CHEM

A. Common acids and alkalis 常見的酸和鹼

Acids 酸 Alkalis 鹼
Vinegar 醋 Milk of Magnesia 鎂奶
[ethanoic acid 乙酸] [magnesium hydroxide 氫氧化鎂]
Soft drink 汽水 Window cleaners 玻璃清潔劑
[carbonic acid 碳酸] [ammonia 氨]
Vitamin C 維生素 C Drain cleaners 通渠劑
[ascorbic acid 抗壞血酸] [sodium hydroxide 氫氧化鈉]
Hydrochloric acid 氫氯酸 Potassium hydroxide 氫氧化鉀
Sulphuric acid 硫酸 Calcium hydroxide 氫氧化鈣
Nitric acid 硝酸
 To test acidity, use blue litmus paper:
acidic solution will turn it ______________
要測試酸度 , 使用藍色石蕊試紙, 酸性溶液會把它轉成______________
 To test alkalinity, use red litmus paper: alkaline solution will turn it ____________
要測試鹼度 , 使用紅色石蕊試紙, 鹼性溶液會把它轉成______________

B. Acids 酸
 An acid is a hydrogen-containing covalent molecular compound, which when dissolved in
water, forms hydrogen ions H  (aq) as the only positive ion..
酸是一含氫的共價並以分子形式存在的化合物, 當其溶於水中, 可形成氫離子
H  (aq ) , 為唯一正離子

1. Properties of dilute acids 稀酸的性質

 They have a sour taste. 它們有酸味
 They conduct electricity, they are electrolyte.
它們導電, 是電解液
 They react with metals higher than ______________ in the reactivity
series. 與金屬活性序較_________高的金屬反應
Acid 酸 + Metal 金屬 →

Mg (s) + HCl (aq)

Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq)
+
Mg (s) + H (aq)

 They react with metal oxides 與金屬氧化物反應

Acids and Alkalis P.1

 Acid 酸 + Metal oxide 金屬氧化物 → salt 鹽 + water 水

HNO3 (aq) + CuO (s)

H2SO4 (aq) + CuO (s)
+
H (aq) + CuO (s)
 They react with metal hydroxides 與金屬氫氧化物
反應
Acid 酸 + Metal hydroxide 金屬氫氧化物 → salt 鹽 + water 水

HNO3 (aq) + KOH (aq)

H2SO4 (aq) + NaOH (aq)
+ -
H (aq) + OH (aq)

 They react with carbonate 與碳酸鹽反應

Acid + Carbonate → salt + carbon dioxide + water
酸 + 碳酸鹽 → 鹽 + 二氧化碳 + 水

HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s)

H2SO4 (aq) + CaCO3 (s)

+
H (aq) + CO 2 - (aq)
3

 They react with hydrogencarbonate 與碳氫酸鹽 反

應
Acid + hydrogencarbonate → salt + carbon dioxide + water
酸 + 碳氫酸鹽 → 鹽 + 二氧化碳 + 水

HCl (aq) + NaHCO3 (s)

H2SO4 (aq) + NaHCO3 (s)
+
H (aq) + HCO3 - (aq)

2. Basicity of acid 酸的鹽基度

 The basicity of an acid is the number of ionizable hydrogen atoms in one molecule of the acid.
酸的鹽基度為一個酸分子可電離的氫原子數目
 Monobasic 一元酸: basicity 鹽基度 = 1
HCl (aq)
HNO3 (aq)
CH3COOH (aq)

Acids and Alkalis P.2

 Dibasic 二元酸: basicity 鹽基度 = 2
H2SO4 (aq)
H2SO3 (aq)

 Tribasic 三元酸: basicity 鹽基度 = 3

H3PO4 (aq)

