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Design Of
Reinforced Concrete
ACI 318-11 Code Edition
Anas G. Dawas
Hashemite University
ANAS
All Rights Reserved to Icivil-Hu
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1
Preface
 This textbook presents an introduction to reinforced concrete design. I hope the
material is written in such a manner as to interest students in the subject and to
encourage them to continue its study in the years to come.
 This textbook covers the following topics :
 Design One Way Ribbed Slab

 Design Two Way Slabs
 Serviceability
 Design For Torsion
 Design Footings
 Design Columns
 Sample Exams :
 Examples of sample exams are included for most topics in
the text. Problems in the back of each chapter are also
suitable for exam questions
 About the Author

 I am currently a third year student in the CIVIL
ENGINEERING at Hashemite University
ANAS DAWAS

‫‪uploaded by icivil-hu.com‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫كلمة‬
‫بسى هللا انشدًٍ انشدٍى خٍش كالو أبذأ فٍّ سسانخً ‪ٔ ,‬انذًذ هللا انزي‬
‫ٔفق ٔقذس نُا اكًال ْزا انًٕضٕع انًخٕاضع نعهّ ٌسٓم انكثٍش‬
‫عهى انضيالء األفاضم ٔأسأل هللا أٌ ٌكٌٕ عهًا َافعا ٔنٕجّٓ خانصا ‪.‬‬
‫يا أٔد انخأكٍذ عهٍّ ْٕ أٌ ْزا انعًم ْٕ يٍ صُع بشش ٌخطئ‬

‫ٌٔصٍب ‪ٔ ,‬أٌ انًشاجع راحٓا انخً اعخًذث عهٍٓا فً جًع انًٕضٕع‬
‫فٍٓا اخطاء دسابٍت يخخهفت ْٔزِ عهى أٌذي كباس انعهًاء‬
‫انغشبٍٍٍ ‪ ,‬نزنك أحًُى يٍ صيالئً أٌ ٌخذشٔا انًعهٕيت أٌا كاَج‬
‫فانخطأ ٔاسد يًٓا كاَج دسجت انخشكٍض ٔأٌ ٌسايذًَٕ اٌ أخطأث فً‬
‫أيش يا ٔأٌ ٌكَٕٕا عَٕا نً عهى حذقٍق ْزا انطشح قذس االيكاٌ ‪.‬‬
‫ٌ ‪ ,‬أحًُى يٍ هللا أٌ ٌغفش نضيالئً انزٌٍ ٔافخٓى انًٍُت خالل‬

‫أخٍشا‬
‫دٍاحً انجايعٍت ٔانزٌٍ كإَا بٍُُا ٌطًذٌٕ نًا َطًخ انٍّ َذٍ‬
‫ً نكٍ هلل عاقبت األيٕس ‪ٔ ,‬أحًُى‬
‫اٌَ ٌٔشٌٔ فً أَفسٓى يسخقبال يششقا‬
‫يٍ كم شخص اَخفع بٓزا انًٕضٕع أٌ ٌذعٕا نٓى ٔنجًٍع انًسهًٍٍ‬
‫بانًغفشة ٔانشدًت ‪ ,‬فُذٍ صائشٌٔ نًا صاسٔا‬
‫ٔفقكى هللا أدبخً‬
‫‪ANAS DAWAS‬‬
‫‪All Rights Reserved to Icivil-Hu‬‬

3
ONE WAY JOIST

SLAB
ANAS DAWAS

4
Figure 1 Types of slabs
One-Way Joist Floor System :

Long-span floors for relatively light live loads can be constructed as a series of closely
spaced, cast-in-place T-beams (or joists) with a cross section as shown in Fig. The
joists span one way between beams. Most often, removable metal forms referred to as
fillers or pans are used to form the joists. Occasionally, joist floors are built by using clay-tile
fillers, which serve as forms for the concrete in the ribs that are left in place to serve as the
ceiling (ACI Code Section 8.13.5).
When the dimensions of the joists conform to ACI Code Sections 8.13.1 to 8.13.3,
they are eligible for less cover to the reinforcement than for beams (ACI Code Section
7.7.2(c)) and for a 10 percent increase in the shear, carried by the concrete (ACI
ANAS DAWAS

