Importance of Thermal Modeling for Design
Optimization Scenarios of Induction Motors
Gerd Bramerdorfer∗ , Member, IEEE, Andrea Cavagnino§, Senior Member, IEEE
and Silvio Vaschetto§, Member, IEEE
∗ Department of Electrical Drives and Power Electronics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Email: gerd.bramerdorfer@jku.at
§ Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Energia, Email: andrea.cavagnino@polito.it, silvio.vaschetto@polito.it
Abstract—This paper is about the impact of modeling the
temperature distribution of machine designs on the results for
respective optimization scenarios. In the past, a lot of machine
design optimizations were presented, but just a small share
considers modeling of the temperature characteristics. In order
to study the impact of including a temperature model, a test
scenario was investigated that features the optimization of an
induction machine with regard to material cost and efficiency.
The analysis of the machine designs comprises the computation of
electromagnetic and thermal characteristics. As there is a mutual
coupling of the results of those two analyses, an iterative approach
featuring sequential updates of the electromagnetic and thermal
calculations based on the results obtained for the respective other
computation is considered.
Typical large scale optimization scenarios require the investi-
gation of a very huge number of machine designs. Due to this
circumstance and, in addition, the need for iteratively updating
the thermal and electromagnetic computations when analyzing
any particular design variant, analytic techniques are preferred
for these investigations. This follows a lower computation time
compared to complex finite element based analyses. To compare
the obtained results with typically conducted analyses featuring
a constant temperature, two more test scenarios are investigated
with a fixed temperature of 40◦ C and 120◦ C, respectively, for the
machine components regardless its size and losses. The Pareto
fronts regarding the objectives material cost and efficiency for
all scenarios are presented. Moreover, a detailed investigation of
further characteristic data, e.g., the temperature of the stator
windings and the rotor bars, is depicted. The derived results
allow for a conclusion regarding the importance of incorporating
a temperature model into the machine design optimization.
Index Terms—induction machine, optimization, analytic sizing
approach, evolutionary algorithm, genetic algorithm, temper-
ature modeling, thermal modeling, TEFC, efficiency classes,
multiphysics
I. I NTRODUCTION
A lot of recent research papers deal with optimization
of electric machine designs. Typical large scale optimization
scenarios feature a high number of design parameters and
multiple objectives. As a consequence, investigating such
optimization problems requires the evaluation of a very high
number of machine designs, e.g., several thousands. The focus
of the analysis of potential design candidates usually is laid
to the electromagnetic analysis. Very often, nonlinear machine
modeling is applied, while the machine data is acquired using
Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The adoption of methods
978-1-5090-2998-3/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE 4666
based on FEA for the machine performance evaluation requires
a huge computational time when thousands of designs are
being investigated. As typically some of the objectives are
conflicting, Pareto frontiers are derived as a final result of
the optimization problems. Engineers then have to find a
compromise for the contrary targets.
While considerable effort is made to study the electromag-
netic characteristics, the impact of a change of the compo-
nents’ temperatures and thus a modeling of the temperature
distribution typically is neglected. However, especially when
dealing with very different machine designs as potential solu-
tions, which differ much in, e.g., axial length, outer diameter,
etc., this might follow an inappropriate comparison, as the
temperature characteristics will also vary lot.
This research activity has been about induction motor op-
timization scenarios where the analysis of machine designs
comprises both, the electromagnetic analysis and the thermal
analysis. Differently from the widely adopted approach where
optimization tools are based on FEA for the electrical ma-
chines’ performance evaluation, in this work the machines’
performances are obtained by applying a ’pure’ analytical
sizing of the machine. In particular, the adopted analytical
approach consists on the recursive utilization of self-consistent
equations up to obtain a machine design that satisfies the
required specifications. In this way, the computational time re-
quired for each design attempt is sharply reduced, allowing for
the investigation of a larger number of solutions maintaining a
reasonable run time of the whole scenario. The technical litera-
ture reports several textbooks on the analytical electromagnetic
sizing of induction motors, as well as many papers that prove
its reliability [1]–[3]. The novelty of the present study lies
