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Annotated Bibliography

Why has there been a recent increase in the number of hate crimes in the United States and how

do they affect our local communities?

Ayah Bedwan

Professor Malcolm Campbell

UWRT 1104

3/16/18
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Langton, Lynn. “Hate Crime Victimization, 2004-2015.” U.S. Department of Justice, June 2017,

www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/hcv0415.pdf. Commented [MF1]: You copied and pasted this wrong if

you highlight and right click it should give you like 3 options
for copying and pasting
This official website by The Bureau of Justice Statistics of the U.S Department of Justice

shows a detailed report of the hate crime victimizations that have happened between the

years 2004 and 2015. This federal agency is responsible for measuring crime, criminal

victimization, criminal offenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation

of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels. They

collect, observe, analyze, and then release these valid statistics to look for better ways to

improve these stats. This website was recently published in June 2017 which makes it up

to date. The author, Lynn Langton, of this report is very reliable and knowledgeable.

Langton worked at the University of Florida from 2002-2010 in the Criminology

department. After that, she worked as a Statistician for the U.S Department from 2006-

2016 and then from 2016-present day she works as the Chief of the Victimization of

Statistics for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The author explains how multiple different

aspects of hate crimes throughout the report and different information they found after

analyzing their data. For example, during the five-year period of 2011-2015 the most

common motivation for hate crime was racial bias. Another example would be during

that same gap period 54% of hate crime victimizations were not reported to the police.

This source since it’s from a government website might have a slight bias towards

making it sound like there hasn’t been that many hate crimes in the United States. But

nevertheless, this would be a good source for my essay because it provides me with a lot

of detailed information on my topic. In addition, the source is reliable and is current and I

can use the original data that they found to further draw my own conclusions.
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Zapotosky, Matt. “Hate Crimes against Muslims Hit Highest Mark since 2001.” The Washington

Post, WP Company, 14 Nov. 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-

security/hate-crimes-against-muslims-hit-highest-mark-since-

2001/2016/11/14/7d8218e2-aa95-11e6-977a-

1030f822fc35_story.html?utm_term=.222ca6cf7785.

This article observes the rise of hate crimes in 2015 to 2016 since the start of the

presidential campaigns. Zapotasky uses the released FBI data on hate crime statistics

taken in 2015 and also in 2016. The article suggests that there has been a spike to the Commented [MF2]: You can get rid of the also

highest level in more than a decade since after 9/11. In 2001, the FBI recorded 481 anti-

Muslim hate crimes which was the last time the FBI recorded more than 160 anti-Muslim

hate crimes. But from the recent statistics, in 2015, there was 257 anti-Muslim incidents

which was almost 67% more than the year before. The author Matt Zapotosky earned his

Bachelor’s degree in Journalism at Ohio University. Zapotosky has been reporting on

different subjects which include law enforcement in Southern Maryland, the police

department and court system in Prince George’s County, Maryland. And now present day

he covers the federal law enforcement in the Eastern District of Virginia. This makes it a

credible source because the statistics come from an official website. The article continues

to provide me with many examples of different hate crime incidents against Muslims as

well as other religions and races.

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Chan, Jason, et al. "The Internet and Racial Hate Crime: Offline Spillovers from Online Access."

MIS Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 2, June 2016, pp. 381-404. EBSCOhost,

librarylink.uncc.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bt

h&AN=115296640&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

This article discusses the effect of the Internet on racial hate crimes in the United States

from 2001-2008. They have found that overall through the statistics it shows that racial

hate crimes have increased over this time period. They analyze the data in depth and Commented [MF3]: After this sentence you could explain
what the study considers a hate crime to be
seem to find no connection between hate group crimes and internet access but have seen

an increase in racial hate crimes committed by lone wolf people who do have online

access. In addition, in one of the study samples they took, almost two-thirds of reported

hate crimes come from racial-bias motivations. So, the article suggests that that makes in

the most typical form of bias motivated hate crimes in the United States. There are three

authors for this article Jason Chan, Anindya Ghose, and Robert Seamans. Chang works in

the University of Minnesota and Ghose & Seamans work in the New York University.

This article is peer reviewed and includes multiple sources to reference. This will

possibly help me with part of my essay because it gives me more data and information for

the racially-bias hate crimes aspect of my essay.

Mathias, Christopher. “Exclusive: New Report Offers Proof Of US Hate Crime Rise In The

Trump Era.” The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 18 Sept. 2017,

www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hate-crime-rise-2016-united-states-

trump_us_59becac8e4b086432b07fed8. Commented [MF4]: Same thing as the first source the

blue border is still there
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This author gives a report about how in 2016, the number of hate crimes that have rose all

over the United States. Which marked the consecutive annual increases in crimes

targeting people based on their race, religion, or national origin. In 2026 alone, hate

crimes rose 20% in Chicago, 24% in New York City, 15% in Los Angeles, and 50% in

Philadelphia. And the largest increase was seen in Washington, D.C. with a 62% rise.

The article shows substantial research an example of these recent rises. For example, the

white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, where neo-Nazis were chanting pro-

Trump slogans and driving through crowds of protestors with their car. The author

Christopher Mathias started off as an assistant editor for the New York vertical, promoted

to Associate Editor, New York Reporter, then National reporter. Mathias covers criminal

justice, homelessness, and Islamophobia. The charts in this article will be helpful in

drawing different conclusions.