C. Importance of water for acids 水對酸的重要性

 Pure acid does not contain ionized hydrogen ion
純酸不含電離的氫離子
 Water must be present for an acid to show acidic properties.
必要有水的存在, 酸才可顯示其酸性性質
 In water, covalent bond(s) between hydrogen atom(s) and other atom(s) in an molecule is
broken.
於水中, 分子中的氫原子及其他原子之間的共價鍵會斷裂
 Acid _____________ in water to form H  (aq) which is responsible for the acidic properties
of the acid.
酸於水中_______________, 生成 H  (aq), 此離子是可表現酸性性質的

 Hence, you should expect:

Acid in water Pure acid
溶於水中的酸 純酸
Dry blue litmus paper
乾的藍色石蕊試紙
Electrical conductivity
導電能力
(Reason 理由?)

D. Concentrated acids 濃酸
 It is highly corrosive
濃酸的腐蝕性很高

1. Hydrochloric acid 氫氯酸

 Concentrated hydrochloric acid behaves in the same way as dilute hydrochloric acid
濃氫氯酸與稀氫氯酸的反應相似
 Concentrated HCl reacts at ____________________ rate than dilute HCl
濃 HCl 反應時的速度較稀 HCl ______________

Acids and Alkalis P.3

2. Nitric acid 硝酸
 Both dilute and concentrated nitric acid can act as oxidizing agent
稀硝酸及濃硝酸均可為氧化劑
Reduction half ionic equation of dilute HNO3 ( aq) :
稀的 HNO3 ( aq ) 還原半離子方程:

Reduction half-ionic equation of concentrated HNO3 ( aq ) :

濃的 HNO3 ( aq ) 還原半離子方程:

e.g.1)Concentrated HNO3 ( aq ) and dilute HNO3 ( aq ) with copper

濃及稀 HNO3 ( aq ) 銅

e.g.2) concentrated HNO3 ( aq ) with iron (II) salts:頗濃的 HNO3 ( aq) 與鐵(II)鹽:

e.g.3) Concentrated HNO3 ( aq ) with sulphites: 濃 HNO3 ( aq ) 與亞硫酸離子:

 Concentrated nitric acid should keep in dark bottles because it tends to decompose to brown
nitrogen dioxide gas.
 濃硝酸應存放於深色玻璃器皿中因為它容易分解為褐色的二氧化氮氣體。
 The usual ___________ colour of concentrated nitric acid is due to the dissolved nitrogen
dioxide.
 常見的濃硝酸呈現 _________，因為二氧化氮溶於硝酸溶液中。
 Concentrated nitric acid is quite volatile
 濃硝酸的揮發性頗高。

Acids and Alkalis P.4

2. Sulphuric acid 硫酸
(a) Concentrated sulphuric acid can act as dehydrating agent
濃硫酸可作為脫水劑
 It has strong affinity for water
與水有很的親和力
 To dilute concentrated H 2 SO4 ( aq ) , add ___________________ slowly into _____
____________________________ with stirring. A lot of heat will be liberated.
要稀釋濃, 把______________慢慢加入_________________________, 並攪拌, 並釋出
大量的熱
 It can remove water of crystallization from hydrated salts.
e.g.1) blue crystals of copper (II) sulphate-5-water
CuSO4  5 H 2 O ( s ) conc. H2SO4

 It can remove the elements of water from some compounds.

e.g.2) sucrose
C12 H 22 O11 ( s ) conc. H2SO4

(b) Concentrated sulphuric acid can act as oxidizing agent

濃硫酸可作為氧化劑
Reduction half ionic equation of H 2 SO4 (l ) 的還原半方程式:

e.g.3)Concentrated H 2 SO4 with copper 濃 H 2 SO4 與銅

e.g.4) Hot concentrated H 2 SO4 with sulphur 熱的濃 H 2 SO4 與硫:

(c) Dilute sulphuric acid acts as a typical acid, H  (aq) becomes the oxidizing agent.
Acids and Alkalis P.5
 稀的硫酸可作為一典型酸, H  (aq) 為氧化劑
e.g.5) Reaction with metals higher than copper in metal reactivity series (e.g.magnesium)
與金屬活潑序中位置較銅高的金屬(如:鎂)反應