5
Code Section 8.13.8). The principal requirements are that the floor be a monolithic combination
of regularly spaced ribs and a top slab with
1. ribs not less than 100 mm. in width,
2. depth of ribs not more than 3.5 times the minimum web width, and
3. clear spacing between ribs not greater than 750 mm.
without filler  40 mm

hf   50 mm

 with filler  1
 12 S
Ribbed slabs not meeting these requirements are designed as slabs and beams.
Although not required by the ACI Code, load-distributing ribs perpendicular to the
joists are provided at the midspan or at the third points of long spans. These have at least
one continuous No. 4 (13 mm) bar at the top and the bottom. The CRSI Handbook [10-4] suggests
no load-distributing ribs in spans of up to 6 m, one at midspan for spans of 6 to 9 m , and
two at the third points for spans over 9 m .
For joist floors meeting the requirements of ACI Code Section 8.3.3, the ACI moment
and shear coefficients can be used in design, taking (Ln) as the clear span of the joists
themselves. For uneven spans, it is necessary to analyze the floor.
The negative moments in the ends of the joists will be underestimated if this is not done.
ANAS DAWAS

6
Reinforcing Details
9.5.2.1 — Minimum thickness stipulated in Table 9.5(a)

shall apply for one-way construction not supporting or
attached to partitions or other construction likely to be
damaged by large deflections, unless computation of
deflection indicates a lesser thickness can be used
without adverse effects.
ANAS DAWAS

7
gbaiJ tgioJingiseD
Figure 2 Design Example

0.52 m
Design Example :
Design the joist solid slab for the floor system shown below .
Live load = 2KN/m2 , fc=25 Mpa and fy=420 Mpa. Cross section is
shown in fig.2 above .
1. Calculating minimum depth according to ACI code (Table 9.5a)

ln
hmin  (one end continuous )
18.5
4400  400
  216.216 mm  use typical slab thickness  250 mm
18.5
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8
2. Calculating ultimate load :

a) Dead load for 1 m2 :
Slab weight = 0.07×1×25 1.75 KN/m2

Rib weight =0.14×0.18×25/0.52 1.2 KN/m2
Block weight =5×0.18/0.52 1.73 KN/m2
Plastering 0.025×22 0.55 KN/m2
Mortar 0.025×22 0.55 KN/m2
Sand fill 0.1×13 1.3 KN/m2
Tiles 0.025×22 0.55 KN/m2
Total Dead Load 7.63 KN/m2
b) Ultimate load = wu=1.2(7.63)+1.6(2)=12.35 KN/m2
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Notes :
 Ultimate load on slab = 12 .35 KN/m2 but the Ultimate load on Joist = 12.35×0.52=6.422
KN/m .
 Usually the number of blocks per meter in joist slab equal to 5 blocks with thickness
equal to 20 cm and weight =0.18 KN per one .
 Typical thickness depend on the depth of the blocks , for example , for 24 cm blocks ,the
typical thickness equal to 240+70=310 mm
 Ln used to calculate minimum thickness for joist slab is in the direction of the joist .
Primary Beam
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3. Calculating shear and moment subjected to the Joist :
Ve 6.42  4 2
M   4.28 KN .m
24 For negative moment the rib will be
6.42  42
designed as rectangular beam and
M Ve   7.33 KN .m
14 for positive moment will be
Ve 6.42  4 2 designed as T-beam