on the integration of the thermal analysis of each investigated
design solution to the optimization process. Thus, each de-
sign under consideration is analyzed by particularly defined
electromagnetic and thermal analyses. This allows for a more
realistic comparison of machine designs, especially if they
feature very different dimensions and shape, respectively. Once
again, to preserve the optimization scenario’s computational
time, the used thermal model is a lumped parameter thermal
network where all the thermal resistances can be computed
by equations, specifically developed for Totally Enclosed Fan
Cooled (TEFC) induction motors [4].
 Fig. 1. Simplified IM lumped-parameters thermal network.
While Section II is about the analytical electromagnetic
and thermal evaluation of machine designs, Section III briefly
presents the state-of-the-art in the field of electric machine
optimization and Section IV gives the optimization scenario
under investigation. In Section V the results are presented
illustrating the importance of the thermal modeling. Section
VI gives the conclusion and an outlook about future activities.
II. A NALYTICAL MODELS FOR INDUCTION MACHINE
DESIGN
A. Electromagnetic Sizing of the Induction Motors
For each design solution investigated in the optimization
scenario, the analytically-based sizing approach adopted in this
research activity allows to quickly define the stator and rotor
lamination geometrical dimensions, the winding specification,
and the electromagnetic losses (namely, the stator and rotor
Joule losses - PJS , PJR - and the stator iron losses - Piron ).
In particular, the sizing procedure recursively adopts self-
consistent analytical equations to define the electromagnetic
design that satisfies the specifications imposed by the opti-
mization algorithm. The iterative sizing approach adopted in
this work and its FEM validation on several IMs are reported
in [3] and hereafter shortly outlined. To obtain feasible results,
the machine sizing is constrained on some specifications such
as the active materials utilization indexes, the maximum air
gap flux density value, the rotor diameter to active length ratio,
etc. Within these geometrical and magnetic constraints, the
designing procedure progressively increases the rotor radius
up to obtain an electromagnetic design suitable to provide the
required torque. Once the rotor has been sized, the procedure
continues with the stator lamination design.
In the frame of the optimization scenario, some of the
design specifications will be kept constant during the domain
exploration, while other ones will be directly imposed by
the optimization algorithm that exploits the analytical sizing
procedure to obtain an accurate prediction of the main machine
features and performances (see Section IV). It is important to
remark that for each specification data set, each electromag-
netic design starts from scratch. From this viewpoint, it is
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an authors’ opinion that the used iterative sizing algorithm
based on the air gap diameter growth represents one of the
most suitable approaches for optimization purposes. Indeed,
thanks to the self-consistent nature of the adopted analytically-
based procedure, each electromagnetic design and the corre-
sponding performance are practically obtained instantaneously
compared to FEA computational time. It is also important to
remark that the analytical sizing procedure considers the non-
linear behavior of the magnetic materials.
B. Thermal model of TEFC induction motors
The temperature modeling of each electromechanical design
is performed using the lumped-parameter thermal network
shown in Fig. 1. With reference to the labels indicated in
the figure, the considered thermal resistances represent the
following heat exchange paths:
• R0 : external case - ambient (natural convection);
• Reca : external case - ambient (forced convection);
• Ria,ec : internal air - end caps (convection);
• Rsig : stator core - external case interface gap (conduc-
tion);
• Rew,ec : stator end windings - external case (convection);
• Rew,ia : stator end windings - inner air (convection);
• Rsy1 : lower half part of the stator yoke (radial conduc-
tion);
• Rsy2 : upper half part of the stator yoke (radial conduc-
tion);
• Rst : stator teeth (radial conduction);
• Rcu,ir : stator copper - stator slot (conduction);
• Rs,ag : stator teeth - air gap air (convection);
• Rr,ag : rotor - air gap air (convection);
• Rshaft : shaft (axial conduction).
The current generators in the thermal network represent the
heat sources related to the main electromagnetic loss compo-
nents inside the machine, that are the stator iron losses (Piron ),
the stator Joule losses (PJS ) and the rotor Joule losses (PJR ).
As evident from Fig. 1, the stator iron losses have been applied
at the average radius of the stator yoke. The entity of all these
loss sources can be easily determined once the electromagnetic
design has been obtained by the analytical sizing procedure
above described. Obviously, as thermal capacitances have not
been considered, the thermal network shown in Fig. 1 allow
for computing the motor over temperature in steady-state
