5, l 8' c)S TrXEi(TTOis
Tpoq)ooV pippE1KOC1iEV,d&Xa T-OCoaUTT TOV TplwOV pETa8o'aa, fq 86 TiS c5 v6oOUS KaTa8CiEacca, ic 8E coS
iOcTIv w'rEpltouCaa O)OTE TOCTOUTOV os
ETEpCS TtOXiS waviyUpeis, f 8' CS Ev Kaii(oTOts KeTrai yTT S &CpaKai
wrTpaTTE Ta VUV oCOV o0r TpaylcXaTeETal, Ta 68 TTIS S9aXaTTTrr, r 6 T1i T5
(Tor5ciaaS ayaSoTi ayaXXot-o,
aA6XrS EiU6atovias puKpou 6EivTrapaTrXcrila OcTIV Ti 8 TraS Ev TOIS Tro0Eois TrpaXEis KaCTOraAOl, aAXIr
auTnr TroS ETr'EKEVCOV TOV Xp6vcov, OT' EtXE TTS 8 OCaouvvrre6SEaTO To-rV'E7AiXvcov, iq 8 Tras aTroiKiaS
'
Kai
'E?a68os Tflv apX&pX, TrpOCo'66Cv EVEKaKai TrpOE- as atrrET-rXEv, T 6' T Kal 5oior TIs aUrT T-rV Vrrap-
233 8piaS Kai TOU Trapa TraVTrovcrUyKEXCoprlKOTO0. 6 6E XOVTrcOVTri) Tr6 , qpil' yAoye ipxaAXT' av OUTCO
Travc)ov SE0oIXEoTaTov, OTE pEV yap fV.9EI TO TrV yEVE$ala KaTaCpavES OwTrroIS Ttci TOIS KpEiTTOOCVT
'EAimvcov, 8IETT?iE1KaCi"EAXBrvaS Kali appapous VIKCO- Trr6AtSiplv TaS &?XAoSTrrapEXqXAilev. & yap pEapKei 301 D
aa, cv 86 p6vcov E68oEv EAcrrTov X(EtVEV TOIS UaTrEpov, vE1papvin ri 'EAtxti, TavTa po6vrnacuXA pBiv ?xei.
TOiTC0V TOaOUTCA K&XAlOVaTrrfl7XaE Kai EUTUX)EaTEpOV Kai TOiVUV Co)CTrp TOT05 cTrao'i TOCaovTOV ITEPi'ETIV,
EiSTEAXo,COOTE TCOVpEV ai Tr6XtEls&rowcbXaaiv, to'at OUTCAKKC Kacsi' KCIaTOVCaI Tro'AoT5 ToT0 eIS TaVUTOV
6E Kai XoiTai, TZO T1S &apXBiSa&yovTat v6opc. Kal $ppouoiv ayaXErTai.
p6poIs Kai TOIS &aXoilS avayKaiois JTrOTE-
UTTOKEipEValt Olov TCOVPHVSeicov EU9ECOS 80So J.iV Ta rrTpcoTaKai 236
EiS' 8' OU'TOOOUITOV oi6' EiSTO-
roaTTcA') TOTr-r' TEV Tpl KCaiT TrEpi TOUS &OoUS
pIEyIoTa, T T?E K TOV EOV
aoTro rTOUXpvoU a
E O6COU Kai OCoc pE Xpl TOU6E O0 o'TroUvir. TOUTOrOV' aCr TrfS p?V Trapa TcOVS9ECv T-ril
p6VOVTrrpO EKEIVOV, &axa Kai Trpo TOWV&aov TET{iTrl- WTOTepovTaS EwTriSTp tiaS eiTroi TiS, als TO KOtVOVETipri-
Tat. 8fiXov 8E* T'?Arl,p?v yap ouEiS av qlpXOTIN.OilTO aav, qi Ta& Tpoqa S alS ESpeaav TOUS EV TEEI KaSCarep
TraTpi6 OU6' AiyaTs, 'ASrlvaTo 68 oiu6is ECTI 7raTcBas aIUTcov; Ti Ta KSS iKcaS T-rro 'aaVTr; Kai TCOV
299D 'EAXilvcov6OcrIOUK&v EuairTo uaiXAov" T-rTuTrap- YE 8sIKCV aj Twr6Tep<ov>&S wrpos a&xiXou$ iprepi TriS
XoCaTrlSTrOA6ECos TroX'TTSyEyovEvai. ou o6vov 68 TOa rrXOAcoS wTro0i1roavT, qi 'rTs v Tri Tr6aei Trpos &icXXXous
TCOV ilcoTcV OUTO TwpEo'pEUOUCo1 TaS 'ASilvaS, &Aa& TrripTCrOV 8ta96pcov, 11 Tr a Ocva1pii tipcoa1 Kai SEot S EV
Kai T6roXSE ai pJEV cos aTriG$OS bv9Sv6E Kai Trap' Up&Cv SeoTS SIKao-raT EvTrauvSo yevoiEva5; Kai p'lv TOOVye 237
OiKlaCSETial f6iov &v a ucv
as &>p' p Eaiv v T-TV 8co peCv cbaaUTrco ov paaSiov T%TV pEyO-TTirV EupElV.
EtTrO1Ev
larlv UiiTvKTTalCaVTO s8vapiv, ati 6 KUKAp'rrTEplpXOv- (&pxtixao3co 86 Kai rrepi TOTcrV aAXXrl rpOS ATXriV
234 Tat LTqTOuoalTpo-rrv TiVa EltS0a(s &dEVEwyKETiV. a.i"a TrroXAi,i 1.ev TOU5 Aprl1TpoS Kap-roug KopJilOouCa, q 8E
.iv TV TrVTEpIV ECoTI
1PvlPri PaaciAEicov, PnT yEVOITO 86 TOU5 TOU AIoviaou, Kai TTOUTOUS OU p6vov TO0U darr6
TTAEitOVCov 6E ETrlI EV Tris 'Aaovpicov
TOUTCOV TfqS Trils &(prrlTAo, &?X,a Kai TCO)V&Xcov iipEpooV- 5E6 TpiTrn
ati
TrpEop7ruTaTTiS TpcOTai TiS TrOAECOSSetoi TTpa?ElS, Kai XAeyTco T'rv Trf 'ASqTvas 8copeav, Kai TaUITTrV SiTrXfv,
OCa TCOVSEiCVv, EtSTOUTOVEp'1TTrTElTO'VXpOVOV'iTi 6E &p' o0C TroXai5S 'rri6Xot pepilt6Oeva eapKET Ta nK TOrV 302D
TrfS8EUTEpaSipETo fi TroriiS T-il 68 Tpi{TTV it&TAXOUS secov EKa(T-rtl Aoio-Tl~EaSal co E?XOUivoTO K&CAItorov;
v
EViKCTEv 6EV -r
T-r TETapT 1, O6vrI,EV &VT'rX)(EV,&plorra a9iS TOIVUVTa& rp6S TOUiS9Eo05, TOUTO pev oi vcb, 238
68ECrriTc\WXaTCOV AAcov. ETri 86 TfiS TraVTa apioaTrr TOOTO 6E ai 61' ETOUS Svaiai Kaci rpOao68ov cbv T-
Kai pEyiCTortisSTS Vi KaSEO-rTKuiaS Ta TwrpEapEta p.EvTrap' U0plV w-rpWToIS yeyEvrrTai, Tr 68'eis irrUrppoXnlv
300D TracvrTOsXE TOU 'EMrvIKoU, Kai TrAETrpayEVOOTCOS ETI Kai VUVyiyVETCIa Tas 6' a&ppirTOUSTEXCTa, V TOIS
COrTE iil paBsicos av Tiva airri T&pXaTla &vri TV-
235 Trapo6rcov cruvEtaoa iat. yvoirn 8' &v TIS CoaovTri cbs 1pc-bTTi ARTU. 68' cbS wTAeiarolSARTU. UT-a-
ouocraTU, E-rTatiouiaa ARL. ci 86c5 Travrly*pEls
233 Cbv SE O.6vovT. TOaUrrTOV
K&xAiOVa rriXAa[E U. UR2, cos omiserunt ART. eaXaaao-r TU. iuiv ARTU,
TOTEOU6' U. TOCOUTOTOOU XpOVOv ART, TOCOUTO Cpiv Dindorf. TOOirrTO U. eiS TaJTro TU.
Xpovou U, TOUdeletum in N. 'AOrlvaos ART, 'AQi- 236 f TrEpi aIJTous crou6Vf UN. EfTioi TU, eiTrnTi
vaicov UN. Kai Trap' iu,ov ART, Kal omisit U. a&y' ARL. rroTrpovas Dindorf, wTrTepaas TUELN, rr6-
fil v T. Tepa TOaAR. la6popcovReiske, 8tiaopov ARTU. ?v
A. 86 ETrrARTU.
234 EcrTIV OeoTsomiserunt AU. 8iKacTaTsi T, 8iKa5 TaOi A, 8iKas
235 &i7o &aarl rrO6XiKai Xcpq N et Photius, &iXa ras RU.
675r?iTo76AEKai xcbpa U, &aios a?XAAr
Tro6XEI
Kai Xcbpat 237 Tr6oXea1A. eXouoall ART, oXoiuan U.
ART. oui yap ARTU, oi<T-co> yap Reiske. fi 68 238 vecoATU, vecosR.
 VOL. 58, PT. I, I968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 189

pErTac7(XOvCn TO o TE EUTTV (EPETiCX

Kai pETa Tov -rov Ta TC'V 'EAArivcov. iva 6' eirTC KE(pa&Caov, TpiCi TOUTOIS243
TrpaypaT-r yiyvEcr9ai sOKEI, ris OK oav E'aCpKE?v pqairT 6 TCrOVa vpcbTcov pioS TwArpoJTrat,Tri TC-rVadvayKyaicov
239 Tr&aCtvv a-rir.9Svac; &dXXapilv Ti yE Trpos TOjs &avSpcp- v
T T rTpS
e\rJTOpia,T-oi Tf's wraiSEiaS KaXoTC,- wpV TOv
Trovu o6ptiAia Tp-rTov EVEpyEoias: wrpo-
T-iv' E?KTrTPEuyE TTOXEP0ov KacTaoaKEuj 6uoiv yap OVTOIV KalpoiV, elprlvrT
TrOV
KapTrorV, ewEr1iTa
rTOVpHv yE ri iE6Ta5OCYi1 T'OV T Kai TTOAOEOU, KOIVOVEoCTI,TO SE TCOTfS
T-O p1EVa&C1pO0iV
TrEXET-rV?T?pa, TpiT-rov KarTa TOXJSTrroA?IOUS TrpO- eipliVinS &VEiTra Katpco, TO 8E &CPOVEo'3SaSuvarTOUs
aTaacia, T-rEapTov T 8ia T-r5 aoiapf a&Eirr&aiytyvo- elVal -rroiE1Trepi T-rV viTap6XVTC-o. TOrUT0 V roivuv
EVKai
vl K l TO iKa'i EiS -rT KOIVl T-rOV EaCTCAopiV 0 TI T15 poU0ETa irl yiaTovt Tpiov6V ' EIVal
rOr6??covETTKOUpla. T-r T-OVUV oqcias arijTT 'rrOTEpOV 7Tr6ecovOE8S6cTCoTaUTra,EKacrTT TKao'XOV' rlp\ TOIVUV
-TOUSvo6ous E'r'TTCEv,ois E?T VvIVoi TroA2oi XpcvArTa Eyco KaS' iflv av T-r auTc)v Kpivrl, -r S iTo6ECos Elvalt T
rv X6youv; Kai rTCVA6ycov Tr6TEpov
TroiSviPETepolt, i TO VtK&V.TravTa yap auTT -ri Siac Kai wrraVrcovTlri TrrI-
TOVS TTEpiT1iV pTITOpEiaV, T' TOiJS 8CiaEKTlKOUS,T Ti'V orov TpoeXoa0Ua spaV?acTa'- OVTO -rcnaal T-rKplTalo s
303D Trorl'atv, i T-rV aXrAiv auyypaQ(iv, Ei 8E povXAE,-r VIKOtKai Trrp6 yeE Tr -rai5 Xpopais aTwraSxcri oS-' oOVK
-rTT5TroilaEcoA) E1Sos; O TI yap Trp6cTov i TE-rXEuTaiov av TiS 6KVCIo'EIV eltiE1V OTI XPlKKai 7TwPTTiV Kai 6EU-
T5 S TrpcoTTISSori ri Tnr6OEI.
E11TOIS Trpav Kai T-piTTrVav-jTTv EV T-oT "EEAroiCKrlpuTTItV,
240 YKO6TEI8i KaCi T'a T-rV TroAEiCov, TOUO PErVTO'iS CbcrelpEv &pppaCiv,ei 8TSKai &ppa yE TrTO T-OV 'ASrl-
i5iouS dycovaS, TOUTO 8s TOrSvilTEp T-rCV&CXXov, accSi9i voV TO acpXcaiov, OUK C1TO TfiS lKEiAlaS. ETEV.&dAAo
aCITa Ev TI) OiKEai KaTcopSCbCITa,KCaiT raAiVy Ta EV TaUTa
p'rEv TroiaUTa.
Tr vTrrEpopia6oioico5 'EXabSti Kai pap3papcop Kai TrrOT- To S' ac T-rOU iey?ov0US Kai TT-rS 244
&X.rlSKaTaO'KSEUv5
pov T-nV av6peiav, Ti Tnv <pitav3pooTiav EpeiS Tnlv Sv Ti5 &avOvKa&ia Tf5s 6A'rSrTUiXTS
ewTro Kai rTOOU
pEyaou 305 D
auToTs Troi TroOAepoSEvo0rav;c ovoTrep yap Ev pia TOCr'ASnrvaioov 6v6otraTo;TOUTOp?V auTov rTO KO-
lTrryi, TrdvS' 6roa av TraIV
peppirI, Edv eiS aiXXrla oppei KAOVTOU aoCrTECo,pEyiolTOVpEVTCOV 'EAATVIKVOV,Ka&k-
Kai jiiyvuTa- , EiS p?V T-rS evEpyECaCIaoT TrEErXEpo T-ri AICTOV6E TrcV rravTaXoU. Kai o'itcrroc TEiXTIKaoS9i-
Xpp?ia TC)V SETriEVTCOV TC T TTfi craoiaso dcyaSad,
Kai &-r KOVTcarrOTE ETri SaAXaTTav, PfEpTrial5 6580ou .iKOS rT
Ei 8' TOV' TrorEoUS
S TC -rEOiKEla Ka'i Ta U\TEp TOOV crlTwa-rTa, Kai Trp6OT-ri saXaTT-rT KUKXOUS ETEpOUS
241 6?rS~VTOcOV.wraXiv ToiVUV TOCv fi UTrEp aUTCov T UTrEp tv-rTTpoypous-rTv TrEpi
TTlV TrloXlV.
&ia T1OU
ro Slrmpouv
TCOV a?Acov TroE.Pcov roTSEpov TaS vauIpaXiaS XpT
I Trr&peo'-68i wTOUSEopETv, (v EViot XaTp6-rpOTpovT-rO
C' lTTropiaias,
\EyE1V, T) Ta'S TrrE?opaXica, fi T-r Ta
r OAXXcXouwTrOAovEial KaTEoCKEUOaXCcyvoI,Kai wTVrra 8q
T?EXOELaCxiCS; TravTa yap rTau0ra KparTioTT-rnI TrQ w S. Kai -TOv -rapa
TOV KOCotOVKai TO-r rapa( TrS <puC?ECos
OV ETvaX--
ei S' ai pOXeJl1, Ti -rTV aTTir pyiaorov aUrIs, TrS TEXVrS?9apxptiA0ovK&VTi) TroXAEKaV Ti) Xcbpa. TOrV245
1 -rT TCOVKaT' flTTElpOV; TpEiS 6' OIV 6pot 0Ta1TIn KE1'- pEVOauTooEuvJ, &tip Tr
E oiros
-TrwoXoi TOsU
aEipETo Kai
2cOV, ols El
Pi? EOauT-'V,adcAaTOrov yE aXXouS aovai- AItpEveS ToaoiTOI, CoV els EKao-ros aVTa&lt0S TroTKoV.

iapTrl-iTr-rS UTEppepArTKE6'TTrELopa(Xia p?V f1 Mapa- ETI 8' avT1iS TrfS adKpOTr6AXecof) SEct1SKai TO Jo'rTT?p
3&vi, vauiaxcia 6' rl EvcEaapilvi, iTriwopaxia 8^, drIo- aOipas EiXapl TrpocpadXXAov TravTaxoi. o6 s Kai Ev
po pEV nVTriva KpivCo, EOC-rTOC 65 Ev MavrtVEiac TEiXO- auTOis TOUTOlS a6lov ?nrrto'Tr1vao 'vat, -raS IJpEV yap
lacXias p?V yap o0VS' Tqipptjipi-rLETT?V o086Ei TrTC)TOTE. TOU0o0pavoi,
&X?aisSwTrXEatv,OTo-rSav XCOCy" TTrSye
242 Kali -rTivuV T6rTEpov TCo)TrSei T-rOVTpoT-raicov, Ti TC- aXTCIOVXCopaS ETTrIEIKCOS
lTTaoa9ai CaUvUpPTiKE, TOiU 6
304D pey.9ES T-rOV Epycov $rlo6peCa; f wiS
rT T-rV a&itav -rTfS1rrTo'TS'A-TTKfiSa&pos o0T-rcoEXOVTOS &picrro Kai
dlTroCObaopEv; OUTOw Kaci Si Ti'a6cvrTOV Kai 8t' EKaxrou 6
Ka9SapdTaTOS EoCIVt TrfiS TrOACO5 UTrEpXCov. yvoirT1
TorcXXaXCaS ViKa. Kai yap aycovas 7TrAXECToVS Kai Ieyi-
oTOVS Kai VTrEp KaCAioTCoV wETroiiloaTO, Kai TpoTraia 243 S8 E?Tro T. TrrArpoOTatTU, TrravaTai AR.
TrAeioTa Kai KaXcicrTa EK TA)V 'ASrv9iv, Kai Xoyol KaipoTv E, KalipOV ARTU. &aUpVcEarai
ATUR2, &ClU-
TrXAE-rol Kcai Ka'lAiToroi Kai 61a Tr'wavTrcvVrTepEXOT-ES vao0ai R. -rTarra L, TravTa ARTU. Kpivrt ARTU.
oi Trfic8E TrS T6roAco5* wpoCaSiaco 6 KaciTncapa TriaSE 'Aerlvoov AT, 'AOlvaiCov RUN. &n'6r T-TS tiKEAias
Kai CoTpaTriyoi CTO(pCb-rTaTOi l 0iTCa-ro
KaiKai acaTpaE?- ART, rTfi omissum in U et deletum in N.
crTaTOI Kai SIKaO6TaTOI Kai TrTEiOUSfl OcnjI1raVTrS oi 244 &v OU.KT et Photius, OUKav ARU. aorreos
Photii codex Marcianus, aoTrEoARTU. TOirTO
ART,
239 71 TO-)V KCapTrCovpETacSocIS ARTU. EiTrooiEv TOUTOV UN. Sfipous ARTU et Photii codex Marc.,
ART, Ei'Tco)U; litterae pEVdeletae in N. ilpeT6polS 86boou5 Aldinae. XapuTpoTepol TcOV TrravTaxouJU.
RN. TrEpiPTIrop?iav U. orTIART, oarcaiU. Kai crravTa86 ARTU et Photius, Kai TrwaVTa
So N et
240 Post Trativ YE omiserunt rTa AR. avSpiav Reiske.
UR2. 245 aupaS ART, cOpasUN. 6 86 Kai EvART; Kai
241 Ev Qeaa-TTT U. Post dbs
JTrEpau-rAv RU. omissum in U et deletum in N. Ev TroS a-roiT T-ro-
omiserunt Ei AR. vauvuaxia 6E fi T. KpiVCoARTU, Trot U. TTiSye aXuTov T, auToov ARU. ouVipE3IrlKev R,
KpiVcoIunt. et Dindorf. -v erasum in A. KeTpaAhiv T.
 190 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

5' &v airrTiv rri7 Tr r

w6ppoo$Svc Oarrp
aTyiqj vC rrEp TolS atTia, Kalior' 8et T&vavTia wrpdrrTEiv,
TaT-iSi1 rr
KEx9pafiS&Epi. OxKSEECiov.irrcaivEv av tIS )XotKopiv$iovs StKatooi-
246 Kal T- V
'Tv rapoa
trfis5qpopcos TOtarcTal, rroXXa TCOV VTlS VEKxa ' oiwVv 7w6XtSo0 pepoXCOirTat
Tr p6vov T& 308D
306D 'vrcov O&pEX6vr. T-Cv 8'6ai Tf TEXV11S Ti XPfi piEy'orov c
SiKata, &aA Kali pai3pEoucraTroTY &Xoit tScay?yovEv.
i
.9Tvaci iq -rTrpoov Ei1Trriv; VEC'TE yap EVTracua oi Evs8O6OxToi TravTrcovoi KaTa Tr^V'EXXaSa &yc'OvESKal 249
aUToi JEiyilrTO Kai KacIiXtOaro TCV TraTaIVraXO, Kai plV TOTrcOV wpEo-praTirr 6 COv TlV cavacri$vaicov, ?l 8S
dy(cAipaTaaiVEU TCOV ovpavcicv rSi1 TproTrlS TEXv1STCa pOAXEi,6 TC)V'Etvcanvcov. -TrEiTa Kai Trrvrca5aOcrois
TrpCTTac, Kal TraXata Kai KaCiva*wrp6s i TOUTOItS plpXicov fl TriS'rTO6XES ScosEa (JvyKpoTrT, AXycoyap oiv TIS
cTapiica ota oViXETEpcoSi yfiS pavEpcos, Kai l.aWha -rov TrIVTapa -MS 'ASrIvaS.ZaipoSpxKEsay&AAov-
67X?Ecos
'ASrqvcv Ko6uios oiKEios, Kal ola 85i TrS TrapouoilS Tai TOtSiepoTI, Kai TaCTa TaVTCovOVOCaOT6TaTA( ?cTl,
EouviacSKali 8taiTrij, XOUvrpa7TEa'EV6rthTi Kai TpuvJpi 'rrAv TCOV'E\Evaivlov' &XA Kal Afijo A&vtTarc TOTS
VlKCoVra Kaci p6ioit Kai yulV&staia
E.'T COT' TS7Tils SeoTS' l 8E?oari T1rS76roAEcoS. TO8 5fij Kal T^rVe15AeX-
Tr6XoEc5 TrEplEXO1 TOirS'EptIXovIOUS, To05 KbKporraS, T poi5 6s86v gpyov sIval Trfi 'lr6Xeco5Kai Trljv Secopiav
pu$cb6rl, Ta TrOVc Kaprrcov, Ta TpoTrwaa Ta EV Tri y1i T-rV TTvuSiaa'ASivaicov p6vcov -rTaTptov i av Ei'rots
Kai Tii .aXaTTrri, TOSX6oyous, TOS0 &vpca5, TrwavrTa 1 TCOV S9ECV&'rravra rTauT' Elvat, pouIopkvcov &drrav-
6i' Jv rTV alicova 8iEAE1XVXSE, oaoTrOTiTO 8' arrTiv, TafX TaS 'ASQivaS'wrrpspeojeav Kal r&aiv coartrpXEipa
cocrrEp a&svuv (ppovocraS E?p'olTaraci, cSapKElvauoTr TOTsKaXoTsir tpaXeiv TriV TrOrtV;ETl TOIWV EvCiV ai 250
247 TOIS 6pcoEVOiS VlKaV. KaCi XP'v TapJV o)(X1tKE,Ta r TCOVKara TiV 'Aciiav iar6oecov veylit vsGv qni.On-
XcEI, r
Kal O'TE Os 'TripETa TXEV &PV
)1Tc TiVV1V1iV OT' poOvrTa,aCi KiiraaKEVu AourpCAv Tr5 XpeiaCKxpfT-
aci Tfri Trapooucr' Elv6aiooviacSrodmXoAiirrTal, Ei TCOKal TOVIxKal TaCrr' Earl Trapa TMiTrroEitrrp65ovrrEpoXlv,
TroTrcv 9<piov UEivfica3ra,d6Ma io6vr 8fi rrTOw6oV TaO Kas$&rrp'rrpcbrlvoavcKtiacvir. Kali -r K6axol-Oov &
307D ,EV rraXala ToTs TraailoTsVIKa, Ta 8 KaitVaTOTS yap -TOS 60ioti; iv Aydhca 6EiSETcOii at nro v EXEI,
KaivoIS,E E oi, "OXE,Ta riEV TraCataiC TO?S KaiVOis,T& aE TOirCov ViET1 TOUS Vcbf5 KaCi.T Si7aTpa
KK8p TO'SE. 309D
KaCva TOIS'iracAaoT,ToTSEaUTf1S MXyCO Ta TCOV &a?0COV. &ya&XCirra SaualJE&rTalT Kal TOvTOO 'rrpcTOV Elval
248 KaCTIrOIS' CV rTISKCKISE.EV TXaS rTTEPPOX&S avcri7S' ocolt KpraTrE T6 rap' CjVpiv tv wri T6WEI,,XC)piSTOUKal Taai
yap Kal pIKpOU TrvoS p?popusTri trr EKOIVoVrtxKaClV, wravraXoUKi6Xtora wTpOoCiKiV
Ki TpO6TrOV 8i1 TlVa Tri
cos apioTro T-rV &AXAcv cay&Xovtrac r 6'8oOS1p1aS p?V r6XEi. &drravtrovyap, S gsOIK,7COVd&pioTcO aucrri
(piAortijicas JVcrEpE TCOVoirrlTa voUv VrrapXovuCOv, raTrpisKali aroqiaS wnaaris Kac TEXvrlT5yepncbv, oaTr' oO
-rTC8' EarUTrlS OOSivaKOIVOOVOV EXEI61i rous olov p6vov TOiSdcy paaolv, &XAAKaCi-TOTid&yacaTroTloi
TEa&
'ApyEiotl raatioTaTro TO v 'EAXrvoov a&iooJaiv Elval, aO\j0Ts TEPiECTOIV.
oUKOuvKali T TCOV 'ASQTvaicovTro6XitKcai oAcoSo?UX 'AAd& pi v TyrT'ryE &v6pcov, 'va x16l5 TOUTO wrapc- 251
oioia TC- TaOV 'ApyEicov TrcaWolA TOS TrcO'ASrqvicov pEV,Ev866covTrriaoq1a yEVOlvcov,ES &rr6TrfiSTX6ECOS
o06' &avE1S pCiaait IKaoCTa S KOIVO6S. 'ApKaSES aUT6TX- yEyovE, Kali 6uoTv &pliorov VOpOSrTaiv &TEpo5atrr6s
SovE5, ,PET&yE 'AS.gvaious, Kal TO15SEurTpoiSaci oiTros. 60o ToVuv vSpa&cl T7CV Trp6ocrEVK< S8EV
V1iKCriOVT T;7W,CAOV Kap1TCOVE)pCEIEfa7ov
KOal60CTE. ' fipov SES6oaSa TrapEtiil<paq)iv, AuKoiSpycpTrETr
7KTCOV VTraCiUa(pEP6VoVovcEAXX ivv rTOS&arrocpX5, AacKE8alOtovicp Kal coKp&tTrE T7'rap' 0cov' c7Ocrr Kai
d OU' oOK EK O'et . apio-ro AaKEc8ailcO6io
Tia trps mV rTfi TIrlTOTiKOIVOIS Kal rfiS Ti r- TO &Kpo1;o 9pioTritlaS
wrOAEpOV, d7XXAKaci riTCOV 'ASrlva{cov iro6XI5Kal T7CyE iETr)(XVV Tr6VrwOXtv Kal IrilV Elvat T'CV 6vopliaorCov
SEirEppaEKEiVOIS EV(<piOTiit{qKaS,9iarrKEV.?XE1TaCS OTC pfi TOTV-v 'ASrtvcov ovopa hc tqrrilpiLeTral . El Toivuv 252
fi3Pais XacPIV Kai Trl,iV fi T7OVSECOV yEVEaS' TOUTCOV TrISEpCOTrc4)q WO'OV rlTOV Sv ToTs"EXrlai ilKacorrpicov
7TOiWV6 tgVEV rTi 'A'rATTiK T V ScopE?aV(r)VE, TOVOE EvrwI6nTaTOv Kal t6yicrTaTov, r6O v 'ApEIcpwTryc 310D
TrrpcoTOlTCOV 'EAXXivoov 'ASrlvaloi S9EV fiyayov, ITravTEs&V 9pCTa(sEv.fl9Esct 8E TriVE KOtVOT&T.OI Kal
Xcopls TCOVSi a OerEooS Trpos acOiOv KOIVOOVICOAV. da&X2 86rjio-riKcoTrTOIS EPXp#aocavro; r' T-r 'ASrlvaicov rr6Ai
Kai T7SsTEAEU.TaIlasOr13paiCOV Pcbp'rIs&TrCavTrE pplEvivTral,
249 XaPoepa&itK RU, 2aloe68paKIAT. jl6vcovART,
246 Ti p1yio-rov XPAiU. piavepco5L, p)avEpasARTU p6vov U. &rcaTraXiTa UENR2, 1avrTaXri ART.
et Photius. rTav Ti yri U. i?' Eaucras U. ?EapKETV 250 Ei 'rrllapaTrfit'rr6O ARTULN, o-ril-riMr6X7t
aOriT U2, aurriv ARTU et Photius. Aldinae Stephanus Dindorf. rrpcbrlv TER2, Trpc6bTv
A.
247 o)Xrl(KEV KacioiO' oTs U. ARU. UinTvU, filTv ART. T&AMa U, TCi aQca ART.
248 TrcapXoucYov RTU2, A,
1ur,&pXouclv 0rrap- co-TE oO T.
X6VTCOV U. 6' EaUTrfiT, E ciaurfiSAR, 8i airfis UN. 25I KOIVOiSTLA2, KatvoTSARU. T6 T-rV 'Arljva{iov
6Ooia -Ta T7V 'ApyEicovU; T-r omissum in ART. 86 UNR2, TO omiserunt ART.
EKU. EgTpVEV AR. Ev rfi 'ATTIKfi6 1iV transposuit U. 252 TO:V Trv 'ApEicp'n6ycp U. fiotm TUNR2,
AR. Or' 65E1
pfrlVEV T, OTEE8ElARU. BiayEyovEv ART. omisit R, adscripsit
geeri AR. Kal si poTriKcoTrCro1s
SiEyvErTO U. R2.
 VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 191
6poicos 'ASrTvaioit TE Kai Traclv avayKalov EiTrEiv,Ei AoTEpav Kai U5XECo?E T'Co'EXEuCTiVViC TrXAious i[ ETEpoI
253 -r&X1Sr1XEyElv ESEXoIEv.Kai -r p?V 1ia TrravrcovaTrro- TrifwTrTa&cTr0A Kai TravTESEpiouct v &di TTlVTrapou-
5ElKVuval auvvoU Kai Aoyou Kai Xpovou, p6voI 8' crav EopT- V VIKTVTrwouavSpcoTrTi.a&Xa pqhv'HpaKXEa 258
arravTCv avs pcoTrcovTpia TaUT' EVOpcriaTE TCAVpEV y~ Kai Atoo-Kopous
YE AlOO16pO0SaOraVTES
aTFVTES5r1TrOrr 3oOs
wou EO1j elvat
Elval vo{-
vo11i-
lTrepT1rS,r6%ecosTErAEUTrrlcaaTrcaurTcv p?V -rraivouS Louoti TOUTroIS 8E yE, [EcoSboiAouv avSpcOTrwoi, Trpcb-
ETri Tral TracpaiS KaCS' EKa-rTOV ?TOS XEyEIV, TOUS ?E E
TOIS EvcAv r TwrXIS6?KVUol' Ta iEpao' COaTEO1 VV lEpa 312D
TraOiaS STlqpoai' TpEpEiV aXpl 'prl , Kai TTiVIKauTa Spcojev, rTOUTOUS iEpowroilClaaa aUTrl qpaivEral. Kai pfiV 259
6TTOTTrOITE1V ET7i TOjS TTaTpCOUS OiKOUS E?Ta Tc'V ayCovas yE TO7UTrpCo)TOU TeAou5 ,ia 8il Tro6tS auTir
TravoTrrAicv' Tro0 6' a8UVaTOUS T-rOVTroXIT-rcvSrpocaia TrAEicrousOTraTVTcovE'TIvUv ayEi. coS 6E EITri1V,aTWaVTa
TpEp?EIV. CAoTE KCai TtiV slUvapiv Kai Tl'V a8uvapiav 1 Uv1iV cEaTI
F Kai
Trap' p16vots, Kai Trap' \ucov, rTplOv
254 TIp1VT?rE ?8?iECaT?E CS EKa(TEpOV'TpOO"CKE. TIlq)iO'lCaTa Ev y? Ti oUpEfprlnKE'-
T'a IJEVyap Trap' utcov fipca-ro, rT
TOIVUV To69EV q XAaCpTTpEpa F (plXavSpcoTO6'TEpa; c v 8' cjS Ka?'AXioa Trap' uipv EoCr,Ta 8s cS TrAECo-ra. EioCl260
rVTOI EiprlpivoIS cO-rTTrapaETi7TCo, ?v 8' AooTrEpEi
a p?v Ev TOIVUVo01 1r58EV?XOVrTES yavEp6v SET,al 1T6E Ei1TrET v
86iypaTros X6&ptVE?TCOpoi KaTa TraVTOgTOU TrEpi rav- Epyov avrTCov,pTri8 ?9E' OTCo 5iKaicoS av qpOVOiEV, ETW
Ta A6you, TO KaT' 'ApSpiou -TOU ZE?EITOUvlKfcav' ov, TOUSTPCoIKOUS KaTacp?UYOUCITXPOOVusKai (pIXOTiiCas
ITrEiTC' pacriAiETSaKOVov Xpuclov ilyayEv EiS 'EXo- adUpio'prlToUoiv, oUS' OUTco AEyoVlrr oUSEv KOIVOV
Tr6vvrjcov, 1ToX?|IPov TOU 86pou TOUO'ASnvaicov atUTCOv,d&A?' Ev6o a&vp6s 660r{5 ?EapTcb1EPVOI,olov
?EyripCiavro a'rrov Kai yEvos Kai aTri.OUS.KairTOpOvoU (DSioTal Kai nTTUrIO Kai 'ISaKIC0lOi, CACyTTrpTIVES
?rTOUTOUTravS' opou ra TCOVa&Xcov &TroAEiTrETal. yEco)TrEval, Si' v6O5T-rV TrwouvaicovEaurTOusTroIOU-
255 TrpEapeiaS TroivUv w-rAEicTas pV ESE'aTo, TrXEio-Cra S8 EvoI. r Tr6AOS 68 wrpoS TC-roPrs8V 8ETo9Sat TOlaU1rTI
EETrEVpE.Kai TOOUTO Ei 1epVoXcS 6poXoyiTart Ei 5? p#j, KaTra(pUyfi oU8 E TOUTOUo-pT?E?TaTOU j51aC1yaTOS.
Tri TrrpOC'SiKTgptiElov yiyVETat, TrEicTas yap 'TrrEp &;A' 0 KOIVOS TCOV'EPA.ivcov TrOIrlT1SEVTCO)KaTa-Aoyc
311 D rTCV 8EopEvcov acrrEoTElEV. oca 1PEvo0v f KOlvi TO'rU TCOVVECoVT? Kai TrO6cv TOV 'ASQvaicov c-rpaTrrlyv
"EAXXvaS p rTOMpEi?v &XX
rioiXoS Ka&OOTE 'rEi'ouvCa, EiSaKpOV 'Prlaiv EXSEIV
i TOUS Ev XpEia Trrapapu.9oupvrl s8IETrpEpeoE'UOcaTo,
Koo'fo'al iTT-rrOUST? Kai a&vpaS aodT7rlicbTas.
avayKaTov TrapaAtlrEv Si & 5uoTv SE
rrAfiSoS. Kav&racSa
pvcrSoflaoOarl 'ApyEious pev yap oTaclam ovTas Ev Kai TO yE 7rXEioVOs a&lov Kai KasapOV Tfrs e0u/pias,
aulrois ETraUE, KpfrTas BSeTrroXEJovras Trpos &AXXi- TOU5 PEV yap Ca2ouS o0s EnTalve KaTa TTiV TOU acb-
256 ovuS8?CIXaaEv. EOcPE3eia5 ToiVvV &aa Kali ppovpraTOS paTO5 ?ilv P Kai CaAXcos5TrCs coS dpifo-Tou, av OUTCO
Kai Trpa6TT-rroS TiS av EiTrEiv?XOi 8Typa KaAitov; rTUOX1,TOrV 'AXaiCov, fq TO)V SEIVCov, O0UTCOSETralVEi'
E
TrOTE Pr 6XeoSai
KopvSicov yap rltiactapEvC Tr pqroiyoOv "AUTCOV
I68i Kai iTrTrcOV,oi ap' 'ATpE?iSgrIV
Travrwlyp?E TTiV v9vS6E Secopiav, a&aX Kai 61i TrpEo- ETTOVTO," Kal ETEpCOStAEyEl, TCOV6TOTE
r Ti'TOU 'lAio
pEf3aSa'TrrE6vrTCovTi TrO 11
TEI TPrEpTEIV, KOaCplCiaVTES AEycov, cS acpa i v KpaT-rtoros-rlv TOtIKfiV.Kai NErTCOp
6Opoou TE
TrOUS SECoPOUs Kai TOtUS 6TrrATaS a&rrETc-rEav, aoTrC AEyE1Trps Triva TCOV ' rou Aarpov
Epr auo/TOJ
cos ' icaav 'EAuaivi, KopivSio piEV KOVcrTEV86EO?voI,
"HSr8 yap TTOT'Eycb Kai apEioCaV TETrEpUTIV 313D
oi 8 T-rV SECOpiavTrWEC'aVTES -TOUSOrTrAiXTa'S TTalvi-
257 yayov. a&XXa plIv rTCOy? Tra pEv coS av8pa&yiv cbuilXcaa.
uoT-rTpiCOv
apxaia T?Tij'rYTaCi, Ta 8' cs a&vayKata, Ta 8' cos Kai Eis a&TraplS1E TrOAXOuS v riVas, cos au KaKEIVOUS
Trr?XiEoroTsyvcpipaa. Trraaai Troivuv Tair5 TrpO- TrapaorAroiouS a&XXAolisovTra Kai oiuSEva U'rrEpEXOVTa
if(pTOS
(9p?El Ta 'EXEvuivia. Kai TrEpi pEV TCOVaAXcov ouX) ETrlpavGOSaUTrOv. TOU 58 MEVEoSECo5S pvrlcrSEiS 6 TrOtl-
ilPov 6 X6oyos TP&V
pO1voI 6 'EAAiEvcov Kca' EKao-rov Tris OU8Ev1aTrOlaUTTI TrpoO.cSrK1,KEXprcITai,aAa7: TarTa
ETOS TrOlElTE'Travlyupiv o0U?8J1agTrEVTETrnpi5o5 (au- TravTa TrEplKO6aS Eioaa'Trat (plci

