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72 Ieee: I, A+Brf D+Erf C+R + R F
72 Ieee: I, A+Brf D+Erf C+R + R F
1, January 1990
72
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13
Substituting a, c, d and f in eqn. (2) gives the values of the transformers connected as a grounded star. This seldom
second change of sequence currents. Details for different kinds happens. As G , is not less than G 2 in practical power
of faults are given below. systems, condition (ii) can not be satisfied. However,
1. A single phase to ground fault occurs at point P condition (iii) may be true because the condition G o > G2
followed by a three phase trip of circuit breaker CM1 ( Fig. 1 ). can be satisfied when a fault occurs in the second zone of the
protected line. This implies that a "dead point" exists in the
foAV1 - B E , original "Accelerated Trip" scheme by the use of the N0(2)
A10(2) = (3)
A B only.
Similar to the analysis for the zero sequence current, the
following conditions (iv)-(vi) give the conditions for AIz(2) to
be equal to zero.
where
(iv) G l = G 2 = G o
A = K,+K,+Ko
B = f,Kl+f2K2+fOKO
f l = -G
, l f 2 = - , G2 f o = -GO
Zf 1 Zf2 Zf0
El is the source voltage at the side L Analysis shows that only condition (vi) can be true. This
V, is the prefault voltage at the fault point P means that there is also a "dead point" if only N2(2) is used.
As G o > Gz and G o < G 2 can not be true at the same time, it
K , , K 2 , K O are sequence impedances from the fault point p
means that AIo(2) and AIz(2) can not be equal to zero at the
to the source E,
same time.
G 1 , G 2 , Go are sequence impedances from the fault point An example of a power system is used to illustrate the
P to the source E, above conclusions. For the model power system (Appendix B)
Z f l , Zf2, Z f o are total sequence impedances between two values for eqns. (5) and (6) are calculated and listed in Table 1.
sources Table 1 Values for eqns. (5) and (6)
It can be seen from eqns. (3) and (4) that even if the ~ ~~
2. A single phase to ground fault at point P followed by the 0.85 8.048 -15.452
circuit breaker tripping only the faulted phase
0.90 -3.116 -9.505
AI&) = [ ( G o - G ~1 + S ( G o - G I 1 I K OL Q (5)
0.95 -14.284 -3.573
Zf 1
Q =
w -zfl(K2-Ko)2-Zr2(Ko-K1)2--fO(K1-K2)2
W = ( K 1 + K Z + K O )(ZrlZt2 + ZrlZto + Zt2Zt0)
Ignoring the phase difference between s
and F , both 5
and T will be positive. In order to have M0(2) equal to zero,
one of the following conditions must be satisfied.
(i) Go = G1 = G 2
D = f oKof lK1 + f oKofzK2 + f l K l f 2K2
Ignoring the phase difference between the system sequence
(iii)G1 > G o > G 2 impedances all the coefficients of the sequence network, f 1, f 2
and f o, are less than 1 .The phase difference between E, and Vl
Condition (i) is true only when the three-phase transformer always exists and thus A10(2) and N2(2)can not be equal to
connected to bus-bar M consists of three single phase zero.
74
where
f2Kl + f2K2
M =
f lK1 + f 2 K 2
It is obvious that for a phase to phase fault, the value of
N 0 ( 2 ) is equal to zero. Ignoring the phase difference between
the system parameters and assuming that M equals to one, Alz(2)
is not equal to zero only when there exists a phase difference
between E, and VI. Further simplification can be made by L L
p
0.2
0.1
Fig. 5 Dynamic Power System Model Fig. 10 Effect of the Fault Resistance Rf on M0(2)
FAliLT
.~ The test results of the dynamic power system model show
that:
Single phase fault and the single phase trip produce
minimum N 0 ( 2 ) .
A small reactance, connected to the neutral of the
transformer, will increase N 0 ( 2 ) , and reduce the influence
ofRf on i t .
