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Television Journalism: Practical Approach
Television Journalism: Practical Approach
journalism
PRACTICAL APPROACH
Prof Ujjwal K Chowdhury,
DGMC
History of TV broadcast
Four decades old ..first 17 yrs were black and white
After independence TV viewing was considered a luxury
No foreign media allowed ..1955 cabinet decided ..
TV sets in India six lacs seventy five thousands only in 1977
Last 20 yrs … huge explosion of TV channels
With 1982 Asian games in Delhi … colour TV came in India
doordarshan having exclusive rights ..
Serials by doordarshan hum log 1984
Ramayana 1987-88 , Mahabharata 88-89
Then private channels …Zee news Star News Aajtak
NDTV…
Huge market with lot of potential.
Print v/s TV News v/s Internet News
O Visual Impact
O Presentation O Depth & Scope of
Techniques Coverage
O Documentation O Interactivity
O Personality O Technology
O Credibility O Legalities
O Analysis & O Research
Backgrounders O Forecast
3
ENG: Electronic News Gathering
O Crew
O Reporter
O Categories
O Specialization
O Hierarchy
O Sound-recordist
O Cameraman
O Driver
O Multi-skilled Professional
4
ENG: Electronic News Gathering
O Work:
O Audio
O Ambience, Interviews, PTCs
O Lapel, Boom mics, Camera
Mics, Cordless mics
O Video
O Stock, Filler, Cutaways, Action, Stills
O One-camera shoot v/s two-camera shoot
5
Audio
O Ambience Sound
O What
O Why
O When
O How
O Cases
6
ENP: Electronic News Production
O Crew
O News Editor
O Script-writer/ Script-editor
O VTR Editor
O Graphics Artist
O Voiceover Professional
O Multi-skilled Professional
7
Words to remember
O PCR - production control room from where the news
bulletin is controlled/given commands
O MCR – master control room from where video
stories/clips are played as per the command of PCR.
O Voice over – the audio given to a final script in a
special room with minimum disturbances.
PCR studio
Producer anchor/cameraman/floor MCR
Audio mixer/control may be guests
Video mixer/control
Switcher –cameras
News room
NEWS CHANNEL STRUCTURE 2
O news room
O Input output
Assignment desk
Chief reporter– national & bureaus producers
Reporters Desk
Stringers –all across the nation/districts Video editors
Agency feed – Graphics
Social media –fb, twitter,whatsapp, reconstruction
O Internet news sites
Other TV channels – regional/national/international
PTI – print news
21
Types of Stories
O Anchor-read/Dry O Interview
O VOSOT: Visuals on O Hard v/s Soft story
Sound Tape O News v/s Feature
O Package (vt ) O Key v/s Side Stories
O Byte only O Breaking News:
Flash
O Live: In-studio
O Breaking News:
O Live: On-the-field Developing
O Graphics only O Follow Ups
22
SCRIPT Writing
TV news
Script-writing – key points
O Attention O Voice-over
O Theme & Date O Bytes
O Type of Story O Repeats
O Visuals & Time O PTC
Codes O Sign-off
O Supers
O Anchor-intro
24
News-writing for the Television
25
News-writing for the Television
O Feature Openers
O Developing the Story: sequence of logic, time,
place, impact
O Signposting, Last Line, Last Words
O Accuracy
O Writing to Pictures
O Simple short sentences
O No adjectives
26
Script for TV news - 1
O Write your script before shoot (rough outline including
interviews/bytes as you should have an idea what they are
going to say..)
O Ask the simple questions before you write -
What is the story ? Keep it simple. Can you summarise it in
two or three sentences ?
Who is your target audience?
As this will dictate how you tell the story and
how much detail needs to be given.
Older viewers can be expected to have
prior knowledge of certain issues.
Writing script 2
vt (pkg)
Visuals – what you have
vo 1 visuals vo 1 ------
byte –who is the person byte 1
vo 2 visuals Vo 2
byte –who is the person byte – 2
Gfx - if any , where gfx-in- gfx out
vo 3 visuals vo-3
reporters ptc
ptc - back ground location /
Break the script - 1
Vt –pkg
O Vo -1 visuals :
vo1- this is tiffin time, most of
students come here for meal. The
O (Start with money shot ) a school attraction of having a plate full of rice
O bell close shot ,cereals and vegetables brings them
O with loud sound and students in to school. 50 kg rice 10 kg cereals
cooked daily under such unhygienic
O background, conditions. There is no proper
O then kids entering monitoring of quality of food cooked .
O the kitchen area with plates for mid
Byte – Sudarshan das- cook- hindi- oil
O day meal/ close shots of rice, dal is smellling bad..i asked for another
O Vegetable being given to them by bottle but they told me to finish it first.
