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2 Basic Mathematics
2 Basic Mathematics
2 Basic Mathematics
1
H.S.Rana
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H.S.Rana
Basics
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Basics • A digit is any number 0-9
• Place Value
•1 Ones
• 10 Tens
• 100 Hundreds
• 1,000 Thousands
• 10,000 Ten Thousands
• 100,000 Hundred Thousands
• 1,000,000 Millions
• 1,000,000,000 Billions
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Basics • Whole numbers
• The counting numbers and zero; no decimals or
fractions 0, 1, 23, 71, 193
• Non-whole numbers
• Numbers that have decimals 1.49, 12.25, 39.29
• Mixed numbers
• Whole numbers and a fraction 1¾, 4½, 9¼, 27½
• Percentages
• Represent part of something out of hundred
12.5%, 34.68%
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Basics Basic Mathematical Operations
• Addition
• Totaling of two or more numbers
• Subtraction
• Opposite of addition – taking a number out of another
• Multiplication
• A quick easy way to add – product of two or more
numbers
• Division
• Opposite of Multiplication – calculating the number of
times one number is contained within another one
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Basics • Averages or Mean
• Middle, central or typical number of a list of
numbers
• Adding up all the numbers, then divide by how
many numbers there are (count)
𝑺𝒖𝒎 + + +
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = =
𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕
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Basic Order of Operation
• Do calculation from left to right obeying ordering:
• Brackets (Inner to outer - Innermost 1st)
• Exponents
• Multiplication and Division
• Addition and Subtraction
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Fractions • A fraction represents a part of a whole or, more
generally, any number of equal parts
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
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Fractions Simplifying and Expanding
▪ ‘simplifying’ or ▪ ‘expanding’
‘cancelling down’
Multiplying fractions
H.S.Rana
Fractions Multiplying and Dividing
Dividing fractions
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Fractions Adding and Subtracting
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Fractions Adding and Subtracting
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Fractions Adding and Subtracting
2 1 2 7 1 5 14 5 14 5 19
5 7 5 7 7 5 35 35 35 35
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Fractions Rewriting
▪ You may need to rewrite any mixed fractions as
improper fractions BEFORE performing these
operations
▪ ‘Mixed Fraction’ to ‘Improper Fraction’
4 1 (4 2) 1 (4 2) 1 8 1 9
4 2
1
1 2 (1 2) 2 2 2 2
▪ ‘Improper Fraction’ to ‘Mixed Fraction’
7 (2 3) 1 (2 3) 1 2 1
2 13
3 3 3 3 1 3
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Fractions Decimals
▪ Converting decimals to fractions:
7
0.7 , 4.61 4 61100 , 7.949 7 9491000
10
▪ Convert fractions to decimals by dividing numerator by
denominator:
1
1 8 0.125
8
▪ Multiplying a decimal by a multiple of 10:
3.27x10 = 32.7, 3.27x100 = 327, 3.27x1000 = 3270
▪ Dividing a decimal by a multiple of 10:
43.1÷10 = 4.31, 43.1÷100 = 0.431, 43.1÷1000 = 0.0431
H.S.Rana
Fractions Fractions / Decimals in Pictures
1
0.25
4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1
1/2 1/2
1/3 1/3 1/3
1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4
1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
5
0.833
6 H.S.Rana
Fractions Percentages
▪ Percentages are fractions out of 100 and can be written as
decimals 9 161
9% 0.09, 161% 1.61
100 100
7 2 8 4
Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
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Fractions Ratios and Proportion
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Fractions Applied Problem
▪ 30ml of drug solution consists of two thirds drug A (costing
10p per ml), a sixth of drug B (costing 50p per ml) and rest
of volume made up with water (no cost)
2
Drug A 30ml 20ml 20ml £0.10 / ml £2.00
3
1
Drug B 30ml 5ml 5ml £0.50 / ml £2.50
6
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Power, Roots and Indices
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Powers • Power
Number of times that number multiply to itself
• Rules of Power
• Any number to Power 1 is just that number
• Any number to Power 0 is 1
• Any number to negative power is the reciprocal of that
1 1
number [ 3-2 = = ]
3−2 9
• Power of fractions Power of individual number
[𝟐/𝟓]2 = 𝟐𝟐/𝟓𝟐 = 𝟒/𝟐𝟓
• 4 Square 42
• 3 Cube 33
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Powers • Multiplication
• 35 x 32 = 35+2 = 37
• Division
3 5 3 5 1
•3 ÷3 = 2 =
5 2 x −2 = 35 x 3-2 = 35-2 = 33
3 1 3
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Roots • Root A fractional power
• Square root 𝟒 = 4½ = 2
• Cube root 3 𝟖 = 81/3 = 2
• Every positive number has 2 square roots – one positive and
one negative
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Indices • In 24, the index of 2 is 4
• In 9½ , the index of 9 is ½
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Variables, Equations &
Formulae
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Variables, Equations & Formulae • A mathematical expression is a finite combination of
symbols that is well-formed according to rules that
depend on the context
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Variables, Equations & Formulae • Addition Property of Equality
Same amount can be added to both sides of an equation
and the equation remains true:
2+3=5
2+3+4=5+4
9=9
• Subtraction Property of Equality
Same amount can be subtracted from both sides of an