T. aXpi ARUEL,
253 rTauTa EVOpiC'aTE aXptI T, -S 258 AilooK6pous ATL, Atloo0oupous RU. 8EOUS
deletum in N. vo1iloucat T. TrouTrouS(TouTrotsR) iEpoTrolracoa
254 'ApltOifou RU et olim A. rTOt 'Arlvaicov AL, ATUR2.
TCOV'Arivaicov RTU. Ante yovo5 omisit Kal R. 259 58 EiTTETv
ART. 8S c0s wTrAlEoTa
ARTU.
255 56 EETrEIpYERTU, 6 ETiwEprEV A. 8EopEvous 260 pr!85 EITEiV AU, pr 65 Ei71ETvRT. yEcoTrivai A.
UR2, 8E5oE1vcov ART. Ev aCrroTiTU. 1Twaucev A. -rps TOrAR. oTrEpETra UN. 'i8? Kai
ART, EOTEprrTai
256 Kai (ppovl paTros Kai Trpa6orrlTo ART, Kai ITrTrcovT, T8iE iTrrcov A, i16' i'TTrcovRUN. TrpoaO'IKTl
Trpa6TT-rTo Kai q)povlipaTos U. Post 0Ecopiav omisit Tolaurrn transposuit U. aAAa TrarTa Trv-raT ART,
aX7AaU, &AAadeletum in N. d 'a TrauTra U2; a&AAet rravTa omisit U. TC)I 56
R. Epiloualv &ai ATR2, 'pillouc
257 TrEvTraETnpi5os ouTrco AT. rTO'UTrv SirlyET-ra ARTU2, rTOUTOU.
KaTa RL; post Epilouol omisit -v dEi U, a&i deletum e0pEI1E A2, e0pWai ULN, OpEYE ART. yEvcv auTov T.
in N. bv yfi AR. rTO ETEpOV AEyEi transposuit U.
 192 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

Tjo 8' oVTrr)o S 6oioS yEVET'avip'

TTrriX$6vios yE ETI pEiTOV Kai TEAECrTEpoV,oi Tr yap paaieAis aOcToi 315D
TCOV&XAAovTiiV Kolv6rrTa
ev 6E ye roiS avco piKpov TOrTocoVSityciTaTi Trepi TOV0 9pavoUrrat S6la9p6vTcoS
ocyarrilaavTEs, mKi pciaorra 68i rrOUTrpoS Trois TroA-
'EpEXS&coS cbSSpEYEiepEv aUo-rv 1 Seo65,T7KO1I' f1 yi.
AoS 6E ioov rTaiS yvciali KxaccrTarvrET, O -r 8S'I?oS,
oOKOiov rocAos oU86v (*rreiKOS TO7ScxAOUS,
IpV oS 9p'
ei Tiva EUpol lTOUTC)VITOrACoV T'VrEpExoVTra,?SEXOVTMS
eKaxoccov KpaTiTOcroUS cpiacrro peTa Trpo'9i'K1s15, 11
eaucTou Kai
rrpoiora&IEvoS XpcpuEvosolov &pXovrTi81l-
TCOVXp6vcov, 11T-Ov yevCv, aOUrois &vayopeUieiv O6v
veKe1, TO 8' aUCr TO-rTOKai rTOS6XiyoiS (pUarcov, Ei
TCOV Trr'aOUrfiSTrS5ySfi UVTrco)vobSapiaTroV ETraiVi,
TCA)V peV a'A,COv apEtivous ovTaS aciloSoiT, i)alJAXous
cbS 8la 'Travrco TcO.V
-rTOUTOV Tiv r yi
9p\Ilrcov apiTOV 6e Ev cTpi'Vci aUjTOTI.CjCaOTcIToS
86 Kai pouv? TOyV
86-
8iUo Toivuv apicrrovS T-a wrpos TrOV 6'Xe0o
iCTrCivEoaa. pOV OTTCrOS
.EiCico KCaTCaoriOT c KOTrOUa' (&Ei, TO 6S
TliSeI5 TCV 'Axaltc6v, EaXapiivtov ri) TTou AYyei TOV
261 ETrpov TCOVE1TCovUJCov.ev Trt8fil rOU Kaci 7TOUTO aciTri oU86rrC'bw0rTE 1i6ia Aoyiajivrl, adXa T-raOrTv
AEyeTat Kai Kaai? Kai yiyvop?vrlv rXEOVeiiav iaUTfnir
KpivouJa,
CeEPv6OKaTCa7TV AaKe6atipov(cov TrOtriTE'iacV,
OT' aO-
TOT-rOVTroACV ?Tri o'rTrpia PET'EU58oiaC 'Trpoto-rTaC-
TOIS 6 $e6O COUVETaceTO KOTC' &PX(5S To0US v6povUS 6
Sat. c6ocr' EiKxOTCo .TvV KaTa
oI p6vov 7 KC&-265
Tro?XITEiaV
314D 8E ye aOcro6 oOTros5
Se6 TSreTpuXas5 (paiveTraci
Sitov
Corlv, AAa
KXcKaiKTa
r TV Kpxaiv T-CV Tro\iTeiCoV Trapa
Tri) KToEi yX
KaiTa yeV
V Kai TaXg KaOCTO15TrpoCTlKOCa
TraTras Tro1S &AAouSej8OKipeiVe1val T7ri T6Xel. cortep
v$uias SUtIV acva.SEi, cBoCrrp Oiv Kaci paCtiCas Kcai 6 1TraSoU7Tooi K6o'pOSolpat ovvECT v EKTeTTa-
v 'arrcaav yap -rTl
apXOVlra Kai T7V aiMXrlv roXiT-iavcyX ox coa 6 ' Kaorov
pcov, rcTaiaiSAoyos, cirr6o ac TroiTCov
Stopioca aOCroIs.COTr'o)(X -TO rov a&vEir Tfi Tro0Xeco5
TCOVCoiTrCv,Tc 8' lTeppcX3ovTI
pE-rTXeTri 90cI
p Kaci
6 $96S vopoSET1r 'nKEivcov.
fl
mflv TrcovvuiaVvXcopi5 EKaocrov el6os EirI(PEV, OOTrc
262 Boiioaopai B Kai Trepi TriS Tro0XtTeigaaciUTsIpVrlc9Fi-
KaOirTas wrOXiTEas, ei Kai OTt1 &AXtoTaKEXCopilap'ivaiTuy-
vatl Sl& paxi)cov, cbs &v oi6s 7re&' Kai yap a&ravTrS
1 Xavouai,ICI6XET)(EIV &alUCOaryCTOS cAXCOV EiKOSEOTIV,
piv acOTi7v y<coptal[ouvCtv, o0 pirv srlpeuviclaTo76 ye Kai SiKaiav OeyEaati Pe?hAOpeV,
&arav-rTOEvov aX)68V o08Ei5' eyco 6i &rlovv 7reKaci EiTrrEp paCIleiaev 6pOpS~v
i1T-rV oXiyov facaTros6c E TroX?Xv&pXiv. yvoirl 8' 266
ouX &TrrXouvXAyco. -Tpitv y'p oOaov, cos &vcoTrCTco av eTI,e1i Tra5
I1V Pao'iCe(ai ra'S ?V Tri wr6XriwTp6oTarS
SelXaOcai, Trcv TrroXITEiOV,fi T15 av 'TiSrTITa,rTiSECTa
TX'Ei. ?V ?E
ye TO70 E[ aopX)f (PaVEirai
rTEpco2i TrOU paaicAiaS ?rTiTrCvauciorv Xpo6vov,hf T'fi
"rfi,01oE.
Tri paClrEiaS caiXidai5 ply &pfijs aV1iTat
X
'EXXAabosi Tris pappoapou yeyovuiaS opcpl, rTT)v '6a
Xpcop"vrl, yevea5 OCU<6cXiyasTiVaS, o0 p6vov T-CV v Trv 'ASivrnli TrrposTras iT-rpov 6rl po-
68rpoKpcaTia
'Epx9EXeicov, &aXaKaciTCOV ucrrepov a:icov 6Op3VTcov.
KpaTias-r, Ka i llV y7TO TfYE
e 5 poufis ovviSpIov Trp6s
rilPoKpCaTia8' aci Kai lTrali yvcoptipo Kcai Kasapco- Ta ETEpCos$i TrOU Kipla Kai fyopieva. ei yap SeI TrOV
T-rI T6 Kai peyioari TO-v rraCiav f Trcap'Oiiv yeyEvrl- a?Acov yirroorTawra Urrrp Trfis rlToKpraTias I6OVrlS316D
pEvr1. Kai pIiV EiS TTrV E~ 'ApEdou TrTayou pouXAv PAE-
etirETV, 9caviC'OVTaTl roTS piev pouX1aloli' Kaci rCiT
yavrca TravTra vyiyoipCiat (<fiai pi elva KaXCico ETrlSupiaiS Kai Ujpplo3rPTepoi
TrOXCo,*rTpowTETeTarepol
capeiTv&pioTOKpaOriaS elKovacPrl' qTtjis cbloet p&aA?ov
TravTrTeS oi ToTO )(aTOs
a TOU
To pTaI(TX6VTeS, TC 8'
263 Trouvopa. OUT-roTrravraTa TC-v TroXtTertv TrapaSEiy-
adicbcuaTiKatiTi Xa rp6TrTi Plsy' syy 5 ToT TrOTf5s
paTa EVEiv6e cppnrlTal KaScrrep yalp vopoSerouioa
Trr6oco5yEyevrilvoi. Kaci pv I KIVE ye r6l6X15TTpcbTrl 267
TOtS avSpcbTrotS i' TroAXSTrpo5 T7oI5 acrrcov 7TpoTrous
XKacOriOtiS iKyeacai TO Trpo6C(popov, o0-rco7rrvrTa
omiserunt ATL, ei Kai -TCv aicov L. Ante acpaiv
eEUpOpTe Kai r0poU9r1lKeVeiS KOIVOV, (po3rSo0c'a Tri omiserunt ev UN.
KarTaoT-riaEU. oKo-Trouao ARTU.
(paEe1 TrcavlraXi' OTrEp Kai KaCa TO
O1 K
KapTroi5 Kai
TO 8 a rfis A, TO 6 aOctrf RT, rTO
6' asrfi U. yivo-
264 TroXXwa 6 6i
caui v PEPOVAXUwpvrlv.
rETpa ETrri8tiKvupev
pivrlv ART. TO TrV TroA?ov ATUR2, T-rcTCrvTroXA)V
R.
26I 7yeTrat Kai 7TOUTO transposuit N. T7rv Tr.V 265 X?KCoTlvTUR2, K&aorovAR. TErcaapcovTU.
AaKce6aioviovo T. Co-TrouXAT. i eKEivcov ART. AT,
&acooyorrco; &pcCayEircosRU. eTrrEp ART, ei Kai
262 vov6R. Eycb8 &nXoUv
T re Kai ou)X&rrXouvXyco U. SiKaiav ART, SiKaltoirvrnvU. ciauirrco56? <Kai
omisit R, adscripsit R2. 'TirlTat omiserunt AR. Tri TCOV>wro7AhC v &pXiiv Reiske.
El TieETat transposuit U. pEvye TU, pVTrotAR.
TrEt 266 'AeOviTlv A. Plr6' Eyy?u TO-r UNR2, plr68
i Trap' p7tivUN, sed i Trap'scriptum in rasura in U TroTART et Photius.
et Trrap'deletum in N. TlVig 'Apeiou Tr6ayou Tip'rt 267 -rrap'aucris ARTU. nFrrmplvoiS
ARTU, -rrTrco-
UN, Tilv Eg 'Apeiou p(ouXhv R. ravTr' &v U. prl8' ilTIS pEvo1t Henricus Stephanus. TrrcTroTeU. oTlat ART,
U, pil 8' ei TtS ARTN. elval U. OTTropcoTCTrouv ART et Photius, ET'rropco-
263 Trp6o ToUS avcTcov Tp6Trovs T, aOcTov ARU. Trpous U. pX-rTi-rouSART et Photius, peArTiousU.
Tr A. aCrjTivye PEP0ouAupievrlvUN.
EgEUpeV acrrcov EKac7roSU. -TOOUTOOV
vopilCeoiat U, Kai adscrip-
Tais yvcbnais transposuit U. rroX- sit U2. OUi ETrroiToae
264 KaTarrav-rCares ARTU. &nro leyiorCov Trlrl-
Acov ART, &XXAcovU. ei TOv piv 6Xcov RUN, piv tlaTCov U.
 VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] TEXT AND APPARATUS 193
KaQTmEiE, pflT'iEcScalraoa Tqvp irlE $Saup(ceiv. o0're T &OV &O9A0VaycovIl6pEVOI, Ka(i o0X ErTpoiS pEiv TOU
yap TOS ITrEpEXOVTaS Tras o0talo'S o08ETrCbirOrTE K1vS8UVE1Ev, iE'potS 6e TOU 86?o-Tr6e1V,av Kp(aTO'co0'i,
iTrfjpEv, i'X 6'aov pil 5iltKECTCai 8ti Toro, rTOcOOTrOV -rrpOK61(iVOv. E Sv o6p6voia Cpv KxalwTiolTS&afAXcoov
a0croTi fiiou irap' aCirrfs6pqiCMaSai,oUrrEroTs&pEri fiV9E1 KaCITTTiV Tr6ox, El 6E T'rO Kali Sitacrra7v, oO
pEv WTEppipovuc, Xp'pacl 86' rrrTTpvois,ov5apoi XcarTrrco d&7XA ijov5s gyvcbpltov- &avSpeias S' E Tr1OV
rTCbTOT' a-mTTOV EVaIEV, aio'Xp6v olcai vopILouva 6Ealtoa, ifjpos -TrravraT&AXa -rrpoS KEivoOU5jv, ?poi 318D
ETovS
TCOVpiV OIKTC)V OU TO S EroopcOTTTrous, XAAa pEv o08i 'eTIvaraSol sOKOUCTVoi viTara VIK)VT7S
llrriorTo-TuOTOV5 p icTro1us vopIEIV, rTCV8' WE.vSipcov -TOCOTOTv T-roSTrac'1KpcpaTiv.EVTrOioi 5& ' a TIS Kal- 271
paO'KV6wrcov Elval Tiv &aiav cbpi'aSa XpCpaainv, Ad.X& po5I o0Xi PsA2TicoV ECrl Tfis oTrMooSpIepvrp?Vos; TroTEpa
pi 6Tro6i TIS av aUTOS ?KaCTO ifi, TOIOUTOV Kal Wrri oCrpaTEialS; Kai Tr6SV X&V v apo KCaXcOowrapa8eiy-
voiilEoSat. KQi yap TO7Iion6l wTrocov oO I ETiSrlKE paTa,; i TrrooloScav Aoyots Xprlo'ap?vos pXTrloV &v
TOVSEa6ov, o08E ' oiro'e Ta Tfi ip1ati TpiTa TCp v6picP TrapacKEEtcraClT; &?iX' Iv -raT TravrMypEaiv; &W
wrpcTa' o08s cbairEp TCOV 9aox6Vrcov (Pi?oaoPElv a0rrji Tou0Trovly?eicbv. 'X7' Ev Kai
-TaTS KKI1acr'iaiS Tri
eocriv i8Sev EViouS XAyovrras pv o0rrco 'rpi Tro:rcov, TC)VKCaTX 'rlv wrroXtv SIOIKiO'aI; Kai TiS 6jplcov avTO'r
Epycp 86E vTrorr'Trovras Kal ovyuycopouvrras &l T-oO- 60'irrpos KCairpa6Tepos, i' TrivSirlpaycoyoi pjia&ov
TOIS o0S av aloSwcovral SUVaTCO)Tpovu, WS1aa Kcai ei5 atiol Sauvparat; &a7X' v Ti) TOWVAoyov a&KilcraEKcal
apx6s/ ayouvaa KCaiTrrTEr0Jovuca Kcal Traacov d&toucaa Trs5 XotnrS r coq)ia; dtXA' ETI K1ai VUV EiraOTUa 'rravTre5
TCOVTitpJV EcopaTO o0 TO0S dmr6 TCOV pIEyiorcov TpTil- acuvipXovTrac K(al T& yvri TO)V tpiXoa6COQ TVp-rnK0
oU
orrTCOV, aXAa TO/S ?-TrElK?EOTaTOS Tas pOcaEas' cS w
Ti7 TriS&ToAsos
dya69i TOX(, Xc0pls ToO oal TO1 S OTrOV
6oaT eiS apeTiS Xoyov ViKcbq, TOUTOVTOTSiram't 8i yfiS avayKai(oog X?tV &ao TOcOV TE Xoycov Kai TOV
v KuOvra. EeitE 5' O0jX vKCTCra, iV{iKa iT)Xua T& pI- 'ASrlvaicov pJEvf0i,cat, Kail pnJrl OT EKpa31Eitvg&v
268 yltToa. OVTCOV yap KaTra Tros aOuToJS xp6vous ETrripa- TriS YUX'iS TO E18006V, O)pTrEp -VKaT6OTpc) TOis5 6-
vcov &v6Sp6v Trrap' acrri TCOV IpJ V Twouvioov vrrp T&a yoi EpjM3ATrrovrTa.Kali yap TOt Trraclpiv &vS9pcrrots 272
Tpo-rTa TCOV'EA?ArviKoovoltKov, T&OV8' cb5 otOv TE OrTCOSaISlCoipov TO7VOpa ToOV8apoKai s Ti5S w6rr6oES
TrEV?EorTccov, irTi TInV rpoo-acaiav TcOV'EXXArviKov cbS otI8v &Ax-oEv Kai TO a0or6 Kai OOT' [iStTat 0OTE
317D 'va TCOOV Crro Tro1Tcv tiAETO'Koaiyap TOI 6 EV ols paaiieTs pltKpa aTr7a &TiJrlacav,(72' OT0oS cboTr' aO-
269 ErTaOV E?vOKiprCoEV, l w'6TXS8' oTl [EKpIVE. wroAXXCv 8' TroOS cayaX'ESa raiSr TrpeppoXai5S TOrVTI7'OV a15 ErrE-
6vrcov a TIS &cv'rEpi TiS5 TWoXIiTeiac EI8TIEVEXOI,Ta piV 8eiKVUvro. pavepa U6 Kai i' Trap' aOToAv T70V .EZ0V 273
Tr0oXa Kai WrpOKaTei.riTTTait Kali Kacxp65dcpatpe?Tat, Evvoia Kal 4fi90po Kai Sta TOU KOIVOUpav-lrrEg Kat
KOaOV Tracaa av&ryK? yEtiv' ev 8 TT i wpoOaSe KaTCa- Eirlyr1TOU TO TroaTpc ou Tr 6X71A, $SEIV TE vTrp TOV
270 XAaco Kai TOVTEpi To-roov XAoyov.TO yap ETvat r6 TO 'EXAfivov Ti'v Trporipocriav KfXu6vO'rcov Ka1i piTlTp6- 319D
pETliorov KCaiTO KaT' eouCaiaV aCvrrrETrTCoK5'EvrTav- roXiv TOOV Koaprov aOT)lv irrovollalovtrov, ETI SE
Sot, Kai TT-V I^V SiarTa V
KOIVOTTho &aTCTl', Tas 8E orTepavrip9opiTva&itovrCov, cdS 5ia Piov vilKoCoV. &TO6V
Tl-ria Toi5 ETritEKEOTaTOiS K
aveSia,cx, TrSoO5A0EuSfpaC5 T7E V Ve<pE7Xat a0Cr'lv 6 SeoS KAE1l 7TrpoS T-r&oXa TroXiCa-
Trr6AeosKci TrWOITe-riaS cbs & onSS, uvfi , fv piv gSecrrv, paTa. p6vi 8, '5 Eo1K6,TaT trr1 76AEov 68o Tavavria
Tr 274
c5 O&V TIS pOUXTIFta,T7piaCai 85 Kai ia)(XIetv oO0 Tois aCTUJpP13rK(*' TrXETSa& T? yap Kai K6MtITOr' &vpcb'Trois
pOUAopbvois Eo-TI, a71a TO7ISEr'nTaCo'lvois; Kai y&p eip1lTa1 TTEpi T0avT11 Kai O0K iorT1v I7TIS gXaTro6oV)V
TOt KaV TOIST7r)VTrOAEoropV doat K&VTCai5XpeiaS TO TETOXrIKE.Tpo pEVyap rTOv oMAov TrE$SaO1pacrrat,&Ctov
EiKoS lEoacbaavCro, or'' a&<v> kg qI1aCEas ovS' av eAor- 6' a7rfis o1Si,v fiKOUOa.TrpOTEpOVpev o0v iya&PiV
TOVOS ?TI p(Oipa5 ir'TrouSalov 'rrep rTCO Trpayp&Trov, &Koo*ovrTO 5 Copo9piaS wpUTravTo1V 1KaiT7V T7S 'EXX&-
&Xha&wIaVTer5Et lov 'rTas wpoSupiialS KiTrra 8/VCaltv 6oS0 oriav Kai TO gpEtlapa 7
Kai oaCa TOitauTra Ei5 TnV
ipiAXXAvro, cg TrrvpKOtVis5Trfi TraTpiSos Kai KOtVCV wrTTOVf85?TO, vOv 5 P01 SOKSi -rr&vra TrarTra EO'1Co

268 [KpivevR, -v deletum in A. 271 WrOTEpaARTU, Tr6TOpov E. PiXrtov av TU,

269 rTOp?EvwroXAaART, piv omissum in U et dele- p[eTI3Xov&v AR. TOri wraviyvpPEaIU. f1yEpIdovN. Tri
tum in N. Kai <6T> (= Kali fi8rl) TrpoKaTeiATr7rrat Aotrrinaopiaq E. XcoplsTOUKai TR2, XcopisKai ARU.
Reiske. TOV rEpi TroTrrcovX6yov U. oTrouARTU, OT6TL.
270 TOT?TUR2, TOUTO ARL. TaiS<a(satS>Xp'iaIs 272 o0rE iSliTC1orU. pIKpa &TCraT, ptKpa rTra
Reiske. oirr' a<v> Oliver, oi rTasARTU, ov <y>&<p> AR, pltKpTrrTaU; fortasse <is)> piKpa Reiske.
Canter, oi-r' a<p'> Reiske. ouS' av ARTU, oOS' 273 Kali6ia ARTU; Kal delet Reiske. eV1Eiv-r TU,
a<0> Canter. KaTa TTIV buvvaCivL. ART,
Earr6oZeiv O1a1VTO A, evEiv Tra R. 1Tt6 Kai1 orTEcavI'rlopEiv U.
cnrouvSaElvU. advSpicaR correctus et ULN. 8' et 274 K&axitr' N, K6AXlt-raARTU. 'qTi ARTU, Er
wrou R correctus et ULN, E 'rrov A. 8eqfaat T-r N. iAac6aovcovL. &atov 8' a01ris ART. TravTra
TU, Sefaav A, 8EicaaiR. Tla &aMa AR. epoi iv -rTauraARTU, TaCrrar'TrarrEN. q6' &v pot SOKEIAR,
oiv L. SoKOT
T, sOKi U.
13
 T TT t7YY hT T7T%
194 OLIVER: THE C:1V ILIZIN
Tsr
f-'UWilK [TRANS.AMER.PHIL. SOC.