M   11 .41 KN .m
9
Effective depth =250-20-10-10/2=215 mm
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11
A. Design for positive moment :
bw  120mm , bf  520mm
d  215mm
7.33 1000 100.5  420
As   95 mm 2  a   3.62mm
0.90  420  0.95  215 0.85  25  520
7.33 1000
As   91 mm 2
3.61
0.90  420  (215  )
2
1.4bw d 1.4(120)(215)
 f   86mm 2 
 y 420
As(min)    use 210
 0.25 f b d 2
c w
 76mm
 f
 y
B. Design for negative moment :
ANAS DAWAS

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11.44 1000 157  420
As   148.2 mm2  a   24.4 mm
0.90  420  0.95  215 0.85  25 120
11.44 1000
As   149.2 mm2
25.8
0.90  420  (215  )
2
1.4bw d 1.4(120 )(215 )
 f   86mm2 
y 420

As(min)    use 210
 0.25 fc w  76mm2
b d
 fy

4. Shear Design:
Wl
Vu  1.15  ( u n )  14.76 KN
2
f 25
Vc  1.1  c bwd  1.1 0.75   120  215  17.73 KN
6 6
Vc  Vu  OK
5. Solid Slab Design :
we can design this part as fixe  fixe beam
but also we can design it as simple beam.
wu  ln 2 12.34  0.4 2
Mu  
8 8
 0.2468 KN .m
40cm
0.2468  1000
As 
0.9  420  0.95  45
 15 mm2
As (min)  0.0018(1000)(70)  126mm2
Use mesh or 10 / block
ANAS DAWAS

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Problems:
1-1 The one way joist slab shown below consists of 011 mm wide joists spaced at 510 mm ,
the web width of the spandrel beams is 400 mm and 500 for interior beams .
Column dimension (400×400 mm).
A B C D
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 The minimum required depth of the slab upon the ACI code requirement is most nearly
…………
 Calculate the Ultimate load /rib assuming that the Live load = 3 KN/m2,
 25 mm Covering material with unit weight is 20 KN/m3 .
 blocks are 40×25×17 cm in dimension , each 17 Kg in weight . Use
fc =30 Mpa ,
 fy=420 Mpa and 25 mm plaster with unit weight = 21 KN/m3.
 The maximum ultimate negative moment in the joist ………

 The maximum ultimate shear in the joist ………
 The ultimate distributed load /m on the beam between column A and B is most nearly
……….
 The ultimate load carried by column A is most nearly……..
 For the overhang slab , The minimum required depth of the slab upon the ACI code
requirement is…………
 The minimum required depth of the exterior beam upon the ACI code requirement is
…….
 The maximum ultimate negative moment in the overhang joist is most nearly ………….
 The maximum ultimate positive moment in the joist is most nearly ……….
 The largest ultimate load carried by the intermediate column is most ………
 The minimum area of steel required to resist the maximum ultimate positive moment in
beam between column C2 and D2 upon ACI code is most nearly (assume the depth of
the beam is 600 mm ) …………
 Show by suitable sketch the reinforcements required to resist the maximum ultimate
positive moment for any interior joist.
 The minimum area of steel must be provided to solid slab part upon ACI code
requirements is most nearly ……..
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1-2 For Simple supported square slab shown below is apart of a floor in a typical
residential building and the live load = 2 KN/m2,fc=28 Mpa and fy=420 Mpa .use 12mm
bars
 The minimum required depth of the slab upon the ACI code requirement is most
nearly………..
 Calculate the Ultimate load /rib based on the typical section shown above…….
 Draw shear and moment diagram for the simple supported Joist ……
 Calculate the shear strength capacity for the joist upon ACI code………
 Design the reinforcement in the joist to carry the positive moment, show suitable
sketch ………..
 The minimum required depth of the primary beam upon the ACI code
requirement is most nearly………..
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17
 Draw shear and moment diagram for the primary beam based on the minimum
depth calculated above ………
1-3 The one way joist slab shown below consists of 150 mm wide joists spaced at 550 mm ,
the web width of the spandrel beams is 400 mm and 500 for interior beams .
Column dimension (400×400 mm).
7m 4m 7m
7m
6m
6m
Assume that the dead load and live load on the slab is 7KN/m2 and 3 KN/m2:
ANAS DAWAS

