Chap 0.1 Brief Introduction

Section 1.
Facilities for Coagulation and Flocculation

1. Coagulant preparation and dosing
2. Mixing facilities
3. Flocculation facilities
清华大学环境学院
Water and Wastewater Treatment Engineering
Physicochemical Technology
• Coagulant dosing: solid dosing, liquid dosing
• Solid dosing: less applied due to the high demand of dosage control
and mechanic facilities;
• Liquid dosing: commonly used at present.
1) Coagulant dissolution and dosing process
Water
Solution tank A
Water
Dissolution Quantitative Dosing
Reagent Stirring
tank control equipment equipment
Stirring
Solution tank B
Water
Water
Solution tank A
Water
Reagent Dissolution Stirring Quantitative control Dosing

tank equipment equipment
Stirring
Solution tank B Metrical equipment
Water Injection equipment

Dosage box
Liquor lifting equipment
Dosing
equipment
Flow meter Rotor flow meter Electromagnetic flow meter
Metrical equipment
Injection equipment Orifice measurement

equipment
Dosage box
Liquid lifting equipment
Dosing
equipment
Flow meter
Metrical equipment
Injection equipment Orifice measurement

equipment
Dosage box
Dosing
equipment
Dosing before pump
Metrical equipment
Pump dosing: metering/ centrifugal pump
Injection equipment Coagulant dosing
Dosing by water injection
Dosage box
Pipe injection
1. Suction pipe 2. Outlet pipe 3. Pump

4. Water seal tank 5. Float valve 6.Solution 7.Funnel
Dosing
equipment
Dosing before pump
Metrical equipment
Dosage box
Pipe injection
清华大学环境学院 1. Solution pool 2. Measurement pump 3. Pressured-water tube

1. Coagulant preparation and dosage
1) Coagulant dissolution and dosage process
Dosage
equipment
Dosing before pump
Metrical equipment
Dosage box
Pipe injection
1. Solution tank 2. Water seal tank 3. Funnel 4. Water injector

5. Pressured-water tube 6. High-pressured-water tube
1. Coagulant preparation and dosage Administration
pipe
1) Coagulant dissolution and dosage process
Dosage
equipment
Dosing before pump
Metrical equipment
Dosage box
Pipe injection
Basic requirement: Mixing between reagent and water should be rapid and uniform.
Mixing facilities High efficiency; no mixing facilities;
Power saving; Wide application.
Pump mixing: Reagent is added into the intake pipe.
Pipe mixing When using FeCl3 as coagulant, slight

corrosion occurs on pump impellers at
Mechanical mixing high FeCl3 dosage.
2. Mixing facilities Reagent
Pipe Mixing unit
Pipe
Raw
water
Mixing facilities
Static mixer
Pump mixing
Pipe mixing: Tubular static mixer
Mechanical mixing
Simple structure
Mixing rapidly
Lower mixing efficiency when
flow rate in pipeline is too small
Mixing facilities
Pump mixing Good mixing efficiency;

Adjustable stirring intensity;
Pipe mixing Flexibility;
Installed mechanical mixing
Mechanical mixing: Wide application
equipment driven by motor in
mixing tank.
Maintenance problems in
mechanical equipment
Basic function: Benefit floc formation from fine particles in raw water.
Flocculation facilities
Has been commonly used for a long time.

Hydraulic baffled
flocculation tank
Hydraulic folded plate Structure: reciprocating/rotary.
flocculation tank
Mechanical
flocculation tank
Combined
flocculation tank
Flow to sedimentation tank
Influent Influent
pipe pipe
Reciprocating baffled flocculation tank Rotary baffled flocculation tank
Water head loss of hydraulic baffled flocculation tank:
Flow rate at the corner of
corridor i Flow rate in corridor i
 v ic2 v i2  n
=h ∑  ξ mi + 2 li 
i =1  2g Ci Ri 
Local resistance coefficient Total length of corridor i
Local head
in theloss
corner Frictional head loss
vi —— Flow rate in corridor i, m/s;
vic —— Flow rate at the corner of corridor i, m/s;
mi —— Number of corners in corridor i;
ξ —— Local resistance coefficient at the corner: for reciprocating corridor (180°turning), ξ=3;
for rotary corridor (90° turning), ξ=1;
li —— Total length of corridor i, m;
Ri —— Hydraulic radius of flow section in corridor i, m;
Ci —— Flow rate coefficient, correlated with hydraulic radius Ri and rough coefficient σ;
清华大学环境学院 calculated by Manning formula Ci=R-6/σ or check the hydraulic calculation table.
Main design parameters of hydraulic baffled flocculation tank:
• Usually more than 2 tanks; flocculation time: 20~30 min;
• Flow rate decreased along the corridors: initial 0.5~0.6 m/s, terminal 0.2~0.3 m/s;
• Distance between corridors gradually broadens from origin to terminal, to decrease flow
rate gradually;
• Usually, sublevel number of corridors is 4~6. Flow rate is
determined according to sublevel number;
• Space between corridors is more than 0.5 m,
for construction and maintenance.

