Soil

 Washing  
Teknik  Remediasi  
 
Sumber:  Jon  Hubler  and  Ken  Metz  
h<p://www.geoengineer.org/educaBon/web-­‐based-­‐class-­‐projects/
geoenvironmental-­‐remediaBon-­‐technologies/soil-­‐washing    
Surfactant Enhanced Soil Washing of Oil
and Gas Wastes Tank Bottom Sludge,
Drilling Cuttings, Oil Sands and Impacted
Soils With Associated Oil Recovery
Opportunity Wastes
North and South American Case Studies
Presenter
George (Bud) Ivey,
B.Sc., CES, CESA, P. Chem.
President and Senior Remediation Specialist
Ivey International Inc.
 Soil  Washing  Concept  
•  Soil  washing  is  an  ex-­‐situ  remediaBon  technique  that  removes  
hazardous  contaminants  from  soil  by  washing  the  soil  with  a  
liquid  (oLen  with  a  chemical  addiBve),  scrubbing  the  soil,  and  
then  separaBng  the  clean  soils  from  contaminated  soil  and  
washwater  (US  EPA  1993,  1996).    
•  Contaminants  are  prone  to  bind  to  fine  grained  soils  (silts  and  
clays)  
•  The  main  goal  of  soil  washing  is  to  separate  these  contaminated  
fines  and  washwater  from  the  cleaned  coarse  grained  soils  
(sands  and  gravels)  
•  The  contaminated  fines  and  washwater  can  then  be  treated  or  
disposed  of  as  necessary  
•  The  washed  soils  may  be  reused  as  backfill  at  the  site  if  all  
contaminants  are  removed  from  the  soil    
 Theory  of  Soil  Washing  
•  soil  washing  is  based  on  the  principle  that  contaminants  
are  likely  to  adhere  to  the  fine  grained  soils,  which,  in  turn,  
are  likely  to  adhere  to  the  coarse  grained  soils  (through  
adhesion  and  compacBon)    
•  Several  physiochemical  processes  are  involved  in  soil  
washing  (Sharma  and  Reddy  2004):  
–  DesorpBon  occurs  in  soil  washing  when  the  washwater  (and  
associated  addiBves)  is  mixed  with  the  soil.  
–  DissoluBon  or  solubilizaBon  of  the  contaminants  can  occur  due  
to  pH  changes  that  result  from  acid-­‐base  reacBons  of  the  
washwater.    
–  The  washwater  may  also  cause  the  formaBon  of  complexes  with  
the  contaminants  (which  may  be  soluble).    
–  OxidaBon-­‐reducBon  reacBons  may  also  be  iniBated  by  the  
washwater,  resulBng  in  desorpBon  or  solubilizaBon  of  the  
contaminants    
An  equaBon  that  relates  the  contaminant  concentraBon  in  soil  
washing  is:  
 
 
Where:  
•  Csi  is  the  iniBal  concentraBon  of  the  contaminant  in  the  soil  (mg/kg),    
•  Ms  is  the  total  dry  mass  of  the  soil  (kg),    
•  Csf  is  the  final  concentraBon  of  the  contaminant  in  the  soil  aLer  washing  
(mg/kg),    
•  Vl  is  the  total  volume  of  the  washing  soluBon  (L),  and    
•  Cl  is  the  concentraBon  of  the  contaminant  in  the  soluBon  (mg/L).    