?rritrrtv. X' s 'rTv

Xpivapi rr6Xa vsv O'rrapXovf1 6 OTra oTrpaTriyOS wpoEX1), iEi?TX?EI'Tr 66rljs
lS 320D
auyyEVi WrpoonErreTv OUTOo
fi TrSip9aECOS T-rfis&vSpcoTicia Tro6AS, TrqSfyoupevriS TroXecos r& 'TIco-
EIK6OTa
EiK6va Kai opov, i8S' &v liol SOKle 81Kaicos KXrlSfijvai. pvrlS &clraol E"TEo1-rl TTS (plh.o-rTioas. oia S E o '
275 'AvS' cv, C
&v8pe "EXAlvE5, O0rT? 9S6vov EIKOS aOJTOiS 'ASrlvaiois 9ppEtv aiaXuvriv, av TIS arrols
Tri'Tr6XEtovi' 0SoxcopoUvras aiaoxOveaSai,
.X?EIV dXa& TrpEacpju'r T-rv aKpotoXoiv. XPfi Troivv Kal 0paS, c'cTep
aCvaVCEIv i<KTrV ?v6vTcov Tro)V
KaClpiAoTrlpE<jQCXa. y&p &KpoTroXiv rTlVa i KopUvqV vopliavTaS TriI 'EMXasos
'ASrvaicov VIKlcbOrcov,Trap' Oiiv ori T-r VIKaV. TrraVraS Kai TCOV6pioiOXcov Tr6v WroXivKal Epyco Kal Aoycp
pEVyap &rr&avcov av Elval apiTrous &SOvaCov. coTrEp KoaCpEv,Kali pE?T?riXv Tris 66Srl, &XA'OOK drrocrTepEa-
Sai vopilovras. ElpyaaCra Kai fipiv 6 X6yo5 &V-r TOU276
275 avvavEtiv ARTU, avvaiStv N. &ravTrcovARTU, TwXrAou K60o'Cao51avaSrlvaicov "ri Scopia) * 8ouvai 68
Photius.av ETvat
Travrcov ATR2et Photius;av omis- Xaptv TTisaCrrfi iocrrrap
SEo0U Kal 6 6oyosKai fi Trr6oS.
sum in RU et deletumin N. ivpas ATU, iuas RN.
KalX6ycoKaci?pycotransposueruntUN2* ARTU; Tro deletum in N.
276 &vTi TOUTwTrA0ou
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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First Aldine edition. 15I3. Isocratis opera. Venice, Manuzio. scriptores graecos Syntagma," first published as folio
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declamatione quae inscribitur HTavao airKo6, Diss.
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STEPHANUS, PAULUS. I604. 'Apia-reiSov 6yoi: Aelii Ari- Augsburg.
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BAUMGART,HERMANN. I874. Aelius Aristides als Reprasen- and for the original Arabic of the note to Jebb 102, 6.
tant der sophistischen Rhetorik des zweiten Jahrhun- STRASBURGER, H. I958. "Thukydides und die politische
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Panathenaic and gives a false impression of the relation UERSCHELS, WILFRIED. I962. Der Dionysoshymnos des
of Aristides to earlier Greek literature. Ailios Aristeides, Diss. Bonn.
BEECKE, EUGEN. 1905. Die historischen Angaben in Aelius VOGEL, H. F. 1912. Quatenus auctores Graeci saeculi IV
Aristides Panathenaikos auf ihre Quellen untersucht, syllabas breves cumulatas fugerint, Diss. Leipzig.
Diss. Strassburg. WILAMOWITZ-MOELLENDORFF,U. VON. I925. Review of
BOULANGER,ANDRE. I923. Aelius Aristide et la sophistique Boulanger (supra), Litteris 2: pp. I25-I30.
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theque des l~coles Frangaises d'Athenes et de Rome, 126, preupischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist.
Paris). I1., pp. 333-353.

13* 195
 INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT

(Numbers refer to sections)

&PTros 35 d41p17, I9, 20, 35, 149, 245 thrice &dKoouo&o41, 48, 109 twice, 136, 150,
tapiao-ros1o &l |11iOS133, I8I 212, 217
'APBvSs 207 dO&vcrroS88, 232 doKoXouvOa
i6, 6i, II9
&dyoa6 147, 271; &yao6v as noun 5, 7, 'AOiva 11, 12, 39, 122, 128, 237, 249 aK6Xou0OS15, 45, 55, i88
17, 54, 57, 63, 90, 107, 144, 170, 220, 'Aejvai 11, 79, io8, 118, 232, 233, 242, dKovrlr 86
229, 235, 240 243, 246, 249: 'AOfvwe1v 105, 153; &K0CO025, 58, 67 twice, 74, 89, 96, ioi,
dy6&co 213, 235 twice, 248, 249, 272 'AOivlat 266 103, I34, 140, 150, 176, 178, 182, 197
iyaipa 21, 143, 223, 246, 250 thrice 'A0rvaTot I, 5, 52, 53 twice, 68 twice, 78, twice, 211, 213, 227, 274 twice
dyoaCmoarooit6S
250 79 thrice, 8I, 83, 89, 90, 93, 105, io6 8iKpa12
&yajial 21, 114, 146, I79, 212, 274 thrice, 117, 118 thrice, 124, i26, 128, dKpiplea 120
dyarrdc 164, 264 I30, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136 thrice, dKpIpo-rpov 92, 97, I26, i66
dyyorrTr6138 137, i6o, 164 four times, i8i, 183, 68
d&KpOpia-pos
'&yyEos 80, Iox 193, 198, 201, 211, 217, 218, 221, 223, dKpipoXoyFolal 216
dyyoco ioi 224, 227, 228, 231, 232, 233, 244. 248 dKPIPCOS
2, 5, 17, 75, I6I, 193, 224
'AyriaiXaos210 five times, 249, 251, 252 twice, 254, 208
dKpO&oalI
dycrcrrTOS 252 260, 271, 275 twice 'AKpoK6pwivos
194
fiYKVpa149 iOAov 35, 85, 89, 125, 270 dKpopo01orL6sioi
6yvoco 2, 27, 18o, 215 twice, &Aos 86, 141, 177 dKpOV 13
6yvcpovioA 223 ep60os15I, 18I dKp67roA?S15, 20, 39, 73, 143, 172,
dyoS 149 "AOCOS98, 102 -TOioOpavoO
245, 275: T1iv 5(Kp6TrrTov
dyvooPoolrv 49, 96, o08,173 ATas 205 twice 19; dKp6oToXiv Tiva ... TIS 'EAX&8Ao
&yCo 1, II, 12, 49, 5I, 66, 78, 84, 88, 96, Alyai 233 275
99 twice, 117, I23, 131, I32, 137, I48, AlyaTos56, 83 6KPOS 15, 42, 251, 260
150, I59, I69, I77, 206, 222, 233, 248, alyiMa6s 20, 52 &KpcOTrlpI&C[c96
254, 259, 267 Ay?tva 159, I6o twice, I61 drrt 9, I26, 149
dycoy6s 132 AlywftiTa 157, 159 &KVPOS II7
dycv 3 twice, 35, 39, 64, 65, 66, 76, 77, AtyOrTioi 151, I53, i6o &KCOVii6, 124, 144, 167, I68, 195
84, 90, 91, 94, 102, I07, 120, 127, 140, ATyuvrrro I53, i6I 'ASgavSpos: Paris 102; Alexander I
156, 167, I77, 179, i88, 210, 227, 235, acdSoalpO272 132; Alexander the Great 232
240, 242, 249 "Ai16s:tv'Atiou io6 &AAeEia32, 5I (dubious), 67, 139
dycovfLopal 44, 76, 85, 90, 94, 05 twice, alScbS43, 232 twice datnrTEpos 107
120, 137, 154, 176, 186, 187, 196, 204, atlip 19 dAqriOS:Tr&dAXOs108, 252
270 alpa 88, 127 dcreiiv6S118, 148
yCbvlaIX 127, 210 alviypa 4, 102 dca&leS 36: cB &5AiqCOs 2, 19, 31, 51, 68
dycovvl'r/plov 43 CalpeIo 105, 213 twice, 78, 88, 103, io8, 117, 118, I24,
dycovlaTi' 44, 112, 133, 139, 162 alper6s 167 130, 144, 150, 165, 175, 203, 207, 2II,
68E6s 132 atlpco 9, 30, 71, I09, III, 133, 53, I54, 225, 227, 231, 233, 270
&6Ela66, 172 178, 198, 207, 2II, 216, 226, 268 'Aafapros 193
6SBEos 8I alpco 114, I76, I93, 210, 234 7, 222
&M&rTCO
e6iSAos 50 atloOvopoal 88, 155 twice, 193, 264, 267 caoX)(0o 244
6?ld(popos 14 adoxp6o 146, I73, 207, 267 dMoSaTor6s14, 60
&BlKoA 139, 201, 219, 223, 267 aotx)(pco 104, 109 t5ot6TEpov 97
d6IKia167 alox)(vrl 7, 195, 275 6A6OrpioS 5, 30, 96, 154 thrice, 215
66iKos77 cdo-Xvco 102, 103, 105, io8 twice, 137, 6AoTrpt6co 174, 178
&8iKCOs 209 i69, 275 dc6v6puAos
13
&8oXAo14 cdt-rc 96, 109, 131 6Aoyia IO
dSvvacia 200, 253 a-ria 3, 4 twice, 57, 202 6VroyoS107
&6SvorrOS3, 200, 226, 235, 253, 275 ai-rt&ona 77 irvnrros14, 23
6co 4, 83, 127, 151, 274 aiTlto 90, 93, 103, 129, 144 twice, 202, &i.rroSi8o
dEi 31, 38, 6i, 172, 174, 176, 178, I92, 217, 220, 248 'Aacxl6vE70 twice
223, 224, 232 twice, 239, 257, 264, 267 200
alXpCAocbTrS &tlaPT&vco4, 7, 218, 224
&ipco 5 aiCbV235, 246 &dtipco56, 144
dlvaos 23, 97 dcKapia I93 &6tfVov60
&Er6S273 dKalpoS 140 d&Elvcov65, 68 twice, 146, 264
d66ET'rEpov176 'AKapvav(a 210 adpXco 220
rrl6-rE6pos 102, 168 dadvl-tros 29 I1'gXavOS32, 47
dn^1a 87 6dKp 161 diaMAa31
6i40S 95, 97, 102 &oA43, 95, I02 d&Ai&&oLAal 54, 93, 95, 145, 237, 270

196
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 197
&aPirMlTfipoS 40 47, I42; 6 &v6pES'AOrvaiToit, & d&v6- 6ig6co 4, 32, 33, 60, 73, 77, 78, 80, 145,
&wn-E0os237 pES EAXVES275 172, 176, 200, 204, 220, 232, 248, 267
'ATrrpaoKica169 dveaipEco 136 twice, 273
d&pUvco66, 77, 78, 146, I47, 154, 243 dvO0&rtooal 209, 226 d&icoua89, o05, io6, 136, 266
iptoapnTri 241, 260 aveAKX) 135, 157 d&icos87, 93, 173
dappLi1rlrf'OtOS 225 dveioaTrlnl79, 88, I62, 163, 177 &oTrAoSI37
d&CooyTwTcos 265 vOepcbTrEio0:Tfis 9C7EcoS; (d&rrois) TriS doiKlqTOS 143 twice
dvapaivco 78 dvOpcoTrEiaS 67, IIo &OlKOS 47
&vayyOAXco 80 &vOpcolTrOS 43, 172 aTrayopEiOc177
&vayKaLco 96, 99, 104, i68, 181 &vOpooroS2, 5, 25 four times, 3I, 33, 34, dar&yco96
dvayKaios 63, IIO, I4I, 206, 217, 233, 36 twice, 40, 42 twice, 46, 48 twice, &TrrSCo126
243, 252, 255, 257 49, 5o, 6o, 77, 87 twice, 90, 9I, 95, 96, dlraipco150 twice
dvaryKai6-pos155 97, I02, io6, 107, io8, 109, 122 twice, dartrToioC189, 200
&vayKaicos 146, 271 128, 137, I44 twice, 149 twice, 154, &7ravra)(r 249
dvdyKri 52, 75, 112, 119, I2I, I24, 136, I68, I85, I86 thrice, 201, 202, 205, davravorX6eEv 62
140, 146 twice, 147, 177, I95 twice, 212, 216 twice, 217, 225 four times, TravraXOUo 230
208, 217, 218, 269 230 thrice, 235, 239, 243, 253, 258, dlTavTrdc 146, 159, 163, 193
dvayopEico260 263, 272, 274 &Twar162
6v&yco 209: TraOCra ... EIS TcroCOTov d&v0rdT&ycA136 drratd6co 183
aviXOco TO
r Ao6you 74 &vfipr 10, 43 twice, 45, 91, 140, 214, 243, drrapioiECo4, 159, 260
dv&rlTpa 143, 144 249, 270 35, 96, 248
d&raPXfi
dvaiparoSK 225 dviacrrim51, 56, 89, 220 twice d&rrpXoalt83
dvaivopaii 232 dviaxoo8, 43 dwElAMC
49, 66, 79, 96, 97, 2II
dvaipEoCa211 &voia 209 drrE?fi49, 66, 96, 97
dvalpEco 13, 53, 108, ii8, 179, 220, 224, dvoiyco: &vicyE 84; dvo0iXOEarcs121 &arTTEi
(go away) 217, 227
225 dvo0oicoS I04 aTTEInI(be absent) 116, I60, 172 twice,
&v6Kicx1atI08, 206 dvope06o53 200
dvaKrlpCrTco 48 dvrcraycov)lcr 39 drrETrrov256: dTropprOiv 66; dtEtprlK6-
dvaKAivco182 dVraipco 70, 126, I54 -rTCO
193
dvacAalpdvco 39, 52, 119 twice, 193 dVTwrdio 230, 245 &dTEiprrTo 47, 15I
dvaO-r&opai
188 I66
dv-raroXaHclP&vco aTrElpoS4, 134
dvaAioKco I55 &vrapK,co181 &TrEOlKa:OU6EVd&TEKK6S
176, 260
dv6Acopa 134 d(vTEirov 103, 114 wrrpatvroSio6, 124
dv6&corTO51 dvrvTKTrX'lTTrI102 d6EpXopal 48, 62, 76, 92, I09, 135, 138,
183
dvapiyvOico dvTETTEgpX0oalI45 162
dvapiit 236 av-rTErpXopca147 I76
dmrEXEdvoao
dvapClrlpTrITTCOS 241 dVTE'Tri6EiKVUI.
I00, 102, 213 &drrTco17, 33, 84, IO, I32, , I56, I97,
dvdi1OS 124 dV-TEqlOTr'L 210 198
dvarr?ao I50 dVTwXco Ioo, 164, i8o, 234 dw1OrTEco 12, 145
dvorrvEco I38 dvri8iatipco 225 &irrcrrOS7?
dvd6nTrco
I43 &VTIKpUS2 drrr6os 61, 262 twice: &V
&TrrAS81ry'1ael75
dvap-riTco83 thrice, 173, 183 dvTriAapi162 drrXACo4, I63, I66, 216
dvappfiyvwll 96 dvriwraAoS14, 103, 178, I96 drropaivco 42, 144
dvdpprits 68 dvrirrEpav:iTriTrifd. flreipou 14 drropiptlco 126
dv&o ,iuo ) o 109 dv-rTIEpas:Els T^Vd. lTrTEpov 163 dnroylyvcooKco78, 86
dvaaTrrdcoI06 avrnTiwrTCO 172 drr6yovos 62
dv&o at os I6, 220 twice dVTI7rroATEOJlpaii 8o drroSEiKvup 73, 95, 204, 253
dvoTriOlplIi8, 261 dvrirropoS 57 drr68Ell 87, 119
dvcraro?TA
19 (falsa lectio) 57
vTri-rpcpos dmo68op)ao 134
dva$pco 183, 229, 233 dvTippoTros103, 172 drro6i6com
30, 47, 48, 67, 80, 89, ioi, 118,
dvaX)(cp?c 34, I55, 164, 205 dVTnowTpco)231 131, I66, 199, 200 tvice, 224, 242
dvSpayaeia 87 dvriorrpoqoS244 dTro[LrEyvuli122
dvSpeia 68, 69, I48, I52, I58, i65, I88, &VTI&rrdc) 178 twice, 186, 210 d&roOeviTax4, 73, I04, I36
240, 270 d&v-rTiTiei
i8o, 238 drroiKia 4, 57, 58, 62 thrice, 64, 235
dXVEllI 216 &vrATco96 &-rr1KOS 14, I8, 80, 228
dvEipyco 57 avTrc) I1I, 98 oWrrroKivc 225
dvikATr-roS 78, 95 &vco97, I88, 199, 221, 224, 260 &roKVC 1I24
dveT-rTaoros 120 dvooTATdr 262 d&rrKpivco 214
dvppXopal 26 &tia 33, 120, I35, I39, 200, 242, 267: dro6KpialS79, 80, IOI, 102, 132
dvXoo 15, 68, I54, 230: vrXETOro155; KOrr'&dgav66, I43; Trap' agiav 53, 66, droKprrrco 85, 96, 97
tVaXoVTro 135 218; wrp6sdgiav 75, 229 dIroKTElvco 80
dvfiKoos 69 &xioS 3, 7, 25, 27, 48, 72, 77, 103, io8, drrokaOico66, 8I, 125, I41, I68
&vfiKco6, 30 114, II6, I20, 126, I32 twice, 138, I46, drroAEinTC 73, 209, 247, 254
dvip 7 twice, 13, 30, 44, 66, 86, 88, 89, 155, I58, I64, I65, i66, 172, 189, 2II, airoXti 52
io8, II8, 123, I26 twice, 164, I77, 178, 212, 216, 218, 232, 244, 245, 260, 262, drr6AXum88, 98, 104, 128, 153, 164, 233
183, 184, 187, 217, 221, 227, 246, 251 271, 274 'ATr67cov 12, 55
twice, 260 four times, 268: Korr'avSpa a66XpEcos 112 drroXoyoopa 202, 220
198 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

driroXoyio 214 twice, 220 four times, 184, 201, 202 twice, 203, &eactpco II, 56, 105, Io6, 146, I55, 66,
&rrolivrlnovEIco53, 223 215 twice, 216, 217 thrice, 222, 233, 184, 20i, 216, 246, 247, 269
d&TroTiTrco 198, 211, 253 265, 267: &1T'd&pXIf79, IOo: Iv dPXii, &dacvQ99
163, 241
&dTropEco 62; &dpavilcoIO1, 109
{i &pXfiSI, 28, 5I, 68, 88, 89, 123,
dr&opia27, 60, 195 I35, I40, 146, I52, I55, i68, 209, 217, &dqlyiopac 4, 82, 170
&1tOpoS 102 219, 222, 224, 227, 229, 262; KKrr &qAyrtoiS157
(&) I I I
&Tr6ppirTOa &PX6CS126, 68, 211, 261; rTv IeydArlv &<peovoS23
&Troo<K6eC&Olcat123 &ppXfv rflv 'Arvafcov 227; fi VUV acp06vos 87
&orroCKOtrri 84 dPXhfyfiS TE KaCl0AMlTTrS 232; TfjV &(p1tr 155, I58, 168, 211, 213, 223
&xrr6orraSo17, I66 'rTCVlEpacov &pXfiv 15I; riv TCOV &S<p1KVtOIia1 35, 91, 153, 211
d&TOcrrTaco 54, 91, 132, 235, 255, 256 &pxfv 186; T'rv TOO &dpioTMim
aKoecx8iovovicov 13, I4, i8, I9, 114, II7, I22,
83, III, 114, 163, i88, 223,
d&roxTrEpco Ai6S6CpX1lv I9; 'ris 'EAM&SosTfv &pxiv 157, 218, 222, 266
275 232 &popiEco27
&wtro6CooXo156 dpXco 6, 21, 48, 66 twice, 73, 78, 79, 88, &TpopuPf 25, 35, 6o, 62, 87, 90, 107, 151,
arroc'rqp&co 198 9I, IOO, 113, 117, I46, 147 twice, 167 173
&iTOTry(X&vcoI03, i26, i8o, 205 twice, 187, 193, 259 'AXcata 199
d&roqpaivco22, 48, 53, 76, 94, io8, 133, &pXcoV82, 117 thrice, 122, 167, 217, 227, 'AXaK6SI66
176, 177 261, 264 'AXatof260 twice
&(TOXP&dC046, 75, 78, 150, I71, I99 ataOevTOrrTo 154 &xeopai 141, 204
63
rroxpcbvTCos d&cOevfi60 &dyoqtriI85
56, I02
&lTroXCOpECO 'Aafa 12, 57 twice, 70, 77, Ioo, 150 &XPT<roro133
173, 207
Xrpoo66K1Tyos twice, I55, 175, 195, I97, 250 )X(AOs
11
&drpoo8oKrfiT0S 53, 124, 200 &tcico 84
cxrrroilac43, 63, 103, 132 &aoKaQ1S271 BapCuAbv78
'Apyeoi 67, 189, 248 twice, 255 &dCpvoS III, 177 p13aico12
'Apyivouovx178 d&calvcos75, 138, 173, 177 6&Opovio6
&py6s 4, 23, 84, 120 89, i66
&arrr&[loac p&paccpov80
dpyuJpiTs: T&'S cp9M3paT&S&pdyupiTISaS 23 260
d&nCT1tSSlbTrS p[ppapiPK6s56, 86. 103, 134, 217
&pyupos 98 twice, 133 &cnrris 13, 15 pcppcapos I. 4. 13 14 twice, 57, 76. 77,
"Apeios r&dyOS 43, 252, 262 &doropos 23 80, 86, 87 twice, 88 twice, go, 93, II0,
D&pEcoV 260 'Aao'pio1 234 102 thrice, 109, III, 113 twice, 114,
'Apris 42 &o-rtip Io, 95, 112, 216 II5, II6, 118, 123, I24, 126 twice,
dpET4'26, 38, 42, 65, 76, 77, 87 twice, 89, 98
&aTp&m-rco 128, 130, 136, 137 twice, 138, 142
91, io6, io8, 115, I33, 134, 137 twice, &o-r 186, 187, 244 twice, 146, I47, I48, I54, I57 thrice,
138, 142, 143 twice, 151, 152, 169, 172, dro5apoAXos
97 159, 164, 166 twice, 167 thrice, 171,
198, 200, 223, 267: ElS &pETtiSA6yov d&aCOCraKroS 137 I73, 175, I87, 196 twice, 202,211, 212,
135, 267 da'caeita 57, 117, I33, 148, 222 221, 224, 225, 227, 233, 240, 266
'Ape0iios6 ZEXhi-rs254 &c<(pTo9ia'TrTO0242 P&oaavo Ii6
d&pleI1o99 twice, 159 d&caACfi154 paCao?dia217, 234, 262, 265, 266 twice
dpiOp6s 68, IO5, 151 twice 59
&atpcaAOS PaofiAeiov io
dpio-rCTa(Ta) 118, 128, 196 F-rTacos
67 pcaaiAEs 264, 272
&picroKpcrria 262 &drteia 209 pcaaCisoh264: Persian 79, 8o, 83 twice,
dP1OT0S33, 82, 104, 108, I48, 220, 228 &TEXvCOs 230 94, 98, 99, 103, 124, 126 twice, I28,
twice, 234, 245, 248 twice, 250, 251, dTritn&lo
54, 1I9 129 twice, 130 twice, 131, 133 twice,
260 four times, 275: &pio-ra as adverb &rmos 96, 254 134, 135, I42, 150, 151 thrice, 153,
234 &n-r6TEpov 126 I54, 156, I58, 173, 175, I95, I96, 197
'ApK&8ES
248 &drrT6TEpos141 twice, 201, 208 twice, 221, 254: pacai
207
'ApKaSicx drrpcol 103 AE?1 McCKeovias 132; 0Toos epqKcov
dpKkco I, 75, 88, 89, 91, 96, II3, 125, 127, 'ArTWavriK6S
96, 97 p3acaXiaS 207; Athenian 261
178, 183, 198, 223, 227 86, 94, 99, IOI, I41, 193, 204, 223
&roTrOS 157
PfPCaOS
88
&pKOOVTCOS 'A-peISai 260 51
PEpaCi6TEPOS
pKTroS19 twice, 156 'ATTIK19, IO, II, 12 twice, 13, 15, 20, 23, pEpai6co 2, 28, 30, 35, 189
&ppa 35, 40, 243 twice 66,70,96, I23, 155 twice, 172,245,248 pe[aicos 56, 95, 131
&pj.oorsl 207, 209 drrUXEo51, 128, 179, 183, 202 5XAos87, I53, 172
&pO6rTTCI5, 6, 12, 119 &rOXlac 53, 54, io6, 182 P-iTnoV 271
apvilais io6 acOYA245 P3ATCTrrOS 217, 267, 270
d&prrcco10o,varia lectio in 83 aoC"00rp6v 140 peATicov 59, I85, 238, 271
&PPT1Tos204, 238 aOtco 46, 57, 65, 78, 97 Piia34, 124
'ApTEUiS12 aoOpa245 p1i&lopiai26, 68, I67, 195, 217
'ApTsioalov 102, I24, 128 acrT&yyEo 82 P13itov 246
&PTI63, 172, 173, 184 aCTriKa
39 Pios 30, 34, 35, 36, 40, 62, 63,90, 91,154,
66
&pT-coS aTr606v62, 8I 238, 243: Sid&piou 273
dPXaCio29, 51, 69, 84, 91, 143, 155, 227, aOTrooAico 172 i6co 154
234, 257: TO d&pxatov243 aOrouqPis 245 p3A&Wrco 220
dPXfi 2, 6 thrice, 7, IO, 13, 24 twice, 26, oair6X0cov 9I, 248 [paco'p,ijto 218
42, 43, 47, 63, 70, 73, 77, 78 twice, 97, aOcros205 P3accarpliac 176, 204
Io7, I47, I5I, I53, 155 thrice, I67 a6X&o 27 PAIEMw2, I24, 262
VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 199
po&coI65 223, 224 twice, 226, 230, 232 twice, 6E8xoail48, 49, 53 thrice, 54, 59, 60
po0 86 233, 234, 235, 236, 238 twice, 239, 251 twice, 6I twice, 62 four times, 66
pofe?0ia59, 68, 209 twice, 255, 260, 262, 264, 266 twice: twice, 77, 88, 91, 98, I04, I05, III,
porie0co 49, 70, i6i, I94, 263 cavtrrs y'EvETO142 137 twice, 150, 151, 194, 209, 212, 255,
Boic-ria 51, 53, 67, I36, 137, 164, 193 yAw-rTa 227 256, 257: TO SEX61EVOV 58
BOIco-TO 76, I57, I63, I64 twice, 172, 225 ylyvcboKco 49, 51, 71, 73, 94,96, III, I22, 6Sco (lack) 4, IIO: itKpoV ElTV120, 209,
31
poJ6Krlga 123, 129, I30, 150, 154, I76, 183. 194. 232; TrooOv TlVOS 6SEt138; 6Aiyou
B6crropos 226 208, 235, 245, 266 SeTI 172, 173
pouvXEUoatx 51, 60, 67, 102 twice, 103 yvCTios 2, 1O, 28 8fios 37. i66, 219, 233, 248
twice, 124, 145, 157, i88, 194, 217, yvCbPr 7, 52, 102, I04, I05, I32, I34, 146, Afiios 12, 249
219, 263 152, I54, 157, I58, 182 twice, I92, 206, 5rX6co 50, 54, 165, I9I
pou0Aeio 7I, 73, I86 209, 264 8ipCaywoy6s 271
povUEvUTrplov 118, 227 yvcopilco 78, 213, 270 Siacxapac&co20, 58, 119, I74
pouVA 262, 264, 266 yvcbpmos 5, 257, 262 ArlpglTlp 35, 237
pouA?rpa 4, 6i, 266 yvcopticobTTsrc 13, 47, 170, 192 86tioupy6s 20
po*Xopia 4, 17,42, 59, 72, 77, 82, 83, 95, yVcoaIS43 rlpoKpacrr 262, 266 thrice
io8, III, II7, II9, I44, 172, 176, 187, yovEuS 134, 231 twice rIorroiior0ToS 27, 29
i88, 194, 196, 197, 204, 206, 216, 243, yovfi 31 8qiJos53, 89, I65, I67, i86, 189 twice,
248, 249, 262, 270 twice: Ei 6E po1ei ropycb 102 193, 217, 254, 264 twice, 271: S6qlo
68, 152,239, 24I, 247, 249; 6-TrOTpc, ypaupa 80 (demes) 244
pOIoOX226 ypcpco 62 6Sgpoaia 50, 253 twice
Ppapeico 248 yuvacriov 141, 246 rqp6oios 72
1paXos: PpaXU TI 196; Sla ppca(Xcov59, YVIVIKO6140 68rlSmoTEX 87
262 yuvv6co 122 811rOTlKcrTacTOS252
ppOVTi 220 yvvr 122 twice, 123 thrice, I34 Siapaivco 12, 77, 78, I52, I63, I7I
BvulVTIOI223 ycovia 216 tSiapaois84, 93, 98
Bvu&v-rov 53, I49, 207, 209 8taplpc[xco57
pcog6s 48, I42 5ai{lcov 171 SiayiyvopJia 14, 54, I33, 222, 248
SaKpVco 211 SiaytyvcboKco 219
raSlpac 58 Saveilco 189 6iayp&6pco216
YEITCOV120 AapETos78, 93, 94, IOI Sia8ocars35
yAXcos29, 58 AaIrS 97 6iaboxqil37
yEVE&262 6ET4, 32, 59 twice, 72 twice, 75, 79, 90, itailpco 3, 13, 26, 74, 167, I86, 202, 205,
yiVEoCr248 I05, IO9, IIo, II2, II3, 124 twice, 129, 261: cbS sieXaOai 223, 262
y?vos 8, 13 twice, 14, i8, 25, 26, 45, 47, 132, 134, I52, 167, 176, i88, 204, 206, SiaTra 42, 173, 225, 246, 270
52,53,54 55,57,66,68,73,76,83,84, 214, 228, 266: 8ETv 154, I66, I86, I90, sioK<Eipa53, 66, 134
90, Ioo, 103, 149, I67, 214, 223, 224, 197, 202, 2II; Siov 77, io8, II3, II9, 86aKtv6VE'Ico 151
225 twice, 226, 230, 231,235,254, 260, 193, 213; SE1 I49, 248; 866iCE 209; SiaKovEco8o, 254
261, 271 8fijaav 65, I37; 8BI1229; SefiCoa 270 8iacKoarco 60
163
rFp&VEia S6ETypa 42, 62, 65, 69, 74, II5, i86, 223, staKCOXvCO 124, 224
ypas 172 254 256 siaMEyopal 38, 79, 88, 132, 215, 227
yEpcov 84 68i6o 3, 4, 63, I02, 131, 248: r6 TijS SiaEcTrrO 9
y?cpupa I02 &PXfiS 8EOIK6S 217 SiaA?KecrlKo
239
yEcowrEivrSi260 6eiKvUlv 20, 21, 57 twice, 59, 77, I22, I28, siaAM-rTco 82, 189, 207, 255
yj 7, 8, I3, 15 twice, I6, 19 twice, 20, 134, I35, I38, I39, I48, I52, 157, I60, siaAXco 70
23, 25 thrice, 26 thrice, 29 twice, 31 I64, i68, 173, i8o, I85, I9I, I94, 213, Siavpgco62
twice, 32, 33 twice, 35, 39, 40, 55, 57, 217, 222, 235, 243, 250, 253, 258, 26o, Siavoico 87, IIo, 149, 171
58 four times, 62, 76, 78, 79, 95, 96 267 Sidcvoia34, 122
thrice, 97 twice, 98 twice, Ioo, o02, 6ETva: T-rV 6Sivcov 260 Siavico 37
103, I05, I07 twice, I23, 124, 131, I5I, 8etv6o 84, 102, I04, 123, 126, I79, i86, BiaCrTTr?,r62
155 twice, 157, I58, 169, I7I, 173, i86, 218 Slporrparc Io04
212, 226 twice, 232, 235, 246 twice, Seiv6oEpos 49, 214 SicxawpErpeco84, 255
260 thrice, 271: T6Vr iTw yfi 25; o0 AEKAeta I72 133
tiapKTa-rEpov
yns 99; orroO
yfi 213; OUTyfis I33 AeApoi I31, I42, I55, 249 t8apKiS 40, 104
yiyvopat 2 twice, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, II twice, 8v68pov98 SiappfiSriv131
19, 26, 28, 31, 34, 35, 36, 39, 42. 44, 8^opal 30, 32 twice, 35, 60, 62 thrice, 65, SCaaeico153
50, 51, 57, 59 twice, 60, 62, 65, 67, 68 68, ioi, 102, 103, 11o, I34, 135, 148, 85aobLtco49, 122, 155, 230, 270
twice, 70, 72, 76, 79, 8o, 87 twice, 88 I67, i68, I79, 183, 214, 2I5, 223 Sia-re?Eco48, 222, 233
twice, 89, 90 twice, 9I, 93, 96, 97, twice, 240 twice, 255, 260 6iaTieriu 72, 77, 97, 177, 85, 202
98, 99, ioI, 103 twice, I05, io6, io8, 86oS I23 8icrrptip 136
109, I 8, I20, 123 thrice, 124, I25, 68ExpCOTnlpOV68 sti-rp(ico 53, II9
I26, I29, I30 twice,
I27, 131, I35, 6ECrr6lco270 6lap6p6vTwS 2, 48, I58, 217, 227, 264
I36 twice, 142, 143 twice, 145, I46, SECTT6XTnS96, 217 siaqypco 3, 27, 90, 97, 105, 125, 143, 167,
I5I, I64, I65, 167, 169, 173 twice, I77 8&ErEpoV 53, 155 179, 196
twice, i80 twice, 182, 185 twice, i86 85ETEpoS 27, 30, 39 twice, 51, 83, 93, 145, B6iapetyoo64, 8i, 126, 138, 224
twice, I93, 194, 196 twice, 202, 204, 162, 176, 234, 243: T& SEuTrfpa30, 93, 8&cpopos54: Siapopov i68, 178, 197
207, 2io, 215, 217 twice, 220 twice, 145, 148, i60, 196, 248 twice twice, 227, 236
200 OVLIER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