18
 The minimum required depth of the slab upon the ACI code requirement is most nearly
…………
 The maximum ultimate negative moment in the joist ………

 The maximum ultimate shear in the joist ………
 The ultimate distributed load /m on the beam between column A3 and B3 is most nearly
………. ( neglect self weight of beam )
 The minimum required depth of the exterior beam upon the ACI code requirement is
…….
 The maximum ultimate positive moment in the joist is most nearly ……….
 Show by suitable sketch the reinforcements required to resist the maximum ultimate
positive moment for any interior joist.
 The minimum area of steel must be provided to solid slab part upon ACI code
requirements is most nearly ……..
 Determine the design ultimate bending moment , ultimate shear force at the most
critical section for each for the simple supported joist ………..
ANAS DAWAS

19
TWO WAY SLAB
ANAS DAWAS

20
Two Way Slabs

Behavior , Analysis and Design
Two-way slabs are a form of construction unique to reinforced concrete among the
major structural materials. It is an efficient, economical, and widely used structural system.
In practice, two-way slabs take various forms. For relatively light loads, as experienced in
apartments or similar buildings, flat plates are used. such a plate is
simply a slab of uniform thickness supported on columns. In an apartment building, the top
of the slab would be carpeted, and the bottom of the slab would be finished as the ceiling
for the story below. Flat plates are most economical for spans from 4.5 to 6 m .
ANAS DAWAS

21
In general, slabs are classified as being one way or two way. Slabs that primarily deflect in one
direction are referred to as one way slab When slabs are supported by columns arranged
generally in rows so that the slabs can deflect in two directions, they are usually referred to as
Two way slabs .
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22
Two-way slabs can be strengthened by the addition of
beams between the columns, by
thickening the slabs around the columns (drop
panels), and by flaring the columns under the
slabs (column capitals). These situations are shown in
Figure 16.1 and discussed in the next
several paragraphs.
Flat plates present a possible problem in transferring the shear at the

perimeter of the columns. In other words, there is a danger that the columns may punch through the slabs.
As a result, it is frequently necessary to increase column sizes or slab thicknesses or to use
Shearheads .
Analysis of Two-Way Slabs:
A theoretical elastic analysis for such slabs is a very complex problem because of their highly
indeterminate nature. Numerical techniques such as finite difference and finite elements are
required, but such methods require sophisticated software to be practical in design. The
methods described in this chapter can be done by hand or with simple spreadsheets, and are
sufficiently accurate for most design problems.
the design of two-way slabs is generally based on empirical moment coefficients, which, although they
might not accurately predict stress variations, result in slabs with satisfactory overall safety
factors. In other words, if too much reinforcing is placed in one part of a slab and too little
somewhere else, the resulting slab behavior will probably still be satisfactory. The total amount
of reinforcement in a slab seems more important than its exact placement.
ANAS DAWAS

23
DESIGN OF SLABS:
Two procedures for the flexural analysis and design of two-way floor systems are presented in
detail in the ACI Code:
 Direct-design method—considered in the following section:
The calculation of moments in the direct-design method is based on the total statical moment
 Equivalent-frame design method:
Here, the slab is divided into a series of two-dimensional frames (in each direction), and the positive and negative
moments are computed via an elastic-frame analysis.
THE DIRECT-DESIGN METHOD
Limitations on the Use of the Direct-Design Method:
The direct design method was developed from theoretical procedures for
determination of moments in slabs, requirements for simple design,
construction procedures, and performance of existing slabs. Therefore, the
slab system, to be designed using the direct design method, should conform
to the following limitations as given by ACI Code 13.6.1:
1. There must be three or more spans in each direction.

