I.

INTRODUCTION

Transportation is an integral part of the functioning of the society. The transport

system improves the social, economic, industrial, commercial progress and transfers
the society into an organized one. It is one of the most essential services, vital force
for determining the direction of development. To achieve the desired transportation
balance and the system to be efficient, it is essential to provide organized facilities in
the system, one such facility is a Bus Terminal. Buses forms the backbone of the
public transport in any country and might also be the sole public transport available in
some cases. Thus it becomes very important to take into account the planning
considerations for bus terminals. As transportation involves the movement of the
people and goods, there is a need of an “access point” in transport system to use it.
These access points are known as “Terminals” or the fixed facilities. Terminals are
one of the main components of any mode of transportation.

II. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A bus terminal, or terminus, is the point where a bus route starts or ends, where
vehicles stop, turn or reverse, and wait before departing on their return journeys. It’s
also where passengers board and alight from vehicles. It also often provides a
convenient point where services can be controlled from.

The size and nature of a terminal may vary, from a roadside bus stop with no facilities
for passengers or bus crews, to a purpose built off-road bus station offering a wide
range of facilities.

If the number of vehicles arriving and departing is low, a roadside bus stop, with
no facilities, will normally be adequate. With a large number of vehicles arriving and
departing, it may be necessary to provide off-road bus station facilities for the
convenience of passengers and to reduce traffic congestion.

Terminals can be classified broadly in 4 categories according to the

vehicle/facility they serve. These names are:
 Bus terminals\
 Rail terminals
 Airport terminals
 Ports

Bus terminals are predominantly used for inter-city and intra-city movement
because of the higher accessibility of bus terminals. These are the places with very
high volume of pedestrians which might be looking for another transport mode to
continue their journey and reach their destination.

III. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

As Architecture students, the significance of the study is to help the municipality

of Quirino in developing a new Transport Bus Station.

The proponent wants to implement a design that must target ease of transfer and
minimal impact on general road traffic. Infrastracture design must consider the peak
hour usage to determined the capacity required.

The importance of this research lies in providing a feasible to study to be

implemented and applied to every city.

IV. DESIGN OBJECTIVES

1. To evaluate and assess the different issues particularly the flow of vehicles in an
intermodel passenger transport terminal.
2. To study and evaluate how the passengers move and adapt on a space to understand
the typical flow and routine of pedestrians in transport terminals.
3. To identify the approach needs of the passenger in transportation facility that will
encourage them to travel ferquently using public transportation and lessen the
negative impact within the city.
4.

IV. SPACE REQUIREMENTS

1.Loading Area/s-
2.Unloading Area/s

3.Guard House

4.Covered Walk

5.Bus Terminal Administration Office

5.1.Directors office with receiving area, toilet & kitchenette

5.2.Director’s Secretary Area

5.3.Accounting Office

5.4.Cashiers Office

5.5.Budget Office

5.6.Human Resource Office

5.7.Building Management Office

5.8.Security Office

5.9.Waiting Area

5.10.Toilet M & F

6.Dispatcher’s Room

7.Bus Concourse

8.Bus Slots –minimum 50 slots

9.Waiting Area/s

10.Ticket Booth

11.Queuing Area
12.Security Area

A)Metal Detector

B)X-ray Machine for baggages

C)Explosive Trace Detection Portal Machine

13.ATM Booths

14.Toilets Male & Female, Differently Abled

15.Breastfeeding Area

16.Lockers for Passengers

17.Employee’s Lounge

18.Canteen

19.Toilet and Locker for Employees

20.Rentable Spaces for Kiosk, Restaurant, Pasalubong, etc

21.Material Recovery Facility

22.OHT & Pump Room

23.Electrical & Mechanical Room

24.Centralized Air-conditioning Plant Room

25.Generation Set Room

26.Air Handling Unit Room

27.Motor Pool

28.Maintenance Area
29.Cleaning/Wash Area

30.Gasoline Station for Buses

31.Bus Parking Area

32.Drivers Lounge

33.Park & Ride

34.Parking of Private Vehicles/Motorcycles Etc

35.Mini Park & other landscape features

VI. DESIGN STRATEGIES
D.1. Design Considerations:
i. Aesthetics
ii. Green Architecture: Several green technologies will be used in
designing the building to encourage sustainability upon government
buildings.
iii. Landscaping Design and Natural Ventilation: The arrangement of
foliage, likewise, helps in the part of passive cooling in the City Hall.
Retaining the trees’ original locations makes the structure’s
surrounding more natural and ecological.
iv. Circulation: The clustering of spaces and offices helps the users to
circulate and roam around the building. Pathway surfaces are also
designed in for both people with disabilities and normal users.
v. Sustainable building design environment -friendly designs include, for
example, designing rooms, facilities and amenities to maximize the
natural ventilation from the prevailing coastal winds. External screens
can be fitted and used to shade windows from direct sunlight. Ceilings
can be well insulated to minimize heat transfer into rooms.
D.2. Design Techniques:

VI. LOUVER
Louvers could and should move depending on the time of year, and thus the height of

the sun.