SiaqvA6rrrco 159, 203 SoO?os O9 eIK6S2, 13, i6, 21, 33, 53, 62,63, 120, I34,
SlaX(eporovia 80 8ouA6co77, 78, 182 135, 41, 265, 270, 275; T& EIK6Ta 275
St&icoaAoos230, 232 Sp&pcx162, 209 EIKOOr6SIIO
I8&o6Kco40, 96 SpoamrerTEo I04 EIK6TCoS 4, 28, 49, 77, 89, I20, 125, 265
Si86pl 12, 33 twice, 35, 36,39, 40, 41, 44, Spaorp6s 124 EiKCO 26, 43, 51, 100, 115, 163, 177, i80,
50, 52, 60, 66, 67, 73, 82, 86, 88, 89, Sp&O I04, 138, 176, I94, 258 183
III, 128 twice, 131, 132 twice, I34, SpopEOS91 EIKCbV
80, 223, 262, 274
172, 209, 211, 213, 218, 235, 243, 251, 8p6pos 70, 85, 88, 96, I97, 206, 227, 246 EIlAKpIV/S 14
276 Ap*O1TES 52 Ep 35 57, 79, 83, OO,II9, 127, 37, 256
Sil1i1 24, 192 Suvaait 10, 75, 78 twice, 97, I02, I04, EiTroVI, 2, 4, 7, IO, II twice, i6 twice,
Si[Eplt 63, 75, I35 136, 150, 177, I98, 214 17, I9, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 30, 37, 39
St1EpXoPat 3, 4, 38, 52, 75, II6, I29, 2IO, 8svapli 4, 12, 17, 5I, 62, 68, 78, I05, io8, twice, 57, 6I twice, 62, 63, 65, 69, 73
246 120, I6o, I73, I8I, 192, 200, 212, 216, twice, 75 thrice, 78, 79 twice, 88, 89,
Sio86BS 88 217 twice, 226, 228, 233, 253, 270 o9 twice, 91, 98, 103, I05, 107, Io8
8sepEvvaco97, io6, 149, 262 vvaoT-ria40, 155, 178, I93, 217 twice thrice, II2, 115, 122, 123, I37, 138,
SitpXopai 78, 157 6uvar6S I, 5, 6, 99, 155, I66, 235, 243: 139,148, 49,157 twice, 61, 164 twice,
s8iyiopai 12, 47, 73, 136, i88, 260 obs6uvaOr6v43, 226; Kae' 6aov Suvcrr6v 165, i66, 167, 169, 170 twice, 173,
SiAyqlars75 170 176, 179, 187, 189 twice, 198, 201, 202,
SI1KcO23 sVVaTCOrbTcro 154 204, 208, 211, 223, 225, 227, 231, 232,
8lrInEK1S225, 264 68vaTrcbTpos68, 193, 267 233, 236, 239 twice, 243 twice, 244,
86ipri^vco 78 I85, I9o
vuoKoXia 246, 249, 252, 256, 260, 266, 269: dos
Stifrric 270 8uav6AolS 18o
86KoxAos: ?v TOTS &6rrACsEIrretv 4, I63; cbs EIrEEv I9, 39,
5iKaiOS 2, 4, 44, II6, 202, 215, 265: EIS Suvrux)(C44, 46, 54, 67, 198 54, 98, I07, 112, I40, 146, I52, 173,
SiKaiov T&g1V147; T6 SfKaiOV2 twice, 8uo-ruxia 26, 53 178, 227, 259; cbsEirelv alcvEX6vrt 143;
43, 68 twice, 112, 113, 146, 207; T-r 8uTaXpaivco io8 cos TrrOSElrrEv 47, 172; KaMO&lLa E1rrTiv
SiKaia 48, 68 twice, 113, 146, 197, 207, Svuaxept'17 107; T6 yE &(Arl0-rEtpov EITrETv107; T6
216, 222, 248 uovXc,opia23 c'i,prav Ei-ntv 90
6iKaic6Tros 242 Sco):
'rp6 fhiou 861vovros 132 lpfvrll 40, 63, 157 twice, i66 twice, 167,
StKatotolvT 42 twice, 43, 68, 133, 147, scopE&33, 45, 65, III, 128, I3I, 222, 237 175 twice, 177 twice, 179, 183, 195,
148, 167, 248 twice, 248 196 twice, 197 twice, 198, 207, 2o8,
StKaioOS29, 48, 103, 125, I44, i6i, 209, ScopEogai 30, 230 209, 222, 243 twice
260, 274 Acopies 51, 59, 73 EaoiTraS II9, 140, 260
SiKaoariplov 252 AcopiK6S76 EloaOlS I65
SIKaaorqIS39, 44, 236, 248 Sopov 41, 87, I52 EIoaqXlKvOpalt II, 230
86KTI 12, 43, 66, 77, 149, 164, 165, 194 elapi&lo0Ial 27
twice, 236 twice ?&co5, 92, III, 197 ElaPooA0?172
SiKrvoV 126 gyyElos 25, 95 ETOCII.l139
8SolKrCo159, 193, 202 &yyfyvolai II EloipXocal 40
stOiKriCtr271 Iyyp&9co 45 97
EolaXco
Atov*iaos 208, 221 lyy&ev I02 EfoaTrXUS56
Ai6vvcos 62, 237 lyy*s 90, 103, I30, 266 EtoTralCo 29, 226
stopiLco 261 43
Iyy'rTWroS EIaqOpcp14, io6, io8
6roorlnia95 'EyEorTaTo171 Eio'op0p Io8, 230
Ai6oKoupoi 258 207, 226
IyKaOio-rlCpt Elap{E} pEOa 62
ElcrappCo:
8ioXAiO I139 IyKaCCO217, 8,8, 223 EloXCO 121
I
SIT8AOUS 3, 6i, 72, 94, Io5, 200, 237 tyKacraEhrcErc114 EtacA 156, I97, 274
8fS 2i yKarapiyV?Oco4, 9, 20 34
KPd&i(vc
81Tmo637, i8o, 223 tyKAEfco1I bCXP&AAX 26, 209, 271
8iXa II5 yKATICa 217 ,y{iyvopai 80
81X6O0v57, 79, n18, 128 yKi.vco 177 1KyOVOS29
Sio0EcO134 ,yKpivco48 iK85XOPat I3, 39, 63
86cKco 83 twice, 124, 157 IyKcOi&Lco4, io8, 176, 213, 262 xK8potp3
tcopu)V I102 &YXEipC.o3, 7I, 213 (KKArloia IOI, 271
86ycya 122 iyXEiptlpa 3 lmKOaUEc)142
SOKCo think I, 7, II, 138, 153, 217; IYXcoppco5, 74, 91, 112, 119, 235 &KA<51&pTW 112, 135
seem or seem good 18, 29, 34, 35, 43, Gc8aos 54, 102, 272 hK-yco 69, 91, 215, 263
48 CoVcKalSOKCV,5I, 63, 76, 83 twice, OWEAovTis 73, 126, 211, 264 KiTCwrcoio6, IIo, 227 twice
86, 90 twice, 95, 96, 97, 98, Io6, Io9, X&ACO
218, 252 &Koi0tlos 211
113, 117, II9, 125, 126, 131, 162 iLco 179 grrnToo
62, 17I, 255
twice, I64, 170, 171 twice, 172, I73, ievos 3, 47, 76, 78 twice, 99, Ioo, io8, lKrTriTCo51, 9I, 126
176, 200, 204, 205, 215, 218, 224, 233, 151, 172, 18i, 226 ?K1T.C0O I7I
235, 238, 270, 274 twice: (pio
SoloKTv 4, 0eco:eco06eTS 72, 77, 202 ?KcrrAltIS102, 120
102 E80ov 54, 83, 86: l6ETv17, 88, io8, 177, 58, 140
KArrlqp6co
86a 4, 5, 6, I43, I78, 211, 260, 275 twice 178, 232, 267 &<1rATnrrCO
25, 84, 87, I02, 127, 172, 178,
866iS 248 E8oS 55, 124, 140, 170, 209, 228, 239, 265 I79, I93
BovAsia I07 EItSoXov 102, 27I I66
gEKTr7Aov
Sou0EOcoI07 elK[Lco I9, 102, I78,.I94 54, io8
<1ro8Cbv
VOL. 58, PT. i, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 201
&KTEivco 58, 139, 14I, 170 Tro&rtl'E. Suv&acos 143; 9ppovfiaoros ~Epydloopai 93, I24: Trr' iEpyao'vvots
KTriVCO
I, 5 'E. 87; Tas 'E. TrpciEtS I57, 223; Epya &vacAaipavesvII9
KTprpCO89 piylora-rcx 'E. I69; irrFarrlroTOs'E. tpyco 124
77, 227
4paoivco 184; TapoocraaiavTCOV'E. 268 ?tpXopal I04, 137, 162, I93, 209 twice
7, 9, 65, i66, i86, 223
?K96pco 'EXAlvis 54, I03, 213 ?Ear1 I, 2, 17, 19, 23, 74, 77, 8I, I05
&?KEryco62, 140, 213, 239 'EAfZomrovTro 174, 184, I98, 227 thrice, 107, 130, i66, 191, 192, 212,
6KpOr&cT 58 EXos 88, 153 270
lKX)opCo52, 137, 142 AlTiico 135, I73, 200 t-T&lco 59, 66, 78, 79, 92, 107, io8, 116,
KCbVn16, 121, 146, 167, 195 twice, 199, i?nTiS35, 54, 67, 78, I02, 106, II2, 123, 157, 213, 270
217 173, I75, i86, 190, 200, 222 iTaaoiS 120
ALrrTov 196, 233 hpaaivco 10, 15 t-rTaao6s 63
Accti-r6C
II6, 233 Epp&8cio 168, 22I EuEVpilaC185, 263
,6t5T'T?opa185 [pAMTrrcO
271 rlnyoPac 48, 1i
ACLrrcov4, 5, 39, io8, 113, 120 twice, ?[POiA 95, 183 i~gyrlTrs 55, 230 twice, 273
132, 149, 155, 172, 178, I8o, 217, 224, .Pggvco 29 AiKcO53, I59, i69
267, 270, 274 ?|pri'"riwlpti 83 gfiS 32, 62, 135, i6i, 2Io, 260
XAaovCO49, 93, 102, I49, I97 (ri'rcoW 58, I44, 234 ^uIKVEopat31, 202
Iaapp6'rpoS95 ijpro06cbV 222 ?'s 260
4, 77
IAiXcrroTS ipTropia 149 ita6rc 70
Xiy)(Xo213, 216, 223, 227 E[TrOpos II iaTlM1 73, 107, 136
'EAevi I02 EpTrpoceOv I02 g0oSos209
XveuOEpia23, 89, 102, 103, 117, 122, 125, ipqavi[co 224 EOlKiLco53, Io6
147, 157, 159, 167, 171, I86, 2o i.pv-roS I66 koAXrl28
^XEvepios 89, 142 Ev&ycoI54 oovuaia
9, 62, 66, 246, 270
E7eEeEpos142, I55, 167, 267, 270 ivc orrco 54, i66 E[co 60, 68, 96, 97, 124, 126, 138, 174,
ixEVuEp6co66, 113, 115, 201 vaxvrTios62, 89, 104, 131, 135, i6o, 175, 190, 215, 224
'E?ewoivla (-r&) 230, 249 twice, 257 176, I8i, 182, I86, 87, I97, 248, 274: EgooeEv54, 74, 122, 173
'EEvuoivIov 257 ElSToUvaVTioV 97; ivavria as adv. 124, gOlKaII, 56, 98, io8, 173, 176, 206, 213
'EAEuais128, 256 134, 157 twice, 193 twice, 250, 274
W(pas 25 ivavcriopia 88, I57, 222 0opTAI40, 257
EAKCO 88 ivapyEvrEpOS 32 TcrayyEXia132, 134
'EXA&S8 twice, 13 twice, 15 thrice, 48, evapyiis 7, 8, 34, 43, 65, 135, 148 iwrayyXXco 134
56, 57 twice, 58, 60, 68, 77, 79 thrice, eV6SEKvuWP 33, 46, 95, I06 hwcyco 98, 222
82, 83, 89, 93, 1OO,I02, 104, 105, 114, vS6EcS94 i&Traycoyq1o1
121, 131, 138, 142, I48, 150, 154, 155 v85oo0S
78, 251 1TraiviCo213, 248, 260 four times
twice, 157, 164, 171 twice, 175, 197, v6SXOpat 124: O*K v)8XE?Tal 75 iTrrcavo 253
210, 221, 222, 223, 224,232 twice, 235, v8otO6rTa-r 205 crraipco 154, i6o, 218, 267
240, 249, 266, 275: tTipa 'EX&S I4; v6So6Ta-rro
249 1rTav&yco
256
'E^X&8 -rTiwaAaZA 57; T15s&pXaias'E. &v86o6TEpos151 rWavaCXopcG Io8
91, 155; tv AMuEvepg9 11 'E. 142; Tiv [vEipt I2, 172, i88, 223, 240, 262, 275 Frr&vaeiu64, 120
riiS'E. o-rliav274;tTpoq6s -qs 'E. 89 ivEUTv(co 53 ^rrcavpopat Io6
:XXEihTr 154 vi)XvpoV 218 iTCavipXo)(al 32, 59, I96
?EAXsv80; 'EXXArvEI twice, 4, 5, 7, I2 28, 83
vyXCO TnCaVAIKCo
63
twice, 13 twice, 35, 51, 52 twice, 53, &vOuVolapI 131, 140, 142, 174, I78 -rrave&o144
55, 57, 58, 6i, 62 four times, 66, 71, ^veMpios 130 212
TraCviOTrlpnt
72, 76 twice, 77, 78 twice, 79, 8o, 84, bvvo0co 175 wrravop06c53, 60
89 four timcs, 90 twice, 91, 94, IOI, 6VOtXitos150 iwTTcpX221
I02 twice, 103, 104, I05 four times, bvoXMhc159 orxOiTs: iva ilrl?iv Tracx0)( ElTco I48
I07, io8, IO9, 114, II5, II6, 117 twice, EVTriAco 82 -wriyco 30, 144, i6o: iV TOTS TrrEiyovoU
118 twice, 123 thrice, 124, 125 twice, v'rnpoS225 74
126 twice, 128 four times, 129, I30, vrlnp6TarrTO47, 252 TrreiSov Io6
131 twice, 135, 136, 137, 138, 142 83, IOO, 141 twice, 155, I74
vrTvyX&vco trrewi be added 29, 131
twice, 144, 146, 147 twice, 148, 150, 9&yco 55, i68, 206 iwirii come upon 67, 149, 171: rrcbv45,
154, I55, i56, I57 thrice, 158 twice, itaipETro 245 69, 121, 154, 170, i8i
I59, I6o, i66 thrice, 167 thrice, 168, ?gatpEo 25, II6, i69, 193, 21I, 222 175
TreiraJyco
I71 twice, 173 twice, 187, 190 twice, C6Aojpal150 &iTEiOraKTro 26
I93 twice, 195, 196, 197 twice, 198, arcapTavc&Co217 ?1T?Egyco 6i
201 twice, 202 twice, 205, 207 twice, lgaviTirrlp 102 lwrEtSpXolpa138, 157, 207 twice
208 twice, 209, 212, 214 twice, 220, iaptei&co 53 hwipXoclpa3, 22, 58, 62, 123, 149 twice,
221, 222 four times, 223, 224 twice, gapKdco33, 39, 46, 86, 103, I17, 145, I57 171, 173, 179, 209, 21o, 226
225, 227 twice, 228, 230, 233 thrice, twice, 178, 222, 235, 237, 238, 246 hWTTElo 31
235, 242, 243, 248 thrice, 252, 255, ?tapvoSIo8 inTXC)98, I24
257, 260, 273, 275 ?EapTaco 104, 260 l[Tpaitvco 12, 83
'EAArlv1KS10, I3 twice, 14, 55, 56, 59, EcXiaOvco10, 207 TIrlAuv 48
65, 77, 78, 79, 96, 103 twice, 128, 130, xEMyXco153 tr7rip5o 41, 249
I3I, I34 twice, I94, 217, 220, 234, 244, II
gEAi-rTTCO Tripaais 145
268: S6a wravTrcv TCOV 'E. Kalpov 52; 10, I95, 204, 226
nEwTiTfiSEs Trip0ovUEOcoI2, I47
202 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC

CiTiypaolla 142, 223 {pavos 49, 12 (adverb) I, 20, 22, 51, 68, 79, 8o,
EOOEs
'E-nlacIpilol 157 ip&co 155 86, 104, 164, 175, 177, I93, 2II,232
1TmSEiKvuW7, 39, 69, Ioo, 104, 138, 144, ipy&lolal 38, 62, 166, 214, 218, 276 uKOcapia
15
147, I50, I721 209, 214, 263, 272 Ppyov3, 19, 21, 30, 35, 56, 63 twice, 66, EOuKOXia
173
wi8EtS1SI04, 133, 148 67, 68, 70, 73, 74, 77, 79, 80 thrice, 87, EUKr6S17
1TfirlXOSII, I03 96, 97, 98, 117, I24 twice, 126, 127, EOXoyoS 2, 32, 107
irnl6nria 41, 236 135 twice, 140, 142, 143 thrice, 146, EUA6ycos72
TrlSfiScoojl
73 150, i6o, 162, 164, 165, i66, i68, 169, EOpoWrros 71, 73
iTTlEiKE1a7, o08, 187, 217 170, 179, 182, 183, I89 twice, 192, I94, EOvoiaI, 46, io8 twice, 162, 273
hTiEiKoCrrTTos267, 270 I96, 2Io, 220 thrice, 229, 242, 249, EOvovSI86
hnriKarepos 68 260, 267, 275 EiO-reiOEia122
ImTEIKfS213 gpyco 86 E6rropEcoI24
ImnlKo&152, 245 3 twice
Ppycd8r1 EUTTOpia 243
Im0'IKn126 IpE'iCpa274 EOrropOS 2IO
TrriOu1p98, 155, 222 'EpETpiEiS 78 twice, 83 twice, 84 ETrropCbTorOS 267
mrOvvpiao35, 78 twice, 266 'EpETpIK6S 97 errrpacxa 179, I85
Tr(iKoapoSI63 'EpeXte6i5a262 E\jTpETifS 183, 198
'rlTKaipoTa6ros 7 'Epex0Eis673 twice, 260 EOTrpETrCOS 164, 227
hrriKEI.al 9, 10, 55, 57 eprpia 211 ECPPE1iS 248
1TiKXAivco15 EpiLco39, 42 twice, i68, 257 eOpioKcoI twice, 3, 6, 40, 43, 45, 58,
ElTtKoupia 239 'EptX)6vios 246; implied but not ment- 6i, 64, 66 twice, 75, 91, 96, 102
53
Tn1KOVQ)ilco ioned 40 thrice, 128, 136, 172, 217, 235, 237,
r1TlKporrco
41 EplatCovI69, 209 264
I7IAEiTco97 :ppUlVE*s 80 EC'puv6,8cov I51
1TilXappA&vco143 80
pp,jir|veco Eipuvaoes49, 66 twice
tlXTileCO224 JpoimaiI05, 195 Eupvuxcopia88
TriAXoIlTos
207 eaXArrTa
'EpvOp& 97 EpoowTratos10
hTrlIapTipopac II Epupa 8, ioo EOpcb-rrr 70, 149, 155
Irrvoico60, 78, 2 I pOico:P1OoVTai178; P06Ocal 190 EUajiPEia122 twice, 144, 256
iirfvoia 94, I04 EpXoCiat4, 27, 71, 78, I02, 115, I34, I44, Evaep1S 225, 23I
rrlppico30 146, I5I, I74, I93, 199, 207, 227 ErTVXro)(EpOV 233
rrippoA95 twice, 260 eOrmX&CO 232
noTrOiCaiVCO 245 ~p&5214, 240: elpTrTal45, I74, 204, 274; EuXr)(ia I8, 170: oO<K eOTrXia 172
ilTioaIios 13 EIPTKcbS3, 204; EIplit,voS 5, 6, 37, 45, eiqco@0 4
iTrloT0rioco74 I9I, 254; Elpfoaci 119; ElpflcETa i6o, eiqpTliifa4, 87, II6, 170, 176, 225, 260
e,rioTrapac213 206 EOVppoCVflvI I
ETr1Tncirrl 112 Epcos39, 58, 77 EOXaPIS 245
'ro"TroAfi79, IOI 252
pcO-roTCO ?EXA76, I82
mTraTpcrrEOco 145 Tcr-IpIoS52, 57 EOxoIa1 233
16
wTiTpeT-r0ios carica 13, 29, io6, 148: Ecrria KOwvi54; Eyv'X[ia 74, Io6, I07, I24, 179, 187
1nTIaTpiTCO 42 'EXAo&8oSa-ria 274 ecoX(ia24
Tipcxpayilco 162, 221 :Tcm&co
87 119, I43, 169, 172, 244, 264
i<&p,lIAXoS
iTiTayipa83 ga-riv oi 56 (gPAKCO 77, 230
wTrir&TrTo 81, 197 icrCrtlO97 pE{iiS30, 37, 55, 92, I21, 124, I41, 164,
mTrTaCplOS 4 oaXorrOS 53, 113, 116, 208: TEa aoXcrra 49, i88, 210
T-rlTeiXaloia 155 154; oTXcrraylS 96 EpEaIS44
1TrrflIAtos:ETITTSEiOTCTrtrn 2I
TpOSK&XAAr rTalpia34 &q?pSopal193
WTrrrn8El6TTiS22, 24, 54 9TrpoaCE5 1liKv6o l0ai 136, I58
Ti-rtfiSucia90 TroIp&[CO
8I ia<p{rrTI35, 60 112, 126,
, 84
mlrTiTiellIO, 76, 93, 194, 209, 221 TrollO0S126 qp668ov23, 152
TrrrTl&cAo 176, 202 ETOS 17, 35, 203, 238, 253, 257 ^p6AK1ov86
riTpErTCC39, 122 eOayyAWtov 211 ^qpoppuCO20
nrTpTorr50 76, I66, 223 twice
EOPOEiS IXepa 224
ItupavriS74, 268 EOpoia 76, 124, 199 iXep6s io8, I28, 187, I93
IlrravSs 217, 260 EVy?vEia27 XepCOS 134
TirriEpco
59 EOYEcOS
23 EXo 2 twice, 5, 7, 8, II, 18, 21 twice, 22,
IwTTpTpiLco251 eiSalmovia142, i68, 232, 247 24. 32, 34, 35, 39, 42, 49 twice, 59,
94
1TlXEI1p0Co 62, I39, 265, 268
E6oi0KI(CO 63, 66, 68, 78 twice, 79, 83, 86, 87, 90,
260
XrriXe6vioS eOSo0ia 264 91, 93, 96, 102 five times, o04, 107,
20, 42, 78, 146, 260
TrropILa EOfpycaia2, 35 twice, 46, 55, 61, 67, 73, IO8 twice, IIO, I12 twice, 115 twice,
^wovop&IcO 273 167, 209, 220, 230, 239, 240 117, I22, I25, I29, 131, I34, 138, 14I,
wrTos:Cbs wTTOS
El-TEWV 47, 172 eOEpyrTl 50 twice, 231 142, 145, I47, I49, 150, 152, 155
itsci0i 230 eiA'e0la3 thrice, 157, 159, i6I, 163 twice, 164
ITrcowvuia2, 12, 17, 26, 28, 40, 42, 52, 89, E6iers 1I30 twice, I67 thrice, 171, 174, 176, 177,
202, 265 eOEvv)co187, 232 178, 183, I85, i86, 189, I93, I94
w-TrbvUOS 122, 260: E'TcovOovUSKal wro- OeOCOs 236 twice, I95, 201, 212, 218 twice, 219,
pi-r(T&I eOUjpUX
I I 221, 223 twice, 229, 232 twice, 233.
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 203
234, 235, 237, 245 twice, 247 twice, fiTrrToal 43, 73, 76, I03, IIo, 120, 136, oEoopia31, 73, 249, 256 twice, 276
248 thrice, 250, 256, 26o, 269, 271, 164, 178, i88, 95, 227, 245, 267 eEcopIK6v35
275: tXOtu"aI6, 200, 226; EXco &vVc 2; iTTov 13, 31, 45 twice, 62, io8, 132, 134, OEcop6O256
gXoi TrXAov80 148, 172, 179, 182, 189, 223, 261 Gipal 51, 209, 248
EcoAOS141 firrTV 26, 39, 88, 90, 187 eripcaol 48, 53 twice, 183, 193 twice,
9co0S52 I94, 209 twice, 210 twice, 211 thrice,
ECoS12, 52, 53, 57, 58, 8i, 134, I37, I54, e&aao-ra 8, 9 twice, 10 twice, 13, 15, I6, 212, 220, 223 thrice,
232, 248
155, 222, 258 20 twice, 23, 26, 56 twice, 57, 58, 71, OKTrl96
83, 86, 88, 96, 97 thrice, 98 thrice, 102 ri'pa83
ZeAerTflS
254 twice, 105, 107, io8, II2, 122, I24 er0pdco 57, 200
LEryvvup40, 152 twice, 126, 127, 155 twice, 156, 157, GIOreus34, 49, 248
ZEsI 97: At6S Trraia 225; -Tiv ToU Ati6 158, 159, I66, I71, 173, 178, 184, i86, evriaKco271
&ppXfv19; 'EEUvOipiov Aia 89, 142; 197 twice, 201, 202, 212, 213, 221, 226, 8vriT-r73
vih Aia 141; P& Ata 225 232, 235, 241, 244 twice, 246 86puvpo10oo
Lic 127, 221 OacirTTtos20, 95 epaKES71, 207
[rlTAo 42 eaAo6s39 twice epaK<rl: eTl ep4CKrns53, 169, 210, 227;
Lijhos 186, 226 e6vorros 132 nepi epaK'r 207
i.rlfa 149 eavcrd6co 129 EOpupa 19
[TIP6co176 Bapp4co 4, 52, 66, 88, io6, 124, 131, 153, OpuXAco 195
Lrlr~T 26, 43, 75, 114, 145, I68, 233 165, 187 73 twice
uBvyrYp
I6C29, 78, i86, 222, 226, 270 96e&ooi157 Ouvo.S83, 122
&Lcbv12 dcYros53, 209 238, 26i
uvoica
ZCoov25 &TTrov
35 86co 261, 273
ZCrotrip12 eoiCpa 102
oaucp&Co4, 78, 90, 93, 100 twice, io8, Idopxai 175, 186, 189
Tirp253 114, 120, 132 twice, 135, 138, 158, 169, 6i1 I, 47, 51, 72, 112, 180, 264
iyElpovia 109, II, 112, 113, 115, 117 172, 213, 220 twice, 222, 250, 267, 271, tiSto 25, 72, 73, 74, 89, io6, 113, 117, I30
four times, 167, i68, 222: T1rV irit 274 167, 196, 223, 231, 239, 240
aX615crroTS
fiy?oviav 108; diArOlvwisOapaaC-T6S
7, 136, 150, 155 twice, 157, i{8scbirl 43, 213 twice, 220, 223, 233, 272
ly?poviaS I I 8 193, 204, 223 tSpiuc 48, 53, 73, 154
?yEipbv 5, 21, 6o twice, 84, 1I1, 109, 112, 85
eaiaaoTOT6EpoS hEpEus 84
117 twice, 230, 250, 271 oapaaCTOTacrroS 211 iepopiivia 141
yeogpai 8, 12, 26, io8, 109, III, 112, 113 eaupaTorwol6s 127 tip6v 73, 84 twice, 96, 109, 142
thrice, 117, 118, 119, 128, 132, 136, Oia II, 27, 87, 102, 141 tEpo1TOico258
137, 138, 147, 149, i66, 199, 208, 211, OE&: E&as aEpva& 44 itp6O 3I, 51, 230, 249, 258 twice: co-rrEp
212, 262, 266, 275 Oiala 9, II, 126, 140 Ev tEpoTSTrpoTEAouvJEvrl ii; EriyTTcai
fi8?Co5 220 Oea-rpov250 T-rV IEpCov 230
f6lov 233 OeTos12, 35 twice, 38, 44, 73, 84, 226, 'IeaK<rIlOl 260
fllaoros 9 234, 236 {Kcav6 194, 225
fiocaie 87 EmTOS6 208, 225 lKavcoS98
f6ovA19, 139, I44, 157, 222 0E6S3, 4, 12, 2I twice, 31, 33 thrice, 34 66
IKET6ECCO
i6vvapa 260 twice, 36 twice, 39,41 twice, 42 thrice, IKETTrS59, 67
f0os 13, 14, Io9, i66, 217, 252: Tij KOaT' 44 four times, 45, 46, 48 thrice, 59, 77, iXAEOS 122, 229
iOos rr6XAi
213 84, 88, 93, 96, 102, 105, io6, 109, 128, iX\yyICco150
'tKtiTa I51, 267 142 thrice, 143, 144 thrice, 145, 162, "IXtov260
lKCO)26, 62, 96, 104, 147, I50, 154, i6o, 192, 211, 213, 216, 220, 229, 230, 231, 'IvSoi 25, 78
191, 211 twice, 256 236 five times, 237, 238, 248 twice, i'rTrEO\172
qidKia 161 249 twice, 251, 258, 261, 273: ii oE6o 1TrmrIKO 40, 175
Atios 8, 39, 124, 132, i86, 216, 220 40 thrice, 44, I22 twice, 260, 276; 6 ITrrrOKpOTOS 96
hlipa 4, 76, 122, 125 twice, 137, I40 eO6S261 twice, 273; ac ToouEo pacuv- tITrroiLaXEc)co 175
thrice, 151, 159, 197, 227: pE0'fpipav T?ea1 35, 128; TOOIJecOJ XporaVTOS 73; TmrTOpaXia 70, 172, 220, 241 twice
98; <(igUpav>~9'
TfiPMAI41 Oeov nrra6ES36; 0eov Tp6lpoI 36; iTrrTro25, 40, 86, 87, 88,96, 137, 142, 175,
flEEpfiQato244 8Ecv (hrapXov T ovayyEVri 274; TOIS EV 197 twice, 260 twice
TiPpos 7, 237 dKpor6Xel OEO0I 73; psTa T-rv wrpora- 'Ila0p6 162
rPEp6oc9 TOpCOV OECo) -r
96; wiorri oEoTs 122
TOIS iaos 17, I31, 156, 172, I83 197, 202, 215,
lpEp&bTO5TO 23, 56 Eol,p orraTaos233 233: &6ir TOi T[OUt215, 217; 6i' taou
qitVau 270 Eo60tX1i 32 twice 227; E iarou 33, 75, 90, II2, 171, 200,
lViKa 72, 194, 267 eepaciEia65, 124 216, 232, 264, 270; EiTr TrOISlolS 212;
'HvioXoi 226 eEpaTevrrEuKc232 ToaaKai I8I
TrEipoS 9, 13, I4, 56, 70, 77, 84, 89, 1oo, 221
OeparrEOco io6TqS 215
126 twice, 127, 163, I73, 241 i8
Eppnrl iorT)pi 32, 88, 96, io8, 142, 159, 163, 174,
59, 6i, 66
'HpaK?Xe8ai e6EppcbscO 70 207, 225, 232
34, 48 twice, 49, 59, 66, 258:
'HpaKXtjs etoS 11, 15, 245 icTOpia 11
'HpOaKAovScT-rqia 226 06Ev66s167, 216, 217, 267 80
icXvp6oS
1ipoS 236 eEaCrrrlET
53 ioX&o 267, 270, falsa lectio in 43
focvXdZco148 eeTroraoi 51 acos 5, 38, 39,45 twice, 74, o09, I72, 177
fixjria 78, 148 twice, i68 iCo88 204, 224, 235, 260
204 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

