Drilling Bits

Drill Bits
Sabri Mohamed
Regional Technical Advisor

HDBS Asia Pacific
2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

Agenda
 What is a drill bit  Bit Selections

 Types of Drill Bits  Offset Bit Records
 PDC  Mud Logs
» Terminology  Sparta™
» PDC cutters  Dull Bit Photos
» Designs Criteria
 Back Rake
 Bit Profile
 Blade Count
» Hydraulics
 Roller Cone
» Terminology
» IADC
» Krevs
2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 2
What is a drill bit?

What is a drill bit?

Types of Drill Bits
Roller Cone PDC

(a.k.a. Rock Bit / three cones / Tricone™) (a.k.a. Fixed Cutter)
Mill Tooth TCI Matrix Steel

TCI = Tungsten Carbide Insert PDC = Polycrystalline Diamond Compact
Types of Drill Bits
Roller Cone PDC


Types of Drill Bits
Roller Cone PDC

415
2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-####
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| © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 9 515 625
Types of Drill Bits
Roller Cone PDC


PDC = Polycrystalline Diamond Compact
Types of Drill Bits
PDC
(a.k.a. Fixed Cutter)

Types of Drill Bits
PDC

Types of Drill Bits
Major PDC cutter
sizes in the industry
19mm
PDC
Mill Tooth TCI 16mm

Matrix Steel
13mm

Types of Drill Bits
What type of drill bit is this?

Types of Drill Bits
Roller Cone PDC


PDC

Fixed Cutter Bit Types
Matrix Body Steel Body
More Better
Erosion Cleaning
Resistance

 Matrix Body Advantages
 Improved resistance to bit body wear and
erosion
 More applicable to long hours or multiple
runs
 More Design flexibility
 Steel Body Advantages

 Increase cutting volume capacity for
higher ROP applications
 Can be designed with much higher blade
stand off
 Treatment applications to improve bit
cleaning and reduce bit balling
 Cheaper than matrix
PDC
Terminology Aggressiveness vs. Durability

PDC
Cutters
Profile
Gauge Pad
Junk Slot
Bit Breaker
Slot
API Threaded
Pin

PDC
PDC Cutters
Carbide
Substrate
Diamond
table

PDC Cutters
Polycrystalline Diamond
 Synthetic diamond grit
 Hardest material known
 High wear resistance
 High thermal conductivity
 Polycrystalline diamond is formed by

bonding a mass of small diamond particles
into a larger, coherent structure (sintering)
 Greater toughness than a single crystal – the
easy cleavage planes of the individual crystals
are randomly oriented
 More uniform wear than a single crystal
 Thermal conductivity and hardness approach
single crystal values

PDC Cutters
Diamond powder held in place next to Tungsten Carbide (WC)
substrate by a refractory metal container.
Diamond Powder
Cobalt-Cemented
Tungsten Carbide

© 2012 US Synthetic
PDC Cutters
Cobalt in substrate melts and infiltrates the diamond powder upon
application of heat and pressure. Heat is supplied by a graphite
resistance heater, and pressure is applied by a cubic-type HTHP
press.
Heat & Heat &

Pressure Pressure

PDC Cutters
High pressure high temperature form a network of bonded diamond.
Continuous cobalt phase bonds diamond to substrate.

PDC Cutters
High pressure high temperature form a network of bonded diamond.
Continuous cobalt phase bonds diamond to substrate.

PDC Cutters
Thermal Mechanical Integrity: Two different material expand
differently during heat cycle – produce cracks
Small Micro Cracks

from Heavy Wear Test
Cutter Breakage historically

thought to be Impact Damage

PDC Cutters
Leached cutters : Latest Technology

PDC Cutters
Many types of cutters
Abrasion Impact Thermal Leach Depth

resistance resistance Intergrity

PDC
Bit Design (PDC)
• Cutter Size
• Back Rake
• Blade Count
• Bit Proflie
Aggressiveness
Stability
Durability

PDC
Cutter Size
 Aggressive Major PDC cutter

sizes in the industry
 Increasing with Increasing Cutter Size
 Decreased Durability
19mm
 Generally higher ROP

 Lower Cutter Counts
16mm
 Non-Aggressive
 Decreasing with Decreasing Cutter Size
13mm
 Increased Durability
 Generally lower ROP
 Higher Cutter Counts

PDC
Cutter Size
13mm 16mm 19mm

41 cutters 36 cutters 30 cutters
More Durable
More Aggressive
PDC
Back rake
- the angle where PDC cutters attack the formation
20° 30°
- Lower back rake, - Higher back rake,