Hydraulic baffled flocculation tank

Characteristics of hydraulic baffled

flocculation tank:
• large and medium-scale water treatment plants;
• Simple structure and convenient management;
• Flocculation efficiency is hard to control when
flow rate fluctuates too much;
• Long flocculation time, large tank volume;
• Reciprocating (former) and rotary (later)
flocculation tanks can be combined.
Based on baffled flocculation tank,
vertical flow;
Influent Effluent
Hydraulic baffled
flocculation tank Improved flow conditions;
Hydraulic folded plate
flocculation tank Flocculation time: 10~15 min;
Mechanical Reduced tank volume;
flocculation tank
Combined Difficult for installation and maintenance;
flocculation tank
High cost for folded plate.
Influent Effluent
Influent
Influent
Flocculation facilities Horizontal shaft type

Vertical shaft type
Hydraulic diaphragm 1 Propeller plate; 2 Impeller; 3 Shaft; 4 Diaphragm

flocculation tank
Hydraulic folded plate Stirred by mechanical stirring device;
flocculation tank
Mechanical Horizontal/vertical shaft type
flocculation tank
(according to stirring shaft installation position);
Combined
flocculation tank Horizontal shaft type (large-scale plants)/
vertical shaft type (medium/small-scale plants).
Horizontal shaft
type mechanical
flocculation tank
Stirrer: propeller plate (commonly used)/impeller type
Flow resistance on square dA:
v b2
dFi = CD ρ dA
2
dFi —— Flow resistance for a propeller plate with square dA, N;
Cd —— Resistance coefficient, determined by propeller plate width-
height ratio;
ρ —— Water density, kg/m3;
vb —— Flow rate relative to propeller plate (propeller plate rotating
linear velocity), m/s.
Consumed power of resistance dFi, or consumed power

of propeller plate overcoming water resistance:
v b3 CD ρ 3 3
=
dPi d=
Fv
i b CD ρ dA= ω r ldr
2 2
l —— Length of propeller plate, m;

ω —— Rotating angular velocity of propeller plate
relative to flow rate, rad/s;
r —— Rotating radius of propeller plate, m.
Consumed power of one plate overcoming water resistance:

CD ρ 3 3 CD ρ 3 4
( )
r2
=Pi ∫r1
=
2
l ω r dr
8
lω r2 − r14
Consumed power of all propeller plates of each rotating shaft:

m’
mCD ρ 3 4
= P ∑
8
lω r2 − r14 ( )
1
P —— Total consumed power of propeller plate, W;

m’—— Propeller plate number of different gyration radius;
m —— Propeller plate number of same gyration radius;
r2 —— Outer margin gyration radius of propeller plate;
r1 —— inner margin gyration radius of propeller plate.
Stirring intensity should be decreased by changing stirring propeller plate
number and diameter, or adjusting rotation speed.
Dosing pipe line Fixed plate Sedimentation tank
Rapid mixer Rotating plate
Plate
• High efficiency; flocculation time: 15~20 min;

• Adaptable to fluctuation of water quality and quantity. Fit for any-scale plants;
• Need special mechanical device and mechanic maintenance.
3. Flocculation facilities to sedimentation tank
Hydraulic diaphragm
flocculation tank
Hydraulic folded plate influent
flocculation tank
Mechanical Combination of mechanical and hydraulic baffled flocculation tank;
flocculation tank
Combined Mechanical stirring intensity can be adjusted when water quality and
flocculation tank quantity changed；
Once mechanical stirring device breaks down, hydraulic baffled
flocculation tank still works.

Chap 0.1 Brief Introduction

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Chap 0.1 Brief Introduction

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Section 1.

Facilities for Coagulation and Flocculation

• Coagulant dosing: solid dosing, liquid dosing

• Liquid dosing: commonly used at present.

Reagent Dissolution Stirring Quantitative control Dosing

Water Injection equipment

Injection equipment Orifice measurement

Liquid lifting equipment

Injection equipment Orifice measurement

Liquid lifting equipment

1. Suction pipe 2. Outlet pipe 3. Pump

清华大学环境学院 1. Solution pool 2. Measurement pump 3. Pressured-water tube

1. Solution tank 2. Water seal tank 3. Funnel 4. Water injector

Pump mixing: Reagent is added into the intake pipe.

Pipe mixing When using FeCl3 as coagulant, slight

Pipe mixing: Tubular static mixer

Pump mixing Good mixing efficiency;

Has been commonly used for a long time.

Reciprocating baffled flocculation tank Rotary baffled flocculation tank

• Usually, sublevel number of corridors is 4~6. Flow rate is

determined according to sublevel number;

• Space between corridors is more than 0.5 m,

for construction and maintenance.

Hydraulic baffled flocculation tank

Characteristics of hydraulic baffled

Flocculation facilities Horizontal shaft type

Hydraulic diaphragm 1 Propeller plate; 2 Impeller; 3 Shaft; 4 Diaphragm

Flow resistance on square dA:

Consumed power of resistance dFi, or consumed power

l —— Length of propeller plate, m;

Consumed power of one plate overcoming water resistance:

Consumed power of all propeller plates of each rotating shaft:

P —— Total consumed power of propeller plate, W;

• High efficiency; flocculation time: 15~20 min;

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