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PG Botany Syllabus
PG Botany Syllabus
PG Botany Syllabus
Unit-I (Microbiology ) – Classification of Microbes. Structure, Nutrition, Reproduction and Economic Importance
of Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria.
Virus: Characteristics and Ultra structures of Virus, Isolation, Purification, Replication and Transmission.
Unit-II (Mycology) - General characters of Fungi ,Classification, Fungal Cell wall Composition, Ultrastructure of
Cell, General characters, Structure and Reproduction of: Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and
Deuteromycetes. Reproduction in fungi (Vegetative, Asexual, and Sexual), Heterothallism, Degeneration of Sex
and Economic Importance of Fungi.
Unit-III (Phycology) – General Characters of Algae, Classification, Thallus Organization, Cell Ultra-structure,
Reproduction and Economic importance of Algae.
General characters, Structure, pigmentation and Reproduction of: Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and
Rhodophyta.
Unit-IV (Bryophytes) – General Characters of Bryophytes, Origin and Classification. General account of:
Marchantiales, Anthocerotales and Funariales. Evolution of Sporophytes and Progressive sterilization of
Sporogenous tissue. Economic Importance of Bryophyta.
Unit-V (Pteridophyta) – General Characters, Origin and Classification of Pteridophytes, Evolution of stele.
Structure, Reproduction and Phylogeny of the following orders: Psilophytales, Isoetales, Calamitales, and
Polypodiales. Heterospory and Seed habit and its significance.
Unit I (Cytology) – Protein sorting, Targeting of proteins to organelles. Chromosomes Structure, Euchromatin and
Heterochromatin, Karyotype evaluation, Types of Chromosomes (Polytene and Lampbrush Chromosome).
Unit II (Gene structure and Genetic recombination) – DNA Structure, A, D & Z form, DNA Damage and
Repair, RNA Splicing, Molecular Mechanism of Genetic Recombination. Transposable Elements.
Unit III (Mutation) – Molecular basis of Gene Mutation, Application of Mutation for Crop Improvement,
Chromosomal aberration, Meiotic behaviors of Deletion, Duplication, Inversion and Translocation, Aneuploids and
Euploids, Role of Polyploidy in Evolution and its practical significance in Crop improvement.
Unit IV (Molecular Cytogenetics and Plant breeding) – Nuclear DNA content ( C-value paradox), Cot curve and
its significance. Hybridization concept and techniques. Role of hybridization in Crop improvement. Genetic basis
of inbreeding and heterosis and hybrid vigor.
Unit V (Biometry) – Measurement of Central tendency – Mean, Median and Mode, Measurement of Dispersion
(Mean and Absolute deviation, Range of Variance, Standard Deviation, Standard Error of Mean, Co-efficient of
Variation). Hypothesis testing, Significance of means of large and small samples, t – Test, F – Test, Chi-square test,
Simple Linear co-relation, Simple linear regression.
DETAILED SYLLABUS
M.Sc. BOTANY – 2010-11
SEMESTER-II
PAPER-III (Theory) FM-75(60+15)
(GYMNOSPERMS AND TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS)
Unit-II (Fossil and Fossilization)- Geological Time Scale, Process of fossilization. Structure and Phylogeny of
Pteridospermales (Lyginopteridaceae, Medullosaceae), Cycadeoidales and Cordaitales.
Unit-IV (System of Classification) – Merits and demerits of major systems of classification. Bentham and
Hooker’s system, Hutchinson and Takhatjan system. Phytography and phyllogeny of Ranales, Malvales,
Umbellales, Rubiales, Tubiflorae, Campanulales, Liliflorae, Scitamineae, Glumiflorae and Microspermae.
Unit-V (Taxonomic Evidence) – Taxonomy as a synthetic discipline: Embryology in relation to plant taxonomy,
Anatomy in relation to taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Numerical taxonomy, Phytochemical analysis in relation to
taxonomy.
SUGGESTED READING (PAPER-IV)
1) Cote, A.J. 1669 Numerical Taxonomy Academic Press London.
2) Davis P.H. and Hey Wood, V.H. 1973 Principles of Angiosperms Taxonomy Robert E Kreiger Pub. Co.
New York.