- More aggressive (faster ROP) - Less aggressive (slower ROP)
- Less Durability (prone to breakage) - More Durability

PDC
Blade Count
 Lower Blade Count  Higher Blade Count

 More Aggressive  Less Aggressive
 Less Stable  More Stable
 Easier to Clean at High ROP  Harder to Clean at High ROP
 More Nozzles  Less Nozzles

PDC
Blade Count
*More Aggressive (Less Stable)
*Less Aggressive (More Stable)

* Please regard the statement as “in general”
PDC
Bit Profile
Bit Centerline Deep Shallow

GAUGE Cone Cone
SHOULDER
CONE
TAPER
NOSE

PDC
Bit Profile
Bit Centerline Deep Shallow

GAUGE Cone Cone
SHOULDER
CONE
TAPER
NOSE

PDC
Bit Profile
 Non-Aggressive/More Stable  Aggressive/Less Stable

 Longer Profile  Short Profile
 Deeper Cone  Shallow Cone Angle

PDC
Bit Hydraulics (PDC)

 3 critical functions for drill bit hydraulics:-
 Cutting Structure Cleaning
 Bottom hole cleaning
 Cuttings evacuation

PDC

 3 critical functions for drill bit hydraulics:-
 Cutting Structure Cleaning
 Bottom hole cleaning
 Cuttings evacuation
Computational
Fluid
Dynamics

PDC

Other things to know about bit hydraulics:-
 H.S.I.
 How to read TFA
 Nozzle Configuration (rule of thumb)

PDC

 H.S.I.
ow to read
High TFA
H.S.I. is good, but too high can create erosion
Nozzle Configuration (rule of thumb)

PDC

 How to read TFA
6 x 12/32” =
PDC

2 x 14/32” = 0.3006
4 x 12/32” = 0.4417
TFA = 0.3006+0.4417
= 0.7423 in²

PDC

2 x 14/32” = 0.3006
4 x 12/32” = 0.4417
12
14 12
TFA = 0.3006+0.4417
14
= 0.7423 in²
12
12
Larger nozzle size to be placed at the center of the bit face

PDC

 Nozzle Configuration (rules of thumb)
- Larger nozzle size to be placed at the center of the bit face
- Preferably, to have all nozzles with same size. If we can’t:
- Max 2 different sizes
(2x14, 2x13, 3x12)
- Don’t have to far different on the sizes
(3x14, 4x10)

Roller Cone

Roller Cone
 What do you know about Roller Cone?

Roller Cone
 What do you know about Roller Cone?

 What are the other names for Roller Cone?

Type of Drill Bits
Roller Cone PDC


Roller Cone
 Roller Cone terminology

 IADC
 Krevs
 Inside RC

Roller Cone

IADC
Krevs
Inside RC Cone 1
Cone 2
Cone 3
Cone 1
Cone 3
Cone 2

Roller Cone

IADC
Krevs
Inside RC

Roller Cone

PIN
IADC
Krevs
Inside RC
Nozzle
Bore Reservoir
for grease
Arm
Long lube
hole
Surf Row Inserts
seal
Ball bearing
Gauge Row
Inserts
Roller Cone

IADC
Krevs
Inside RC
Arm

Roller Cone

IADC
Krevs
Inside RC
Arm
protection

Roller Cone

IADC
Krevs
Surf
Inside RC
Inserts

Roller Cone
 IADC
 What is an IADC
 Why do we need to know about IADC?
Inside RC

Roller Cone
 IADC
 International Association of Drilling Contractors

Roller Cone
 IADC
 For Roller Cone Bits, it shows the hardness of the
formations suitable for that particular bit.

Roller Cone
 IADC

Roller Cone
 IADC

Roller Cone
 IADC
 115
 117
 417
 537
 625

Roller Cone
 IADC
 100 to 300 = Mill Tooth  400 to 800 = TCI

Roller Cone
 IADC
 100 to 300 = Mill Tooth
For example:
IADC 311 – bit type?
IADC 137 – bit type(s)?

Roller Cone
 IADC
 400 to 800 = TCI For example:

Roller Cone
 IADC
 400 to 800 = TCI
Can you guess, which one below is:-

a) 415?
b) 817?

Roller Cone
 Krevs
 What is it?

Roller Cone
 Krevs
 What is it?

