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Resumen Relaciones Fundamentales - Inglés PDF
Resumen Relaciones Fundamentales - Inglés PDF
Resumen Relaciones Fundamentales - Inglés PDF
Dr M. Touahmia
3 Weight-Volume Relationships
Lecture Outline:
1
Soil Phase Relationships
2
Soil Phase Relationships
• Naturally occurred soil consists of solid particles which make up the soil
skeleton and voids which may be full of water if the soil is saturated, may be
full of air if the soil is dry, or may be partially saturated as shown:
3
Weight-Volume Relationships
W = Ws + Ww V = Vs + Vv = Vs + Vw + Va
4
Weight-Volume Relationships
• There are three volumetric ratios that are very useful in geotechnical
engineering and these can be determined directly from the phase diagram:
1. Void ratio (e), defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of
solids: V
e v
V s
2. Porosity (n), defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume:
V
n v
V T
3. Degree of saturation (S), defined as the ratio of the volume of water to the
volume of voids:
V
S 100%
w
V v
5
Weight-Volume Relationships
V V V n V V V e
e v v
n v v s
V V V V 1 n V V V V 1 e
s
1 v v T
1
s v v
V V s
• The common terms used for weight relationships are moisture content and
unit weight.
W
w w
W s
6
Weight-Volume Relationships
2. Unit weight ( ) is the weight of soil per unit volume. There are several
commonly used unit weights:
W W W
a) Total unit weight (moisture/wet/bulk unit weight): s w
V V
W
b) Dry unit weight (when saturation S = 0): d
s
V
W
c) Saturated unit weight (when saturation S = 100%): sat
V
W
d) Solid unit weight: s s
V
s
• The moisture unit weight and the dry unit weight ca also be expressed as:
W
W 1 w
W W W W 1 w
s
W
and
s w s s
V V V V 1 w
d
7
Weight-Volume Relationships
V M
c) Saturated density (when saturation S = 100%):
sat
M V
d) Density of solids: s
s
V s
• The Specific Gravity (G) which is defined as the ratio of unit weight (or
density) of a given material to the unit weight (or density) of water.
a) The specific gravity of a mass of soil (including air, water and solids) is
termed as bulk specific gravity (Gm). It is expressed as:
g
G
m
g w w w
b) The specific gravity of solids (Gs), excluding air and water, is expressed by:
g
G s
s s
s
w
g w w
• Note that:
g 1000
kg m kg.m N kN
9.81 9810 9810 9.81
m s
w w 3 2 3 2 3 3
m .s m m
9
Specific Gravity
• We can use Gs to calculate the density or unit weight of the solid particles:
G
s s w
and G
s s w
• and hence the volume of the solid particles if the mass or weight is known:
W W M M
V
s s s s
s
G G
s s s w s w
Type of Soil Gs
Sand 2.65 – 2.67
Silty Sand 2.67 – 2.70
Inorganic Clay 2.70 – 2.80
Soils with Mica or Iron 2.75 – 3.00
Organic Soils < 2.00
10
Relationships among γ , e, w and Gs
• By assuming Vs = 1, we have: W G
s s w
W wW wG
w s s w
V
e V v
v
V V V 1 e s v
V s
W W W G wG
1 wG s w s w s w s w
V V 1 e 1 e
W G G
e 1 s s w s w
V 1 e
d
d
W wG
V wG w s w
w
w w
s
V wG
S w
Se wGs s
V e v
G s
e w
e wG
1 e
sat s
11
Relationships among γ , e, w and Gs
V
• By assuming V = 1, we have: n v
V v V 1 n
s
V
W V G 1 n
s s s s w
W wW wG 1 n
w s s w
d
W
G 1 n
s
s w
V
W W
s
G 1 n 1 w
w
s w
V
W W 1 n G n
sat
s
w
1 n G n
s w w
s w
V 1
W n n e
w w
w
W 1 n G 1 n G G
s w s s s
12
Various Weight-Volume Relationships
13
Typical Values of e, w and d
14
Relative Density (Dr)
• The relative density (Dr) is commonly used to indicate the in situ denseness
or looseness of granular soil. It is defined as:
15
•
• By using the definition of dry unit weight and dry density, we can express
relative density as:
1 1
D
d (min) d
d d (min)
d (max)
d d (min)
d (max)
1 1
r
d (max) , d (max) : dry unit weight and density in the densest condition (at a void ratio of emin)
d (min) , d (min) : dry unit weight and density in the loosest condition (at a void ratio of emax)
16