2. Slab panels must be rectangular with a ratio of longer to shorter span,
center-to-center of supports, not greater than 2.0.
3. Successive span lengths, center-to-center of supports, in each direction
must not differ by more than one-third of the longer span.
4. Columns must not be offset more than 10 % of the span in the direction
of offset from either axis between centerlines of successive columns.
5. Loads must be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over the
entire panel. The live load must not exceed 2 times the dead load.
6. For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, the relative
stiffness of beams in two perpendicular directions is not
less than 0.20 and not greater than 5.0.
 f 1l2 2
0.20  5
 f 2l12
ANAS DAWAS

24
  f  ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a
width of slab bounded laterally by centerline s of adjacent panels , if any, on each side of the beam
E I
  f  cb b
Ecs I s
I b  moment of inertia about centroidal axis of gross section of beam
I s  moment of inertia about centroidal axis of gross section of slab
 f 1   f 3
  f 1   f in direction of l1 
2
 f 2   f 4
  f 2   f in direction of l2 
2
ANAS DAWAS

25
Design Procedure:
1) Determination of the total factored static moment:

Total factored static moment for a span is determined in a strip bounded laterally by centerline of panel
on each side of centerline of supports, as shown in Figure.
Absolute sum of positive and average negative factored moments in each direction is not to be less than :
2
wu  factored load per unit area
wu l2 ln
Mo  where l2  transverse width of the strip
8
ln  clear span between columns
2) Distribution of the total factored static moment to negative and positive moments:
ANAS DAWAS

26
3) Distribution of the positive and negative factored moments to the column and middle strips:
- Column strips : Column strip is a design strip with a width on each side of a column
centerline equal to 0.25 l1 or 2 0.25 l2 whichever is less
- Middle strip : Middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column strips .
ANAS DAWAS

27
 Factored moments in column strips:
- According to ACI Code 13.6.4, column strip moments, as percentages of
total factored positive and negative moments
Aspect Ratio L2/L1

 f 1l2 / l1 0.5 1.0 2.0
Negative moment at interior support 0 75 75 75
≥1.0 90 75 45
positive moment near mid span 0 60 60 60
≥1.0 90 75 45
Aspect Ratio L2/L1

 f 1l2 / l1 t 0.50 1.0 2.0
Negative moment at exterior support 0 0 100 100 100
≥2.5 75 75 75
≥ 1.0 0 100 100 100
≥2.5 90 75 45
Positive moment near mid span 0 60 60 60
≥ 1.0 90 75 45
Negative moment at interior 0 75 75 75
≥1.0 90 75 45
 t  is defined as ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam section

to flexural stiffness of a width of slab equal to span length of beam, centerto -
E C
center of supports   t  cb max
2 Ecs I s
 x  x3 y 
 C   1  0.63   where : x is the smallest dimension , y is the longest one
  y  3 
ANAS DAWAS

28
 Factored moments in beams caused by slab loads
Depth Limitations and Stiffness Requirements
It is obviously very important to keep the various panels of a two-way slab relatively level (i.e.,
with reasonably small deflections). Thin reinforced two-way slabs have quite a bit of moment
resistance, but deflections are often large. As a consequence, their depths are very carefully
controlled by the ACI Code so as to limit these deflections. This is accomplished by requiring
the designer to either (a) compute deflections and make sure they are within certain limitations
or (b) use certain minimum thicknesses as specified in Section 9.5.3 of the code. Deflection
computations for two-way slabs are rather complicated, so the average designer usually uses
the minimum ACI thickness values, presented in the next few paragraphs of this chapter.
ANAS DAWAS

29
1) Slabs without Interior Beams
For a slab without interior beams spanning between its supports and with a ratio of its long
span to short span not greater than 2.0, the minimum thickness can be taken from [Table 9.5(c) in the code]. The
values selected from the table, however, must
not be less than the following values (ACI 9.5.3.2):
 Slabs without drop panels 125 mm .
 Thickness of those slabs with drop panels outside the panels 100 mm
Very often slabs are built without interior beams between the columns but with edge beams running around the perimeter
of the building. These beams are very helpful in stiffening the slabs and reducing the deflections in the exterior slab
panels. The stiffness of slabs with edge beams is expressed as a function of αf , which follows.
ANAS DAWAS

