Math 210B Homework 1

Edward Burkard

Problem 1. Prove Goursat’s Theorem using rectangles instead of triangles.

Proof. 

Problem 2. Each of the following functions f has an isolated singularity at z = 0. Determine its nature; if it is
a removable singularity define f (0) so that f is analytic at z = 0; if it is a pole, find the singular part; if it is an
essential singularity, determine f ({z | 0 < |z| < δ} for arbitrarily small values of δ.
sin z
(a) f (z) =
z
cos z
(b) f (z) =
z
cos z − 1
(c) f (z) =
z
1
(d) f (z) = e z
log (z + 1)
(e) f (z) =
z2
cos z1
(f) f (z) = 1
z

z2 + 1
(g) f (z) =
z(z − 1)
1
(h) f (z) =
1 − ez
1
(i) f (z) = z sin
z
1
(j) f (z) = z n sin
z
Solution.

1
Problem 3. Let f (z) = . Find the Laurent series of f (z) in
z(z − 1)(z − 2)
(a) ann0 (0, 1);
(b) ann0 (1, 2);
(c) ann0 (2, ∞).
Solution.

Problem 4. Prove that if f : G → C, G a region, is analytic except for poles, then the set of poles of f cannot have
a limit point in G.
Proof. Let P be the set of poles of f and suppose that P has a limit point in G. If the limit point is a pole, then there
is no punctured disk around the limit point on which f is analytic since each punctured disk will contain infinitely
many poles, contradicting the fact that the limit point is an isolated singularity. If the limit point is not a pole, then
f should be analytic at that point, but it cannot be since any neighborhood of that point contains infinitely many
poles, contradicting the fact that f is analytic. Therefore P cannot have any limit points in G. 

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2

Problem 5.
1
(a) Find all possible Laurent series of f (z) = about the origin.
(z − 1)(3 − z)
1
(b) Find all possible Laurent series of f (z) = about z = i.
1+z
1
(c) Find all possible Laurent series of f (z) = about
z(1 − 2z)
(i) the origin,
1
(ii) z = .
2
Solution.
 
z−1
Problem 6. Find the Laurent series of the function f (z) = log around the origin of the disk.
z+1
Solution.

Problem 7.
(a) Prove that an entire function has a removable singularity at infinity iff it is a constant.
(b) Prove that an entire function has a pole of order m at infinity iff it is a polynomial of degree m.
Proof.
(a)
X∞
(=⇒) Let f : C → C be entire. Then f has a power series expansion f (z) = an z n . Since f has a removable
  n=0
1
singularity at infinity, we have that f has a removable singularity at z = 0. Thus by Corollary 1.18
z  
1
of Chapter 5, the coefficients in the Laurent series of f are zero for all negative powers of z. The
z
    X ∞ 0
1 1 X
Laurent series of f is f = an z −n = a−m z m . Hence a−m = an = 0 for all m < 0
z z n=0 m=−∞
(or n > 0). Therefore f must be a constant function, namely f (z) = a0 .
(⇐=) Let f (z) = c be a constant function. Then  itis entire and is its own power series expansion. f has a
1
removable singularity at infinity if lim zf = 0. Observe:
z→0 z
 
1
lim zf = lim zc = 0,
z→0 z z→0

hence f (z) has a removable singularity at infinity.

(b)
X∞
(=⇒) Let f : C → C be an entire function. Then f has a power series expansion f (z) = an z n . If f has
  n=0
1
a pole of order m at infintity, then f has a pole of order m at z = 0. Since the Laurent series
z
    0
1 1 X
of f is f = a−k z k , by Corollary 1.18 of Chapter 5, it must be that a−k = 0 for all
z z
k=−∞
−k < −m or k > m. Hence f (z) = a0 + a1 z + · · · + am z m .
(⇐=) Let f (z) = a0 + a1 z + · · · + am z m be a polynomial
  of degree m. Then it is entire and is its own power
1
is f z1 = am z −m +am−1 z −(m−1) +· · ·+a1 z −1 +a0 ,


series expansion. Since the Laurent series of f
  z
1
by Corollary 1.18 of Chapter 5, f has a pole of order m at z = 0, hence f (z) has a pole of order
z
m at infinity.