equation and the equation remains true:
2+3=5
2+3-4=5-4
1=1
H.S.Rana
Variables, Equations & Formulae • Multiplication Property of Equality
Same amount can be multiplied to both sides of an
equation and the equation remains true:
2x3=6
2x3x4=6x4
24 = 24
• Division Property of Equality
Same amount can be divided from both sides of an
equation and the equation remains true:
2x4=8
2x4/4 =8/4
2 =2
H.S.Rana
Variables, Equations & Formulae • Addition and subtraction and Multiplication and
Division are inverse operations, which means they
“undo” each other
H.S.Rana
Variables, Equations & Formulae • Simplify each side of the equation, if needed, by
distributing or combining like terms
• Move variables to one side of the equation by using
the opposite operation of addition or subtraction
• Isolate the variable by applying the opposite operation
to each side
• First use the opposite operation of addition or
subtraction
• Second use the opposite operation of
multiplication or division
H.S.Rana
Variables, Equations & Formulae
3y – 6 = 9 • “y” is the variable
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Linear Equations • Linear Equation equation whose graph forms a line
• Linear means of a line - so a linear equation is the
equation of a line
• In linear equations, all variables are taken to the first
power
3x 4 y 11 is linear.
y x 6x 2
2
is not. Why?
H.S.Rana
Linear Equations • Linear Equation equation whose graph forms a line
y = mx + b
y Dependent variable
x Independent variable
b y-Intercept – Constant
indicating fixed value
m Slope of Line
It is ratio of rise and run
𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒆 ∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒎= = =
𝑹𝒖𝒏 ∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
H.S.Rana
Linear Equations • Graph the Linear
Equation
x y 3.
x
y
H.S.Rana
Linear Equations Create a table of values for each equation, and graph it
on grid paper:
x y 5
2x y 7
y 2x 4
1
y x 1
2
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Matrices
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Matrix
[1 x n] matrix
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Column Vector
[m x 1] matrix
a1
a 2
A ai
am
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Square Matrix
5 4 7
B 3 6 1
2 1 3
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Identity Matrix
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
I
0 0 1 0
0
0 0 1
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Transpose Matrix
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Addition
a11 a12
A
If a 21 a 22
b11 b12
and B
b 21 b 22
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Matrix Addition Example
3 4 1 2
A B
5 6 3 4
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Matrix Addition Example
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Matrix Subtraction
C = A - B
Is defined by
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Matrix Subtraction Example
3 4 1 2
A B
5 6 3 4
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Matrix Multiplication
[r x c] and [s x d]
c=s
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Matrix Multiplication
[r x c] and [s x d]
rxd
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Matrix Multiplication AxB=C
a11 a12
A [2 x 2]
a 21 a 22
b11 b12 b13
B [2 x 3]
b 21 b 22 b 23
[2 x 2] x [2 x 3] = [2 x 3]
2 3
1 1 1
A 1 1 and B
1 0 2
1 0
[3 x 2] [2 x 3]
A and B can be multiplied
2 *1 3 *1 5 2 *1 3 * 0 2 2 *1 3 * 2 8 5 2 8
C 1*1 1*1 2 1*1 1* 0 1 1*1 1* 2 3 2 1 3
1*1 0 *1 1 1*1 0 * 0 1 1*1 0 * 2 1 111
[3 x 3]
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Matrix Multiplication
2 3
1 1 1
A 1 1 and B
1 0 2
1 0
[3 x 2] [2 x 3]
Result is 3 x 3
2 *1 3 *1 5 2 *1 3 * 0 2 2 *1 3 * 2 8 5 2 8
C 1*1 1*1 2 1*1 1* 0 1 1*1 1* 2 3 2 1 3 [3 x 3]
1*1 0 *1 1 1*1 0 * 0 1 1*1 0 * 2 1 111
H.S.Rana
Matrix Inversion
1 1
A A AA I
𝑎 𝑏 −1
1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴= 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑 (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) −𝑐 𝑎
H.S.Rana
Linear System of
Simultaneous Equations
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Simultaneous Equations • A system of linear equations (or linear system) is a
collection of two or more linear equations involving the
same set of variables
x+ y = 5
x – 2y = – 4
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations • Every system of simultaneous linear equations is
either:
• Consistent
• A system of linear equations has at least one
solution
• Equivalent
• Two systems of linear equations are called
equivalent if they have precisely the same
solution set
• Inconsistent
• A system of linear equations has no solution
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations
x+y=3
x–y =–1
Two Intersecting lines Exactly one Solutions
x+ y=3
2x + 2y = 6
Two Coincident lines Infinitely many Solutions
x+y=3
x+y=1
Two Parallel lines No Solutions
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations • Solution is obtained through:
• Elimination Method
• Graphical Method
• Matrix Method
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
2x – y = 1
3x + y = 9
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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
5x + y = 17
3x + y = 11
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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
2x + 3y = 9
2x + y = 7
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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
4x - 3y = 14
2x + 3y = 16
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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
• Look at equations
• Same number of x’s or y’s?