N o ( 2 ) and N 2 ( 2 ) will not be equal to zero at the same time
in all situations. Their values depend upon the system
Fig. 6 Single phase to ground fault at P and parameters, the location of the fault and the grounding
breaker CM1 trips faulted phase resistance Rf.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN FAULT DEVELOPMENT
FWLT t TIZIP AND CIRCUIT BREAKER TRIP
Consider that a single-phase to ground fault near the
beginning of the line MN in Fig. 2 develops into a double-
phase to ground fault. This fault development will produce
sufficient N 0 ( 2 ) and N 2 ( 2 ) which can be sensed by the
protection Z near bus L. It is necessary to distinguish this from
the trip of circuit breaker CMI.
-0.6 t In this condition, N 0 ( 2 ) caused is given as
Wl
Fig. 7 Phase-phase fault at P followed by a M,(2) = I , - I,' = - v, (11)
trip of the leading phase by CM1 w2
where
I,, I,' are the zero sequence currents of a single-phase to
ground fault and a double-phase to ground fault,
respectively;
Fig. 8 Two phase to ground fault at P followed Numerical calculations for some power systems show that
by a three phase mp CM1 N o ( 2 ) caused by a developing fault at the beginning of the next
line MN, eqn.(ll), maybe greater than that caused by a fault
occurring near the end of the protected line LM and the circuit
breaker trip q n . (5). This will make the protection trip in-
appropriately. In order to solve this problem, it is proposed to
use a compensation voltage, Vy', at point Y (Fig.2), the end of
zone 1 as an auxiliary signal.
The compensation voltage is calculated by the use of the
following equation:
vy' = v - ( I + 3 K I , ) Z s e t (12)
where
Fig. 9 Single phase to ground fault at P followed
by a trip of the faulted phase when the Vy ' is the phase compensation voltage;
neutral of the transformer at bus-bar M is V, I are the phase voltage and the phase current at point L,
grounded through a small reactance respectively;
16
I o is the zero sequence current; This strategy is realized as follows. When the protection
senses the occurrence of a fault in the second zone of the
K=- 4 0 - Zll protected line, it begins to calculate N0(2) and N2(2) after a
41 time delay of 0.08s to O.ls, i.e. 4 to 5 cycles of the system
Zlo, Zll are the zero and positive sequence impedances of frequency . This time delay is chosen to be a little less than the
the line LM; time which the circuit breaker trip needs. Also this time delay is
Z,,, is the setting value of zone 1 of the distance necessary to avoid in-appropriate acceleration trip, such as a
protection. change of Rf and a fault development of the protected line.
3. If a fault occurs at the beginning of the next line, and
breaker CM2 hips before the trip of CN, the second change of
the sequence current can be caused. But the fault is not in the
protected zone. Accelerated trip will not operate.
4. If the circuit breaker is reclosed on a permanent fault in
the second zone of the protected line, the protection trips three
phases immediately without the calculation of AZ0(2) and N2(2).
5. The protection based on the proposed scheme still keeps
the basic function of three zone reach as in the conventional
protection in case of the accelerated trip being in-effective.
0 0 . 5 U)
CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 11 Effect of fault impedance on compensation voltage
Accelerated trip for the second zone faults can be
successfully used on EHV power transmission lines. It may be
The variation of Vu ’ for different values of Rf is calculated possible to replace the expensive pilot protection and solve the
by eqn.(l2), and Vyb’, the compensation voltage of phase B, is problem of insufficient communication channels. In addition, the
‘plotted in Fig.11. In these calculations, phase A is assumed to sensitivity of the protection is greatly improved by the use of
be the faulted phase and phase B is the fault development phase. both AZ0(2) and N2(2) as the condition for acceleration. One
In Fig. 11, curve (1) is for the case of a single-phase to drawback of the proposed protection is that it will not accelerate
ground fault with Rf at the end of the protected line or the trip for three phase faults. As the protection keeps the three
beginning of the next line. Curve (2) is for the case of a fault at zone reach function, it still can operate the breaker with the
the beginning of the next line developing from a single-phase to second zone time delay.