30
2) Slabs with Interior Beams
To determine the minimum thickness of slabs with beams spanning between their supports on
all sides, Section 9.5.3.3 of the code must be followed. Involved in the expressions presented
there are span lengths, panel shapes, flexural stiffness of beams if they are used, steel yield
stresses, and so on. In these equations, the following terms are used:
 l n  the clear span in the long direction, measured face to face,

of (a) columns for slabs without beams and (b) beams for slab with beams
   the ratio of the long to the short clear span
  fm  the average value of the ratios of beam - to - slab stiffness on all sides of a panel
 For  fm  0.2 , the minimum thicknesses are obtained as they were for slabs without
interior beams spanning between their supports.(table 16.1 )
 For 2   fm  0.20 ,
fy
l n (0.8  )
h 1400 125mm
36  5 ( fm  0.20)
 For  fm  2.0 ,
fy
l n (0.8  )
h 1400  90mm
36  9
ANAS DAWAS

31
SHEAR STRENGTH OF TWO-WAY SLABS

A shear failure in a beam results from an inclined crack caused by flexural and shearing
stresses. This crack starts at the tensile face of the beam and extends diagonally to the compression zone .
One-way shear or beam-action shear (Fig. 4) involves an inclined crack extending across the entire width of the
structure. Two-way shear or punching shear involves a truncated cone or pyramid-shaped surface
around the column, as shown schematically in Fig. 3.
Figure 4 Beam shear / one way Figure 3 Two way shear / punching shear
Once a punching-shear failure has occurred at a slab–column joint, the shear capacity of that particular joint is almost
completely lost. In the case of a two-way slab, as the slab slides down, the column load is transferred to adjacent column-
slab connections, thereby possibly overloading them and causing them to fail. Thus, although a two-way slab possesses
great ductility if it fails in flexure, it has very little ductility if it fails in shear
One Way Shear :

The critical section for one way shear is located at “d” from the face of the support or at “d”
from the face of the drop panel or other change in thickness .
The shear strength on the critical section is computed as for beams .
1
 Vc  f c bwd  should be   Vu at "d "
6
Two Way Shear:
Location of the Critical Perimeter:

Two-way shear is assumed to be critical on a vertical section through the slab or footing
extending around the column. According to ACI Code Section 11.11.1.2, this section is
chosen so that it is never less than d/2 from the face of the column and so that its length ,bo ,
is a minimum.
ANAS DAWAS

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ANAS DAWAS

33
ANAS DAWAS

34
Tributary Areas for Shear in Two-Way Slabs
In most slab Vs  0
Vc is taken as the smallest of (a), (b) and (c) where :  c  ratio of long side of column to the short side
 4  f c bo d bo  is the perimeter of the critical section
(a ) Vc   2  
 c  12
40 for interior column
  d 
(b) Vc   2  s 
f c bo d  s  30 for edge column
 bo  12 20 for corner column

1
(c) Vc  f c bo d
3
ANAS DAWAS

35
Shear Reinforcement for Two-Way Slabs
ANAS DAWAS

36
elemasa1
Design the two-way flat plate with no edge (spandrel) beams, shown in
Figure , given the following: interior columns are 40 cm × 40 cm,
exterior columns are 30 cm × 30 cm, covering materials weigh 2.29 KN/m2
and the live load is 3 KN/m2 . Use fc= 28 Mpa and Fy= 420 Mpa .
ANAS DAWAS

37
Solution:
1) Evaluate slab thickness
For corner panel Ln=7-0.3=6.7 m
For Edge panel Ln=7-0.15-0.2=6.65 m
For interior panel Ln=7-0.40=6.6 m
For flat plates with no edge beams, minimum slab thickness = Ln/30 = 6700/30 = 223.33 mm
Take it as 30 cm .
2) Check limitations for slab analysis by the direct design method:

