Microsoft Power Point - Les01

Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do

the following:
• List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements
Retrieving Data Using
• Execute a basic SELECT statement
the SQL SELECT Statement
• Differentiate between SQL statements and
iSQL*Plus commands
Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 1-2 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements Basic SELECT Statement
Projection Selection SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}

FROM table;
• SELECT identifies the columns to be displayed.

• FROM identifies the table containing those columns.
Table 1 Table 1
Join
Table 1 Table 2
1-3 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 1-4 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Selecting All Columns Selecting Specific Columns
SELECT * SELECT department_id, location_id

FROM departments; FROM departments;
Writing SQL Statements Column Heading Defaults
• SQL statements are not case sensitive. • iSQL*Plus:

• SQL statements can be on one or more lines. – Default heading alignment: Center
• Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split – Default heading display: Uppercase
across lines. • SQL*Plus:
• Clauses are usually placed on separate lines. – Character and Date column headings are left-aligned
• Indents are used to enhance readability. – Number column headings are right-aligned
• In iSQL*Plus, SQL statements can optionally be – Default heading display: Uppercase
terminated by a semicolon (;). Semicolons are
required if you execute multiple SQL statements.
• In SQL*Plus, you are required to end each SQL
statement with a semicolon (;).
Arithmetic Expressions Using Arithmetic Operators
Create expressions with number and date data by using SELECT last_name, salary, salary + 300
arithmetic operators. FROM employees;
Operator Description
+ Add
- Subtract
* Multiply
/ Divide …
1-9 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 1 - 10 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Operator Precedence Defining a Null Value
SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100 • A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned,

FROM employees; 1 unknown, or inapplicable.
• A null is not the same as a zero or a blank space.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pct
… FROM employees;
SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100)

FROM employees;
2
…
… …
1 - 11 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved. 1 - 12 Copyright © 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Null Values Defining a Column Alias
in Arithmetic Expressions
Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to A column alias:

null. • Renames a column heading
SELECT last_name, 12*salary*commission_pct • Is useful with calculations
FROM employees; • Immediately follows the column name (There can
also be the optional AS keyword between the
column name and alias.)
… • Requires double quotation marks if it contains
spaces or special characters or if it is case
sensitive
…
Using Column Aliases Concatenation Operator
SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct comm A concatenation operator:

FROM employees;
• Links columns or character strings to other
columns
• Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
… • Creates a resultant column that is a character
expression
SELECT last_name "Name" , salary*12 "Annual Salary"
SELECT last_name||job_id AS "Employees"
FROM employees;
FROM employees;
… …
Literal Character Strings Using Literal Character Strings
• A literal is a character, a number, or a date that is

SELECT last_name ||' is a '||job_id
included in the SELECT statement. AS "Employee Details"
• Date and character literal values must be enclosed FROM employees;
by single quotation marks.
• Each character string is output once for each
row returned.
Alternative Quote (q) Operator Duplicate Rows
• Specify your own quotation mark delimiter The default display of queries is all rows, including
• Choose any delimiter duplicate rows.
• Increase readability and usability SELECT department_id
FROM employees; 1
SELECT department_name ||
q'[, it's assigned Manager Id: ]'
|| manager_id
AS "Department and Manager" …
FROM departments;
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees; 2
…
…
SQL and iSQL*Plus Interaction SQL Statements Versus
iSQL*Plus Commands
SQL iSQL*Plus
• A language • An environment
SQL statements
Oracle • ANSI standard • Oracle-proprietary
server
• Keyword cannot be • Keywords can be
Internet abbreviated abbreviated
browser
• Statements manipulate • Commands do not allow
data and table definitions manipulation of values in
in the database the database
iSQL*Plus Query results
commands • Runs on a browser
• Centrally loaded; does not
Formatted report have to be implemented
Client on each machine
SQL iSQL*Plus
statements commands
Overview of iSQL*Plus Logging In to iSQL*Plus
After you log in to iSQL*Plus, you can: From your browser environment:
• Describe table structures
• Enter, execute, and edit SQL statements
• Save or append SQL statements to files
• Execute or edit statements that are stored in saved
script files
iSQL*Plus Environment Displaying Table Structure
8 9
Use the iSQL*Plus DESCRIBE command to display the

7 structure of a table:
DESC[RIBE] tablename
1
6
2 3 4 5
Displaying Table Structure Interacting with Script Files
DESCRIBE employees
SELECT last_name, hire_date, salary

FROM employees; 1
Interacting with Script Files Interacting with Script Files
Interacting with Script Files iSQL*Plus History Page
D:\TEMP\emp_data.sql
2 1
3
iSQL*Plus History Page Setting iSQL*Plus Preferences
3
1
2
4 3
Setting the Output Location Preference Summary
2
In this lesson, you should have learned how to:
• Write a SELECT statement that:
– Returns all rows and columns from a table
– Returns specified columns from a table
– Uses column aliases to display more descriptive
column headings
• Use the iSQL*Plus environment to write, save, and
execute SQL statements and iSQL*Plus commands
1 SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}

FROM table;
Practice 1: Overview
This practice covers the following topics:

• Selecting all data from different tables
• Describing the structure of tables
• Performing arithmetic calculations and specifying
column names
• Using iSQL*Plus

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Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do

Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements Basic SELECT Statement

Projection Selection SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}

• SELECT identifies the columns to be displayed.

SELECT * SELECT department_id, location_id

Writing SQL Statements Column Heading Defaults

• SQL statements are not case sensitive. • iSQL*Plus:

Operator Precedence Defining a Null Value

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*salary+100 • A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned,

SELECT last_name, salary, 12*(salary+100)

Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to A column alias:

Using Column Aliases Concatenation Operator

SELECT last_name AS name, commission_pct comm A concatenation operator:

• A literal is a character, a number, or a date that is

Alternative Quote (q) Operator Duplicate Rows

Overview of iSQL*Plus Logging In to iSQL*Plus

Use the iSQL*Plus DESCRIBE command to display the

Displaying Table Structure Interacting with Script Files

SELECT last_name, hire_date, salary

Interacting with Script Files iSQL*Plus History Page

Setting the Output Location Preference Summary

1 SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}

This practice covers the following topics:

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Overview of iSQLPlus Logging In to iSQLPlus