conditions for continuative duty. Furthermore, it has to be
remarked that the considered thermal model neglects the effect
of asymmetrical temperature distribution in axial direction due
to the presence of an external fan mounted at one side of the
machine.
This thermal model was initially proposed and validated in
[4], and it is further proven to be reliable from its use over
ten years in predicting temperatures of many real induction
motors. For sake of completeness, it could be useful to
remember that, thanks to the hypothesis of considering an
axial heat flux only in the shaft, the simplified IM thermal
network reported in Fig. 1 has been derived starting from
the simplified hollow cylinder theory. Thus, all the thermal
resistance values can be computed starting from the output
data of the electromagnetic design model. However, some
thermal coefficients must be defined, such as the convection
heat exchange between the end-winding and the end caps,
the equivalent thermal conductivity between the copper in the
slots and the stator teeth, the thickness of the interference gap
between the stator yoke and external frame, etc. From the
practical point of view, the values of these critical thermal
coefficients have been selected in accordance to the guidelines
reported in [5], [6]. Obviously, in the frame of an optimization
procedure, the values of the thermal resistances depicted in
the lumped-parameters network of Fig. 1 are recalculated for
each investigated machine design. While this concept is rather
straightforward for the heat sources, it is worth mentioning
that the thermal resistances feature a double dependence on
the geometrical dimensions of the machine. Indeed, for each
considered electromagnetic design, the thermal resistances
depend both on the variation of the machine dimensions
imposed by the optimizer, as well as on the different values
of the thermal exchange coefficients that are function of the
machine geometry itself.
Since the external frame design (e.g. thickness, number
of fins, fin dimensions) is not considered in the electromag-
netic sizing procedure, in order to proceed with the iterative
electromagnetic-thermal optimization, a constant temperature
on the frame is assumed in the present study. In this way the
geometry of the external frame does not impact on the opti-
mization process, but the internal thermal paths are correctly
taken into account.
In order to obtain a fixed temperature for the housing,
the air flow velocity on the outer motor frame surface is
arbitrary changed in a iterative way. Nevertheless, if specific
housing geometries are available, as well as the air velocity,
the analytical thermal model is able accounting for both the
natural (R0 ) and forced (Reca ) convection between external
case and the ambient.
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III. S TATE - OF - THE - ART IN MACHINE DESIGN
OPTIMIZATION
Up to now, a lot of research dealing with electric machine
design optimization was conducted. Some optimization sce-
narios analyzed in the past can, e.g., be found in [7]–[16].
While in former times a grid search comprising a few num-
ber of parameters was considered, nowadays an optimization
problem comprises multiple in- and outputs. Thus, besides
challenges related to the machine design field, analyzing
such a scenario constitutes considerable effort with regard to
computational cost and also data management. A dedicated
software framework is required to allow for solving such
problems. For instance, the here investigated studies were
conducted using M AG O PT [17], [18]. Due to its flexibility
regarding the evaluation structure, any number and types of
analyses, e.g., numerical and analytical, can be combined and
the entire optimization process can be fully automated.
In addition to selecting a tool for automatically investigating
a huge number of design candidates, the minimization of
computational effort is of major interest. Different techniques
and fields were considered in the past to reduce the overall
runtime or computational cost. This comprises techniques
for efficiently solving optimization problems. For instance,
evolutionary algorithms like NSGA-II or SPEA2, presented
in [19] and [20], or hybrid ones, like in [21], are applied. When
considering an FEA-based evaluation, computationally inten-
sive jobs need to be solved. Thus, in [22] and [23] surrogate
modeling techniques are investigated to reduce computational
effort, while with tools like HTC ONDOR [24] the required
analyses can be solved in parallel by using a computer cluster.
Besides research related to the field of computer science,
topics associated with Mathematics and engineering are stud-
ied. This comprises nonlinear modeling of electric machine
parameters with regard to the rotor position and the impressed
currents. The focus is on deriving an accurate model with low
computational effort and modeling complexity. Examples can
be found in [25]–[28]. A review of the current state-of-the-
art in speed improvements for machine design optimization
scenarios can be found in [25], [29].
As modeling the temperature characteristics constitutes ad-
