BASIC BIOLOGY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

The biology of human sexuality includes the reproductive system and

the sexual response cycle, as well as the factors that affect them.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE
 Characterize the four stages of the human sexual response cycle

KEY POINTS
o The biological aspects of human sexuality include the
reproductive system, the sexual response cycle, and the neurological and
hormonal factors that affect these processes.
o Females have both external genitalia (known as the vulva) and
internal reproductive organs (including the ovaries, uterus, fallopian
tubes, and vagina).
o Males also have both internal and external genitalia; the
main sex organs are the penis and testicles.
o The sexual response cycle is a model that describes
the physiological responses that take place during sexual activity. The
cycle consists of four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and
resolution.
o The hypothalamus is the most important part of the brain for
sexual functioning; it produces important sexual hormones that are then
secreted by the pituitary gland.
o Sex hormones that influence sexual behavior include oxytocin,
prolactic, vasopressin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing
hormone (LH); others include testosterone in males and estrogen and
progesterone in females.

TERMS
 limbic system
Part of the human brain involved in emotion, motivation, and emotional
association with memory.
 libido
A person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity.
 hormone
Any substance produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to
another to effect physiological activity.

The biological aspects of human sexuality include the reproductive

system, the sexual response cycle, and the neurological and hormonal
factors that affect these processes.

Physical Anatomy and Reproduction

 Different sexes are anatomically very similar; however, they each have
different physical mechanisms that enable them to perform sexual acts and
procreate. For the purposes of this discussion, we will be examining male and
female anatomy; however, it is important to keep in mind the wide variety
of intersex anatomy that exists, and that much of the biology below
corresponds to different intersex bodies in different ways.
Female Anatomy
Female external genitalia is collectively known as the vulva, which
includes the mons veneris, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal
opening, and urethral opening. Female internal reproductive organs consist
of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The uterus hosts the
developing fetus, produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and passes the
male's sperm through to the fallopian tubes; the ovaries release the eggs. A
female is born with all her eggs already produced. The vagina is attached to
the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via
the fallopian tubes. Females have a monthly reproductive cycle; at
certain intervals the ovaries release an egg, which passes through the
fallopian tube into the uterus. If, in this transit, it meets with sperm, the
sperm might penetrate and merge with the egg, fertilizing it. If not fertilized,
the egg is flushed out of the system through menstruation.

Biology of female reproductive system

The

female reproductive system consists of both internal organs and external

genitalia.

Male Anatomy
 Males also have both internal and external genitalia that are
responsible for procreation and sexual intercourse. Males produce their
sperm on a cycle, and unlike the female's ovulation cycle, the male sperm
production cycle is constantly producing millions of sperm daily. The main
male sex organs are the penis and the testicles, the latter of which produce
semen and sperm. The semen and sperm, as a result of sexual intercourse,
can fertilize an ovum in the female's body; the fertilized ovum (zygote)
develops into a fetus, which is later born as a child.

Biology of male reproductive system

Like females, males have both internal and external genitalia that are
responsible for procreation and sexual intercourse.

The Sexual Response Cycle

Sexual motivation, often referred to as libido, is a person's overall
sexual drive or desire for sexual activity. This motivation is determined by
biological, psychological, and social factors. In most mammalian species, sex
hormones control the ability to engage in sexual behaviors. However, sex
hormones do not directly regulate the ability to copulate
in primates (including humans); rather, they are only one influence on the
motivation to engage in sexual behaviors. Social factors such as work and
family also have an impact, as do internal psychological factors
like personality and stress. Sex drive may also be affected by medical
conditions, medications, lifestyle stress, pregnancy, and relationship issues.
The sexual response cycle is a model that describes the physiological
responses that take place during sexual activity. According to William
Masters and Virginia Johnson, the cycle consists of four phases: excitement,
plateau, orgasm, and resolution. The excitement phase is the phase in which
the intrinsic (inner) motivation to pursue sex arises.
The plateau phase sets the stage for orgasm. Orgasm is the release of
tension, and the resolution period is the unaroused state before the cycle
begins again.

The Brain and Sex

The brain is the structure that translates the nerve impulses from the
skin into pleasurable sensations. It controls nerves and muscles used during
sexual behavior. The brain regulates the release of hormones, which are
believed to be the physiological origin of sexual desire. The cerebral cortex,
which is the outer layer of the brain that allows for thinking and reasoning, is
believed to be the origin of sexual thoughts and fantasies. Beneath the
cortex is the limbic system, which consists of the amygdala, hippocampus,
cingulate gyrus, and septal area. These structures are where emotions and
feelings are believed to originate, and are important for sexual behavior.
The hypothalamus is the most important part of the brain for sexual
functioning. This is the small area at the base of the brain consisting of
several groups of nerve-cell bodies that receives input from the limbic
system. Studies with lab animals have shown that destruction of certain
areas of the hypothalamus causes complete elimination of sexual behavior.
One of the reasons for the importance of the hypothalamus is its relation to
the pituitary gland, which secretes the hormones that are produced in the
hypothalamus.

Hormones
Several important sexual hormones are secreted by the pituitary
gland. Oxytocin, also known as the "hormone of love," is released during
sexual intercourse when an orgasm is achieved. Oxytocin is also released in
females when they give birth or are breast feeding; it is believed that
oxytocin is involved with maintaining close relationships. Both prolactic and
oxytocin stimulate milk production in females. Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) is responsible for ovulation in females by triggering egg maturity; it
also stimulates sperm production in males. Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers
the release of a mature egg in females during the process of ovulation.
In males, testosterone appears to be a major contributing factor to
sexual motivation. Vasopressin is involved in the male arousal phase, and the
increase of vasopressin during erectile response may be directly associated
with increased motivation to engage in sexual behavior.
The relationship between hormones and female sexual motivation is
not as well understood, largely due to the overemphasis on male sexuality in
Western research. Estrogen and progesterone typically regulate motivation
to engage in sexual behavior for females, with estrogen increasing
motivation and progesterone decreasing it. The levels of these hormones rise
and fall throughout a woman's menstrual cycle. Research suggests that
testosterone, oxytocin, and vasopressin are also implicated in female sexual
motivation in similar ways as they are in males, but more research is needed
to understand these relationships.