E. Alkalis 鹼
1. Bases and Alkalis 鹽基及鹼
 Base is a compound which reacts with an acid to form a salt and water only.
鹽基是一種化合物與酸反應時只生成鹽及水

neutralization: acid + base salt + water

中和作用: 酸 + 鹽基 鹽 + 水

e.g. metal oxides 金屬氧化物: MgO

metal hydroxides 金屬氫氧化物: NaOH
ammonia 氨: NH 3

 Alkalis are bases that are soluble in water.

鹼為可溶於水的鹽基
e.g.Potassium hydroxide 氫氧化鉀, sodium hydroxide 氫氧化鈉,
calcium hydroxide 氫氧化鈣, ammonia 氨
 Alkalis will dissociate in water to form OH  as the only negative ions
鹼溶於水中會離解釋放 OH  離子為唯一負離子
NaOH (s) + H2O (l)

NH3 (g) + H2O (l)

2. Properties of aqueous alkalis 鹼的水溶液的性質

 Usually taste bitter 苦澀味
 Concentrated KOH and NaOH attack and burn the skin: caustic
濃及可灼傷皮膚: 苛性的
 Change red litmus paper to ______________
可把紅色石蕊試紙轉_____________
 Aqueous solution of alkalis are ______________: conduct electricity
譣的水溶液是_____________: 可導電的

 Reaction with acids 與酸的反應:

Neutralizes acid to form salt and water 中和酸而生成鹽和水
Acids and Alkalis P.6
 neutralization: acid + alkali salt + water
中和作用: 酸 +鹼 鹽 + 水

NaOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq)

NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq)
 Reaction with non-metal oxides
與非金屬氧化物的反應:
alkali + non-metal oxide salt + water
鹼 + 非金屬氧化物 鹽 + 水

NaOH (aq) CO2 (g) +

Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g)

 This is lime water test. 這是石灰水檢定法

 Reaction with ammonium compounds

與銨化合物的反應
alkali + ammonium compound salt + ammonia + water
鹼 + 銨化合物 鹽 + 氨 + 水

NaOH (aq) + NH4Cl (aq)

 Reaction with metal ions in aqueous solution

於水溶液中與金屬離子的反應
alkali (aq) + salt1 (aq) metal hydroxide (s) + salt2 (aq)
鹼(aq) + 鹽 1 (aq) 金屬氧化物(s) + 鹽 2 (aq)

NaOH (aq) + CuSO4 (aq)

Metal ion Precipitation with NaOH (aq) or NH3 (aq) Precipitate dissolve
金屬離子 利用 NaOH (aq)或 NH3 (aq) 的沉澱作用 in excess NaOH
(aq)?
沉澱物溶於過量的
NaOH (aq)?
2
Pb ( aq ) 2+ -
Pb + OH (aq)
Colourless white powdery ppt
無色 白色粉狀沉澱物
Cu 2  ( aq ) 2+ -
Cu + OH (aq)

Blue pale blue gelatinous ppt

藍色 淺藍色膠凝沉澱物

Acids and Alkalis P.7

Fe 2  (aq ) 2+ -
Fe + OH (aq)

Green dirty green gelatinous ppt

綠色 污綠色膠凝的沉澱物
3+ -
Fe 3 (aq ) Fe + OH (aq)

Yellow reddish brown gelatinous ppt

黃色 褐紅色的膠凝的沉澱物
Mg 2  ( aq ) 2+ -
Mg + OH (aq)

Colourless white gelatinous ppt

無色 白色膠凝的沉澱物
Al 3 ( aq ) 3+ -
Al + OH (aq)

Colourless white gelatinous ppt

無色 白色膠凝的沉澱物
Zn 2 ( aq ) 2+ -
Zn + OH (aq)