3) Grant V 1971 Plant Speciation Columbia Univ. Press New York
4) Harrison HJ 1971 New Concepts in flowering plant taxonomy Hieman Educational Books Ltd. London.
5) Heslop – Harrison J. 1967 Plant Taxonomy English language Book Soc. And Edward Arnould Pub. Ltd.
U.K.
6) Heywood V.H. and Moore DM 1984 Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy, Academic Press London.
7) Jones A.D. and Wilbins AD 1971 Variations and Adaptations in plant species Hieman & Co, Educational
Books, London.
8) Jones SB Jr, and Luchsier A.E. 1986 Plant Systematics (2nd Edition) Mc Graw Hill Book Co. New York
9) Norden Stam,B. El Gazaly G., and Kassan M. 2000 Plant Systematics for first 21 st Century, Portlan Press
Ltd, London
10) Radfird AE 1986 Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper and Row Pub. USA.
11) Bhatnagar S.P. and Moitra A. 1996, Gymnosperms, New Age International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
12) Chamberlain C.J. Gymnosperms.
13) Coultar and Chamberlain, Morphology of Gymnosperms, Central Book Depot.
14) Gymnosperm by P.C. Vasistha.
DETAILED SYLLABUS
M.Sc. BOTANY – 2010-11
SEMESTER-II
PAPER-IV FM-75(60+15)
Unit-I (Plant Cell and Tissue Culture) – Basic concepts, Principles and Scopes of Biotechnology, Concepts of
Cellular differentiation, Totipotency, Aspects of Morphogenesis, Somatic embryogenesis and androgenesis,
Mechanisms, Techniques and Utility.
Unit-II (Somatic Hybridization) – Protoplast Isolation, Fusion and Culture, Hybrid selection, regeneration,
possibilities and achievements in Protoplast research.
Unit-III (Recombinant DNA technology) – Gene cloning, Restriction Endonuclease, Construction of genomic
and cDNA libraries. Choice of vectors (Plasmid, Bacteriophage and Cosmid), DNA synthesis (Phosphite triester
approach/ Phosphoramidite method), DNA sequencing (Maxam & Gilbert’s chemical method and Sanger’s
enzymatic method), Bacterial transformation, Selection of Recombinants. PCR technology.
Unit-IV (Genetic Engineering of Plants and Genomics) – Transgenic Plant, application of Transgenic Plants,
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer, Ti- plasmid, T-DNA transfer, Ti- plasmid derived vectors, direct method of
Gene transfer (Particle gun method, Microinjection). Chloroplast transformation and its application. Southern,
Northern and Western blotting technique. DNA Finger printing.
1. Collection, Description, Identification and mounting of locally available wild angiospermic taxa.
2. Description of a specimen from representative locally available families.
3. Description of various species of a genus – location of key characters and preparation of key at generic level.
4. Description of a species based on various specimens to study intraspecific variation. A collective exercise.
5. Field trips within and around the campus. Compilation of field notes and preparation of herbaria and such
plants, wild or cultivated, as are abundant.
6. Study of anatomical features of Living and Fossil Gymnosperms.
7. Demonstration of Tissue Culture technique.
8. Experiment on pollen germination of different pollen grains.
9. Isolation of DNA from Bacterial culture.
10. Other practicals related to the theory paper.
11. Viva- Voice.
12. Practical record duly certified by the concerned teacher.
DETAILED SYLLABUS
M.Sc. BOTANY – 2010-11
SEMESTER-III
Unit-I (Seed Germination) – Early events during seed germination, Morphological and biochemical changes,
Inhibition of germination.
Unit-II (Shoot, leaf and root development) – Organization of Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM) and Root Apical
Meristem (RAM),Tissue differentiation like xylem and phloem, Secretory duct and laticifers, Formation of lateral
roots, shoot and leaf.
Unit-IV (Seed development and Fruit growth) – Endosperm development, types of endosperm, cellularization of
endosperm, Ultra structure and nuclear cytology, Storage proteins of endosperm, development of embryo in
monocots and dicots, Polyembryony, apomixis.
Unit-V (Dormancy, Senescence and Programmed cell death) – Types of dormancy, Seed dormancy, Bud
dormancy, over coming seed dormancy. Senescence- basic concept, PCD in life cycles of plant, Metabolic changes,
Influence of hormones on senescence and genetic control of senescence.