The first five conditions are satisfied, while the sixth condition does not apply due to the nonexistence of
beams.
3) Calculate the factored load on the slab:

Wu= 1.2 ( 0.3×25+2.29)+1.6(3)=16.55
4) Check slab thickness for shear:

a) Interior column :
davg = 300 – 20 -20 (use ø20 bar ) = 26 cm
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38
- Punching shear
bo  4(260  400)  2640 mm

Vu  16.55((6  7)  0.6602 )  687.89 KN
  1.0
 4  28  2640 260
 2    1816KN
  1  12
 40  260  28  2640 260
Vc  smaller of    1192.35 KN 
  2640  12
1
 28  2640 260  1210.7 KN
3
Vc  1192.35  0.75  894.3 KN  Vc  Vu  OK
- Beam shear
For section 1-1 :
7000 400
x   260  3040 mm
2 2
Vu  16.55 (3.040  6)  301.871 KN
1
Vc  0.75 28  6000  260  1031.8 KN  OK
6
For section 2-2:
6000 400
y   260  2540mm
2 2
Vu  16.55 (7  2.54)  294.3 KN
1
Vc  0.75 28  7000  260  1203 KN
6
 OK
ANAS DAWAS

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b) Edge column :
Figure 5 Edge column in the long direction
Figure 6 Edge column the short direction
You have to check the edge column as we did for interior column , by yourself.
c) Corner column
Select tributary area as shown below then check beam and punching shear .
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When you select thickness for slab you have to check the shear strength , and you can
increase thickness when “Not Ok”
I have assumed that the shear strength for edge and corner column is ok so h=30 cm
5) Calculate the factored static moment:
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41
 Strip in shorter direction
Width of intermediate strip = 7.0 m

Width of the column strip is ( 6/4 +6/4)=3.0 m >>> Width of middle=7-3=4m ( 2m per half)
Clear span for exterior panels = 600 – 15 – 20 = 565 cm
Clear span for interior panels = 600 – 20 – 20 = 560 cm
The larger of the two values will be used in moment calculations, or you can calculate static
moment for each panel separately .
16.55  7  5.652
Mo   463 KN .m
8
6) Distribute the total factored static moment into positive and
negative moments:
 For the interior panel : positive moment  0.35 Mo  0.35  463  162.05 KN.m
negative moment  0.65  463  300.95 KN.m
 For exterior panel : positve moment  0.52  463  240.76 KN.m
ANAS DAWAS
negative moment on the exterior support  0.26  463  120.38 KN.m
Allnegative
Rights the interior support to
moment onReserved 0.70 Icivil-Hu
463  324.1 KN.m
42
324.1 300.95 300.95 324.1 120.38

120.38
162.05
240.76 240.76
Figure 7 Total Static moment
120.38
243 120.38
243
144 97
144
Figure 8 Column strip moment
81
96 64.8
Figure 9 Middle Strip moment
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7) Distribute the positive and negative moments to the column and middle strips:
Slab Moment End span Interior span

Exterior Positive Interior Positive Negative
negative negative
Total moment 120.38 240.76 324.1 162.05 300.95
Column 120.38 0.6×240.76= 0.75×324.1= 0.6×162.05= 0.75×300.95=

moment 144.45 243.075 97.23 225.7
Middle strip 0 240.76-144.45= 324.1-243.075= 162.05- 300.95-225.7=
moment 96.31 81.025 97.23=64.82 75.25
8) Design the reinforcement:

Column strip reinforcement and Half middle strip reinforcement:
Design sections at maximum positive and negative moments as rectangular section :
Column Strip Half Middle Strip