ditional modeling and computational effort, it often is ne-
glected. Thus, for most of the reported optimization scenarios,
the temperature of the utilized components is held constant.
As a consequence, the optimization comprises just the compu-
tation of the electromagnetic performance without considering
the indeed temperature distribution of each design in particular.
However, this might lead to wrong results, especially for
large scale optimization scenarios, where the considered pa-
rameter range for machine dimensions is wide. In this case,
the temperature characteristics can vary a lot from design to
design and this has a direct impact on the evaluated machine
performance (e.g., on the efficiency). Moreover, it can follow
highly-utilized designs with high losses per volume or mass,
respectively. Such designs cannot prove itself in practice, as
non-admissible temperature characteristics are observed.
 IV. O PTIMIZATION SCENARIOS
In order to analyze the importance of modeling the tem-
perature characteristics in machine design optimization, a
particular optimization scenario comprising the modeling of
the temperature characteristics was selected:
The results of the temperature model directly impact the
electromagnetic performance of the machine design and vice
versa, thus, an iterative adaption of the electromagnetic and
the temperature model is applied.
The bidirectional dependencies are due to
• the modeling of the ohmic resistance of the machine’s
conductors as function of the temperature and
• the dependency of the losses on the ohmic resistance.
Hence, as the losses define the sources for the temperature
model, a two-way dependency applies.
A 2-pole induction machine for 50Hz mains operation and
rated power of Pr =11kW is investigated. The analytic sizing
approach, as described in Section II-A, is applied. Moreover,
the analysis of the machine designs comprises the analytic
temperature modeling presented in Section II-B.
As previous studies indicated the low impact of the number
of slots per pole per phase Q [9], it was set to 3 for these
studies. The required output torque is constant for any machine
design under investigation and can be defined using
60 Pr Pr p
Tr = = = 35 Nm .
2π nsynch 2πfr
Consequently, the shaft diameter dshaft was fixed to 40mm.
Table I gives the design parameters of the conducted study.
From the considered ranges of the parameters it is possible
to observe their respective large scale variation. According
to the approach described in Section II-A, each design is
characterized by a particular air gap flux density, an axial
length to air gap diameter ratio, and current densities in the
rotor bars and stator windings, respectively. For the length
to air gap diameter ratio, the stator and rotor core length is
considered.
The interactive sizing allows for defining maximum flux
density values both in rotor and stator components. The
considered values are presented in Table II. Moreover, the slot
shape can be defined. Here, trapezoidal slots are investigated.
Subsequently, the machine dimensions can be derived with
regard to the fulfillment of the required torque (1), and the
typical maximum values for the flux densities in the laminated
steel.
TABLE I
C ONSIDERED DESIGN PARAMETERS
Name Symbol / Unit Min. Max.
Air gap flux density Bag [T] 0.5 1.2
Length to air gap diam. ratio rLD 0.5 3.0
Current dens. rotor bars Jr [A/mm2 ] 0.5 15.0
Current dens. stator windings Js [A/mm2 ] 0.5 15.0
TABLE II
C ONSTRAINED MAXIMUM FLUX DENSITY VALUES
Machine part flux density [T]
Stator teeth 1.6
Stator yoke 1.4
Rotor teeth 1.4
Rotor yoke 1.28
TABLE III
C ONSIDERED MATERIAL COSTS
Material name Price [Euros / kg]
Aluminum 3.5
Copper 7.5
Laminated steel 2
The objectives of the scenario are the material cost and
the efficiency of the design. Those two targets are usually
contradictory and thus a set of Pareto-optimal designs was
expected.
In order to derive the material cost for any design under
consideration, typical per kilogram values were defined which
are given in Table III. Copper is used for the stator windings,
while the rotor features bars made by diecast aluminum tech-
(1)
nique. The evaluation of the efficiency comprises the losses in
the laminated steel and the ohmic losses in the stator windings
and rotor bars, respectively.
To show the importance of the temperature modeling, three
different scenarios are investigated:
• Scenario A - Constant conductor and core temp. of 40◦ C:
The analysis of particular design variants comprises just
the investigation of the electromagnetic performance.
Thus, a single call of the interactive sizing tool is required
and the efficiency is computed based on the losses
obtained for the fixed temperature.
• Scenario B - Constant conductor and core temp. of 120◦ C:
This analysis is similar to the previous one. However, a
different higher temperature is investigated. Thus, con-
sidering Pareto-optimal designs with regard to efficiency
and material cost, higher cost compared to scenario A are
expected.
• Scenario C - Modeling of the temperature characteristics:
Modeling of the temperature is considered. It was shown
that the computation of the temperature characteristics