DETAILED SYLLABUS
M.Sc. BOTANY – 2010-11
SEMESTER-III
PAPER-VI (Theory) FM-75(60+15)
Unit-II (Structure and Function of Ecosystem) – Structure and function of ecosystem, food chain, food web,
ecological pyramids, energy flow concept, Thermodynamics Laws, Trophic organisation, Lindeman’s energy flow
model and Y-shaped energy flow model, ecological efficiencies. Biogeochemical cycle like Carbon, Nitrogen,
Phosphorous and Sulphur.
Unit-III (Climate change and Pollution) – Acid rain, Photochemical smog, Greenhouse gases (CO 2, CH4, N2O,
CFCs) and its effect. Ozone hole, consequences of climate change, global warming, U.V. radiation, Sea level rise.
Unit-IV(Phytogeography & Plant resource conservation) – Major vegetation. Biological diversity, IUCN
categories of threat. Hot spots inventory. In-situ conservation. Protected areas in India(sanctuaries, national parks).
Ex-situ conservation. (botanical gardens, cryobanks). Gene banks & seed banks for conservation.
Unit-V (Economic Botany) – Origin, evolution, Cultivation and uses of plants of utility of following:
Cereals – Oryza, Triticum,
Pulses – Vigna radiate,
Non Alcoholic Beverages – Camelia sinensis, Coffea Arabica,
Timber - Shorea, Tectona,
Medicinal – Rawvolfia, Vinca, Melia azadirachta,
Narcotics – Nicotiana, Cannabis.
SUGGESTED READING (PAPER-IV)
1. Ambasht, R. S. (1988) A Text Book of plant Ecology students friends Co. Varanasi
2. Botkin, D. B. & Keller, E.A. (2000) – Environmental Planet (2nd Edition) – John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New
York.
3. Chapman, J. L. & Reiss, M. J. (1995) – Ecology – Principles & Applications, Cambridge University Press.
4. Cunningham, W. P. & Saigo, S. W. (1997) – Environmental Science – A global Concern WCB Tata McGraw
Hill
5. Dash, M. C. (1993) – Fundamentals of Ecology Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
6. Daubenmire, R. F. (1974) Plants & Environment, A Text Book of Plant Ecology (3rd Edition) – John Wiley &
Sons, New York.
7. Kendeigh, S. C. (1980) Ecology with special reference to Animals & Man – Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd,
New Delhi.
8. Kumar, H. D. (1996) – Modern Concepts of Ecology (4th Edition) Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
9. Kumar, H. D. (1997) – General Ecology Vikash Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
10. Kormondy, E. J. (1996) Concepts of Ecology - Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
11. Miller, W.R. 7 Donahue, R.L. (1992) – Soils – An Introduction to Soil & Plant Growth (6th Edition) Prentice
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
12. Pickering, K. T. and Owan, L. A. (1997) – A Introduction to Global Environmental Issues ( Indedn ), Butter &
Tanner Ltd, U.K.
13. Smith, L. R. (1996)- Ecology and Field Biology (5th Edn) Harper Collins College Publisher, USA.
14. Odum, E. P. (1996)- Fundamentals of Ecology, Natraj Publishers, Dehradun.
15. Smith, L. R. & Smith, T. M. (1998)- Elements of Ecology ( 4th Edn ) An Imprint of Addison Wesley, Longman
Inc. California, USA.
16. Tyler, M. G. Jr. (1997)- Environmental Science Working with Earth ( 6th Edn ) Wadsworth Publishing Co.
17. Weaver, J. E. & Clements, S. E. (1966)- Plant Ecology, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd, Bombay.