'ITaXia 22I KaTcayCoyfi83

lVuy 230 KaraSEiKvUJp35, 39, 40, 54, 191, 198, 235, KkPaS
Kipoa I
1177
IXVOS102 267 KEpSOaivC 102, 176
'IcOvES 77, 124 KaorTaSKOS 06 Kfp8oS Io, 62, I25, 131, I34 twice, 14I,
'Icovia I8, 51, 227 KaoaSilCbKCO174 I57, 167
Ka-raSouA6o 167 KipKupa 69, 2IO
KaSpeia 67, 207 KorraSioo 178 KEI9oAaov III, II2, I24, 128, 131, 157,
KoaaipEc1SI99 KorralyiS183 I97, 22I, 244
Kocaltpc10o6, 209, 220 KarTarpcO12 KEclafi 17: UrrripKecpA?AS 156, 245; 1Ti
Kceaipco 56, 149, 230 KOTrroaKeiC0
157 KE9CaNXAV 212
KaOl.ag 10I7, 132, 183 KoraaolX)vca124, 227 KntlpuKEOc132
KaOap6O2, 14 twice, 27, 28, 148, 260 KorTaKeico 207 K1jpuv 68, 79, 82, 131, 2II twice
KaOapCoS 13, ii6, 118, 132, 148, 152 KaoraKOaOico
143 91, 243
KTlpJrrCO
KaeapcoTCrOS245, 262 KaorcAapp&cvo27, 29, 33, 39, 126, I27, KiAIKES151
KoCElpyvWpt 148 187, 219, 232 KItKiac 226
KaCfKC come down 244: KaOr(KE is meet KcrraXA&Arco98 KIvSuVVEUo 29, 89, 113, I64, I7I, I86, 209,
43, 50 KaoraAyco 4 twice, 235 270
K&Orpat84, 127, 145 KarraXEirco
36, 94, I02, I03, io8, II5, Kiv'uvo0 7, 63 twice, 89 twice, I07
Kaoif)Pl 4 211 thrice, 126, 133, 145, 164, 167, I74,
KaoiorTTlm7, 31, 33, 34, 50, 75, 77, 89 KoraAoyos 260 193, 209, 211, 224 twice
thrice, 96, 112, 117 twice, 118, 138, KOCT&rAUaI
I98 KIVWCO13, i8, 59, 77, 78, 8i, 97, 98, Ioo,
140, I58, i66, 173, 174, I89, 195, 212, 26, 39, 178, 185, 269
KCorrTAOC ii6, I47, I53, i6i, 168 twice, I74, I8I,
217, 222, 230, 234, 248, 264 twice KorrapaveOvco
I03 I93
KaeOp&=c 4 Ka-raprPEpopal
93, 193 Kivtl'lS Ioo
Kdo08OS59 56, 115, 124
KarravayK&ti[o KAElcT6S: A.al6CI KA61OTOIS
57
Kavcpqirpi139 KaTaoavaux&coI79, 22I KAEiCo
163, 164
Kacv6S246, 247 four times KaTCrnTlTc.>82 KArrrco 184, i88, 198
Kacipos 57 KaTC=XOUS0II KAtnpOVOI.Lk211
Kalp6S4, 34, 47, 52, 54 twice, 60, 63, 72, 82
KoroOarovTilr[ KArlpo)(Xia96
76, 80, 87, III, 135, 140 twice, 145, KaCTaIorp&rTT67, 74, I05, I28, 196 KAi'VC222
I59, I70, 19I, I96, 202, 223, 227, 243 Kurat. l1 ic ) IOO, 177 KMA[CO 171
twice, 269, 271: Iv Kaitpc 66 Kacrap&oiia I86 K68Pos 73 twice
KaKia I54, I86, 213 Karappyviywu 1oo KOV1 3, 47, 53, 117, 125, 128, 158, 220,
KaKi
LO 213 Kacr&pXco124, 128 223, 255
KaK6S84, 88, 93, 126, 194, I98, 207 KarTarcnKnTT
207 KOIVOSI, 4, 19, 31, 51, 57, 66, 69, 72
KaK6co 124, 221 KarTacKEU&[co
30, 40, 56, 57 twice, 63, 99, twice, 73, 74, 78, 89, IOI, I05, io8,
KaKCOS 53 twice, 54 twice, 83, 93, 157, 175 229, 240 112, 113, I23, 124, 142, I52, 167 twice,
KOAMcI, 29, 72, 84, 87, 92, 135 twice, KarraaKE'x62, 68, 142, 72, 243, 244, 250 173, 214, 217, 220, 223, 225, 226, 243,
154, 157 twice, 165 173, 202, 221, 227, KcrrCrrTiOril42, 204 248, 251, 260, 270: T6 KOIVOV236; T&
230, 273, 274 KocraravfiS235 KOlva TOV tr6xEcov 239; T& KOIVW TfiS
KaoAiKpaTr6aS178 KaoraTE1yco44, 47, 51, 52, 54, 65. 66, q90aeos 90, I o; Td&K. TCOV 'EAAt'vco
K&UlOV(adverb) 33, 76, io8, 185, 233 68, io8, 175, 177, 194, 195, 214, 230, 190; &rr6 KOIVOU201; EIS KOIV6V 154,
KAArMaT(adverb) 54, 124, 202 260 263; ElS r6 K. 45, 62, io6, 149; 0-JVp
KAlWaTOS15, 23, 25, 57, 68, 144, 149, Karracpov&o 142, 153 TOOK. 72; dya.cla KOWIV6 Trij 'EM&Sos
152, I92, 194, 230 twice, 235, 237, 242 Kaorauyfi 260 223; ;v TroT K. Tf1S 'EAr&8O KIV18VOIS
thrice, 244, 246, 250 twice, 259, 274 KaC(TXp&iOpai87 164; T6V K. TCAOV 'EAAVCOv6ilyrTrf1v
KacMiov 36, 85, 117, I33, 143, 152, 155, KaorTaccbvvuwt 104 55; KOIVOV T(rv 'E?AMVCOO Kip8OS62;
157, 223, 256, 262, 27I KaEITSov I09, 204, 248 T6 K. TOrV'EMAAfVCV lp6v 142; KOIV6S
K&OS 10 twice, ii, 15, 20, 143, I44 KaTrrpy&aloal 50, 103, 117, 196 260; rTCK.yiVEI
T6rV'EAASVovrrTOITnTlS
KOa26S5, 53, 142, 207, 220, 226, 243, 249, KorripXopat 24, 156 T7OV 'EAAfvcOov 224; T6 K. Y?VOS TrOV
264: E{c TOUKOAO068 KCarX)c 17, 26, 27, 35, 79, 102, I06, 116, dv0pcTrov I49, 225; TfiS K. T)XlIS
KaAoTrrco I02 123, 126, 128, I34, 137, i68, I70, I94, dvOpcTrrcov168; KOlVOS &dTrvroTcov yo-
K5CAS70 203, 217, 222 vaS TEm 231; -rrp6yovoi TOo
Kal E?IEpyfhaS
KOACOS 12, 35, 42, 96, I02, 103, I04, I30, KartyopEco 195, 213 twice, 220 thrice K. Piov 36; Trria KOlvi 54; Tr1K. TOO
136 twice, 145, 147 twice, I59, 192 KaOTOtKEK 155 y?voVs ^cT-ri 13; PilTnp Kal TpoyO6
K&r^IAOS 98 KaTOlKiLCO 62 KOIVi 25; K. &6d&rrd ov TpoqaS I; K.
Ka&pTCO123 K1tO.itpOV 271 Ta-rTpiS51, 231, 270; 666S KOIVh Tr&V-
K&p178 Korrope6co142, I80 twice, 188, 200, 205 TrcOVT-rV KTirTTrT6vTro 51; TOU K.
Kapia 70 KarrO6pcopa 240 I&(VTECOS 273; K. pouAvEvUpltov 118;
KaplrrS 23, 24, 35,235,237, 239, 246, 248, 155, i66
K&rrco TOVK. T6v dycova IO2; TOVK. 6Eorr6rnTv
263, 273 KETiat15, I03, I37, 193, 235, 241 96; K. v6pov 67; K. 91lAavepcATrias
62;
KapTEpiaI6, I22 twice, 172, 223 KiKpop246 Ti) K. qOpia1 70, 2I 7
Kapanorio 157 KEKpvUa7ia159 KOltvOrlS4, 264
KapXr186viot171 8i, 98, 123, 211, 273: T6 KE?.u6-
KEAE0CO KOlVO6TOcrO
46, 252, 270
KOaTyEayCXo161 pevov 66, 197 KOlvCov?CO7, 13, 205, 248
KaCraylyvoboxCO 3, 94, 208, 229 KEV6O175 KOlvcovia38, 46, 248
KardTyc 6I KEVOCO172 KOIVCov6S49, 54, 217, 248
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 205
Ko0[Lco 149 AayX&vco I7, 28, 42 123, 139, I40 twice, 141 twice, 186,
K6oXTOS20, 26, 30, 97, I63 AaKESaciiovia 165 195, 204 twice, 206, 23, 215,223, 224,
226
KOACOV6O AaKESai6viol 117 twice, 125, 134, 135, 225 twice, 227, 228, 229 twice, 239
KOp1Si 29, 141 136 thrice, 150, 157 twice, 163 twice, twice, 242, 246, 271 four times
Kopilco 2, 35, 50, 53, 86, 89, 108, 113, 199, 164 four times, 165 twice, 169, 172 Wom"O6 73
227, 237 twice, 175 twice, 176 twice, 177, I78 XotTr6S15, 19, 52, 53 twice, 74, 88, I02
KoVlopTr693 twice, I82, 183, 184, i86 twice, 187 twice, 1O5, ii8, 124, 125, 128, 129,
Ko6vcv 178 twice, I88, 189 twice, 193 thrice, 195, 131I, 32, I54, I55, i60, 16I, 177, I78,
K6pBT 73 198 twice, 201 thrice, 205 twice, 206, 192, 193, 212, 227, 233, 265,271
Kopiveioi 157 twice, 159, i6i, 169, 194, 207 twice, 208, 209, 210, 211 four AoKpoi 164
220, 223, 225, 248, 256 twice times, 212 twice, 220, 221, 223 thrice, rov-rp6v 246, 250
K6piv0os 53, 194 twice, 207, 209 224 twice, 225, 227, 248, 261: AvKoip- AvKLa70
KopoS227 yc TC A. 251 AuKoipyoS 251
Kopvu<pi 15, 275 AaKcov1Kfi 53, 165, 207 AXvTEo18, 214
KOCarCO 3, 21, 25 twice, 30, 31, 40, 58, 73 AapI6vco 4, 6, 26, 33, 34, 4o, 41, 42, 67, 17
Au'rrrlp6s
twice, 84, 104, 127, 176, 225, 229, 232, 77, 78, 79, 87, I02 twice, I13, I23, I26, AcravSpos 193 twice
256, 260, 275 129, 134, I49, 151 twice, I64, 165, 173 AXOicS
96
K6OCpOS 1 twice, 21, 24, 57, 58, I40, 142, twice, 175, 198, 200, 209, 213, 2I8, AvYuCTEXaTcrrTO144
143, 244, 246, 265, 276 221, 262, 265, 271 XuarrTEoarEpos51
KOv9poSII, 39, Ioo XaljTpo6 3, 50, 58, 209, 260 AUaITEXACO
50, 136, I49, 224
Kpiats 17, 265 Xapw'TpTEpov244 AXcoI2, I6o, I65, i86, 2II
KpCrrec 43, 5i, 58, 64, 67, 73, 109, 152, Xapirpo6TEpos 60, 107, 254
163, 166 twice, I68, I74, I78, 179, I8i, AajArp6oTnr 89, 157, 266 tp&OilTa: pcaOxIpcaTaKatd 6yo 2; paiJpara
182, 187 twice, 191, 201, 211 twice, AaprrpcS 8I, 87, 103, I05, I21 Tr&vra Epierli 40
218, 223, 224, 250, 270 twice XavO&vco3, 48, 68, 213 MaK?Eovia132
KporricTro26, 38, 113, 129, 130, 241, 260 XEyco6, Io, 45, 47, 48, 56 twice, 63, 68, piavOrvco
80, 99
twice 72, 73, 76, 80, 89, 97 twice, I09 piavia 44
Kp&rOS227 thrice, IIi, 119, 120, 122, 124, 128, av-reia 35, 128
KprTTrov 143, I90 130, 131 twice, 139, 149, 155, I63, 170, pjavrlK6s: O8crTa 6oa (JaVTIKa 43
KpEiT-rcv8, 26, 62, 66, 67, 78, 8o, 83, 85, 171, 197, 204, 206, 209, 216, 223, 225, MavTivE1a220, 241
87 twice, 94, I35 twice, 142, 152, i6i, 227, 237, 241, 247, 249, 252, 253, 260 MacVTrVETS
207
164, i66, 167, 176, 177 twice, I8o, 200, five times, 261, 262, 267, 269: TO PIJVTISIII, 273
212, 215, 216 twice, 235, 250: aiSol XEyopEvovOS TTO0T 225; T& Xey6IevO Mapa0cbv 12, 89, 93, 96, I02, I04 twice,
Tro0 K. 232; TqCT70 K. A6yco I62; T-rV 12; KEKTeOV 69; ds Xeyenra 35. Se also 125, 128, 187, 225, 241
TrCVK. pIOTpav
172 Map86vios 129, 130 twice, 135, 136
KpiriS 58, 90 Einrco7, 12, 52, 55, 73, 82, 98, 103, 105 liapTup&co35, 79, I31 twice, 164, I95, 196
255
KpfqTES thrice, 112, 114, 195 piap-rvpia I8, 136, 227
Kptfe 42 AEovrivoi 171 papTIptov 42, 68
KpiVCo6, 7, 27 twice, 39, 46, 66, 76, 87, Ae.VKaS221 papTUpopal 142
1oo, II7, I37, 138, 145, I62, 164, i68, AEVKTpa183, 211 I~&PT-v124, I35, i86, 189, 227
176, I92, 193, I96, 215, 217, 220, 24I, AEXatov 207 Ma*acraia58
243, 264, 268 Ecov25 i6wrX9o, 104, 125, 130 twice, 135, 136
Kpialcios 163 AEcbS73 twice, 137, I49, i6i, 164, 169, 177,
KpiClS42, 44, 77, 8o, 87, 102, 128, 213,219 MAcbS60 182, 194, 223, 225, 232
KptrTs 39, 127, 243 f?yco 37 178
pUa(XOpat
KpOckO155 Xiujrl:TrfS XAiUrv(6EI
'EXX(8os aoTrrep X656 pEyaXAoivXia23, 59, 65, 76, io8, 114, I22
KpVrTTC 33, 99, I33, I49, I89, 205 twice AfiSs: Wfiv -riS 'A&rvas 19 twice, 134, I58 twice
lKTc&opa60, 132, 167, 202 thrice, 215, Afipos270 MEyapa i60, i6i, 163, 166, 199
227, 233, 250 ?Oa-rIK6O: TO6Xar(rTK6V 56 MeyapeTs I57, I59 twice
88, 126
KT'EVCO ArlrTC12 IYCaS3, 4, 5, 39, 57 twice, 60, 62, 64, 68,
K-rfipa40 AiuvES I53 88, ii7, 126, I55, i6o, 163, 173, 225,
Kvveai I156, I97 Altp3T 226 227, 244: piya as adverb 57, 197
KUVEpV1'T1rl II13 AI.1v 9, 15, 23, 57, 245 LieyE0oS55, I44, I83, 242, 244, 250
KOII[KOS 175 hillUV58 piyiOros 24, 39, 46, 75, 76, 82, 88, I22,
KuOrlpaI69 Alvo'6SpoS 152 I28, 169, I79, I96, 205, 2II, 234, 237,
KuKaXaES IO M6ytia (Td&)131 241, 242, 243, 244, 246 twice, 262,267:
K&KAOS 6, 9, II, 13, I5, 56, 143, I56, 233, AoyiLopual 148, 192, 215, 264 T6Op.yoaTov 43, I02, 174, 183; T&
244 twice NoyIao-6s68, II6, I49, 209 piyiocra 1Io, 213, 236, 267; TO 68
KVXKOCO I173 16yos 2 thrice, 3 thrice, 4 twice, 5, 6 TraVTCovieyiorov OT1178, 182
KVpa95, I02, 124 twice, 7 twice, I6, 17, 24, 32, 34, 35, 200, 217
pEerl-Pt
KJirpiot I51I 39, 63, 68, 74 twice, 75, 76, 77, 80, 83, Iee{iTrrlPl47, 51, 98, I31, I45, I72 twice,
KupPI128, 29, 76, 80, 96, I09, 126, 130, 91, 92, 1O9, II9 thrice, 122, I32, 134, 173 twice, 209
i66, 266 135, I39, I44, I62, i68, 170, 177, 189, pIO6pio 1I3, 19
KVpicOS IO 192, 2I4, 230, 235, 253, 254, 257, 265 ILElov 149
127
KVplCOTEPOS twice, 269, 275, 276 twice; Xo6yo 2 PEi[cov 3, 10, 49, 58, 62, 63, 72, 97, 99,
KICOV 25, 87 twice, 3, 4, 5 twice, 40, 47, 50, 64, 80 III, 115, 143, I62, 170, I73, I77, 208,
68, 79, II5, 157, 212, 220, 226
KCOkico twice, 87, 90, 103, 109, 112, I20 twice, 213 twice, 214, 255, 264 twice
206 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

pEXTarr174 pIKp6o69, 76 twice, 78, o13, io6, io8, VEcoswim 226

piMAcO31, 53 twice, 77, I03, I04, I07, 113, 120 twice, I35, I38, 197, 209, 232, VEcbS21, 48, 238, 246, 250 twice, 260
io8, 113, 114, 122, 128, 206, 209, 224, 248, 272: pIKpOU
207; TTap&vplKp6v169, VEcoToTOS I16
265:6 o pCOV Xp6voS 57; r6 pAX.ov i8o, 209 VECyTEpos I91: vecoTripcov
ovpUP&VTrco 59
84; T&ipI.ovTa III, 145 P1KpcoSI54 vfijos 9 four times, IO, I2 twice, 53, 56
pXco 68 pltKTr644 twice, 57, 83, I26 thrice, 155, I69, I73,
ipeEppipvcoS 4 M1Xi'jiotI66 178, 201
Ltp?co 71, 102, 141, 176, 204, 213 pIpco 33, 48, 58, 83, 104, II7, I49, 198, VIK&c6, 17, i8 thrice, 23, 25, 39 thrice,
twice 209 42, 67, 68, 73, 75, 76, 79, 8o, 89, o9
PIlpEiS4, I20 pipiTlia 22 thrice, Ioi, 107, io8, Io, ,13 i22,
MeveoOi5s 260 pI1vfiCKco:ipvIOaeOlv195, 225; VrrlOicO 124, I25, 128 thrice, I30, 136, 137,
pEVCo7, 104 2Io; pvrilcOES260; plVrloeival 74, 126, 146, 149, 157, 159 four times, I60,
piple&o58, 142, 158, 235, 237, 240 i66, 228, 262; pUvr^oaoiJia 255; jipJ- 163, 167, I68, I69, 172, 177, 179
pIpiS 50, 121 VTl-ai I42, 248; PEuivlPtvoI 137, 271; thrice, 180 thrice, 181, I87, 191, 193,
IPpos9, 45, 53, 54, 64, 76, 77, 103, o06 ievijaxeai <I29>, 247, 271 196 twice, 198, I99, 20I, 202, 207
twice, IIo, 128, 129, 174, 177, i8i, pitiS 23 twice, 209, 2I7, 219, 224 twice, 225,
225, 248: Eu688aoxi&coavKal TpopEcov Prioo 49 228 twice, 233, 234, 235, 242, 243
pipei 232; iV EXqfS pipEi 182; kv Kip- pilcr6S 134 twice twice, 246 twice, 247, 248, 254, 257,
8ouvS lpEt 14I; iv PtpEI 22, 37, 223; pveia 225 267, 270, 273, 275 twice: V1KCwV f8ov
Kcrra pipTl 22 VwlMieIOV 35, 53, 142 144
p?CTrEppI[a19 twice, 156 pvi4r) 4, 5, 6, 7, 47, 48, 80, 234, 247 viKT 39 twice, 87, 89, io6, io8, 11o, I25
pIE.6yEta20, 97 PVlPOVEOCo 47, 63, 211, 220 twice, 130, 151, I62, 164 twice, I69,
paoos 13 thrice, I5 five times, 67, 75, 76, poipa 7, 53, 57, 63, 73, 128, 153, 172, 222, 179, i8o, 222 twice, 225, 227
78, 87, io8, 114, 119, 135, 149, 15I, 270 Ni'aac I99
172, 193, 230 povapXia39 v60os 1I, 29 twice
86, 193
tpEa6co IouVOKfi140 VOI5ES226
MErof'vlol 53 twice pOeos 102 vouiZco I, 4, 6, 39, 43, 50, 51, 84, 87, 89
pEoT6s 127 Pve66ClS 246 twice, 94, 105, 107, 17, 123, I271 I32,
prrap&coM 98, 227 MUK&Ax149 134, 145, 154, 155, 183, i88, 194, 211,
pETapx3oA 43, 232 pUvp&olSIO6, 220 213, 216, 227, 231, 253, 258, 267 thrice
peirTaylyvcbsocoI02, 219 twice pupiaxvspos99 275
59, 60 twice, 235
lETaI6SiScopl PIupl&S 90, 155 voipoOTto0 263
p?ETOd(octS
239 IUvpio 223, 227 vool0eTTS 141, 251, 26I
I8, 59, 226
pe-rcAapp&vco pJOpioI172 v6poS I, 21, 29, 40, 52, 60, 67, 89, 109,
pJEra?7dcTTCo 52 p1Oppfl{25 124, I26, 142, 215 twice, 217, 233,235,
gETaixKTxeuco 96, IIo piuorraycoy6s 230 239, 261, 267: vopoS 80
IE ii&o taois 185 pvoa-rplov: T-&pvuorTpia48, 257 vooico 186, 189, I90
pE?TraTptpCa 127 MvUriAlvivaTo 219 v6-Tio 88
percrriOrTi66, 123, 167, 267 178
MuTrXfivr voriS 23
pkrimTI
4, 48, 275 PuX6O97 vorndtpoS 9
PETipPXOpia 47, 83, 194 VOvS2, 119, 153, 221
PeTEXcO 7, 17, 39, 113, 125 twice, 168, N&djioi157 VInKTCOp 98
196, 209, 228, 238, 25I, 265 twice, 266, N&5Cos 210 ivv 52 twice, 53, 58 twice, 59, 66, 70,
275 twice viuayia 137, 175 75 twice, 87, 98, 103, io8, 114, 117,
II
IAETiCOPOS vau&ytov 126, 127 120, 140, 147, I6I, 162, 173, 224, 227,
peITOIK(ICO I02 voaIapXos 112, 117 229, 232, 238, 239, 246, 258, 259, 271,
peTovuica130, 209 vavO(UIpaX 124, 151, 157 274: T'5 v0v 99, 232; vvvi 230, 234
pUETpiCo 4, 5, 54, 99, 140 vxauvlaX(a39, io8 twice, 1O9, 118, I23, v*? 98, 137
pErpios 184, 217 124 twice, 125 twice, 126, 128, 132, VCaep6raCTOSIo8
iwrpicS 17, 215 135, 151, 159, i66, 169 twice, <I72>, gevia 229
prTpov 4, 58, 99, 131 I74, I84, 196, 198, 21o, 241 twice tivoS 27 thrice, 28 twice, 48, 72, 258:
ilS1i6co224 NacrraK-roS I69 gbvot Kal -TroAlTai26; gvvoVSKal pap-
MrTi8K6sIII, I26, 157, 174, 184 vau5 Ii, 87, 88 thrice, 96, 103, 104, 105, p&pous187
MTOwuVTl 207 io6, io8 four times, 112, 124 twice, p{Trls;94, 95, 96 twice, 97, Ioo, I02
pIKlO-rOS 98 142, 151, I60, 172, 173, 175 twice, twice, io6, 127, 182
pi1KOS 16, 221, 244 178, 184, I93, 22I 686s 5, 37, 46, 51, 54, 144, 155, 244, 249
PIrKOVCO I4I vaCIriK6O 39, 83, 105, 124, 128, 151, I57, ol8a 48, 97: EI Kal KaCoSsElYta 147;
MfAlAoi213 I63, I75, 178 ErlTra II9; ijSeav In6, 134
frTTrlp28, 30, 73, 222: pAfrFTrp
KialTpo6OS VEavtKcrTEpoS 90 OiKa6x164
KO1Vf 25 VEKp6s127 OIKEFIO 7, 13, I9, 26, 29, 31, 48, 60, 69,
pnl-rp6nroXls58: prrp6iroAlv rCOV KXaprrcov VEPEocdCO 231 74, 134, 154, I57, 162, I87, I90, 194,
Kail&coptil 90
35, 273; pTlTp6rrTO7ls VipCO 29, 45, 50, 154, 235, 267 211, 231, 240 twice, 246
Io8
PTlXixav'l vioS 62, 98 oiKl6Trcrro 24, 122
Iplyvco 10I2, 240: TO ao-r Stiaipouv Kcal ve6TTls84 OIKe16C 57
plyv*ov Tfhvyfv 13 No-rcop 260 OIKTdS 1I72, 212, 267
IplKppo?oyiolat 120 twice, 200 vPXTrl 104, 273 OIKWCO 7, 29 twice, 5o, 58, 83, io8, 195,
pIIKp6v39, 45, 83, 103, 109, I95, 260 v(poS95 197, 215
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 207
OIKT1oia 52 opp&co70, i6o, 175, 224, 263 TrraTarXi62, 103, 114, 124, 143, I56, 263
oiKEtco56, 57, 58, 143, 172, 233 6ppco o18: Tri Svoiv 6ppEiv 51 -rcavraOxoEv42, 46, 53, 54, 57, 62, 173
OiKOeEVi8, 21, 60, 152, 198 6piClco: Tr1'
dyKuvpov opcpicaavTo149 wrravraxo 55, 91
OKOi66, 143, I74 twice, I85, I90 opH.os9, 151 TayTaOXO023, 35, 42, 64, 152, 21o, 244,
OIKOS239, 253, 268 6pos (6): 6 TEUTvraTio6pos TijS TEpt yijv 245, 246, 250
OIKOUVp,Vrl 22, 31, 96, 128, 215, 226 etKalpias 15; caorrEp ol TIrV TreIEVV 22
nTaVTEACoS
olpai I, 5, 7, 23, 39, 53, 69, 72, 8i, 86, 91, 6poi 25; TOVpEylaTOVOpov oaTOXov
82; rTavToSawTos 9, 45, I24, I55, 210
IO2, 116 twice, 127, I28, 146, 148, 152, EKTOS pooC)V132; TOI\5 pXaciovs opous TravcoAeOpia70
i6o, 176 twice, i86, 190, 193, 200 I43; 8uoTv 6poIv eaco 156; a'TrVTrov Trapapaaivco141, 146
twice, 204, 216, 218, 220 twice, 231, ?Tri To0CsOpovu 163; jv 6pos oOiToS Trapap6A&co172, 193, 205, 227
265, 267, 275: cf'ertlcav 33 'ArlvaiotS pEV KnEiTacaThV wrapoBov, Trapayiyvopal 130, 150
Oivw69VTa 64 AaECK6alpoviols8E aco0fivai OTKaSt164; TrcapaSEly[a 14. 34, 40, 43, 73, 90, I02,
oiX(oipa 78, 83, 115, I28, 131 opov ocprcpoOavris185; &CarEppOpov 120, 136, i86, 189, 198, 263,271
oKvEco65, 164, 243 Trva avayKai0ov KTrAhlpov222; caTrep TrrapaSiXop.al222
6AK&a171 opov T-iva traiSEia 227;
TpE1S 6poi TrapaBiScopi87, 119, 123, 202
6Axo 66, 72, 79, 140, 164, 177, 195, 200, TaIrir KoFiecov ols ... IEpp?pXrKE rrapaS&oosio8, 176
220 twice, 244 241; TrfS qITECoaSTfiS &v8pCo1TEkoias
eIK6va TrapalcEyvvup60
'OA7pVUrrTa 203 Kat Opov 274 rrapaipico Io6
'OXpvrw1&S 203 6pOS(T6) 20, 2I, 23, 152 TrapalThCo 29, 90, 141
6XcOS39, io8, 183, 200, 215 twice, 248, 6p1OTTCo
96 TrapaiTrrllS96
255 6ppavia 50 TrapaKcaTTrrirelp122
"Op'poS II, 205, 228 6aaXOi 98 w1apaKSAXeIO27I
6OiAtco36, 72, 74, 141, 189, 220, 258, OVKEUTUvia172 TrapaKlV8UVEUiC5
260 OJKIcOV(-r) 191 TrapaKAr1crS117, 123, 142
6pAXia 7, 14, I44, 239 oOpavtos 246 WrapaAavp.6vco63, 203, 251
OpoioS 68, 73, 91, I05 twice, 122, 135, ovpavos I9, 127, 53, 245 75 twice, IO8, 119, I20, 166,
rrapaXireiTCo
183, 204, 213, 248, 260 o0S: aCT&COTOTScoalv dKOOacl 96; wra- 169, 170 twice, 254, 255
O6poios 27, 43, 60, 102, 120, 133, 137, pa56oaiv Ta Tora
123 Trapa/ia 56
179, i8o, 190, 197, 240, 252 oOaia 267 Trapai{X} o 83
opoAoy?co 89, io6, I56, 195, 255 6oEiAco 33, 89, 113, 134, 146, 267 rrapapivco 196
6poAoyia 214 6(p0ax?6s 4, 11 rrapacxpv0opmai255
6p6voia 57, 142, 270 oX?ria 40 Trapcapveia46
61ooU5, I23, 15I twice, 167, 175 twice, 6oxAnpo56 1TapacTr-rcoI6, 204
178, i8o, i8i, i86, I93,223, 254 256 6XXos 88 9, 207
wrrapaTrrACo
6p6OquvXo 91, 167, 225, 275 6Xupb-rTEpos 68 TrapcarA'1alos71, io8, 154, 232, 260
6p6q9CoVOS226 o6yI 7, 83, 95 rrapaTrAriojalo 15, 112, 124, 193
o6pcA,os 15, 155 -rrapaCKEVadco I, 23, 124, 165, 190, 208
6p(COVvUpOSo
15 1*T0os: TO Tr-rEptBolcoTiav wrradov 53; TCrpaacKEvIii, 83, 86, 87, 103, I11, 154,
6vap Io8 TOi WTepTTasnTIoA5as Trdovu I121; TOO I58
6vY66i[CO 162 twice pEy&?XovTrdOovS 173 nTrap6TacrS117, 136
6vEipa I -atiS6Ea227, 230, 243 wTaaTEivco70
6veiporoAX&c84, 193 Trraiid94, 193, 227 nrapacqpco I6, 74, 94, 119 twice, 215
6vopa 4, 28, 89, II4, II7, I4T, I75, 209, TraiSKov39 Trapaxpfija 164, 198
244, 25I, 262, 272 TraIs25, 34, 36, 42 twice, 49 twice, 50, TrapESpos40, 73
6vop6lclo 19, 27, 35 59, 66, 73, 117, 122 twice, 124, 134 TrapaTETaygJEvcoS 134
6vopaaTi 78 twice, 193, 205, 222, 226, 227 twice, Trape8Sov 112, 114
6vopao-r6S 251 236, 253, 262: VIiETipCOV
rwaicov wralSEs -TapeiKco4
6vopao iu6 aio; 249 58; Ai6s -raT6a 225 TTrP&pi bepresent 3, 105, I2, 113 twice,
6v-ra (Ta) 215, 246 rralcov 88 II6, 118, 123 twice, I25, 131, 141, I42
6rjTcrro 242 7rr&Aal 49, 63, 84, Io8 165 twice, 179, 182, i86, 200 twice,
6?rTEpoS 271 wrAaroTSI, 47, 220, 246, 247 four times, 227, 234. 246, 247, 257: T&pETTi im-
6Triaco70 248, 265: iK wrAaioiV 52 personal 7, 103, 244; rrapov 194
61iTrrils I72, 256 twice rraaioTaTrroS248 rrpapeipicome 184
6-rAov 27, 40, 103, io8, 109, 132, 151, Tr&Xtv32, 53, 59 twice, 63, 9I, 98, 103, 206
TrapEKXEi'Trco
165, 167, 209 104, io6, 114, 119, 123, 140, 143, 195, TrapevO1iKT78
6paco 12, 23, 49, 68, 72, 84, 87 twice, 196, I98, 205, 207, 240 twice, 241 7Tapee?Talco176, 204, 206
116, 118, 120, I23, 124, 127, 130, 131, TraXuvcp6ia127 rrapepyov 126
139, 144, 148, 150, 190, 212, 216, 220, 7rappteye0sI 32 Trrappxopo.ali6, 59, 63, 70, 75, I02, I08
223, 224, 246, 266, 267: 69qpOalOVTai nTapnrA7txlS 34 twice, 128, I31, 140, 143, I55, I63,
33; 6pe0ijvai 86, io8, 262; O6eoalt 265 THaiqpvAio70, 196 187, 206, 209, 224, 225, 235
6pyavov 132 a&v88 raPpXxo 9, Io, I4, 31 twice, 51, 53, 54, 59,
6pyri 67, 8I, 114, 134 Tavaofivta (T&) 140, 249,276 77, 85, 97, IO3, Io8, II2,116, II7, II8
6peios 22, 23 1T-av1YVPIS 31, 41, 140, 141, 142, 227, twice, 122, 124, 132, 158, 73, I78,210,
6p6Os 265 235, 256, 257, 271 2I8, 223: ev TravTI TC- 7rapaaXo6vT 7
6p0COS 7, 22, 51, 122, 148 TravoIKECia 53 58, 149
TrapfiKCO
6p(Lco4, 9, 97, 140, 197, 226, 260, 267 TravoliT7Ac
253 rapirtq 3 twice, 4, 72, 76, 97, 117, 124,
6piov 20 TravT&TraoIV 52, 78, 206 151, 210, 251
208 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