Colourless white gelatinous ppt

無色 白色膠凝的沉澱物

 This reaction can be used to 這反應可用作

1. identify some metal ions 鑑定某些金屬離子
2. confirm the presence of hydroxide ions 確定氫氧離子的存在

F. Acidity and Alkalinity 酸度及鹼度

 Whether a solution is acidic, neutral or alkaline depends on the ___________________
of H  (aq ) and OH  (aq)
溶液是酸性, 中性或鹼性的取決於 H  (aq ) 及 OH  (aq) 的_______________
 On the pH scale:
pH value Concentration of H  (aq ) & OH  (aq)
pH 值 H  (aq ) 及 OH  (aq ) 的濃度
Acidic 酸性 0  pH  7 Conc. of H  (aq ) 濃度 > Conc. of OH  (aq) 濃度
Neutral 中性 pH  7 Conc. of H  (aq ) 濃度 = Conc. of OH  (aq) 濃度
Alkaline 鹼性 7  pH  14 Conc. of H  (aq ) 濃度 < Conc. of OH  (aq) 濃度

 Three common acid-base indicators are methyl orange, litmus and phenolphthalein.
三種常用的酸鹼指示劑是甲基橙, 石蕊及酚酉太
Indicator 指示劑 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Acids and Alkalis P.8

Methyl orange 甲基橙
Litmus 石蕊
Phenolphthalein 酚酉太

 Other methods for measuring pH of a solution:其他量度 pH 的方法

(a) universal indicator 通用指示劑
(b) pH meter pH 計

G. Strengths of Acids and Alkalis 酸和鹼的強度

1. Comparing two acids with equal concentration 比較兩種相同濃度的酸:
0.1M hydrochloric acid 氫氯酸 vs 0.1M ethanoic acid 乙酸
(a) By pH measurement 以 pH 值來量度:
hydrochloric acid 氫氯酸 --- pH 1
ethanoic acid 乙酸 --- pH 4
 Hydrochloric acid has ____________ concentration of H+ ions.
氫氯酸有較___________的 H+ 離子的濃度
(b) By electrical conductivity 以導電能力來量度
hydrochloric acid 氫氯酸 --- higher 較高
ethanoic acid 乙酸 --- lower 較底
 There are ________________ hydrochloric acid molecules ionize in water
有較__________的氫氯酸分子在水中電離

 Strong Acid: fully or highly ionizes in aqueous solution

強酸: 在水溶液中完全或高度地電離
 Weak Acid: only partly or slightly ionizes in aqueous solution
弱酸: 在水溶液中只是部份地電離
 Hence 因此, ___________________________ is strong acid 是強酸;
___________________________ is weak acid 是弱酸.

Acids and Alkalis P.9

2. Comparing two alkalis with equal concentration 比較兩種相同濃度的鹼
0.1M sodium hydroxide solution vs 0.1M ammonia solution
氫氧化鈉 vs 氨溶液
(a) By pH measurement 以 pH 值來量度
sodium hydroxide solution 氫氧化鈉 --- pH 13
ammonia solution 氨溶液 --- pH 10
 sodium hydroxide solution has ____________ concentration of OH- ions.
氫氧化鈉有較___________的 OH- 離子的濃度
(b) By electrical conductivity 以導電能力來量度
sodium hydroxide solution 氫氧化鈉 --- higher 較高
ammonia solution 氨溶液 --- lower 較底
 Sodium hydroxide ionizes________________ in water
有較__________的氫氧化鈉在水中電離

 Strong Alkalis: fully or highly ionizes in aqueous solution

強鹼: 在水溶液中完全或高度地電離
 Weak Alkalis: only partly or slightly ionizes in aqueous solution
弱鹼: 在水溶液中只是部份地電離
 Hence 因此, ___________________________ is strong alkali 是強鹼;
___________________________ is weak alkali 是弱鹼.

Acids and Alkalis P.10