has bearing on the interactive electromagnetic sizing and
vice versa. Thus, the scenario comprises an iterative alter-
native update of the electromagnetic and the temperature
modeling, respectively. Both components are called 5
times each in order to guarantee steady-state results.
For modeling the temperature characteristics, all de-
signs are investigated for a constant frame temperature of
Tframe = 20◦ C.
4669
 V. R ESULTS
In Fig. 2 the characteristics for Pareto-optimal designs for
all three different scenarios are presented. While the x-axis
gives the efficiency in percent, along the y-axis the material
cost for the machine designs are defined. The Pareto curve for
the scenario that comprises the temperature modeling is given
with blue crosses.
The red curve for a conductor and core temperature of
T = 40◦ C fits very well the blue curve in the high efficiency
region. This is due to lower losses for higher efficient ma-
chines. Moreover, in order to obtain high efficiencies, the
machine design’s volume typically is significantly increased,
as was pointed out in [9]. Hence, the overall losses are
distributed in a larger machine size and, in addition, the
heat dissipation capability increases with the increase of the
machine’s outer surface area.
By contrast, the green curve for a temperature of
T = 120◦ C fits the blue curve better in the low efficiency
area. This is consistent with the reasoning described above,
as lower efficient machine designs have higher losses for
same rated power and they are typically smaller. This is
further justified by lower material cost for lower efficient
machines. At efficiencies below 87%, the characteristics of the
blue curve represent even higher material cost then the green
curve for T = 120◦C. This indicates that the cost-optimal
machine designs of this efficiency region feature even higher
temperatures than 120◦ C.
From this figure it can be construed that considering a
temperature model is essential. The blue curve gives the true
Pareto front, while the green and red curves give approxima-
tions that are just valid for particular efficiency ranges. Using
a fixed temperature thus might follow a too conservative or
too optimistic Pareto front. Hence, considering a temperature
model is justified.
300
with T model
with T=120°C
with T=40°C
250
Material cost [Euros]
200
150
100
86 88 90 92 94
Efficiency [%]
Fig. 2. Pareto fronts for the three different scenarios - “with T model": results
for the analysis which comprises a particular temperature modeling - “with
T=120◦ C" and “with T=40◦ C": results for fixed winding temperatures.
200
Rotor bar temperature
180 Stator winding temperature
160
140
Temperature [°C]
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
86 88 90 92 94 96
Efficiency [%]
Fig. 3. Scenario C - computed temperature along the Pareto front.
Apart from the impact of modeling the temperature charac-
teristics, it can also be observed that increasing the efficiency
from 86% to 96% causes the cost to increase by approximately
a factor of 2.5.
In Fig. 3 the computed temperatures of the Pareto optimal
designs for scenario C - comprising the temperature modeling
- are presented. The previous assumptions and explanations
made for Fig. 2 are justified by the absolute values of the
temperature, i.e. above 120◦ C and around 40◦ C for low- and
high-efficient designs, respectively. Very high temperatures
can be recognized for efficiencies around 86%. Typically,
the maximum permissible temperature is constrained, e.g.,
to allow a feasible operation temperature for the applied
materials. This was not done here in order to study the cost vs.
efficiency tradeoff for designs with "ideal temperature". Thus,
some high values were obtained for the low efficiency region.
However, in the authors’ experience, these values are not so
unfeasible for machines with similar efficiencies.
From Fig. 3 it can also be observed that the temperature of
the stator and rotor conductors are very similar. This is due to
the particular modeling of the heat transfer and can be very
different, if forced cooling along the stator and / or rotor is
applied.
To further investigate the thermal characteristics, a thermal
indicator, i.e. the "stator thermal load", is illustrated for all
three scenarios in Fig. 4. This value is defined by the current
density in the stator conductor multiplied by the magnetomo-
tive force of the winding setup divided by the circumferential
length of the air gap diameter. The RMS-value for both
parameters is used. A thorough explanation and typical values
can, for instance, be found in [30].
When modeling the conductor temperature with constant
temperature of 40◦ C, very high values are applied in the low
efficiency region. Even for the scenario featuring constant
96 temperature of 120◦ C for the conductors, the values are
higher compared to Scenario C where the de facto occurring
temperature is investigated. Generally it can be concluded that
the higher the losses and thus the specific resistance of the
conductors, the lower the ideal thermal load is.
4670
 4000
Stator thermal indicator [A/cm A/mm ] with T model with T model
2
2