O Staff. Visuals of kitchen. Rice or daal is also not gd in quality.
What to do, I am cooking with these
O Byte – sudarshan das – wearing materials since last two months.
O A red check shirt . Indoor byte.
Break the script - 2
Vo-2 visuals
Long shot of school, mid day O Vo-2 more than 2000 govt
meal schools in the state serve
Preparations with ambience, mid day meal to nearly
then students 20000 students daily.
Central govt spends more
in class, teacher is writing on than two lakh crores on
black board. this scheme every year..
Students writing, givng answers purpose is to bring poor
. kids to school and educate
Books, close shot of eyes of them..
one
student. Cutaways of writing
O
Break the script - 3
O Byte 2 ashok adhikari – Byte 2 – Ashok adhikari– principal –
blue plain shirt –grey hair- bengali - families are very poor and
cutaways is there … uneducated here, they are reluctant
to send their children. Mid day meal
O (10.22 to 10.40 sec)
works as attraction to bring them
here. But the quality of edible oil and
O rice is not good ,we have
complained several times but there
is no one to take care of that.
O > Scroll at the end – contains info in one lines, news from
states, districts, yesterdays imp news/ some upcoming events/
commercials etc.
Headlines – key points
Maximum of two sentences , or three
Clear, read it loudly, it should sound perfectly
Make it punchy if required
One sports headline
One entertainment headline
One international headline – if anything really is worth
Make it national in feelings i.e. headlines should not
be Delhi centric or Kolkata centric, geographical
representation is also important
Exclusive or special report should be mentioned
Ptc of a major story could be in the headline
Headline Ptc
O Ptc of the reporter showing an event/incident in the
background
O Ptc of the reporter from a specific location saying that
we will show you this report..
O In headline Ptc..anchor should tease a single line
while reporters two lines will be on air explaing the
real situation in short
O Such headline
may be used
for an upcoming event
Teasers
O Teasers are must before break
O Use best visuals (money shot) for teasers
O Make a punchy line for teaser, maximum 2
lines
Teasers keep audience hooked to your
bulletin
Byte can be a part of teaser or
Ptc can be shown
along with visuals
Break
O >Breaks are also very important
O > Relief to viewers
O >Commercials !!!
O Time to rearrange run order
O > Time for anchor to relax/update
O > Time for guest to update
O > Time for guest to enter or exit
O > Show your programme promo
Arrange live / phone-in / anchor-reporter
discussion
End the bulletin with a soft story
O Byte 1 – 15 Byte 1 15
O Vo-2 – 15 Byte 2 15
O Byte 2 10
Vo2 15
O Vo-3 – 10
O Ptc - 12-15 sec. Ptc 15 sec
Future Trends
O Integration/Convergence of Print, TV, Radio and Internet News
O Graphics and Visuals in Print
O Use of words, headlines and audio only in TV News
O Print, Radio and TV News over the Net
O Ownership and Management across News Vehicles in same hands
O Convergence in News Consumption
O Interactivity in Journalism
O Readers’/Viewers’ question
O Participative Pages and Programs
O Response, Feedback
O Action Mail
O Techno-legal changes
O Broadcast Bill: Uplinking Rights Expanded
O Convergence Act: Greater Role for Multi-media
O Broadband Revolution/ Higher Bandwidth and Easy Availability
O Convergence of Technologies 70
Skills of the Journalist: The Future Perspective
O Technologically sound
O Camera, editing, graphics, uplinking,
O telecommunication
O Better Personality
O good in onscreen presentation, delivery
O High Level of general knowledge
O More informed and better networked
O Abilities to switch from one medium to the other
O Niche specialization in one or two areas
O Command over treatments of stories and formats of
current affairs programming 71
Practical Exercise
72
News-selection
73
Sources of News
O Reporters
O Contacts
O Newsroom Diary, Files
O Check Calls, Emergency Services Radio
O Politicians and Pressure Groups
O Staged Events and News/Press Releases
(text, video), Syndicated Recordings
74
Sources of News
75
Getting the Story: Preparations
O Newsroom Conference
O Copy-testing
O Balance of News
O Visuals and the Actuality
O The Brief and the Angle
O Chasing the Contact, Venue/Location
O Staged News Conferences
O Beating the Clock/ Inter-bulletin Up gradation
O Work Sequentially
76
How viewers view the news-1
Study by Newslab Research, CNN
Graphics
Order, emotions
Stories told in chronological orders are remembered by people
at least 15 % better …than a inverted pyramid style story
Using words high in imagery improves both attention and
memory for stories with less pictures,