Roller Cone
 Krevs
 Things to know about krevs:-
» It is NOT a manufacturing data. It is a statistical data
» On bottom hours only
Calculated as
RPM (total) x On bottom bit hours x 60

1000

Roller Cone
 Krevs
» Calculated as

1000

Roller Cone
 Krevs
» Calculated as

1000
Ex: 60 surface RPM

200 motor RPM
36.5 bit hours

Roller Cone
 Krevs
» Calculated as

1000
Ex: 60 surface RPM

200 motor RPM
36.5 bit hours
260 x 36.5 x 60 = 569,400 revs

= 569.4 krevs
Roller Cone
 Krevs
» Calculated as

1000
Ex: 60 surface RPM

200 motor RPM
36.5 bit hours
260 x 36.5 x 60 = 569,400 revs

= 569.4 krevs
Roller Cone
 Krevs
 Krevs curves (a.k.a. reliability curve)
Reliability Curve
12 1/4" ROLLER CONE in ONGC
FEB 2017
100
90
80
70
Reliability
60
50
40
30
20
10 31 data
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Krevs
Roller Cone
 Krevs
Reliability Curve
FEB 2017
100
90
80
70
Reliability
60
50
40
30
20
10 31 data
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Krevs
Roller Cone
 Krevs
Reliability Curve
FEB 2017
100
90
80
70
Reliability
60
50
40
30
20
10 31 data 645 krevs

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Krevs
Roller Cone
 Krevs
Reliability Curve
FEB 2017
100
90
80
70
Reliability
60
50
40
30
20
10 31 data
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Krevs
Roller Cone
 Krevs
 Do we need krevs for PDC bits?

Roller Cone
 Krevs
We don’t

Roller Cone
 Krevs
We don’t
measure krevs
with PDC
because unlike
roller cones,
PDC doesn’t
have moving
parts

Bit Selection
How do we choose a bit?

Bit Selection
How do we choose a bit?

Bit Selection Process
 Offset Bit Records

 Mud log (lithology)
 Formation hardness
 Dull Bit Photos

WELL: XYZ B I T R E C O R D Spud In: 20th July 2016 RIG: (PUMP) 21/2/2017 15:35
Water Depth : RTE - MSL : 48.5
BIT IADC TYPE SERIAL DEPTH DEPTH DRLG HRS ROP P a r a m e te r s MUD DEV. Dull Grading TOTAL
SIZE CODE MFGR NO. IN OUT Bit On M/Hr WOB FLOW PRES. Wt. KREVS
(in.) (M.) (M.) (M.) Bottom (Klbs) RPM (GPM) (PSI) (ppg) I O D L B G O RP LITHOLOGY/REMARK
16" M323 QD605X HTC 7155786 180 213 33 0.8 41.3 1 100 850 1040 9.1 2.4° 1 1 WT A X IN BT BHA 4.0 Sandstone/Claystone
16" 115 T11 NOV D179156 213 488 275 6.5 42.3 2-8 140 900 1220 9.2 2.4° 1 1 WT A E IN NO BHA 43.0 Sandstone/Claystone
16" M323 QD605X HTC 7155786 488 764 276 8.0 34.5 2-35 160 950 1920 9.2 3.5° 1 1 WT A X IN BT BHA 64.8 Sandstone/Claystone
16" M323 QD605X HTC 7155786 764 1643 879 25.6 34.3 2-35 160 950 1920 9.7 18.3° 1 1 WT A X IN BT TD 211.8 Sandstone/Claystone
12 1/4" M422 SK519M NOV E214635 1643 3781 2138 112.2 19.1 25-55 180 950 3800 11.3 46° 2 5 WT NG X IN CT TD 978.0 Sandstone/Limestone/Shale/Granite
8.50 627 GF45YOD1GRD STC RD3420 3781 4172 391 31.7 12.3 25-45 200 550 1500 9.6 40-80 2 8 WT A F 1 BT/SD PP/TQ 349.0 Granite Basement, drilling with MPD.
8.50 627 GF45YOD1GRD STC RD4475 4172 4673 501 40.4 12.4 25-45 200 550 2200 SW 2 4 WT A E IN LT HR 463.0 Granite Basement - Total lost circulation
8.50 627 GF45YOD1GRD STC RD4478 4673 5167 494 48.3 10.2 25-45 200 550 2200 SW 86°-88° 3 5 WT A F 4 BT/LT HR 547.6 Granite Basement - Total lost circulation
8.50 627 GF45YOD1GRD STC RD1965 5167 5659 492 43.6 11.3 25-40 200 550 2400 SW 86°-88° 3 5 WT A E 2 BT/ER TD 511.6 Granite Basement - Total lost circulation