3500 with T=120°C

Volumetric power density [kW/m3]

with T=40°C
3000
1.5
2500

2000
1
1500

1000 0.5

500

0 0
86 88 90 92 94 96 86 88 90 92 94 96
Efficiency [%] Efficiency [%]

Fig. 4. "Stator thermal load" for Pareto-optimal designs. Fig. 6. Volumetric power density for Pareto-optimal designs.

By contrast, Fig. 6 gives the volumetric power density for

Again, as observed from Fig. 2, the thermal load indicator of
Pareto optimal machine designs. As for Fig. 5 and the related
ideal machine designs for Scenario C, where the temperature
analysis, only the active material is considered for this study.
characteristics were modeled, is close to Scenario B - 120◦ C -
A similar trend as for the mass-related power density can be
in the low efficiency region and tends to the curve for Scenario
observed. Hence, the optimal machine designs feature similar
A - 40◦ C - in the very high efficiency section.
ratios of component masses (copper, aluminum, and laminated
From Fig. 2 it was concluded that the increase of the overall
steel), which where considered in this scenario (see Table III).
material cost along the considered efficiency range is about
Even though the increase of the material cost for high-
2.5. A similar ratio can be observed when considering the
efficient machine designs obviously is not desirable, it is
increase of the overall active mass of the machine designs il-
inevitable. Additionally, the significant increase in machine’s
lustrated in Fig. 5. Starting from approx. 40kg for an efficiency
mass and volume along the Pareto-front of optimal designs
of 87.6% that is required for the efficiency class IE1, 45kg and
and, as a consequence, a crucial decrease of the power density
50kg, respectively, are necessary for fulfilling IE2 (89.4%) and
for very-high efficient designs is not beneficial. However, by
IE3 (91.2%) efficiency requirements. The very efficient cost-
contrast to the material cost, machine designs with higher
optimal designs (>96%) feature a mass of more than 100kg.
power density even in the high efficiency region probably
As the rated power is constant for any machine design, this
could be obtained. For the conducted analyses, the power
follows a significant drop in mass-related power density in
density was not considered as objective. Thus, the overall cost-
the high efficiency area to 40% of the values observed for
optimal machine designs for particular efficiency requirements
efficiencies around 86%.
were observed without constraining the machine designs’
volume or mass. However, one could also study the tradeoff
efficiency vs. cost vs. power density in a further analysis.
120 Thus, the increase of material cost for higher power density
with T model
Active mass of the machine designs [kg]

110 and same efficiency can be investigated. As higher power

density typically follows higher machine design temperature,
100 the presented modeling of the temperature can be very useful
90 to avoid infeasible temperature characteristics.

80 VI. C ONCLUSION
This paper was about investigating the importance of mod-
70
eling the temperature of machine designs when considering
60 large scale optimization problems.
Three test scenarios for induction machine design optimiza-
50
tion were analyzed and the difference in the results for the
40 scenario comprising a temperature model versus scenarios
86 88 90 92 94 96
with different fixed temperatures was highlighted. Results
Efficiency [%] revealed that for optimization scenarios comprising efficiency
and material cost as objectives, the low-efficient designs tend
Fig. 5. Active mass of Pareto-optimal motor designs. to significantly higher temperatures than high-efficient designs.

4671
Neglecting this circumstance and using a fixed temperature for
the conductors for all machine designs follows a too optimistic
or too pessimistic Pareto front and thus impractical results.
If just the two conflicting objectives material cost and effi-
ciency are investigated, Pareto-optimal designs are observed.
However, further quality criteria of machine designs, e.g,
the power density, are neglected. Thus, a crucial increase
of the machine’s active mass and volume along the Pareto-
front by a factor of 2.5 could be observed. In future work,
the power density can be included as objective to study its
characteristics with regard to the objectives material cost and
efficiency. A thermal modeling of the machine’s components
is highly recommended, as a magnified power density usually
follows higher temperatures. Thus, modeling the temperature
characteristics is essential to derive feasible results.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The presented research work has been supported by LCM
G MB H as a part of the COMET K2 program of the Austrian
government. The projects are kindly supported by the Austrian
and Upper Austrian government and the participating scientific
and industrial partners. The authors thank all supporters.
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