Removal  Efficiency  equaBon:  

 
 
 
Where  Kd  =  Csf/Cl  
 Applicability  
Soil  washing  has  been  proven  to  effecBvely  remove  
the  following  contaminants  from  soil  (US  EPA  
1993):  
•  Petroleum  and  fuel  residues  
•  Radionuclides  
•  Heavy  metals  
•  Polychlorinated  biphenyls  (PCBs)  
•  Pentachlorophenol  (PCP)  
•  PesBcides  
•  Cyanides  
•  Creosote  
•  SemivolaBles  
•  VolaBles    
 Advantages  
•  Very  cost  effecBve  when  it  can  reduce  the  amount  of  soil  
that  needs  further  treatment  or  disposal  
•  lead  to  a  volume  reducBon  of  approximately  90%  of  the  
originally  contaminated  soil  (Sharma  and  Reddy  2004)    
•  Since  soil  washing  is  performed  on-­‐site,  the  large  volume  of  
soil  that  is  not  contaminated  aLer  washing  can  be  reused  
as  backfill  at  the  site          
•  A  closed  system  where  the  condiBons,  such  as  pH  level  and  
temperature,  of  the  soil  being  treated  can  be  controlled  
and  closely  monitored  (Sharma  and  Reddy  2004).      
•  The  process  can  be  run  at  a  very  high  rate  of  around  100  
cubic  yards  per  day  (US  EPA  1996).    
•  The  process  also  can  remove  a  range  of  contaminants,  both  
organic  and  inorganic,  from  the  soil  at  the  same  Bme.    
 Disadvantage  
•  Requires  a  large  area  in  order  to  set  up  the  system  
•  Predominantly  effecBve  with  soils  that  are  very  coarse.      
•  IneffecBve  for  soils  containing  more  than  30  to  50%  silt,  
clay  or  organic  ma<er  (Sharma  and  Reddy  2004,  US  EPA  
1993).  
•  The  used  wastewater  need  specialized  treatment  which  is  
generally  difficult  to  do  and  expensive.    
•  The  process  there  may  also  remain  small  volumes  of  
contaminated  sludge  that  require  further  treatment  or  
disposal  off  site.      
•  Air  emissions  from  cleaning  equipment  are  another  factor  
that  can  also  increase  the  cost  of  the  operaBon  while  
reducing  its  appeal.    
•  Exposure  of  the  public  to  contaminants  is  also  a  concern  as  
all  the  contaminated  soil  is  being  excavated  and  handled  ex  
situ  (Sharma  and  Reddy  2004).    
 6  different  steps  of  soil  washing    
(US  EPA  1993)    
•  Pretreatment  
•  SeparaBon  
•  Coarse-­‐grained  treatment  
•  Fine-­‐grained  treatment  
•  Process  water  treatment  
•  Residuals  management  
Schema'c  of  Soil  Washing  Process  (from  US  EPA  1996)    
Surfactant Enhanced Soil Washing of Oil
and Gas Wastes Tank Bottom Sludge,
Drilling Cuttings, Oil Sands and Impacted
Soils With Associated Oil Recovery
Opportunity Wastes
North and South American Case Studies
Presenter
George (Bud) Ivey,
B.Sc., CES, CESA, P. Chem.
President and Senior Remediation Specialist
Ivey International Inc.
 Pretreatment  
•  large  objects  are  removed  from  the  soil  so  that  a  
homogenous  (diameters  less  than  2  inches)  soil  is  
prepared  for  the  washing  step.    
•  Removal  is  done  through  scalping,  mechanical  
screening,  and  jigging  and  tabling.  
•  These  materials  are  usually  not  contaminated;  
however,  if  treatment  is  necessary  crushing  and  
grinding  may  be  needed  to  reduce  the  size  of  the  
materials  (US  EPA  1993,  Griffiths  1995).    
 SeparaBon  
•  SeparaBon  of  the  coarse  and  fine  grained  materials  occurs  
in  the  soil  scrubbing  unit  
•  Since  the  coarse  grained  soils  are  likely  not  contaminated,  
they  are  removed  from  the  washing  unit.    
•  The  parBcle  size  cut  point  is  usually  between  63  (#230  
sieve)  and  74  microns  (#200  sieve).  SeparaBon  is  done  
since  the  coarse  and  fine  grained  soils  will  require  different  
final  cleaning  procedures.    
•  SeparaBon  of  the  coarse  grained  soils  is  commonly  done  by  
using  mechanical  screening  such  as  trommels,  while  the  
fine  grained  soils  are  sorted  out  by  hydrocyclones  or  other  
methods  (US  EPA  1993,  Griffiths  1995).    
 Coarse-­‐Grained  Treatment  
•  Surface  a<riBon  
•  Acid  or  base  treatment  for  solubilizaBon  
•  Specific  solvents  for  dissolving  parBcular  
contaminants  
•  The  water  (and  any  fine  materials  that  were  
found  in  the  coarse  fracBon)  that  is  sBll  in  the  
coarse  grained  soils  is  removed  and  then  added  
back  into  the  system  so  that  it  can  be  treated  
along  with  the  fine  grained  soils  (US  EPA  1993).  
 Fine-­‐Grained  Treatment  
•  Contaminants  are  predominantly  found  in  the  
fine  grained  soils.    
•  Chemical  addiBves  are  oLen  added  to  soluBon  
during  the  scrubbing  process  (US  EPA  1993).  
Such  as:  Surfactant  
•  Contaminant  availability:  AdsorpBon  
–  Gravel  (1  cubic  inch)  =  30  –  40  cm2  
–  Sand  (1  cubic  inch)  =  300  –  950  cm2  
–  Fine  Clay  (1  cubic  inch)  =  Football  field  area  
Fine Gran Soils Red Deer Alberta