WELL: XYZ B I T R E C O R D Spud In: 20th July 2016 RIG: (PUMP) 21/2/2017 15:35
Water Depth : RTE - MSL : 48.5
BIT IADC TYPE SERIAL DEPTH DEPTH DRLG HRS ROP P a r a m e te r s MUD DEV. Dull Grading TOTAL
SIZE CODE MFGR NO. IN OUT Bit On M/Hr WOB FLOW PRES. Wt. KREVS
(in.) (M.) (M.) (M.) Bottom (Klbs) RPM (GPM) (PSI) (ppg) I O D L B G O RP LITHOLOGY/REMARK
16" M323 QD605X HTC 7155786 180 213 33 0.8 41.3 1 100 850 1040 9.1 2.4° 1 1 WT A X IN BT BHA 4.0 Sandstone/Claystone
16" 115 T11 NOV D179156 213 488 275 6.5 42.3 2-8 140 900 1220 9.2 2.4° 1 1 WT A E IN NO BHA 43.0 Sandstone/Claystone
16" M323 QD605X HTC 7155786 488 764 276 8.0 34.5 2-35 160 950 1920 9.2 3.5° 1 1 WT A X IN BT BHA 64.8 Sandstone/Claystone
16" M323 QD605X HTC 7155786 764 1643 879 25.6 34.3 2-35 160 950 1920 9.7 18.3° 1 1 WT A X IN BT TD 211.8 Sandstone/Claystone
12 1/4" M422 SK519M NOV E214635 1643 3781 2138 112.2 19.1 25-55 180 950 3800 11.3 46° 2 5 WT NG X IN CT TD 978.0 Sandstone/Limestone/Shale/Granite
8.50 627 GF45YOD1GRD STC RD3420 3781 4172 391 31.7 12.3 25-45 200 550 1500 9.6 40-80 2 8 WT A F 1 BT/SD PP/TQ 349.0 Granite Basement, drilling with MPD.
8.50 627 GF45YOD1GRD STC RD4475 4172 4673 501 40.4 12.4 25-45 200 550 2200 SW 2 4 WT A E IN LT HR 463.0 Granite Basement - Total lost circulation
8.50 627 GF45YOD1GRD STC RD4478 4673 5167 494 48.3 10.2 25-45 200 550 2200 SW 86°-88° 3 5 WT A F 4 BT/LT HR 547.6 Granite Basement - Total lost circulation
8.50 627 GF45YOD1GRD STC RD1965 5167 5659 492 43.6 11.3 25-40 200 550 2400 SW 86°-88° 3 5 WT A E 2 BT/ER TD 511.6 Granite Basement - Total lost circulation


» Sonic
» Mudlogs
» Density logs

» Sonic
» Mudlogs
» Density logs

» Sonic
» Mudlogs
» Density logs

 Dull Bit Photos

 Dull Bit Photos

 Dull Bit Photos

 Dull Bit Photos


 Dull Bit Photos


 Dull Bit Photos
 Bit Price


 Dull Bit Photos
 Bit Price

sabri.mohamed@halliburton.com

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Drill Bits

Regional Technical Advisor

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved.

 What is a drill bit  Bit Selections

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 3

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 6

Roller Cone PDC

Mill Tooth TCI Matrix Steel

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 7

Roller Cone PDC

Mill Tooth TCI Matrix Steel

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 8

Roller Cone PDC

Mill Tooth TCI Matrix Steel

Roller Cone PDC

Mill Tooth TCI Matrix Steel

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 10

Mill Tooth TCI Matrix Steel

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 11

Mill Tooth TCI Matrix Steel

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 12

Mill Tooth TCI 16mm

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 13

What type of drill bit is this?

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 14

Roller Cone PDC

Mill Tooth TCI Matrix Steel

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 15

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 16

Matrix Body Steel Body

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 17

 Steel Body Advantages

Terminology Aggressiveness vs. Durability

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 20

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 21

 Polycrystalline diamond is formed by

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 23

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 24

Heat & Heat &

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 25

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 26

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 27

Small Micro Cracks

Cutter Breakage historically

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 28

Leached cutters : Latest Technology

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 29

Many types of cutters

Abrasion Impact Thermal Leach Depth

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 30

Bit Design (PDC)

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 31

 Aggressive Major PDC cutter

 Generally higher ROP

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 32

13mm 16mm 19mm

- Lower back rake, - Higher back rake,

2016 TECH MKT_2014-XX-XXX-#### | © 2015 Halliburton. All rights reserved. 34

 Lower Blade Count  Higher Blade Count