18. Sharma, P. D. – Elementary Ecology, Rastogi Publishers, Meerut.
19. Kochar, P. L.- Plant Ecology- S. Nagin & Co.
20. Verma. V- A Text Book of Ecology, Emkay Publication, New Delhi.
21. Pandey B. P. –Economic Botany
22. Kochar – Economic Botany
23. Samba Murthy, A.V. S. S. & Subramanium, N. S. (1989) – A Text Book of Economic Botany, Wiley Eastern
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
24. Sharma, O. P. (1996) – Hill’s Economic Botany – Tata McGraw Hill Publ. Co. Ltd., New Delhi
25. Simpson, B. B. & Conner – Ogorzaly, M. (1986) – Economic Botany – Plants in our World, McGraw Hill,
New York
26. Tippo, O. & Stern, W.L. (1977) – Humanistic Botany, W.W. Norton, New York
27. Vishnu Swarup (1997) – Ornamental Horticulture, McMillan India Ltd., New Delhi.
DETAILED SYLLABUS
M.Sc. BOTANY – 2010-11
SEMESTER-IV
PAPER-VII (Theory) FM-75(60+15)
(PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, METABOLISM)
Unit-I (Enzymes) – Nomenclature and classification of enzymes, regulatory sites and active sites, mechanism of
enzyme action, Kinetics of enzymatic catalysis, Michaelis-Menton equation and its significance, Line Wever-Burke
and Eddy-Hoftsee plots. Enzyme inhibition, regulation of enzymatic activity, factors affecting enzyme catalysis.
Unit-II (Transport and Translocation of water & solutes) - Mechanism of water transport through xylem,
Phloem loading and unloading, Active and Passive transport of solutes.
Unit-IV (Respiration, Lipid Metabolism, Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrogen and Sulphur metabolism) –
Respiration: Glycolysis, TCA Cycle, Electron Transport and ATP synthesis, Pentose phosphate pathway, Alternate
oxydase system.
Lipid Metabolism: Structure and function of Lipid, Synthesis of membrane lipid (Structural lipids) and storage
lipids and their catabolism, Glyoxalate cycle.
Nitrogen and Sulphur metabolism: Biological N2 Fixation, Nodule formation and nod factors, Mechanism of
nitrate uptake and reduction ammonium assimilation, Sulfate assimilation.
Unit-V (Plant growth regulators and Stress physiology) – Physiological effects and mechanism of action of
Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, Abscisic acid, Photoperiod and its significance, Endogenous clock and
its regulation. Role of vernalization.
Stress Physiology : General idea about stress and strain. Temperature stress – response of plant to chilling, freezing
and high temperature, mechanism of cold resistance and acclimation, adaptation to high temperature stress, Heat
Shock Protein (HSP). Water Stress – Drought stress, nature of stress injury and resistance expression of stress
resistant genes.
SUGGESTED READING:
DETAILED SYLLABUS
M.Sc. BOTANY – 2010-11
SEMESTER-IV
UNIT I
Scope and History- Microbial world and its importance History of development of pathology and microbiology.
Development of the science in Indian context. Koch’s postulates and germ theory of disease. Plant disease
symptoms.
Microbes- an account of different groups of microbes. Viruses, mycoplasma, bacteria, plasmids, fungi &
nematodes. Factors affecting their transmission, dermatophytes their importance, transmission and control, ultra
structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, specialized movement of micro-organism and the organells of
movement.
UNIT-II
Physiology of host parasite relationship. Effect of host metabolism, water relation, respiration, photosynthesis,
carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid metabolism. Physiological action of toxins on microbes, phytotoxin and
their formation.
UNIT-III
Studies on symptoms, biology, disease cycle and control of following plant diseases.
a. Disease of Rice-Tungro disease-Bacterial blight, Blast, Brown spot.
b. Disease of Wheat-Smut and Bunt.
c. Disease of sugarcane- Red rot and Bunt.
UNIT-IV
Disease of vegetables and other crops. Tobacco mosaic virus, little leaf of Brinjal and Tobacco.
Late and early blight of potato, ring rot of potatoes, Downy and powdery Mildew. White rust, wilt of pigeon pea,
anthracnose of chilli-tikka disease of ground nut.
UNIT-V
Control of plant disease.
Quanantine and cultural practices, eradication chemotherapy. Fungicides, bactericides, pesticides etc.their nature,
mode of action. Preliminary idea about resistance of microbes to pesticides application prophylaxin. Biotechnology
involved in it. Biological control of plant diseases. Genetic of pathogenecity and disease resistance.
SUGGESTED READING
SUGGESTED READING
1) Fundamentals of Ecology, Odum , E. P. 1983.Basic ecology, Sauuders, Philadelphia.