rapcpicrrt 6, I82 wEpiotKOS I65, 212 TrollTsTs I, IO, 102, I20, 235, 260 twice
wr&poSos104, 164 repiopd&oo30, 211, 212 wroiKifAco 22
Trapollia 54 tpiouVCiaI8, 45, 138, 146, 172, I88, 217, 101
TroiK1tPoa
wapooivco 157, 173, 210 232 1Tro0ela 11I5, 157 twice, 158, i66, I68,
Trapovaia 124 xTplnTrcO9, 150, 163 x18, I86, I94, 208, 215, 222 twice, 255
TrdCX(oo67, 04, io6, 128 twice, 154, 155, TrEptTrrXouS163 twice
192, 205, 2ii twice, 217, 218: e rrEpitrroos154 14, 73, 80, 86, io6, 124 thrice,
Ttwo?.IOS
wTtoXC)35, 134, I68 7replr'toaaco)163 128, 135, I54, I71, I73 thrice, 177, 178
rwa-rip 50 twice, 94, 95, ii2: 7^rtapaS TrEplppEoC121 twice, 190, 200, 202, 218, 254
TrrcripcovI Treparrp<pcooI26 rroACloTaplPIOS 40
1
TrorrptKo6 57, I24
TrEplTi0Tlm TrO6AXEoS4, 40, 50, 52, 63, 73 twice, 79
?TrrtplOS 227, 249 7-EplTOe6oo88 twice, 83, go, 102, 103, io6, 113, ii8
7crrpts 26, 27, 52, 72 twice, 213, 222, reprrT6Tepos202 twice, 121, 128, I34, 135, 146 thrice,
233, 250: TaTrptIs&v0pCbwOV 25; KOlt'V TrepiTptw-o54 147, 150, I57 twice, 158, i66 twice,
Trarpifa 51, 231, 270; TOO yivovS TEprTr6s 122, 128 170, 172, 173 twice, 175, I78, 185
&oarepel-rrarpis Kal oa-riaKOIvf54 Trepl9av'S15, I07 twice, 188, 190, 191 twice, 193 four
uracrp60Ev50 treptEpavc-S23, 130 times, 194, I95, 196 thrice, 198, I99,
TorraTpcp253: 6 wrarppo 'A1T6Macov12, prrepipopos134 221, 223 twice, 235, 239, 240 four
55; EtqiyTOO TOU TorrTpcOU273 Tnpaca 78, 79 twice, 82, 126, 136 twice, times, 241, 243 twice, 248, 260, 270
navaavias 193 137, 151, 195,221 arroloplKco 172
Traoco63, 64, 91, 193, 213, 225, 255 TEpCiK6s97, 126, 153 160, 178 twice
TroAiopKia
rSril 8i irrfpa 96 rTXrlOUXOS122
T6Siov 20, 23, 88, 207 TTlyai I66, 199 Tr6Al Athens 2, 4 six times, 5 twice, 6,
wTELEOc9 Mrryfi 23, 26, 240 io thrice, 12, 14, 15 six times, i8, 20
Erreti71 nTlvei6 155 twice, 21, 23, 29, 32, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42
T?loca)(Xia I51, 172, I96, 241 twice TlKp6T-repO193 thrice, 44, 46, 47, 48 twice, 49, 5I,
TEL6s96, 129, 142, 169 niTrlwqlT 126 52, 53 thrice, 58, 59, 60, 6I, 62 twice,
wreifo 124, I31, I32, 167 twice, 177, 2o8, rtvcoo
97 63 twice, 65, 66 twice, 67 twice, 68,
222, 255 'TrnlTCo274 70 twice, 72 twice, 73 thrice, 75, 76
iTrEpa5, 33, 51, IOI, 126, 178, 221 TrlTmreOo195, 201, 2i8, 267 four times, 77, 78, 79 thrice, 8o twice,
nElpaielSI86 irrls 42, I22, I35, 270 82, 84 twice, 89 four times, 90 twice,
rrtElpaouat54, 62, 79 twice, 131, 162, I8i, mICr6S
78 91 twice, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, I00 twice,
226 tiro i6ai OS 267 I02 twice, I03, I05 four times, io6,
rEA&Ylos9 tilor6&35 io8 four times, IIO, 117, 118 four
irrWayos 4, 8, 9, 84, 96 twice, 15I 26
TrrA&vr times, 122 twice, 125 twice, 127, 128
nTTeaoyoi 52 TA6rraia135, 136 six times, 129, 130, twice, 131 thrice,
FTIt?q233 53 thrice
1TAarTaEiT 136, I38, I39, 143, 144 twice, 147, I48,
nEhoriSrlS 44 200
1rAeovdCco I49, 153, 154, 155 twice, I56, 157
eA0orovvtaioi 66, 73, 159 twice, I6I, 1TrovKTrlMa60, 175 thrice, 158, i6o, 162, I63, I64, i66,
178, 183, I99, 208, 2II TAhEovEtia117, 217, 264 167, i68, 170 twice, 171, 172 twice,
nhoiro6vvrlos 49, 5I, 53, 57, 59 twice, wTrrO56, I49, 156, I69, 171, 178, 197 173 four times, 174, 175, I76 thrice,
66, I63, 165, 172, I75, 2II, 212, 254 n-rrieoo 32 twice, 57, 78, 8i, 82, 87, 105, 177 thrice, 179 twice, 18i, 183 twice,
wiTwrc 35, 58, 62, 73, 78, 80, I23, I31, io8, 128, 130, 137, I40 twice, 172, 178, 184, 186 twice, 187, i88, 189, 191
172, 189, 256 twice 187, 189, 224, 242, 255 thrice, 192 twice, 193 thrice, 194
TrEvioTcaroS 268 wrATpo6o 3 twice, 15, 33, 68, 91, 11o, 171, twice, 195 twice, 196, 197 twice, I98
TrT?ia133 243 twice, 199, 200, 201 thrice, 202 four
nivraeaoS 270 rrAfipcowIa 172 times, 204, 205 four times, 206, 208,
revTrTTpiS170, 257 wrrXTliov227 211, 212, 213 eight times, 218, 219,
1TkrXoS276 1TrTTco 93, 162, 175 220 thrice, 221, 222 five times, 223
Tripa II9 rXoOs1 i, 83 four times, 224, 226 twice, 227, 228,
Trepatoc 71 rrAoioOao1 260, 268 229, 232 twice, 234 twice, 235 thrice,
TrEpalTipc 119, 199 xAoO'ros 87, 133, 142, 143, 157, 222, 267 236 twice, 239, 241, 242, 243, 244
Trrpav57 Trrveupa43, 86 twice, 245, 246, 248 six times, 249
Tripos 58, 91, Io6 Tr6eos
78 five times, 250 thrice, 251 twice, 252,
60, 246
1rreptaipEo witroo 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 27, 30, 33, 34, 42, 50, 253, 256, 258, 259,260, 261 twice, 262,
lrepiSTis165 52, 54 thrice, 55, 6o, 62, 66, 68, 77, 78, 263, 265, 266 twice, 267, 268, 270
TrEpiEit(elpi sum) 4, 21, 66, 76, i66, 207, 84, 86, 88, 89, 92, 107 twice, Io8, 109, twice, 271 twice, 272, 273, 274, 275
235 twice, 250 I12, 117 twice, I20, 122, 127 twice, thrice, 276; acropolis 15, 68; other
TrepipxoI(ai 8o, 233 128, 133, 135, 138, 143, 146, I47, 151, city 13, i8 at Tinl- s &WOIKOI1T6el6S,
7rrEplXco 13, 20 154, 155, I57, I62, i66, 167 twice, I72, 21, 29 twice, 47 r61eiSaKal gevl, 49,
iTplifTt'Tm II, 70, 97, 147, 165, I73, 210 174, 176, 178 twice, 182, 183, 184, 95, 53 twice, 56, 58, 60 twice, 62, 66
7TEplKaOwTCO124 197 twice, 198, 204, 207, 217,220, 22I, twice, 68, 75, Ioo, II8, I67, i68, 176,
13
mrEpiKEilal 223 twice, 224, 228, 235, 236 twice, i8o, 18I, 183, 194 twice, 201, 209,
T-repK6:TrCo260 242, 243, 257, 260, 267: e Tiroltc 33, 210 twice,
212, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224,
TepiveOlO223 35, 89, 134 twice, I49, 223 225, 228 Si& Tis &nroiKov rw6Xcos2,231,
ITEpiVOla 126 Trofirlta4 232, 233 thrice, 235, 239, 243, 244,
TrEp(o6os29, 79, 142 wroifla1 96, 228, 239 twice 245, 250, 257; cities in general 34,35,
VOL. 58, PT. x, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 209
39, 79, 142 twice, 167 twice, 171, 177, wrpop[&Aco 14, 27, 112, 122 TpoaoXo I2, 114
196, 213 twice, 222, 226, 237, 247, 260, prpopoXos 7, 57, IOO wpoofKCo 27, 33, 48, 62, 80, 89, 130, I45,
267, 274, 275; any city I05, 223, 237, lTpopouvEOco 79 215, 223, 250, 253, 26i
27I, 274 rrp6yovos36, 74, 187 wrp6oeev48, 54, 71, I03, 114, 117, 131,
trordTia citizenship 27 twice, 60 twice, iTpO6EiKvWIJ6, 209 I35, I37, I43, 223, 251
209; constitution 4, 40 iroAlTEiav 1Tp6rlAXOS113 irpoofK1i 19, 55, 76, 78, I03, 143, 146,
v8vaoTricEaSadrrlT ayprljv, 42, I74, Trpo8l6cor,co42 twice, 117 i60, 255, 260 twice
185, 217, 261 twice, 262 twice, 263, rrpo6i8ogii 195, 208 irpooirlm54
265 thrice, 269, 270; policy 59, 6i 'Trpoepia 232 129, i6o
nTpocK&OrJlica
T6rXrliaa273 57, 84, 144
wpoE18ov wrpooKEital 213
TroiT?U0opa'l 45, 154, 190 Trp66lul 46, 6i iTpOCoKpO0Co 220
7TohiTrl 26, 28 twice, 29, 233, 253 Trpoerwov 108, 132 iTpotcrT&opal173
TroAuavpcoTrria257 TrpoipXoNai 91, 155, 164, 199, 204, 243 55, 62, Ioo, I25, 142, I55
TrpocXal,agivco
rropwTri9, 35 twice, 84, 209 TpoX0co33, 68, 152, 195, 205, 229, 275 irpo6aos: procession 142, I44, 238;
Trovco io06 Trpoop6alos 273 revenues 23, 232
Iropeia 78, 86, 99, 102, 149 Trpoevica 72, 85, 87, 107 twice, i08 IO, 13 twice
wTpoOaOIK0i
TropE0CO212 twice, 130, 270 irp6caoKoS 44, 221
TTopOco78 TtpoOviJ6Tpos 117, 193 -rpooCOtIXco216
rropia6S 9, 97, I02, 126, 152 rTp6eupov 56 rrpoc6iotios 10o6
TropitcoI67 Trporllm 107, 195 Irpo0ovol5clcO 51
1
rropior1s rpoiKa(as adverb) 115 wrpoaopio I86
-rr6poS 126 TpofioTTl 3, 53, 77, 82, 91, 8, 212, 228, prrpoc'-roaico[152
IO6ppco76, 123 264 twice rpoo-rCTnaco162
52, 86, 165, 245
7rroppcGOev TrpoKceamptc3 rrpooTrXkco221
rroppCoorT&rc56 TrpoKaOeapco11 iTrp6opTllac28, 59
TToNEs1cov39, 42 222
lTpOK6<pVCO Tpocrracia 49, 65, 239, 268
13, 23, 97 twice, 150
7TOTOapi6 269
TrpoKarrTaCapf3&vco rrpooCTar&r 194
roos: iK iroS6o 175; rorre6p K S6uov rro- wrp6oKEia8, 87, 152, 270 215
WrpOoTrr&TCO
oliv 68; cbs irrtw66a d&vc(copqfcai 155; 49, 52
7TpoKriprTco Trpoa-rie0li49, 54, 72, 108, iii four
rrpo7Xeov Kcr& ir668aSTrfiSpldr(S;164 Trpo0KvSUVE.o 194, 196, 205 twice times, n16, 13I, 135, 140, 141, 143,
iTpaypa 66, II2, 115, 120, 157, 213, 221, 'rp6KQcatSI i 144, I58, I91, 197, I98, 200, 206, 211,
224: T& Trp6yac-ra 2, 4 twice, 45, 55, TrpoK6T-rco 11o 223, 235, 242, 269
76, 96, 103, 104, io8, 117, 122, 130, TrpoKpiVco113, 117, 128 TrpooTuyx&vco 18, 163
131, 138, 142, 148, I50, 151, I65, I72, ipoxapP3&vco 54, 199 irpooppco 72, I73, 214
173 twice, 182, 191, I95,206,209, 211, TrpoXyco 96: rpoElpiK6liv 103; irpoelpq- Trp6apopoS 263
214, 215, 2I6, 222, 238, 270 pivoIs 139; i-rtpcpwpoeipnrTa 174 rrp6ox)rloa 13, 78
TpoaypcrrOopai 63, 124, 232 rrpofplKrls 8 7rpooX(p6&ola76, 132
wTpalS 4, 61, 63 twice, 74, 75, 90, 92, rrp6voia 61, 115, 124, 158 Trpo)(XcA)pE 121
Io8, 117, I19, 120, 124, I43, 157 twice, nTp6voia'AeOva12 Trpooc) 92
I66, 170, I73, I88 twice, 192, 206,209, Trpovoovjial 191 rrpOTTrrrCo79
22I,
223, 225, 234, 235 1TpO~0EVcO 21, 93, 132 wpOTEiVCo9
Trrpa6T-rpo 271 rrpogevia 132 WpoTeAco II, 90
wpa6TrlS 7, I08, 118, 256 lTp6ot6a 229 wpoTEpaTos 219
wTp&rrc 67, 82, 89, 117, I24, I45, I47, wrpooimlov 83 TrporEpov 51, 88, 102, 105, 124, 128, 130,
I48 twice, 153, 169, 18o twice, 189, Trpoopcxo 11O 131, 142,148, 50, I55, I62 twice, 164,
205, 210, 211, 224, 232, 234, 248: TrpOl6rrcop 96 I71, 208, 222, 230, 274
&pJElvovIr. 60; 9&Tpcos IT. 187; Ei iT. 54 wTpoT-rrirc 60 wp6Tepos 35, 51 twice, 59, 6i, 94, io2,
twice; KaKCOS Tr. 53, 54; K6&Xi-Ta TT. 3
7TpOrrrt1Ea 113, 145, I46, I47 twice, I72, 209, 231
54; T& EiTpayl.va Tuit w67X 170, 213; 266
TrpOlTTro-rEpos 263
TrpoTiOl7m
-rv rwps oarroSo wtEwrpaycpvcov I80; wrpowTrAala IO 'rPouTrr&PXc 55
T-rViOrrapO6vwrco Kal wreipaypkvcov rrpoacyco I1, 73, 92: approach 203 6, 192
wpoqpaivco
oavros 205 wrpoCavayK&lco162, 217 Trp6cpao'i78, 82, 119
1TwprcoW7, 20, 23, 26, 50, 60, 67, 142, I49, wrpocrvavitco 161 wpo#qpco 213, 257
I94, 209, 225, 227, 230 Irpocr&vrnTS35 TrpoXEipifloat69
-tpecpFela131, 134, 255, 256 rpocap&QMco86, 245 lTp6XElpos 6
tprrpeapta(rT) 16, 234 wrpoayiyvogpi 135, 173 rrpoX)co 96
rTpEaPEvuTrs 132 wrpoC8oX)(oicO135 TtpoXcoppco)130, i68
TwpETpeoco132, 233, 249, 275 Trpoc6tco 91 rwpiCva155
nrpEopi-rcrros6, 48, 54, 62 twice, 161, rrpo68iorlrplico 109 29, 223, 274
rprpvTaveTov
213, 234, 249 TTpO065oKSCo 63, 138 Trpcblv 250
wrpEcapUiTpos 191 rrpoaTi8ovI02 trploTreT(Ta) II8, 232
TrpecTpoTlS 126, I34 wrp6crtiu be added 3, 17, 134, 146, 157, TfpcTOV (adverb) 32, 38, 40, 47, 56, 6o,
Trpoayco 204 213, 217 61, 68, 79, 85, 96, IOI, I02, 103, 105,
itpoaipecns 90 wp6oYElll 86, I04 107, 124, 137, I42, I44, 149, I73, 25,
wTpomaip 5, I70, I73, I88, 204, 2I3, 214 wTpooChrov 2, 4, 130, 225 twice, 274 239, 246
wipo&orCTaIO 126, 129
'rrpomE[6py&5(loiat iTrprTO25 twice, 27, 31, 32 four times,
rrpo1Baivco9 tpocroIlKa 6I, 84, 227 33 twice, 34, 35 thrice, 40 twice, 48
14
210 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

twice, 50, 56, 78, 87, 89,.91 thrice, 93, -rlor6S 149 crvyKaTcyrdc59
103, 123, 124 twice, 126,
150 128, cnly I 16 OuyKEpavvuil 19,
II 31
twice, 155, 157, I86, 196, 198, 203, riSrlpoS86, 133 avyK?fCA) 57, 126
209, 227 twice, 234, 235 twice, 236, <iKEAia171, 172, 173 twice, I75, 177, 221 avyKATrp6co90, 136, 141
238, 239 twice, 243, 246 twice, 248, twice, 243 cUyKpo-rco 78, 79, 249
250, 258, 259, 267 twice, 268: ol EiKVcbv6Ol 157, 207 cruyXCO126
TrpcTOiTCOV OECV39; &vSpESTEpca v OTi-OS46, 62 ouyXcopcoa 96, io8, 115, nI8, 123, i61,
ol rrpCOrTO 126; VTOISTr.21; Tr6 ^IVTw. cCoiTrdco 173, 232, 244 173, 195, 208 twice, 216, 267: T6
124; &d'6 TOUTr. 61; Eva KaC-rrpcoTov aKaCi6S
104 oayKEXCOp1tK6s43, 232
193 CKiTKE31 aulvyia 23
Trraico 53, 182 OKliTTrrrCpa
53, 104 I, 13,11, 47 ovLUC: uVVETrlKcbsI02
TrrrpcoTr635 CaKEU IOI, 172 avuAappovco 24, 88
rTrrv6S I50 OTKiriTOS 95, 178, 220 oavUXiy I05, 113, i86
Trrroco 101I aKl& 98 twice cvXUiAp6rv 159, 235
nuOia&s249 YKICVacdOl213, 220 aovAAoyos118, 227
rie1Oos: TOV'Arw6?Xcor6v iOOtov55 aKO-TriA
I, 102, I03, IIo, III, II9 thrice, cvupaivco 2, 3, 4 twice, 6, 7, Io twice,
ruKnv6s79, 150 173, 220, 240, 246, 264 12, 23, 32, 42, 52, 53, 62, 64, 73, 79,
I04, 12, 128
nTTValt CK6TOS26 89, 112, 115, I8, 119, 121, 128, 157,
Tr*KTr1S 137 opfivoS 62 167, 173, I75, 183, i88, 189, 21o, 213
TmwArT
52, 85, I21 aopia 4, 39, io8, 122, 216, 226, 230, 235, twice, 245, 259, 274
TnUAlo260 239 twice, 240, 250, 251, 271, 274 o'vupaA&co8, 77, 164
noos I169 oa6qpiaa16I aCi0poXov 9, 35, 39 twice, 42, 52, 68, 89,
urrvve(vopJai I6, 220 Caoqiaor 216 122, 140, 144, 164, i66, 167, 202, 222
rVp 31 twice, 121 ao96S 103 Cavpo*iXoopa 65, 213 twice
Trup6s: TCOVrrvUpCOKal KplOCOV
42 oCrrTv6co
I66, 256 CouvpaXla157, 172, 173, 209 twice, 210,
p65iov 5, 6, II, 53, 139: o6 6oS0V 6peTiv 2wrrpTrl 211 211,212
I, 6, 237 OcO9cb6Taros 242 cUpijaXos 84, 131, 135, I72, i8i, I93
pqSiCOS202, 220, 234, 235 a7FCipia21, 31, 35, 42 twice, 46, 90 twice, 207, 208, 212
pOOV 62, 200 ZEOp&~S 1o oVIllE6TpOS17, 47, 227
pCa-rTC6V II, 20 a?Trovuaco 270 avuiplyiS 86
paxia 97 oTrrouvS39, 119, 120 twice, 136, I62, 236, 60
cTvuTrapao'KEvU&co
i5Upa 23, 34, 97 257 I96
oCavUrr&(p61iU
pco 90 arT&iov 155: arTaiovs 156 oUvIJrrrricaI03
pAyvruIl 70, 121: ippcbyeaav 88 a-r6cTii 17 aOiWTreVTr
159
pfipa 117, 227 twice crTaCl&alc(115, 255 15, 63, 74, I75, 270: 6 ov--
aCUlTwinrTCO
pr1TopE{a239 acrr&TSdissension 52, 175, 184, i86; wTriTTcov
Xp6vos I
15'ca58 position 137 I59
oaUpihTAeoveS
p1nrco 67, 80 oarev6S226 aUpTrWOAEECO
173
(o6eov 39, 127 crrPpyco43 oavCurroXtTelIia: CbaoTrp aUlrpTOXATEVO-
pOTri I112 CaTEpko173, 177, 184 livTl -rTOTSE01o48
POia 88 c-rTpTlaOS107 OVpUIp6c-rITT 222
pcbT 72, 158, 172, 248 oarTpopal 121, 260 ovpuq)pco31: T& KOVfi cTp?q4pov'Ta 117,
pbvvVgl 31 oT6pavrl90opEc I42, 273 158
-rECaviTT1S85 CVuIqeOyco 60
oaynvecOo97 oT9aocvoS 129, 156 oapTlIrll 103, 104
aayfvTq 83 oCrETav6cO138, 211 ovJPpAyco 96
caXAapiVioS 260 arfAn 68, 98, 209, 226 ovpuop& 50, 54,71. 72, 84, i26, 177, 179
ZaXCajiS I02, 116 twice, 123 twice, 125, or6Aos 82 twice, 94, 97, 113, 128, 172 twice, 183, i86, i88, 193 twice, 211,
126 twice, 132, I35, 174, 24I oT6ipa 4 222: KOa-r ov9pop&v 60, I06; Ka-rr
ca,poepiKES249 aTporeia I29, 271 OCPUpop&S 47, 171
&6lpoSi66, 174 I73, 201
"TpacrTrlyCO aviCjqcovia23
X&pSEiS78 twice aoTpaoTy6S88, 124, 128 twice, 163 twice, avvdyco 84, 97, I03, 136, 142
aacp capOVio8
oaqoa-ra-cra 108 172, 210 twice, 241, 260, 275 oavalp&co 143
craaa-rEpov IO9 a-rpcrt& 78, 82, 87, 99, I26, I37, 182 CuvVaTTrTo 57, 70
oca(poCrepoS186 oCrpaTcrlcbTT88, 127 CuvvacoCO275
aaqslS I05 oTpaTr6trESov29, 70 twice, 86, 130, 136, auvaqiCTaopi 153
oapCOS 222, 228, 235 207 oav8vo 56
a[popat 89 oapacr6S 84 ovvSpiov 43, 212, 266
aClo0p6S95, 165 twice a-rp6Trr6s87 ovvei8ov 3, 118, 200
CTECO97, 220 oCrp6plAOS 183 aOjvtipibe with 3, 141
aEXfivi 1I, 220 ITrplicoV 149 o(ivsEl come together 98
CoEIVOS 220, 260 oryyevfiS 274 oaVVipco 129
aEJlv6Tr1TS140, 227, 228, 246 olyylyvcbCKCO 134 CUv1aCppCO Io06
aeCvivco 24, 130, 176 tJ'yyvc6olT 4, 214 cuvEKTriTt7Co
51
208
eOjeTiS anyypappa 4 aUVEKTMrACO
150
orpaivco I66 ovyypaqcfi 170, 210, 239 ovvEKTrvco189
7, 32, 34, 39, 52, 70, I05, I8o, 200
CTTn)eTov cayKaMCO I102 auvvXaOvco102
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 211
ovvEtriAapavco 49 TaraTTp'rI65 TrpilTps 105, IIo, 113, 124, I28, 132, 153,
ovvEpxoiat 271 TrTTrc 7, 14, 1I4, 124, 126, 136, 268 171, 178 twice, 219 twice, 227
VuvE)opacl 124, i86, 226, 234 -rTaT 66, 253 TpiTr6OA0po149
oCvvEXEia59, 119 TapoS 72 Tpi-To 147, 155, 162, 234, 237, 243, 267:
aUVVEXS 61 twice, I4I, 194 rTaXcS)E1o -rpTov as adverb 239
avvEXCo)173, 226 TaXUS35 TpoiL.iv 122, i66, 199
ouvi8opJai 158 TElVV 13 ?Tpo6roov 80, 88, 132, 145, 151, 159, 162,
auvviEIa 122, 172, 226 TElXiLco194, 201 i66, 169, 174, 206, 207, 208, 223, 242
auvijOrJT I I, 83 TEiXOpa)(ia I37, 241 twice twice, 246: &va{icaK-rovr. 225
aUVeriKrn189, 224 TEIXOS20, 99, I2I, 151, I59, 184, I93, rTpOTTf107, 125
ouviotTTrlI 128 twice, 164, 265 198, 207, 220,244 Tp6orro 7, 46, 72, 84, 99, 109, ii8, 120,
aCUvo8oS 118, 124, 141, TEKpaciPpal17 i66, 173, 174, I86, 217, 233, 239, 250,
CoUvoiSa 135, 140, 225: CaVEI6cOS67, 122, TEKPIplOV 32, 144, 205 263
129,131 TrAE10S40, 42: TrTEOS22 TpOpEiTa(T&) 50, 89
CUVOIKia29 TEAE7Ti 41, 230, 238, 239 Tpo9Evs I five times, 232
ovVOlKiCCO
250 TEAEuTraToS15, 29, 102, I49, 239, 248: Tpoqm I, 2, 45, 89, 236
auvopoAoyAco 48 wrpoST6 TEAEvraTcov 61; T-r T-rEEUraTa Tp6o9moS35, 36
(CUVTaypa 187 85, 193, 196,220 Tpoq6s 25, 30, 89
cUVTv-rTTCII6, 261 TEAEvTco50, 88, 93, 97, 140, 253 Trpvuyil , 126, 246
ouvvTAEia 106, 11o, 128 TrXEAEr63, 66, 129, 183, 209, 238 TpcoiK6O260
OCUVTEAECOI 12 TrEXEcI, 62, 124, 153, 227 T'uyX&vco32, 33, 44, 48, 66, 139, 206,
OUVTwEXSi 125 TECOS37 217, 260, 265,274
oUvv-riQrl i66, 209 228
TEAXECT'aTcOS -TrpaVVOS187, 221, 222
aOUvTOvoS150 TEXEC'TEpOS 264 Tvxn1 I, 3, IO, 52, 54 twice, 62, 77, 87
aovvrpEls56 T-AOS259: as adverb 164, i66, I75, 195; twice, 90, io8, 126,129, 152, 162, i68,
X2upia226 61&TEX0ouS 3, 152, i68, 218, 234, 248; 173, 178, i8o, 200, 226, 244: &vayKrli
CovppEC) 240 ElSTEo0S52, 68, 233; iV TAEI236 T0Xq 147; T-r Trfis wr6MEcoS&yaOij TX-rvi
cvpp1iyvupi i68 T.PEVOS 25 271
aOVCKEVulCo 124, I62 TEpTTc 227
CToVJKoa&[C222 234: rToiapTOvas adverb 239
rTCapTOS Oppitco 66, 94, 218
avoa-racai 146 (ol) 185
TrETpoK6OCtot oppis 67
o'o-rC co95 95 TEOKpOS205 upplPTcIS 149
ovXV6S253 TEXVTI 31, 113, 143, 172, 244, 246 twice, JpptpToTE-poS 266
'c(paEpC)S 121 250 UScop 26, 43, 79, 96 twice, I23, I3I
aoX7Aco 123 Trlp&oo 60, 107, 148, 207 UArl154
op68pac 165 -Tierli 20, 32, 35, 61, 62, o18, 16, I35, VIrEaC4
(XE8iCa127, 152 156, 189, 192, 196, 215,242, 246, 260, U0Tryco149
CTXE66v39, 43, 47, 64, 75, I48, i6o, I77, 262 twice, 267 OTralT'OS213
I86, 187, 204, 217, 227 twice, 228,261, TIKTcO 12, 235, 260 iTravoiyco 52
262 nlt&co 2, 34, 39, 43 twice, 48 twice, 50, OrrapXos79, 8i, 142, 274
oaXET-TAal49 68 twice, 76, 89, 122, 127, I33, I89, 0ir&PXco 27, 36, 56, 66, 69, 73, 102, io8,
aXfipa 3, 8, 10, II, 20, 40, 53, 59, 67, 0o8, 200, 220, 223, 231 four times, 233, 137, I52, 155, 159, i68, 170, 172, 173,
117, 127, 132, 134, I46, I47, 2I8, 223, 236, 253, 257, 270, 272, 275 i8o, 198, 206, 208, 213 twice, 233: TC
266 Tfri 29, 33, 34, 36, 39 twice, 41, 45, 67, wTr&PXOVTa 4, 33, 57, 90, 107, II2,
iloo 22
CXrlPcrT 73, 143, 144, 232, 236, 248, 267, 270, 145, 183, 194, 205, 235 twice, 243,
aXo?7l 159, i60 272 248; TCaVUTrlTpypEVcov&diovs 50
aCObC) I0, 22, 37, 6i, 62, 103, I04, I07, rTiPrnIa267 viTpaipco 92, 105, i80, i88, 196
117, 128, 132, I34, I52, 163, I64, 173, 137
nptCbTrEpOS Urrpp&XAco8I, 86, 87, 94, I03, 175, 209,
I83 twice, 218, 220, 223, 262 94
T-ricopECO 241, 265
lcoKpaTrns 251 TTicopi{a67 UPrTEppPOi 43, 73, 92, 94, I58, i68, 238,
aoCopa15, 31, 90, 96, 102, 103, 151, 173, -rpTipa 19, 37 248, 250,272
178, 260 Torpa 106, I24, i86, 187 OUTEpET8OV94, 222

'COT Ip 210 ToAXp&o, 3, 67, 88, IIo, 123, 124, 126, 4, 34, IOI, 103,
ITEpEPXCO I6, III, II12,
COTTrlpia 52 twice, 66, 76, 89, 91, 102 I29, 213 ii8, 144, 2II, 242, 245,247, 260, 264,
twice, io8 twice, 112, II8, 122, 148, To6plrpa 4, 93, 102, 164, i66, 183, 223 267
I55 twice, 165, 2io, 264 6TVOS 227 UrEprl9avia 86, ioo
aco9povifco i66 TOECiCO98 ruTpficpaVOS137
CCOqppoaocvrl173, 185, I86 TO~IKl 260 Ur6npiXCO83
TO6OTflS 175 U-TEpopaco97
rTaKTOS 142 T6oWOS4, 12 twice, 13, 19, 42, 43, 44, 53 i-rEpopia 57, 73, 91, 143, I7I twice, 240
Traav'TOV 172 twice, 57, II, I24, I26, 128, I42, 151, VTrEp6OlOS 97
TaCIET0V246 154, 155 twice, 174, 207, 227 iTTEpqpcA32, 267
Tavaypa 164, 225 rpayrlpa 24 UErp9UiS 102, 223
Tavaypcaoi 51 TpETrco4, 51, 76, 87, io6, 124, I41, I78 217, 218
1WTIiKOOS
Tacvai 58 -TpEco 50 twice, 91, 134, 236, 253 twice, iUTnXVEOpia134, 192
TaiS 8, 40, 78, 88, 112, 119, 136, I47, 260 OUropoAipatios0I
173, 209 TplaKovra (ol) 185, 189 UiToSEXomal
49, 52, 96, 235
14*
212 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER.PHIL. SOC.