ground to a double phase to ground. Curve (3) is for the case of Use of the second change of the compensation voltage Vr ’
a single-phase to ground fault at the end of the protected line and in the non-fault phase can effectively distinguish the circuit
the opposite circuit breaker trip of the faulted phase. breaker trip for a fault in the protected line from the fault
It is seen from Fig. 11 that when the fault occurs in the development in the beginning of the next line. One case in
next line and the fault develops, the value of the compensation which it is not effective is that when the fault occurs at the end
voltage Vyb’ will drop significantly, i.e. it changes from curve of the protected line and develops causing the opposite side
(1) to curve (2). However, when the fault occurs at P in the breaker to trip at the same time. In this case the accelerated trip
protected line and the circuit breaker CM1 trips, v y b ’ only has a function is locked, but this happens very rarely. The modern
small change , i.e. changes from curve (1) to curve (3). This micro-computers have the advantages of flexibility and large
provides a criterion for distinguishing between fault development memory, They can be used to realize this relatively complicated
and circuit breaker trip. Thus variation of Vyb’ can be used to scheme.
decide about the accelerated trip. A prototype of the proposed scheme has been designed and
built using a single-board computer with 2-8002 CPU. It was
tested on the model power system shown in Fig. 5. For faults
THE STRATEGY OF THE PROPOSED SCHEME occumng in the second zone of the protected line it correctly
Based on the analysis and calculations presented above, the operated the accelerated mp. The trip time varied between
following strategy for the tripping of the protection is proposed: 140ms and 165ms with the opposite circuit breaker tripping in
1. For faults in the first zone of the protected line, approximately 1OOms. Normal second zone time without
protection trips immediately. acceleration is usuallly set to 500ms in China.
2. If the fault occurs in the second zone, accelerated trip
will depend upon the opposite side. A logic representation of the
accelerated trip is shown in Fig.12. REFERENCES
Ding Gownhua “Full-Line Trip Immediately in Succession
U&) > SETTING VALUE of Distance Protection”, The Second Academic Conference
6 / , ( 2 ) > SETTING VALUE TI1E OPPOSITE SIDE on Protective Relaying of Chinese Society of Elec. Eng.,
BREAKER 1 R I P Sept. 1979 (In Chinese).
FAULT IN ZONE 11 AND
“Calculations of Electrical Power System” The Hydro-
ACCELERATE TIUP Electric Publication Company, China, 1978 (in Chinese).
A CHANGE O F NON F A U L I
Chen Deshu, Liu Pei, Peng Hua, G.S.Hope and O.P.Malik
Vr ’ < SETTWG VALUE “Scheme for Accelerated Trip for Faults in the Second Zone
of Protecton of a Transmission Line“ IEEE Power
Engineering Society 1988 Summer Meeting Paper #88 SM
Fig. 12 Trip strategy for the proposed scheme 524- 1.
77
APPENDIX A
Calculation of the Sequence Currents
Using Two-port Network Theory
(1). A single-phase to ground fault through impedance Rr
at P and circuit breaker CM1 trips all three phases ( Fig.1 ).
For a single-phase to ground fault at P, the zero and the
negative sequence currents are given by the following equations:
Io =
f OVI
- (A-1)
&A
f 2VI
I2 = - &A
(A-2)
Fig. 14 Series-parallel network representation
of the sequence circuits for the complex fault
The parameters of the sequence network are given by the
following matrices
The sequence currents I,, I , at the relaying point after the
circuit breaker has tripped are given below:
64-71
I, = -El
&A’
(A-3)
I, = -El
&A’
(A-4)
where
&A’ = K i + K 2 + K o + 3 R j
Therefore, the second changes of the sequence currents are
given by
fo &A
N o (2) = I o - I o r = -
&A
(VI- -
&A’f E l ) (A-5)
-+