Is an arrangement of parallel, horizontal blades, slats, laths, slips of glass,

wood, or other material designed to regulate airflow or light penetration. Louvers are

often used in windows or doors in order to allow air or light in while keeping sunshine

or moisture out. It is a framed opening, as in a wall, door, or window, fitted with fixed

or movable horizontal slats for admitting air and light and shedding rain. Louvers are

often made of aluminium, metal, wood, or glass. They may be opened and closed with

a metal lever, pulleys, or through motorized operator. Louver systems serve to

improve indoor day lighting. Fixed mirrored louver systems can limit glare and of

redirect diffuse light. Such louvers may be integrated in between two panes of double

glazing.
 VII. LANDSCAPING

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land,

including:

1. living elements, such as flora or fauna; or what is commonly called gardening,

the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating

a beautiful environment within the landscape.

2. natural elements such as landforms, terrain shape and elevation, or bodies of

water; and

3. Abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions.

 VIII. BAMBOO PALM

This plant is a natural defense tool against indoor air pollution. It improves the air

quality by filtering the indoor air of toxins such as nitrogen oxide and formaldehyde.

Many of the items that we use every day such as plastic wallpaper, carpeting and

rug pads, insulation, laminated counters, veneer furniture, plywood, cleaning

supplies, air fresheners, adhesives, printers and copy machines contain volatile

organic chemicals (VOCs) which are synthetic materials that "off-gas" toxins.

VOCs cannot be avoided because they are found in such a wide variety of the

products in our indoor environment; however, you can take steps to make your air

healthier by having this plant in your home. Place one large plant or two smaller

plants (4 to 5 inch pots) in a 100 sq ft room to remove toxins from the air.

Another great quality of the Chamaedorea erumpens is that it releases

life-sustaining oxygen into the air to make breathing easier.

IX. NATURAL ILLUMINATION AND PASSIVE COOLING

 Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control

and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with

low or nil energy consumption. This approach works either by preventing heat from

entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building

(natural cooling).Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural

environment, combined with the architectural design of building components

(e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat. Therefore,

natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on

how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or

dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky),

the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Protection from or prevention of heat gains encompasses all the design

techniques that minimizes the impact of solar heat gains through the building’s
envelope and of internal heat gains that is generated inside the building due

occupancy and equipment. It includes the following design techniques.

i. Microclimate and Site Design:

By taking into account the local climate and the site context, specific

cooling strategies can be selected to apply which are the most appropriate for

preventing overheating through the envelope of the building. The microclimate

can play a huge role in determining the most favourable building location by

analysing the combined availability of sun and wind. The bioclimatic chart, the

solar diagram and the wind rose are relevant analysis tools in the application of

this technique.

ii. Solar Control:

A properly designed shading system can effectively contribute to

minimizing the solar heat gains. Shading both transparent and opaque surfaces of

the building envelope will minimize the amount of solar radiation that induces

overheating in both indoor spaces and building’s structure. By shading the

building structure, the heat gain captured through the windows and envelope will

be reduced.

iii. Building Form And Layout:

Building orientation and an optimized distribution of interior spaces can

prevent overheating. Rooms can be zoned within the buildings in order to reject

sources of internal heat gain and/or allocating heat gains where they can be useful,

considering the different activities of the building. For example, creating a flat,

horizontal plan will increase the effectiveness of cross-ventilation across the plan.

Locating the zones vertically can take advantage of temperature stratification.

 Typically, building zones in the upper levels are warmer than the lower zones due

to stratification. Vertical zoning of spaces and activities uses this temperature

stratification to accommodate zone uses according to their temperature

requirements. Form factor (i.e. the ratio between volume and surface) also plays

a major role in the building’s energy and thermal profile. This ratio can be used

to shape the building form to the specific local climate. For example, more

compact forms tend to preserve more heat than less compact forms because the

ratio of the internal loads to envelope area is significant.

iv. Thermal Insulation:

Insulation in the building’s envelope will decrease the amount of heat

transferred by radiation through the facades. This principle applies both to the

opaque (walls and roof) and transparent surfaces (windows) of the envelope.

Since roofs could be a larger contributor to the interior heat load, especially in

lighter constructions (e.g. building and workshops with roof made out of metal

structures), providing thermal insulation can effectively decrease heat transfer

from the roof.

VI. DESIGN STANDARD AND GUIDELINES

A hospital and other health facilities shall be planned and designed to

observe appropriate architectural practices, to meet prescribed functional

programs, and to conform to applicable codes as part of normal professional

practice. References shall be made to the following:

VII.

VIII. GENERAL DESIGN AND PLANNING CRITERIA

IX. CONCLUSION

1.Design and Building Standards – Compliance to the building laws and standards

should be strictly followed to ensure proper and good building design.

2.Sustainability – Use of green technologies should be used as much as possible.

This will greatly help in reducing the earth current carbon footprint and

temperature.

3.Circulation – Proper planning should be strictly followed to be able to provide

good and ample air and user circulation inside the structure.

4.Zoning – Clustering of spaces, areas and/or establishments should be carefully

planned out. This is done to avoid user confusion due to scattered spaces and to

have good circulation

5.Ventilation – Planning of Air-Duct system should be taken carefully, this is to

ensure proper air flow and reduced heat inside the structure.

X. GLOSSARY

1. Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)- is a type of urban development

that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within

walking distance of public transport.

2. Transportation Hub- is a place where passengers and cargo are exchanged

between vehicles or between transport modes.

3.
XI. REFERENCE

https://planningtank.com/transportation/planning-considerations-for-bus-terminal

https://ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/documents/toolkits/UrbanBusToolkit/assets/3

/3.1/35(vii)a.html

http://wricitieshub.org/online-publications/33-planning-terminal-facilities

https://transportgeography.org/?page_id=3009

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03081068408717275