Crroooxil9, 46 qpiLi I1, 33, 62, io2, 103, io8, 120 twice, avpcbTrou 9Oaet 149; rhv TrCvwrpay-
O6rrr0ee 223 125, I47, 148, I55, I95, I97 twice, 200, iO"rroV1raov 215, 216; Ti KOlVi9qvaE
TOr6mKilpa
58, 233 202, 204, 213, 215, 220, 223, 227 twice, T, v &vOpc6wrOV217; TfS iEOwSO
a; T-is
irrOKiVCO230 231,235, 238,243,248,252, 260 thrice, &vOpcoTEiaS274; -rT rCOv &rdtVrcO
IroKOtTrco164 262 ipoaEi186
&vepcorwcov
iroweiLTrco
84, 104, 129, 141 0e&VCo27, 35, I65, 216 pcovf I4, 8o, io8, 124, 225, 226 twice,
rtroWoapBA&vc7, 148 90eyyooga 59, io8 227 twice, 228
tOoXoyitlotial 209 pEdipo 77 qpco 32 thrice, 62, 134, 148, 2I8, 222,
O6roXoros 173 (0e-oTrC 260 260 twice
inroiavo o06, 122, 177, 208, 232 pOovco 168 (coKEIS157, 163, 164
nromplavico 189 9pe6vos29, 90, 275
nr6pvrlgca143, 193 pinavOpcwrrfia 4, 7, 9, 44, 45, 54, 62, 63, Xalpcbvela 232
fITOT1rTTcoK6rCOK
134 66, 68 twice, 69, 74, I22 twice, I33, Xax&iti95
O1T0owirco93, 267 200, 240 XaoAEr6S3
Onrrr6rEpoS25 piAavepc.rr6Tepos60, 254 XaETrrCS270
OTr6aorov6os209, 223 qpMia 134 twice XacKISeTS223
Tr6aX)(Eo134 9pita 34, 211 XaXK6S86
OirroTEiS233 qpiAtos124 Xapd 89
OwcpopcA34 222 thrice, 223, 232
Airrirnros XdPlEv39
XaPpiEt:
lrTrorpfyco12I (pt7ovIDco99, io8 Xap6xKcopa
151
Otroxcoapco39, 98, 155, 275 qpiAovKita io8, 158 XapiLOpat 229
,rropia 78 XiAos54 twice, 88, io8, 128, I3I, 247 X&pi12 twice, 20, 21 thrice, 23, 32, 35,
0(hlrTo 22 qpiAoaopoCO 267 48 twice, 62, 73, 113, 176, 204, 217,
'YpK&vloS
97 t9i60ao90S 271 223, 227, 228, 248, 276: X&piv 'cr(veiv
Oa-rTrros15 qInOTIcno58, II4, 233, 235, 237, 250, 275 I; (X&pIV [XEI1125, 145, I68; Xq5piv
COa-EpacoS 219 XpiAo-r0ia32, 36, 46, 72, 78, 9I, 125, I32, (as preposition) 33, 55, 139, 140, 141,
OCirEpCO125, 248 I46, 172, I77,2I4,228, 248 twice, 251, 158, 204, 206, 254
0iorTpoV34, 44, 50, 51, 77, 90, 142, 162, 260, 275 XaPimaTplov 142, 144
169, 178, 185, 189, 194, 196, 223, 233, <AXW23 XEiP&ppouS 97 twice, 1O4
262 0AIOVS207 XeilC"vio8, 138, 178
OarEPOS51, 223 Tp6g 154, 212 XEip9, 76, 80, 114, 124, 2II, 249: &aIPOTf-
gpaprrdwlc159 210
pqogEpcbTEpOS Pq T3 XE1Pi'rrapfiv 123; esI XETpOC
0ipnl1 I102 0pop3k 33, 49, 67, 88, I02, 127, 209 I86; h XE6P6s123
Trapnoaav
0pfiorTlpu:&rEoTlv 3, 74, 139, I68, I86, T6p6S 4, 60, 78 twice, 87, 95,97, 100, 101, Xeipov 66
195; 0pikrrorrO66, 126; 0Troaorijva 124 127, I31, 134, I45, 165 XEpoOTOvia8o
irT!XA6aTro 152 1OOVIKES151 XEip6co175
82
q*olT&CO 76, I52, 224
XEipCOV
SpcbsI 9pop&23, 26, 3I, 33, 49 Xl?86veat 156, 197
palip6rns 21 qp6pos215, 233 XeppovrlaTral
223
patvco 31, 40, 72, 193, 248: pcftvoIai I, pp&lco128 X 1O:1TESc1OV... KEXVUVCOVV
20
7 twice, 15, 66, 73, 88, 94, IO2 twice, 9ppov/co58, 104, I49, I97, 246, 260: -roiT XoPElaII, 4I, 88, I50
103, io6, 107, 115, 125, I43, 144, i6i, E0i(ppovuOI1101 Xopiyifa 21, 175
177, I79, I90, I91, 192,205 twice, 216, 9p6vilva 87, IOI, 256 Xop6SIo, 235
217, 218, 225, 243, 258, 26I, 262, 264, pp6vriciS 122 Xpdcopa3, 5, 7, 22, 27, 33, 45, 54, 59,60,
266; Tr (pavlvrri Xpro&acuEVOI 27; Kal pp6vliAos130 72, 75, 79, 87, 93, 97, II2, 122, 132,
9vrcov cKal pavivrrcov 32; pavrvrcov 9povTriLco178 141, 147, 150, 159, 163, i68, 177, 184,
rTCvaovUl6Acov39 9pol5os 175 i88, 193, I95, 209, 217 thrice, 239,
pavep6s 3, 6, 53, 68, 104, I35, 218, 260, qPpouVp53, 57, 156, i93, 207, 209, 226, 252, 260, 262, 264, 271
273 232 73
XP&CO
4pavepps 246 <ppoOplov207 Xp?da6, 7, II, i8, 22, 33, 51, 53, 54, 59,
9avEpcb"poS 107 vuyii76, 83, 164, 209 67, 68, 86, 98, io8, 119, 134, i60, 169,
9p&ppaKco230 qUvXaKf 55, 122 204, 205, 209, 223, 240, 250, 255, 270
Oapv&paLos I75 twice TpXaa60, 84, 154 XPq 74, 75, 103, 115, 123, 149, I54, 158,
0&pos 153 9upAaKorptov8, 128 174, i88, 208, 24I, 243, 246, 274:
O&CaoS
97 uAoCKTroS16 XPlv 42, 99, 223; XPival 215
p&oxco96, 195, 267 twice 9pvuArrrc3, 53, 120, 194, 223, 264 Xpltorra 75, 87 twice, 88, Io2, 103, III,
(pd&oa86, 97, 128 (POuA187 131, 267 twice
paUAoo213: iv palAcOp 163 9WUAf261 XpTflS40, 91
paovA6Tepos3, 102, 257 9vr6v 3I XPiOar6Sio8, I34, 217
qPpco5, 7, 10, 25, 26, 34, 37, 54, 75, 83 9piaS 7 twice, I2, I3, 14, I6, 19, 21, 29 Xprlnor6ms166
twice, 84, 88, IO2, 104, 109, II9, 120, thrice, 30, 35, 48, 57, 67, 70, io8, IIO, Xp6vosI, 3, 4, 17, 29, 35, 38, 53, 54, 57,
126, 128, 167, 170, 177, I79 twice, I80, 112, 115, 136, 146, 149, 202, 212, 215, 74, 78, 98, o12, I4I, 142, 145, 154,
I85, 186, 196, 235, 248, 275: qppovrt 220, 229, 244, 246,263,265, 267 twice: 157, 167, 169, 175, 199, 209, 210, 221,
-ra OupC 122 Kaor&9ciatv I, 8; rrap& Tn'v aCrrCav 225, 227, 230, 232 twice, 233, 234,
4pEryCo 14, i6, 17, 52, 53, 62, 83, I28, 138, 9noav 208; 0rrip TiV 0av11V
I14; OqMes 253, 260 twice, 266, 268
182, 204, 209, 213 TrroMlios80, 202; 'TjS p1eoeos d9opO1pl XpuVioV254
p4iT135 25; Tcr T'ri; 9poECoSK61,E- 143; iv XPVu6S98 twice, I33, 173
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] INDEX TO THE GREEK TEXT 213
Xpvroos 98 "rva XcopOV
X(opos43: KOIV6V I9; XCp6s YTvTaXia 128
Xcbpa 7 twice, 8, ii twice, I3 thrice, TIS&dOpCrwcovTiSos25 Wv)XaycoxyiaII, 86, 139
15 thrice, 16, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25 twice, 1X ii, 89, 172, 271
Xv
26, 28, 29 twice, 30, 39, 50, 57, 60 iXAiov
87 IXoS i8
twice, 62, 73, io6, I31, 132, I55 twice, 4EXXilco227
156, I59, 163, I66, 223, 226, 232, 235, Eue8CO 211 cbOiC 148, 212
243, 244, 245 wTrlopiota 103, 254, 256 C0.6TrTS 202
Xcopoa 70, 84 twice, 88, 104, io8, 191 fnlcpiaa 80, IOI, 117, I22, 254 bvioptai 13I: wrrpialvTr75
XCOpitLo13, 57, 146, 265 'yqP9os40, 112, 115, 128, 135 twice, 208, cpa I7, 23, io8, 192
X)opfov 13, 27, 43, 89 251, 257, 273 cbpaCos17
X,PiS 3, 3I, 104, I05, 131, 135, 158, 163, wt,6$ 35, 78, 88, I70 c4boE,qia 67
I67, 196, 204, 248, 250, 265, 271 4tA6co 131
 LIST OF PASSAGES CITED

(References are to pages)

Acathistus Hymn 42 p. 163 I09, I50 Chalcidius, De Natura CCV 150
Aelian, VH, IV 6 '49 p. 165 93 Cicero
Aelius Aristides (ed. Keil or Dindorf) p. 171 98 Ad A tticum I g 22
XVII K 5 142 Ammianus Marcellinus Ad. Fam. XII 2 32
XX K i8 107 XV I, I 32 De Finibus IV 7, i8 97
XXI K i and 8 43 XVII 4, 13 99 V 9 3'
XXV KI 91 XX I5 32 12 32
XXVI K 31 io6 XXIII 6 32 '5, 43 97
57 '45 XXX 4 32 De Nat. Deor. II 134 '45
XXVII K 5 io8 Andocides 147-51 ii6
44 122 III 88 136 De O/ficiis I 7, 21 100
XXXV K i9 I05 Anonymous, Periplus Ponti Euxini, '4, 43 36
XXXVII K iS 95 p. 126 Diller 141 I6, 50 39
iin general 33 Anthologia Palatina 29, 104 142
XL K ii io6 VI 50 127 37, '34 '4'
'4 I07 VII 45 95 II 3, IO 3'
XLI K I3 III XVI 6 "I7 4, '3 I14
II D p. 7 '45 221 "I7 III 5, 21 "I4
P. 15 '39 222 "17 De Re Pub. 1 2 '47
XV D p. 375 94 263 "17 Orator 39 29
XVII D p. 402 96 Apollodorus, Bibliotheca '5' II
p. 405 94 III 14 103, 105, 144 Pro Flacco 26 Ig, 102
XLII D p. 783 'Is I79-i80 '44 Clement of Alexandria
XLVI D 19-20 Aristotle Strom. IV 156-7 93, 98
XLIX D p. 513 27 Ath. Pol. i6 146 Constantius II
Aeneas Tacticus '9 107 Themistius (ed. Dindorf),
X Io 94 21 '47 p. 25 150
Aeschines 22 94 AJP 83 (1962), p. 248 146
I5 ii6 De gen. et Corr.329a 40, 41 Cyril of Alexandria
I 92 105 Eth. Eudem. 1220b '37 Homily XI 42
111 I07-II2 95, 146 I222b '49 Homily XII 36
132 124 I233a 123 PG 72.749b 93
133-134 '3' Eth. Nicom. IIo4b '37
'34 '39 Metaph. 995a 8-io 122 Democritus of Abdera, 68 Diels-Kranz
153-154 I07 IOI3a 150 B2 III
164 120 I022a 150 B 21 I50
178 '43 I03oa i6 and 1055b 7 25 Demosthenes
204 I07 io63b io 122 II 14 II5
206 126 Poetics i448b 24-28 28, 142 III 25 138
241 123 145ob 35 7 26 io6
247-248 137, 146 145ia 36-bI2 29, I30, 126, 27 145
249 93 '44 IV 5 131
Aeschylus Politics I253a '43 VI 4 63, 126
Eleusinians 112 1268a I07 8 III, 137
Eumenides 595 io8 127ob 148 II 125
920 128 I338b '4' 23 130
Persae 40 98 Rhetoric 14o8a 123 VIII 2 63, I26
69 130 I409o 125 IX 23-24 135
817 126 I4IIa io8 26 I07, II4
907-IO76 ii8 Arrian, Anabasis V 26, 5 io6 29 117
Prometheus Bound 14 '49 Athenaeus 3' 9'
56i 112 V i87d '49 42-43 I46
Septem 64 123 VI 233e 98 XV 29 135
Albinus (ed. Hermann, Platonis Dia- 253 94 XVIII i8 I43
logi, VI) 254b '49 65 143
in general 330-3I IX 4Ioa 22 68 98, 135, 143
p. 152 9' St. Augustine, De Civitate Dei 94 9'
p. xI6 0og 1, I50 XVIII 9 103 96 135
p. I58 I50 Augustus, Res Gestae 26 II0 98 137

214
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] LIST OF PASSAGES CITED 215
i6o 123 XV 29, 7 92 II 33-34 I13
178 io8 36, 5 '39 52 97
192-I95 138 63, 2 112 io8
202 121, 125 XVI 49-53 '33 120, 5 110
204 120 XVII 15, 2 I14 III 20 I17
205 '33 Diogenes Laertius I 55 I07 IV 36-39 "I3
211 128 V 39 27 148 io8
215 126 VII i68 92 189 104
238 121 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, V 32 I'S
248-25 I 126 Antiq. Rom. V I7 8 57 and 6i I07
253-255 io8, ii8, I43 X 57 '44 74-78 "I4
256 128 De Demtosthenei 150 82 98
274 132 De Thutcydide24 29 97-I3 "I5
299 "I7 Letter to Pompeius 7 28, 122 VI 44 I15
XIX 125 96 48 ii6
273 '3' Empedocles (edd. Diels-Kranz) 55 '33
303 124
B 17 122
82, 2 '45
XX 11-12 '34, '37 Ephorus (ed. Jacoby) 94 115, ii6
F 114 "I4 VII 8 in8,
13-14 '37 115, 130
59 107 iig 94, I36 9y ii8, 129
68-71 136 "Eratosthenes," Cataterismi 13 104 IO 82 io8
'45 92 Euripides 10 0 I29
XXI i 112 Erechtheuts 100
20, 2 "17
59 105
Hecuba 254-255 98 23
XL 32 93 Heraclidae 200-201 '33 27 "19
LX 4 100 306 and I036 1037 '35 32 ii6 twice
5 '43 374 iig 36 130
8 826-827 I0I
"I4 40, 3 99
I' 112 Hippolytuts 471 138 51, 2 9'
LXIX I04-Io6 107 Iph. Thur. 316 I24 57 120
Dio of Prusa (ed. v. Arnim) Medea 210 0og 59-60 iig
I 27 I29
Rhesus 357-360 ii8 96 "I4
XII 25-26 146 frag. 284 123 131-133 ii6, 125, 140
XXXVIII II 1o6 133-137 iig
Florus I 40, I1 '9
'7 I29 138 I15
27 94, 12O Galen, De aftectuum dignot. 8, 3 35 '39 115, 120, 128
XLVIII l0 9' Aulus Gellius '44 130
Dio Cassius '45 123
I II, 7 "I7
LXVIII 19, 2 '57 I'S
'4' XIII 17, I 9 I, '43
LXIX i6, 2 IO8 158-162 121, 147
Gorgias (ed. Diels-Kranz)
Diodorus, Bibliotheca histoyica Epitaph. fr. 6 hIO 169, 2 "14
13 92 187 "I7
IV 39 io6 Heraclitus fr. 79 353 Igo 130
57, 3-4 Iio6, I07 "Heraclitus," Homeric Questions (ed. 209, 4 ii6
65, 9 112 Buffii're) 226 iig
V 73, 7 98 3, 2 126 VIII '-5 121, 125
VII 14, 2-4 98 6, 5 26, 122 I9-22 123
'4, 7 136 7, I 26 40-41 123
IX I-I5 146 24, I-3 26 62 121
10, 2 9' 26, io 26 65 124
X I9, 5 1i6 41, IO '49 73 '45
XI 2, 3-4 ii6, 119 47, 6 98 75-76 I24
9 120 48, 1-2 26, 96 84 124
'I II9, 124 66, 5 26 100 124
12, 4-5 122 74, I 26 109, 3 I28
i8 124 Herodotus 124 126
30 126 I 17 "I7 140-144 124, 125
37 129 19 and 21 iig IX 17 132
44 I29 66 ii6, 146 27 i06-i07, I12, nS
6o I29, 130 78, 2 ii6 34 iig
6i 130 79, 2 ii6-iI7 35 iig
XII 4, 5 13' 87 129 41-88 I26
XIII 2I-27 17-18, 94, ii6, 136, 142, 2 96 70 I26, I45
'43, '44 148 99 8o II7
30,4-6 36, 137 i86 124 8i 126
XIV 6, 2 107, 136 192, 4 "I7 96-ioi 129
33 '39 207, 2 132 102, 3 '45
216 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER-.PHIL. SOC.

Hesiod 704E 18-19, 143, 146 89 '39

,Theogony I28 97 795A '4' 94 I07
Himerius 852 141 96 136
V 30 140 1073 125 100-102 91, I35, 137, 138
"Homer," Iliupersis fr. V Allen Tod, GHI 44 104 104-I05 136
2!6, II4 132 '4' 129 136
Hymn to Demeter '44 Isocrates 132 '47
Homer II '9 103, 128 i68-I74 112
Iliad II 547-548 '44 107 121 '93 114
552 '47 IV 8 '45 '94 112
554 '47 22 96 196-i98 III, 138
VI I47 125 24 0oo 200-265 i6, 29-30
XIII 324-5 '47 25 I0I 242 '4'
Odyssey II 12 150 26-29 9' 246 114
XI 469-470 '47 29 102 255 '34
Hyginus, Astronomica II 13 I04 32 102 271 30, 126
Hyperides (ed. Jensen) 35 93, II1 in general I2-I4
Epitaphius 9), 92, 107 47-5' 12, 26, 40,92, ii8, XIII 17 121
Deliacus, fr. 67 95 '43 XIV i8 '35
52 13, 92, II4 58 123
54-60 102 XV 300 93
lamblichus 6i ii8
De vita pythagorica 66 '49 68 II4 Josephus
82 122 70 114 Ant. lud. VIII 56 122
Inscriptions 71-72 "I5 Bell. lud. II 2077 135
AJP 83: p. 248 I46 74 114 II 36(5 I4I
BCH 8: p. 470, No. i 33 87 "I7 Julian
19: p. 119, No. 2 33 89 iig Discourse IV 245D 96
51: p. 246 23 100-102 137, 138 Epistle 51 123
Carie 2: No. 78 125 io6 136 III 123
Didyma 2: No. 164 '43 IIO-132 '39 Misopogon 347A 123
Ephesos 3: No. 48 I48 in general 12 Justin Martyr
GIBM 925 92 V 26 27 First Apology 55 94
Harvard Theological Review 33: 33 I02 Pope Leo I
p.4 32 34 I07, II2 Sermo 82, I I40, 141
Hellenica 11-12: pp. 414-439 138 43 '35
Hesperia 9: pp. 86-96, No. 17 22 51-52 '43 Libanius XI 14 95
10: p. 251, No. 53 I7 58-6i 29 Livy III 33, 5 '44
21: p. 385 94 88 I27 Lucan II 590 141
30: pp. 231-236, No. 122 io8 Lucian
31 24 VI 42 "14 Imagines i , 142
Suppl.8: p. 247 I48 VII i6 146 '7 II
Inschniften von Pyiene 5 104, 143 75 "14 Lycurgus
IG VII 2234 I38 93 120 Against Leocrates 12 I05
2413 142 VIII 78 '39 70. 121
XII (2) 484 I05 74-105 '4 72 I36
12 76 107 82 I07 73 '3'
77 107 I0I 136 Lysias
112 1039 23 105 '39 II io and 14 112
I046 23 110 136 17 1oo, IOI
2338 22 136 i8-i9 104, 144
3575 '47 IX 57 140 21
3592 34 63 124 23 and 26 II7
3605 24 73 140 49-50 131
3669 24-25 X '-5 103, 123 55 136
3801 92 II 103, 94 57 '35
ioi63 25 ii6 94 64 '34
11551 92 29 98 XXIII 2 107
Inscriptions de Ddlos 2516- 44 130 XXXIII 5 136
2518 and 1624 bis 22 XI 12 96 7 "15, '47
Marmor Parium, pp. 819- 15-22 '34
834 104,1IO5 36-47 '39 Marcellinus
Mdlanges Bidez, pp. 73I-738 23 XII I-40 15-ir6 Life of Thucydides 41 28-29
Mdlanges Gustave Glotz 33 40 126 Marcus Aurelius
Res Gestae Divi Saporis 37, 14I 43 io8 V 8(2) and 25 "I4
SEG XI 408 141 56 136 VI 39 ii8
SIGN 695 105 68-70 II3, I14, 139 VIII 7 and 46 "14
VOL. 58, PT. I, 1968] LIST OF PASSAGES CITED 217
IX I (4), 9 and 29 114 Critias 109 c-d 97 io6, 0og
X I io6 Epistle VII 30:2 b 136 49 I48
8 114 VIII 35f 5a-Ib 148 5o a 41
XII 26 and 32 114 Gorgias 450 C 102 50 c-d 41
Maximus of Tyre 5oo a 125 51 b 27, 126
V4 IC)8, 143 Laws I 624 a 147 5id 42
VI 3b 130 642 C 100 52 a-b 41, 100, 149
5 94 II 653 c-d 128 52 C 122
XXXVI init. '49 III 696 a 148 62 C-63 e 96
Menander 698 I17, 124 Pliny, Epistles VIII, 24 19
De encomiis i65 f. 38 IV 713 a Plotinus (edd. Henry-Schwyzer)
414 38 716 d I28 III 3, 7 io9
Minucius Felix VII 8I5-8i6 142 Plutarch
Octavius 8 100 817 a 28 A icibiades II '45
IX 870 a-b 148 A lexander I 132
Menexenuts 237 a I0I Aristides 5 "5
Olympiodorus 237 b 100 '4 I26
In Plat. Gorg. ComM., p. 171 IO]I, 103, 105
237 C 19 126
Norvin 6 d
237 99, 100, 143 126, 127
Origen 237 e I 5, 100, 102 24-25 148
Comm. in Ioann. II 13 138
238 a 99, 102 Cimon I, 7 '9
Contra Celsum I 28 100
238 d '47 12 130
239 b-c '5, (92,II3,134 '3 '31
Papyri 240 a "15, '33 i6 I7 132
CPJ 153 iog 240 C ii6 Demetrius 8 146
P. Oxy. 2469 125 240 d-e IC), 103, II7, Pelopidas 6, 5 36
PSI ii6o, 24 ii8 Pericles 3, 2 148
Parmenides (edd. Diels-Kranz) 241 c 126 24-27 132
A 37 97 241 d I29 Solon 3 130
St. Paul 242 a-b '3' 8 150
I Corinthians I :22-24 37 242 c-d I34,135 '9 107, 121
Pausanias 243 a 132 24
I 14, 2 '45 243 d '33 Themistocles 6 I 19
21, 7 105 243 e '34 10, 4-5
24, 5-7 146 244 a-b '34 '4, 3 121
28, 5 105 244 b-c 132 17 126
29 9, 14 09, 133 245 c-d 95, IO1 20 140
3', 5 107 246 c-d Theseus 6 102
32, 4 io6 247 a 128, 134 7 io8
IV 34, 5 I07 249 a I07 25 I42
V I '45 Phaedo 64 a-b 148-I49 27 113
VIII 2 146 Phaedrus 235 b 123 Timoleon 19 io8
IX 2, 5 127 244-245 I29 23 I45
Phaedrus 246 e-247 a 123, 130 De gloria At . 345 D 133
II IO, 48-49 32 247 c '49 De Iside et Osiride 54 150
Philo 248 a 130 De liberis educandis
De Abrahamo XI 54 39 252 d 128 2 F-3 A 137
De Somniis I 8-9 92 261 a 126 5 D-E 130
22 '49 278 a-b 142 Septem sap. convivium 146
passim 127 Protagoras 337 d '39 Polybius
Legatio ad Gaium 21i 147 io8 Republic I 344 a-c 112 I 4,11 126
30, 200 IOI IV (427 c io8 35 136
Legum Alleg. I 43 150 VI 505-511 '49 57, 3 I26
Philostratus IX 583 a 148 II138, 8 93
Vita Apoll. IV 7 '47 586 c 120 39, 4-6 146
VS p. 57 Kayser 22, 50 591 e '49 42 III
p. 78 Kayser 19 X (596b 150 6i, 8-i 123
p. 85 Kayser 127 Symposium 195-I97 III III 9, 3 133
p. 88 Kayser 32 202 d-2o3 a 128 15, 9 110, 138
Pindar (ed. Snell) 209 I03 IV 47, I 135
Pyth. IV I5 109 Timaeus 21 a 148 V Io 119
fr. 77 ii8 23 d 103 XII 8, 6 142
fr. 194 109, I50 29 b '49 Porphyry,
Plato 32 C 148 Life of Pythago'as 36-37 31
Apol. 21 I46 38 d-e I24 Proculus, In Tim. III, p. 274, 10 ii8
Charmides 154 b '35 4I 4I, 97
Cratylus 407 b '39 48 e-52 96, 102, Quintilian, Inst. X I, 31 29
218 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

Rhetores Graeci (ed. Spengel) 75-77 '39 33, 2 ii6

II 0og 9' 89, 2 129 35, 6 "15
III 377, 8-9 112 93, 4 136 55 III

94 129 57, 2-3 124

Sallust, Bell. Jug. XIV i6 112 95 132 77 130
Scholia 96 132 82 130
on Demosthenes III 20 147 98 129, 131 83, 2 120
on Vergil, Georgics I 12 f I03 100-IOI 131 87, 3 '39
III 113 104 102 132 VII 62, 4 124
Scriptores Historiae Augustae, 103 131 73 '33
v. Hadriani 13 I43 I04 130 77 '33
Seneca, Epigram V 3-4 105 105 131 VIII I-2 '33
Simplicius io6 131 17-18 '33
In Aris. De Anima 427a io 150 107 I3I, 145 24, 4 '33
In Aris. PAys. Liby. Quattuor io8 131 37 '33
Pr. Comm. p. 26, 7-12 42 114 132 58 '33
Solon 115-117 132 Timaeus of Locri (ed. Hermann,
fr. i Diehl 50 120, 3-4 129 Platonis, Dialogi, IV)
fr. 4 Diehl io8, 138 I24, 2 129 I04 e 95
Sopater, Prolegomena, Treatise B 126, 5 I03 Tyrtaeus, 4 Diehl 9'
9 32 133 ii6
10-12 20, 34 141 120 Valerius Flaccus VI 43 '4'
Sophocles, Qed. Rex 977 io8 142, 9 117 Vergil, Georgics III II3f 104
Speusippus, Letter to Philip ii 25 I43 120, 136
Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta II 13 145 Xenophon
I 463 92 '7 I07 Agesilaus, Passim '35
II IOI3 0og 34 146 I 12 128
I076, 9 "I4 36 IO, 14 8 iig
III p. 4, line 9 "I4 37 9, 13, 123 IV and VI 29
p. 8o, no. 326 "I4 38 99 VI I 131
Strabo 39 92, 133, I34-5 VII 7 13'
III Anabasis II I0
147 95 41 9,104,140,142 I, 13
VII 4, 5 IIO 46 107, I50 Hell. I 4, 13 io6, 148
XII 3, 21 "I4 6i129 6, I-27 '33
XIV I, 3 "I4 64 II, 132, I33 6, 24-34 '33
XVII 43 105 71 127 II I, 15-32 '35
Suda, II, p. 375 Adler, 2528 27 83-92 132 2,I9 '39
III 2-50 139 4, 2 '33
Tacitus, IO, 13 132 4,34 '34
Annals II 53 112 '3 '31 4,43 '33
III 27 150 14 132 IV 4, 5-7 134, 136
IV 52, 4 140 26, 4 I25 4, 15-17 136
VI 22 ii8 28, I 126 5, 9-19 136
XIII 37, 4 '4' 55, 3 I07 8, 25-29 '37
XV 44, 5 36 56, 5 IO V 2, 25-36 '37
Histories II 47 43 I05-II4 132 VI 2, 35 '39
Tatian, Contra Graecos 29f. IV 8-14 132 3, i-6 io6, I07
and 35 37 '7 '35 3, 6-7 '39, '47
Theopompus (ed. Jacoby), 21, 2-3 132, 139 4, Ig-20 '37
fr. 90 104 29-40 132 5, ii-i6 '37
Thucydides 4' '35, '39 5,33 '37
I 2, 6 I07 42-45 132 5, 37-48 '37
4 io8 53-54 132 5,49 '37
12 132 55 '33 VII I, 14 '37
'3, 5 io8 114,5 125 I, 38
i8, 2 I2 24, 125 V 3, 2 ii6 5, 16-17 '39, '44
20, 2 124 32 137 Mem. I 2, 6o 146
26 hIO 84-I14 9-IO, 137, De Vect. I 4-5 98
43, 4 III '39 6 95
69-71 93, I1 I, 131, 116,4 137 8 95
'34 VI 15,2 133
73-74 115, 12 0, 121, I8, 6 117
123, I: 24, 132 24, 4 139
 GENERAL INDEX