Surfactant Enhanced Soil Washing of Oil

and Gas Wastes Tank Bottom Sludge,
Drilling Cuttings, Oil Sands and Impacted
Soils With Associated Oil Recovery
Opportunity Wastes
North and South American Case Studies
Presenter
George (Bud) Ivey,
B.Sc., CES, CESA, P. Chem.
President and Senior Remediation Specialist
Ivey International Inc.
 MECHANISM

Surfactant Enhanced Soil Washing of Oil

and Gas Wastes Tank Bottom Sludge,
Drilling Cuttings, Oil Sands and Impacted
Soils With Associated Oil Recovery
Opportunity Wastes
North and South American Case Studies
Ivey-sol Interaction With Oil On A Surface
Presenter
George (Bud) Ivey,
With Partial Micelle Encapsulated of Oil Droplet
B.Sc., CES, CESA, P. Chem.
President and Senior Remediation Specialist
Ivey International Inc.
(Ivey-sol is Effective Below The CMC)
17th International Petroleum & BioFuels Environmental Conference
 Some  Chemicals  AddiBve  
****Chemical*Wash*Additives:**
***

• Acids:'removes'metals,'
molecular'or'ionic'species'
• Caustics:'improve'organic'acid'
extraction'
• Surfactants:'useful'for'
organics,'particularly'with'low'
solubility'or'high'viscosity'
• Chelating)Agents:'targets'
ls' metals'via'complexation'
d' '
 Washwater  Treatment  
What  could  be  present  in  this  washwater  include  (US  EPA  1993):  
Some  coarse  and  fine  grained  soil;  Dissolved  salts;  Leaves,  twigs,  
and  roots;  Dissolved  or  solubilized  heavy  metals;  Hydrocarbons  
or  other  contaminants  on  site.  Treatment  required:  
 
•  NeutralizaBon  
•  Carbon  treatment  
•  Ion  exchange  
•  FlocculaBon  
•  SedimentaBon  and  thickening  
•  Dewatering  
•  VolaBle  organics  stripping  
•  Biological  Treatment  
 Residual  Treatment  
Contaminated  fine  grained  soils  and  sludges  may  be  
disposed  of  in  a  landfill  or,  if  they  are  sBll  
considered  contaminated  by  regulaBons,  may  
require  further  treatment  before  disposal:    
•  IncineraBon  
•  Low  temperature  thermal  desorpBon  
•  Chemical  extracBon/dechlorinaBon  
•  BioremediaBon  
•  SolidificaBon/stabilizaBon  
•  VitrificaBon  
Cost  EsBmate  
(FDTR,  2006)