2) Modan , B. and Billharz, S. 1997 Sustainbility indicaters John Wiley and sons, New York.
3) Heywood, V. H. and Watson , R.T. 1995. Global biodiversity assessment . Cambrige University press.
4) Natural resources and environmental management systems, Siddique and Ziauddin, Khanna Publication.
5) Environmental Science and Ecological Studies, Garg, Garg & Garg, Khanna Publication.
6) Environment: problems and solution by Asthana and Asthana, S.Chand & Co. Ltd.
7) Environmental Chemistry, B.K.Sharma, Goel Publishing House.
8) Man and Environment by M.C. Dash and P.C. Mishra.
9) Fundamentals of Ecology by M.C. Dash.
10) Dynamics of vegetation by F.E. Clemant.
11) Fundamentals of Ecology by Weaver and Clemant.
12) Ecology and Environment by P.D. Sharma.
1. Dissertation = 35 MARKS.
2. Seminar Presentation = 20 MARKS.
3. Viva-Voice = 20 MARKS.
PAPER – IV (PRACTICAL)
1. Determination of isotonic coefficient of Potassium nitrate by plasmolytic method with respect to Sucrose
and calculate the osmotic potential of both the solutions.
2. Comparison of the effect of various concentration of solutes on the rate of imbibition of Preoteinceous /
Starchy / Oily seeds.
3. Determination of cuticular transpiration.
4. Estimation of chlorophyll a & b in leaves of different ages.
5. Study of the effect of different parameters on diastase activity.
6. Comparison of the effect of various wavelength of light on the rate of photosynthesis.
7. Determination of suction pressure of tubers in different solutions.
8. Study of principles of spectrophotometry and verification of Beer’s Lambert’s law.
9. Study of principles of paper chromatography: pigment separation and collection of Rf value.
10. Determination of Chl a, Chl b ratio in C3 and C4 plants.
11. Extraction of seed proteins depending upon solubility.
12. Estimation of protein content in plant extracts by Lowry method.
13. Other practicals related to the theory paper.
14. Viva- Voice.
15. Practical record duly signed by the concerned teacher.
PRACTICAL RELATED TO APPLIED MYCOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY
1. Culture of Bacteria of air, water, milk and soil and preparation of pure culture of Bacteria.
2. Culture of Fungi of air, water and soil.
3. Staining and identification of bacteria from Pure Culture (gram positive and Gram negative) using Gram
staining method.
4. Staining of fungi from pure culture and identification.
5. Collection of Plant infected with Bacteria, Fungi and Virus with description and identification (5 from
each).
6. Measurement of size of Bacterial/ Fungal spore using Ocular and Stage micrometer.
7. Measurement of Total sugar, starch, protein and chlorophyll content of healthy and diseased leaves.
8. Basic Microbiology
a) Preparation of temporary and permanent Cotton plugs.
b) Preparation of Culture media.
c) Sterilization Process (autoclave, laminar airflow technique).
d) Isolation of microflora.
9. Other practicals related to the theory paper.
The course for M.Sc. Examinations in Botany consists of 4 semesters. Each semester consists of 2 theory
papers carrying 75 marks each and 1 practical paper carrying 100 marks. The duration of examination for each
theory paper is four hours and that of practical paper is six hours.
Duration of
Year Paper Title of Paper Full Marks Examination
I (Theory) Biology and Diversity of Lower plants. 75 4
II (Theory) Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, 75 4
Cytology, Genetics and Biometry.
Semester-I Practical Paper-I Practical work on Biology of Lower 100 6
Plants, Cytology and Biometry.
III (Theory) Gymnosperms &Taxonomy of 75 4
Angiosperms.
IV (Theory) Biotechnology & genetic engineering of 75 4
Semester-II plants and microbes.
Practical Paper-II Practical work on Angiosperm, 100 6
Gymnosperms & Biotechnology.
As per the minutes of the EC meeting dt. 16.01.07 vide Office Order No.981GACR/ dt.26.03.07-
1. Two numbers of Seminar talks to be introduced in place of internal examinations of PG students.
2. Project work will be one paper in Final Year PG.