Abydus, 136-137 Arts: arts and crafts, I02; arts of dis- Bendinelli, G., 98
Academy, 18, 91 course (see logoi); liberal arts, 92 Bengtson, H., IIo, 131, 132, 135
Accame, S., 23 Asia, 35, 86, 109, 113, 119, 130, 133 Bickermann, E., 25
Achaia, 132, 146 Athena, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 35, 36, 41, Billheimer, A., IoI
Achilles, 147 47,48,50, 86,91, 95-97, 98-99, 102- Blue Rocks, 131. See also Peace of
Acropolis, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50, 69, 74, 104, III, II5, ii6, 122, 123, 134, Callias
85, 90, 95, 97, I03, 107, 145, 146, 138, 139, 144, 146, 150 Bober, Harry, 3, 31, 42
150 Athens, Athenians, passim: air, 47, Bodnar, E. W., 25
Adcock, F. E., 146 85-86, 96-97, I45; architecture, 86, Boeotia, Boeotians, 56, 71, 72, 74, 94,
Adrastus, 10, 12-13, 12 99, 117-118, 128, I45, I46, I49; 114, I31
Aegae, 143 arete, 10, 13, 15, 17, 21, I00, 112, Boer, W. den, 143
Aegean Sea, 46, 53, 60, 94, 96 113, II7, 118, 121,123,128, 30, 135, Bonitz, H., 25
Aegina, Aeginetans, 71-72, io8, 131 I39; citizenship, 23-24, 25, 49, 52, Boulanger, A., 7, 19, 33, 141
Aegospotami, 135, 136 54, 79, 100, I07; in competition with Boyance, Pierre, 144
Aelius Aristides: influence, 5-6; life herself, 59, 69, 128, 134; consistency, Breitenbach, H. R., 135
33-35; style 5, 7, 13, 14, 30-31, 34, 21, IIO, III, 137-138; constitution, Brown, T. S., I8
35, 38, 39, 43, 92, 98, 112-113, 127, 15, 21-25, 45, 50, 74, 75, 8i, 88-89, Bruck, E., I03
130, 143, 144, 147 92, I03, deference to, 21,
133,
I46; Bruni, Leonardo, 5, 6, 94, 96-98, I07
Aeschines, 124, 126, 131, et passim. See 66, 84, 89-90, I05, I43; domestic Buchanan, J. J., 102
List of Passages Cited troubles, 75-76, 133, 134; empire and Buchner, E., 12, 92, IIO
Aeschylus, 126,
144 imperialism, Il, 12, 14-15, 21, 35- Buffiere, F., 19, 26, 116, 149
Agesilaus, 80, 131 36, 42, 94, II6, II8, 129, 130, 132, Butts, H. R., 20
Agonistic motif, II, 15, 57, 58, 75, 77- I36, I37, 139, I40-141, 144, I45; Bux, E., 28
78, I45 extent, 69, 145; hall of wisdom, 149; Byzantine Literature, 5, 6, 15
Ai6n, 42, 43, III hearth of Hellas, 95, 149; home of Byzantium, 53, 70, 79, 107, 129, 137
Ajax, 79, 147 man, 15, 36, 48, 49, 84, 99-I00, 102;
Alexander I, 67, 125 language and literature, 21, 82-83, Callias the Dadouchos, 18, Io6, 107, I47
Alexander the Great, 84, io8, 113, 149 85, 92, 93, 95, 140-143; as mediator, Cambitoglu, A., o06
Alexandria, Alexandrians, 24, 35, io8, 36, 39, 44, 49, 77, 78, 87, io6; morale Camelot, Th., 122
143, 144, 145 27, 58, 61-62, 74, 75, 77, 119, 133; Canter, Willem, 6, 7, 98, 105, I27, 156,
Aly, W., 126 physis, 15, i6, 109, 134; as receiver, 157, 159, I63, 172, 174
Amazons, 10, 38, 55-56, 113-114 21, 32, 36, 40, 41, 44, 50, 51, 53, 84, Cardinal points, 47, 98
Ambracia, 132 102, I34; as refuge 21, 51-53, 54-55 Carthaginians, 74, 133
Amynandridae, 22-24 59, 79, 83, io6, I07, III, 139; as Carystians, 71, 131
Andreotti, R., 109 savior, 32, 63, 65, 66, 8o, 81, 82, 120, Caspari, O. B., 141
Andresen, Carl, 14, 36-37, 105, io8, 122, 123, 139; situation 96; tropoi, Cavalry, 68, 74, 85, 95, 126, 139, 144
109, 113, 134 10; walls, 145 Cecryphalia, 71, 131
Angels, 36, 129, 149 Athos, 6o, 6i, 119, 130 Celsus, 37, 134
Animals, 99, 102, 117 Atthis, 22, 104, 124, 138 Center, 47, 95
Antonines, 15, 34, 44 Attic Greek, 38, 95, 127, 141 Cephallenia, io8
Apollo, 21, 23, 26, 47, 53, 88, 95, io8, Attica, IO, 13, 15, 26, 36, 4I, 42-43, Cephalus, io8
I47, 149 46-49, 55, 60, 85-86, 95, 96-97, 97- Ceryces, 22, 23
Arcadia, Arcadians, 79, 86, 136, 146 98, 98-100, 103, 105, 11o, 124, I28, Chadwick, Henry, 37
Archai, 10-11, 14-15, 40-43, 44, 93- I43 Chaeronea, Battle of, 84, 119, 139, 143
94, 96-97, 98, 109, 115, 128-129 Augustus, 23, 38, io8, 11o Chapot, V., 33
Archegetai, 39, 91 Autochthony, 77, 94, Ioo, 101, 134, Chariot, 50, 85, 88, 104, I30, 147
Archon, 22-24,25, 73, 88, I04, 148,149 I45 Chora, 41, 42
Areopagus, 23, 51, 87, 88, 105, 148 Christ, Christianity, Christians, 6, 14,
Ares, 26, 51, 105, I44 Barbarians, Io-II, 12, i6, 20, 21, 32, 20, 31, 35-37, 39, 93-94, 99, IOO,
Arginusae, 133 35-38, 45, 47, 53, 57-71, 73, 74, 78, 103, I09, 113, 134, 138, 150
Argos, Argives, i6, 39, 55, 76, 86, 87, 8o, 82-83, 84, 85, 88, 95, io8, 109, Cimon, IO, 19, I04, 122, 130
107, 145 IIO, 113, 115, 117, II9, I20, 125, Circle, 15, 26, 39, 43, 47, 69, 71, 85, 92,
Aristides the Just, 126, 148 126, 127, 129, 132, 134, 140, 141 93-94, 95, 97, 98, 145
Aristophanes, 142, I44. See also List of Baron, Hans, 6, 94, 97 Cities with titles of superiority, 84-88,
Passages Cited Barron, J. P., 17 IIO, 143
Armstrong, A. H., 35, 40 Bean, G. E., 125 Civilization, 18, 21, 32, 36, 38, 5I, 91,
Artemis, 47, 95, 107 Beaujeu, Jean, 43, 44 99, 113, 129,
144
Artemisium, 61, 65, 66, ii8, 121, 126 Becker, 0., io8 Classen, C. J., IO9
Arthmius of Zeleia, 87, 146 Beecke, Eugen, 6, 21, 116, 117, I2I, Cleansing, 70, 129
Artisans (demiourgoi), 3o, 40, 48, 97 122, 124, 131, 132, 171 Cleisthenes, 22, 23-25, 147

219
220 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

Climate, 95-96, 99 Dionysiac Artists, 19, 142 Freedom 21, 38, 43, 55, 59, 64, 65, 69,
Cnidos, 136 Dionysius I, 79, 81-82, I39 72, 73, 74, 80, 98, II8, 120, 121,
Cobet, C. G., 159 Dionysus, 41, 54, 84, II1, 144 I28-129, I32, I34, 139
Codrus, 56, 114 Dioscuri, 38, 44, 87, 147 Frenkian, Aram 27
Colin, G., 18, 19 Discipline, 65, 123, 125, I37 Frisk, H. 135
Colin, J., 35 Disciplines, 50, 92, 103 Fritz, Kurt von, 29, 31
Colonization, 21, 45, 47, 53-54, 59, 95, Discourse: see logoi Fuchs, H., 143
107, io8, I09, III, I18, I33 Distinctions, 93, 99-10o Fullness of life, 85, I45
Comedy, 19, I42 Dodds, E. R., 41 Funeral orations, 9-I7, 45, 56, 87, 92,
Commerce, 129, 14I, 144 Dorians, 52, 54, 56, IIO, 114, 125, 130 94, 99, 112, II3, 114, 127, 128, I34,
Commodus, 44, IOI Dorjahn, A. P., 134 146, 150
Communion with the gods, 38 D6rrie, H., 41, 43
Community life, 50, 87, 103, 105, io6, Drews, Robert, I43 Gades, 53, I09-110
I13, II9, I2I, 129, 138 Dryopians, 52, I07 Gauthier, R.-A., 98, Ino
Comparisons, 21, 133, 136, 145 Dugas, Ch. I02 Geagan, D. J., 25
Concord, 109, 127 Dynamis, 9-10, 13-14, 17, 32, 37, 42, GenW, 22, 23-24, 24-25, 104, 107, 112
Conon 75, 78, 133, 136 43, I40, I42 Geographers, II3
Constitutions (in general), 88, ioi, Gephyraei, 22, 107
147-I48 Earth, 102 Gernet, L., 91
Cook, J. M., IO9 Earthquake, 132 Gerusia, 24-25, 34, I41
Corcyra, 32, 132 Education, 7, 9, o1, 12, 13, 14, 15, i6, Ginouves, R., 145
Corinth, Corinthians, 53, 71-72, 73, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 30, 32, 36, 38, 45, Gods, 15, 20, 21, 30, 36, 38, 39, 40, 43,
79, 8I, 82, 86, 87, I07, III, II4, 129, 49, 51, 64, 83, 91, I22, I42; liberal 45, 48, 49-51, 53-54, 58, 69, 72, 8o,
13I, 132, 134, 135, I45, 147 arts 92 8i, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89-90, 97, 102,
Corinthian War, 43, 77 Edwards, G. R. I46 I04, I05, Io6, 115, II7, II8, 128,
Cornford, E. M., 128, I40 Egypt, Egyptians, 70, 72, 101, III, 130, I43, I45; legate of gods, 149.
Cosmos, 26, 31, 38-43, 88, 95-96, 98, 130, 134 See also Artisans, Demiurge
I09, I48, 149; cosmos of words, I50 Ehrhardt, A. A. T., 143 Gomme, A. W., 9, i8, 29, 93, 94, I114,
Costoboci, 33, 34 Eichler, Fritz, 34 I24, 13I
Craterus, 124 Eikon, I5, I7, 21, 32, 36, 38, 41, 42, Government of force, 103
Cretans, 87, III IO2, I03, i I5 I38, 140, 149 Graces, grace, 97-98, I03,141-I42, 150
Crisci, Iginio, 3, 6 Eleusinia, 83, 86, I45 Grain, 51, 54, 91, 98
Crops, 49, 50, 84, 86, 88, 89, IOi, 102, Eleusis, 33-34, 39, 66, 87, I24, I47 Graindor, P., 23
I43, 144 Else, G., 28, 29 Greatness of spirit, 26, 62-63, 64, IIO,
Cynics, 20, 37 Eltester, F. W., 150 112, 123, 133
Cyrsilus, 124 Embassies, 87, II2, 125, I37, I46-I47 Gr6goire, H., 35
Cythera, I32, I33 Empires, the five world, 25, 84, I43 Groag, E., 33
Cyzicus, 133 Encroachment, 8I, II5, I36, 139 Groningen, B. A. van, 93, 94
Entertainment, 58, 68, 126, I40 Guthrie, W. K. C., 97
Daimones, 30, 36,117, I28,129, I40, 49 Epidaurians, 98, I3I Gylippus, 36, 137
Dani6lou, J., 149 Equality, 8I, 88, 93
Darius, 21, 57-60, 6I, 115, II7, 118 Erechtheus, 56, 88, I44; Erechtheidae, Haas, A., II6
Datis, 60, I15, 116-II7, II9 I47 Habicht, C., 16, 123, I24, 146
Davison, J. A., 127, I45-I46 Eretria, Eretrians, 58, 6o, 95, II5, II6, Hadrian, 15, 24, 38, IOI, Io8, I43, 145,
Decrees, 87, I23, 124 117 I48, 149
Delatte, A., 103 Erichthonius, ioi, I04, 141 Hafner, G., io6
De Leeuw, C. A., 33 Euboea, Euboeans, 56, 73, 82, I14, Haliartus, 135
Delorme, J., I45 I32 Hands, 57, II6
Delos, 22, 47, 86 Eumolpidae, 22, 34 Haplotis (simplicitas), 25, 27, 28, 29,
Delphi, 18, 21, 22, 67, 71, 86, 98, :II8, Eumolpus, IO, 56, I14 93, II4
125, I45, 146, I47 Europe, II3, II9, 13I Harl, M., 150
Demeter, 50, 84, Io2, I44 Eurystheus, 55, 12 Haury, J., 6
Demiurge, 30, 40-4I, 42, 97. See also Exiles, 52, 107 Hegemony, 34, 35, 46, 63-64, 66, 73,
Artisans 8o, 82, 94, 115, II8, 121, 128, I30,
Democracy, 21-25, 88-89, I47 Fairness, 62, 78, 94, 112, I36, 139 13I, I36, I39, I47
Demosthenes, 5, 139. See also List of Fear, I25, 139 Heinimann, F., 98, 148
Passages Cited Ferguson, W. S., 23, I47 Heirs 00oo
Denniston, J. D., 141 Festivals, 50, 69, 78, 87, 99, 104, 128, Heitsch, E., 27
De Ruyt, F., I17 137, I44, 147 Helen, 38, I20
De Strycker, E., 125 Fetters, 57, II6 Hellenism, 15, 20, 21, 32, 34, 35, 37,
Detienne, M., 38, 120 Fine, J. V. A., 96 38, 82-83, 95
Deubner, L., 127, I47 Finley, M. I., Ioi Hemmerdinger, B., 28
Dicastery, 23, 120 Fleet: see Navy Heniochi, I40-I41
Diller, A., I41 Focke, F. 133 Hephaestus, 97
Dindorf, W., 7, 27, 95, 96, I57, 163, Fortune 43, 53, 58, 59, 62, 70, 73, 74, Heracles, 38, 43-44, 49, 51-52, 86,
I66, 169, I70, 172, 173, 177, 178, 75, 89, I30, I32, 135, 138, I43 87, o02, io6, I7, III, II2, 146, I47;
183, I84, I85, I86 Foster-parents 45, 91 Heraclids, 52, 54, 55, 112
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] GENERAL INDEX 221
Heralds, 57-58, ii6, 119, 125, 137 Koinotes, 36, 40, 92, 129, I46 Maricq, A., 37, 4I
Hermann, E., 135 Kramer, Hans, I09 Markus, R. A., 36
Herodes Atticus, 17, 22, 24, 34, 40, Krischer, T., 25, I27 Marrou, H.-I., 91, 92
148 Martianus Capella, 92
Herrad of Landsberg, 92 Lacedaemonians, 12, I6, 21, 22, 31, 43, Martin, Hubert, 93, 105
Herter, Hans, 20, 25, I02, I05, 114, 52, 64, 66, 67, 70, 7I, 72, 73, 74, 75, Mary Mother of God, 42
117, 144 76-80, 81-83, 86, 88, 91, 00oo, 104, Massalia, 53, IIO
Historia, 25-26, 27, 28, 29-30, 32, 35, io6, I07, II2, 115, 116, 117, II9, Mathieu, G., 107
93, 94, 114, 122, 126, 132, 144 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 129, Matz, Fr., I I
Historians, 27-29, 32, 92, 126, 136, 130, 131, 133,134, I35-I37, 138-140, Mediterranean, 53, I09
142 141, I47, 148, 149 Megara, Megarians, 71-72, 73, I3I,
Holleaux, M., 148 Law, 13, 50, 84, 85, 88, 103, 112, 123, 132, 145
Holleck, H., 7, 93, 95, 96, IOI, 103, 144, 148, et passim Melos, 10, 12, 80, 137-138
112, 113, 151, 155, i6o, 168 Lawgivers, 50, 86-87, 88, 146, 147 Meritt, B. D., 17, 22, 24, 131, I48
Homolle, Th., 19 Leagues, 56, 75, 114, 140, I46 Merlan, Ph., 91, IIO
Honigman, E., 37 Lechaeum, 136 Mesogaea, 48, 97
Hoops, Johannes, 98 Legends, 14, 35, 86, 89, 93, III, 113, Messenians, 52, 107
Hoplite, 74, I04, 134, 147 I44. 148. See also proper names Methymne, 79, I37
Horsemanship, I04 Lenschau, Th., I07 Mette, H. J., 92
Hug, A., III Lenz, F. W., 20, 32, 33, 41, I05, Mikkola, Eino, 27, 30
Humanitas, 45, 91 III Miletus, IIO, 132
Hiittl, W., 33 Leo, F., 104 Miltiades, IO, 20
Leontines, 74, 132 Mitteis, L., 144
Ingratitude, 132 Leos, 56, II4 Morawski, C., 20
Inhabitable world, 32, 97-98, 99, io6 Leto, 47, 95 Moretti, L., 17
Insochi, 141 Leucas, 82, 139 Muller, F., 27
Interpreter, 116 Leuctra, 75, 80, 137, 143, 145 Muller, 0., 22
Ionia, Ionians, 41, 42, 47, 52, 53, 57, Levi, M. A., 12, 30 Multiple dwelling, ioi
65, 77, 83, 93, 95, 96, 99, 107, 114, Libraries, 86, 145 Musurillo, H. A., 24
120, 130, 141 Limare, limatius, 32 Mycale, 70, 129
Iphicrates, 136, 137 Loan, 63, I21, 134 Myres, J. L., II3, 136
Islands, 46-47, 53, 58, 74, 75, 94, io8, Locrians, 72, 132 Mysteries, 19, 44, 51, 83, 85, 86, 87,
III, 130 Loenen, D., I29 io6, 142-143, 144, 147
Isocrates, 31, 139. See also List of Loenen, J. H., 35 Mytilene, Mytileneans, 75, 8i, 131-
Passages Cited Loewenclau, Ilse von, II 132, 133
Ithaca, Io8 Logioi anthropoi, 39, 42, I09
Logos, 6, 2I, 36, 37, 39-40, 4I, 42-43, Namegivers, 45, 51, 91, I05
Jacoby, F., 9, 92, 97 45, 90, 93-94, 99, II3, 150 Nature (see also physis), 98
Jaeger, Werner, 12, 109, I27 Logos, logoi, IO, 13-14, I9, 2I, 25, 26, Naupactus, 73, 132
Jameson, M., 123, 124 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 39-40, 4I, 42- Navy, 50, 58, 61-62, 65, 66, 70, 71,
Jesi, Furio, 38 43, 43-46, 50, 82-83, 89, 91-92, 93- 73-75, 78, 82, 116-117, 120, 124,
Jews, Judaism, 35, 36, 39, 91, ioI, 94, 99, 102, 104, IIo, 121, 127, 138, 130, 132-133, 136, 139
134 140, 142-143, 144, 150 Naxians, 71, 131
Johansen, K. Friis, 98 L'Orange, H. P., 95 Nes, D. van, 124
Jones, C. W., 98 Lorimer, H. L., 104 Nicias, 124, 133
Jost, Karl, 20 Louis, P., 27 Nike theme, 33-34, 43
Judeich, W., 145 Lubac, Henri de, 31 Nilsson, M. P., 23, 36, 103, 147
Justice, 27, 36, 51, 55, 63, 69, 73, 79, Lucius Verus, 33-34, 44 Nisaea, 132
85, 94, 105, I112 , I23, 125, 129, Lutz, Cora E., 92 Norden, Ed., 20, 29
I39, I43, 145, et passim Lycurgus the lawgiver, 87, I03, 138, Nurse, 48, 49, 59, IOI, io6
Jiithner, J. 148 146, 147
Oath, 91, 140
Kahn, C. H., 11 Macedonians, 131, 143 Oldfather, C. H., 18, 98
Kahrstedt, U., 145 Maddalena, A., 128 Oligarchy, 88, 147-148
Kakridis, J. Th., 14, 146 Maeotis, 53, 109 Olive, 98-99, I44, 146
Kantorowicz, E. N., 98 Magie, David, 33, 109 Omens, 118
Katzenellenbogen, A., 92 Malingrey, Anne-Marie, 30 Openness: see Koinotes,
Keil, Bruno, 6, 7, 2I, 43 Mantic sources, 51, 105 Oracles, 67, 125, 144, 149
Kennedy, George, 11, 30 Mantinea, Mantineans, 79, 81, 85, 136, Orestes, io6, 144
Kerrigan, A., 93, 114 I39, I44 Orphans, 52, 87, I07, 146
Kienzle, E., 96 Marathon, io, 13, 15, 26, 27, 28, 36, 40, Osborn, E. F., 93, 99, 122
Kiessling, M., 141 47, 59-6o, 6i, 62, 66, 76, 82, 85, 95, Otho, 43
Kingship, 88, Ioo-IOI, I47 I03, II7, 118, 126, 134, 138
Kirchner, J., 23, 33 Marcus Aurelius, 6, 33, 34, 38, 44, 141, Page, D. M., 99
Kirsten, E., I07 '44 Paideia, 12, i8, 20, 37, 40, 44, 91, III,
Klaffenbach, G., 142 Mardonius, 66-67, 68, IO, 115, 118, 130, 142
Koch, Hal, 31 124, 125, 126, 129 Panaetius, 18, 142
222 OLIVER: THE CIVILIZING POWER [TRANS. AMER. PHIL. SOC.

Panathenaea, I6, 17, 22, 26, 34, 68, 86, Pisistratus, 17, 107 Sages, 86, 146
89, 99, 102, 104, 127, 143, 144, I45- Places, Ed., des, 149 Salamis, 15, 27, 38, 40, 6i, 64, 65-66,
146, 150 Plassart, A., 33 67, 74, 85, 95, I2I, 24, 25-126, I30,
Panathenaic passim: definition of, I7 Plataea, Plataeans, 27, 52, 68, 91, io6, I47
Panathenaic of Aelius Aristides: 107, II7, ii8, I23, 125, 126, 130, Samos, 73, 74, 99
audience 138; date, 20, 32-34; 140 Samothracians, 86, 146
length, 7, 13, 2I, 26, 34, 56, 68, 73; Plato, 6, 9-I4, 17, i8, 19-20, 96, I29, Sardinia, 109
manuscripts, 7-8, passim; structure, 144, 148, 150 Sardis, 57, 115
7, 13, 14, 15, 20-2I, 30-31, 103, 127, Platonism, Platonists, 6, 19, 30, 35, Schmid, W., 33
140, 147, I50 37, 39, 40-41, 42, 97, Io5, io8, iII, Scholl, N., 11
Panhellenion, 146 130, I38, 149, 150 Schr6der, 0., 20
Paoli, U. E., I44 Poetry, 28, 29, 3I, 45, 83, 85, 91, I26, Schur, W., 33
Paradeigma, 30, 40-4I, 42, II8, 149 127, 141-142, 144, 150 Scione, 12, 80, 8i, I37-138
Parke, H. W., 140, 145, I46, 149 Pohlenz, Max, ii Sculpture, 6, 34, 86, 97, 98, 103, 128,
Parmenides, 97 Poseidon, 26, 50, 51, 97, I03, 144 139, 140, 146, I50
Parthian War, 33-34 Pouilloux, J., I07 Seeberg, Bendt, 36
Pateres, io, I4-15 Premerstein, A. von, 33 Seed, 48, 51, 97, I05
Patrons, 43, 135 Priests, 22 Segal, C. P., 39
Peace, 129; Peace of Callias, 43, 71, Pritchett, W. K., 22 Segesta, 74, I32
78, I3I, 135; Peace of 446/5, 73, 78, Procles of Phlius, I07, II2, 137 Sestos, 70, 129
132; Peace of 404/3, 78; the King's Progonoi, o1, 14, 2i, 63, 121 Shefton, B. B., I07
Peace, 79, I35; Peace of Philocrates, Progress, I02 Sicily, 74, 8I, I33, 139
82; Peace of 336, 82 Prometheus, io6 Sicyonians, 71, I31
Pearson, L., 93 Pronoia, 40, 47, 108, III, I22 Siegfried, W., 112
Peek, W., 130 Proxeny service, 67, I25 Silver, 48, 98
Pegae, 73, I32 Pugliese Carratelli, G., 119, I24 Simpson, R. H., 146
Pekary, T., Io Pylos, 73, 132, I33, I35 Smyrna, 34-35, III, I42
Pelasgians, 52, 99, 107 Pythagoras, Pythagoreans, 3I, 32, 38 Snell, Bruno, 27, I46
Pella, 84, 143 Pythaid, 86, 146 Society: see Community life
Peloponnese, Peloponnesians, I6-17, Socrates, o1-Ii, 13, 36, 87, Io2, I26,
52, 53-54, 55, 56, 71, 72, 74, 75, 79, Rabel, E., 100 127, 146, I48
80, 125, 13I, I33-I34, 137 Radermacher, L., 14I Sokolowski, F., I05
Peloponnesian War, 9, 15, 73-75, 78 Rank, L. Ph., 91 Solmsen, F., I43
Peplos, 36, 150 Rapp, A., Io8 Solon, 22, 24, 86, 103, I04, I07, 12I,
Pericles, 9-12, I3-I4, 17, 20, 104, 123, Raubitschek, A. E., 17 146, 147
127, I28, 129, I32, 133, I36, 140, Reinhardt, K., 102, 109 Sophocles, I44
148 Reinmuth, 0. W., o10 Soury, G., io8, 149
Peripatetics, 18, 40 Reiske, J. J., 5, 6, 7, 39, 96, 97, 105, Sparta: see Lacedaemonians
Persians, io, I2, 14, 17, 21, 37, 38, 47, 109, II5, 120, 122, 127, 132, I33, Sphacteria, I35
74, 77, 79, 82, 1I5, II8, 119-120, 134, 142, 143, 151, 153, 154, 155, Spiritual sense, 3I, 93
122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, I30, I56, 157, i6o, I6I, I63, I65, I66, Spoudd, 27-28, 29, 30
133, 136, 143 I67, 170, 172, 173, I75, 176, I79, Stahelin, Felix, 107, I2I
Persian WTars, 57-71, 77-78, 115 i8o, I8i, 183, I87, i88, 193 Stoics, I8, 39, 92, IOO, 109, 113, 114,
Pfligersdorffer, Georg, 93, Io2, 109 Republic, republicanism, 24, 73, 8i, 143, 145
Philanthropy, 7, 13-I4, 17, 26, 36, 5I, I38, I39-140 Strymon, 70, I29
54, 55, 56, 85, 87, 92-93, 94, io2, Rhetoric, 7, II-I2, 13, I5, I8, 28, 31, Sulla, 23
I05-Io6, 11, 112, 123, I25, 129, 32, 34, 42, 43, 9I-92, i2I, I23, I37, Suss, W., I37
135, 146 I44 Swain, J. W., I43
Philip II, 14, i6, 17, 20, 27, 44, 82, 84, Rhodians, 135 Swoboda, Erich, 38
Ioo, II9, 120, 13I, 139, 143, I45 Richardson, W., 39 Sykutris, J., 25
Philo, 35, 39, 129. See List of Passages Ries, Kl., 30 Symbola, 20, 26-27, 29, 3I, 37, 38, 68,
Cited Ritschl., F., 92 94, I23, 139
I27,
Philosophy, II, 13, 14, 21, 26, 29-3I, Robert, Louis, 35, 91, io8, I24, I35, Syme, R., 33, I05
91-92, 93, II4, I22, 126, 132, I42 I38, 43 Syndesmos, io6, 109
Phlius, 79, 136 Roebuck, Carl, 107 Szab6, Arpad, 27
Phocians, 72, 132 Romans, 3I, 33-34, 37-38, 39, 84, 97,
Phoenicians, I24 IIo, I44, I45, I47: citizenship, Tanagra, Tanagraeans, 26, 52, 72, 82,
Phyle, I5, 76, 133 38; emperors, 43-44, io8, 135, 148; 107, 131
Physis, I5, i6, 3I, 32, 38-40, 42, 97, empire, 38 Tanais, 53, 1II
99, I09, I2-II3, ii8, II9, 129, 134, Romilly, J. de, 91, II8, 136, 139, I48 Taran, L., 97
I39, I48, I49 Roos, A. G., I4I Tarn, W. W., II3
Picard, Ch., I03 Roscher, W. H., 95 Taubenschlag, R., I44
Piety, 20,26, 65, 69,84-85, 87, I23,143, Rostovtzeff, M., IIo Tenement house, 49, 101
147 Roussel, Pierre, 23 Teucer, 79, 136
Piganiol, A., 96 Rudd, W. J. N., 142 Thalassocracy, 78, IIo, III, 136
Pirates, Io8 Ruschenbusch, E., 22, I38 Thasos, Thasians, 53, 71, 79, 107, 13I
Pisistratids, 14, 127 Russu, I. I., 33 Theatre of Dionysus, 22
VOL. 58, PT. i, I968] GENERAL INDEX 223
Thebans, Thebes, 31, 43, 52, 75, 77, Triple vote, I25 Welfare payments, 87, IO2, 146
79-80, 82, 84, 86, io8, 112, i21, 126, Triptolemus, 70, 102-103, 129, I44 Wellesz, Egon, 42
I35, 136, 137, I39, I40, I43, I45 Troezen, 65, 73, 132 Wendland, Paul, 12
Seven against Thebes, 36, 39, 55, Tromp de Ruiter, S., I05 XVersd6rfer,Hans, 30
107. See Adrastus. Truth, I , I3, i6, 17, I9, 25, 26, 27, WVickert, U., 95, 109
Theiler, Willy, 118 28-29, 29-30, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 126- Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, U. v., 94,
Themistocles, 10, 20, 23, 26, 123, I24, I27, I40, I49 I04, 107
I26, 128, 136, 140, 145 Turlington, Bayley, 3 Wilcken, U., o06
Thermopylae, 6I, 65, 66, 119, 120 Twelve Gods, 103, 105, 115 Wilhelm, A., 18, 9, I15, iI6, 124, 125
Theseus, 22, 24, 44, 50, 86, 102, 104, Tyranny, i6, 21, 82, 103, Ii2, I35, I39 WVillms, Hans, 36, 149
io6-107, 138 Winden, J. C. M. van, I50
Thespiaeans, 53, I07 Uerschels,W., I II Wings, 129-130
Thessalians, 52 Ullman, B. L., 29 \Vitt, R. E., 35
Thraceward regions, 52, 73, 79, I07, Underwood, Paul A., 3, 42 Wolff, H. J., IOO, I44
II14, 132, 36 Wolfson, H. A., 35, Ioi, I02, 129
Thracians, 56, 114, 137 Vallet, G., I20 Woodward, A. M., I09
Thrasybulus, 133, I37 Verdenius, W. J., 27 Wormell, D. E. W., I45, I46
Thucydides, 28-29,32, 74, I44. See also Veyne, P., I38, I40
List of Passages Cited. Virtues, cardinal, 308 Xerxes, 15, 34, 38, 60-68, 75, io6, 115,
Till, W. C., 32 116-I117, I8-I20, 124, 125, I30,
Vondeling, J., 12I
Tod, M. N., 141 I3I
Toynbee, J. M. C., 101, I03 Walbank, F. W., 122, 136
Yalouris, N., 105
Tragedy, 19, 28, 29, 30, 142 Walz, J., 9, 92
Training: see Education War, 129: causes of 115; kinds of 69- Zacynthus, 108
Trajan, I4I 70, 77, 82, 85, 128-129, I35 Zeus, 23, 41, 43, 44, 48, 59, 60, 69, 82,
Travelers, 47, 94, 95 Waszink, J. H., 122 96, 97, II5, II8, I27, 139, 140, I46
Travlos, J., 128, 145 Wealth, 10, 55, 67, 89, I17, I25, 128, Ziegler, K. H., 33
Trendall, A. D., IO6 I30, 138, I48 Zoster, 95
Trials, I6, 50-51, 55, 57, 8I, 84, I03, Wehrli, Fritz, 96 Zucker, F., 12, 28, I37-I38
105, I44 rWeinreich, O., 105, I44 Zwikker, W., 33