• Yes • If the sign is different, ADD the equations
• If the sign is same, SUBTRACT them
• Have ONE equation
• SOLVE this
• SUBSTITUTE ANSWER to get the other
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
4x - y = 8
3x + 6y = 21
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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
3x + 7y = 26
5x + 2y = 24
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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
3x – 2y = 7
5x + 3y = 37
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Simultaneous Equations Graphical Method
2x – y = 1
x
y
3x + y = 9
x
y
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Simultaneous Equations Graphical Method
5x + y = 17
3x + y = 11
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Simultaneous Equations Graphical Method
2x + 3y = 9
2x + y = 7
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Simultaneous Equations Graphical Method
4x - 3y = 14
2x + 3y = 16
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Simultaneous Equations Graphical Method
• Graph both the equations
• Write down the coordinates of point of intersection of
both the lines
• This is the solution of the problem
• Check the solution by plugging the points back into
both equations
• If both the equations have both sides equal, the
solution is correct
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
• Let A.X = B
• Multiply both sides by the inverse of A
A−1.A.X = A−1.B
• Identity matrix I = A−1.A & I.X = X
• LHS A−1.A.X = I.X = X
• Thus X = A−1B
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 4 1 2 𝑥1 4
× 𝑥 =
3𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 = 1 3 −5 2 1
1 2 𝑥1 4
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
3 −5 2 1
−1 1 −5 −2 1 −5 −2
𝐴 = . =− .
(1×−5)−(2×3) −3 1 11 −3 1
X = A𝑎−1.B𝑏 −1
1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝑖𝑓 𝐴 = then 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑 (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) −𝑐 𝑎
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 4 1 2 𝑥1 4
× 𝑥 =
3𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 = 1 3 −5 2 1
1 2 𝑥1 4
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
3 −5 2 1
−1 1 −5 −2 1 −5 −2
𝐴 = . =− .
(1×−5)−(2×3) −3 1 11 −3 1
X = A−1.B
𝑥1 1 −5 −2 4 1 −22 2 𝑥1 = 2
𝑥2 = − 11 . −3 1 . 1 = − 11 . −11 = 1 𝑥2 = 1
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 6 1 1 𝑥1 6
× 𝑥 =
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 9 2 1 2 9
1 1 𝑥1 6
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
2 1 2 9
−1 1 1 −1 1 −1
𝐴 = . = −1.
(1×1)−(1×2) −2 1 −2 1
𝑎 𝑏 −1
1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝑖𝑓 𝐴 = then 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑 (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) −𝑐 𝑎
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 6 1 1 𝑥1 6
× 𝑥 =
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 9 2 1 2 9
1 1 𝑥1 6
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
2 1 2 9
−1 1 1 −1 1 −1
𝐴 = . = −1.
(1×1)−(1×2) −2 1 −2 1
X = A−1.B
𝑥1 1 −1 6 −3 3 𝑥1 = 3
𝑥2 = −1. −2 1 . 9 = −1. −3 = 3 𝑥2 = 3
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
2𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 = 2 2 4 𝑥1 2
× 𝑥 =
−3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 11 −3 1 2 11
2 4 𝑥1 2
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
−3 1 2 11
−1 1 1 −4 1 1 −4
𝐴 = . = .
(2×1)−(−3×4) 3 2 14 3 2
𝑎 𝑏 −1
1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝑖𝑓 𝐴 = then 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑 (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) −𝑐 𝑎
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
2𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 = 2 2 4 𝑥1 2
× 𝑥 =
−3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 11 −3 1 2 11
2 4 𝑥1 2
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
−3 1 2 11
−1 1 1 −4 1 1 −4
𝐴 = . = .
(2×1)−(−3×4) 3 2 14 3 2
X = A−1.B
𝑥1 1 1 −4 2 1 −42 −3 𝑥1 = −3
𝑥2 = 14 . 3 2
.
11
= .
14 28
=
2 𝑥2 =2
H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations • Tahzeeb Saddar makes 6 cakes in one hour equally
divided between chocolate and nuts.
• Tahzeeb Blue Area makes 9 cakes in one hour - there
were twice as many chocolate cakes as Tahzeeb Saddar
• How many chocolate cakes and nuts cakes are made in
one hour at both the bakeries
H.S.Rana
Questions
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