Negative Positive Negative Positive
Moment(KN.m) 243 144 81/2= 40.5 96/2= 48
b (mm) 3000 3000 2000 2000
d (mm) 260 260 260 260
h (mm) 300 300 300 300
Fy ( Mpa) 420 420 420 420
Fc (Mpa) 28 28 28 28
As (mm2)
As-min (mm2) 0.0018bh 0.0018bh 0.0018bh 0.0018bh
Bar Dim Ø12 Ø12 Ø12 Ø12
No of bar
As Provided
øMn (KN.m)
Sample Of Calculation To Design Column Strip :
For Positive Moment

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144  1000
As   1542.3 mm 2
0.9  420  0.95  260
1542.3  420
a  9.1mm
0.85  28  3000
144  1000
As   1491.3 mm 2
9.1
0.9  420  (260  )
2
As (min)  0.0018  (3000)  (300)  1620 mm 2 (use this )
1620
No.Bar   14.3  use 1512 bars (1696 mm 2 )

(12) 2
4

3000  (12) 2
b  Ab 4
S   200 mm  check S max
As 1696
a 1696  420
M n   As f y  (d  )  a   9.97 mm
2 0.85  28  3000
9.97
M n  0.90  1696  420  (260  )  163.5  144 (OK )
2
Strip in the long direction

Width of intermediate strip = 600 cm and width of column strip is the smaller of (L1 / 2) and
(L2 / 2), taken as (600/2) = 300 cm.
Total factored static moment:
Clear span for exterior panels = 700 – 15 – 20 = 665 cm
Clear span for interior panels = 700 – 20 – 20 = 660 cm
The larger of the two values will be used in moment calculations.
16.55  6  6.65 2
Mo   549 KN .m
8
ANAS DAWAS

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You can design this strip by yourself now
elemasagE
For the two-way solid slab with beams on all column lines, shown in Figure
, evaluate the moments acting on any of the internal beams, using the
direct design method. All columns are 30 cm × 30 cm in cross section, all
beams are 30 cm × 60 cm in cross section, slab thickness is equal to 14 cm,
covering materials weigh 1.83 KN/m2 and the live load is 4 kN/m2. Use
Use fc= 28 Mpa and Fy= 420 Mpa .
ANAS DAWAS

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1) Evaluate the slab thickness

 For internal beams :
ANAS DAWAS

47
140 460
(1220  140)( )  (300  460)(  140)
y 2 2  204.1 mm
(1220  140)  (300  460)
 (1220)(140) 3 140 2 
Ib    (1220  140)( 204.1  ) 
 12 2 
 (300)( 460) 3 2
     3.35  6.23  10  9.58  10 mm
9 9 4
 (300 460)( 370 204 .1)
 12 
 For Edge Beam

460
(760)(140)(70)  (460)(300)(  140)
y 2  239.4mm
(760)(140)  (460)(300)
 (760)(140) 3 
Ib    (760  140)( 239.4  70) 2  
 12 
 (300)( 460) 3 2
  (300  460)(370  239.4)   (3.23  4.8)  10 9  8  10 9 mm 4
 12 
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48
 For Interior Slab :
3.0m
(6000)(140) 3
Is   1.372  10 9 mm 2
12
 For Exterior Slab: 3.0m
(3000  150)(140) 3
Is 
12
 0.72  10 9 mm 4
 Torsional Constant
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49
C A  305347.3 cm 4
C B  403907.3 cm 4
 C max  403907.3 cm 4
403907.3
t  3
 1.472 (units in cm)
2(600)(14) / 12
 Calculating α :
9850 cm 4
 f1   6.98 (For interior beams)
1372 cm 4
8000
f2   11 .11 (For exterior beams)
720
11  11  6.9  6.9
 f m1   8.95 Figure 10 Alpha Values
4
6.9  6.9  6.9  6.9
 f m2   6.9
4
all values  2.0
fy
l n (0.8  )
 h 1400  90mm
36  9 
420
5.7 (0.8  )
6.  0.30 1400  139.33 mm (140  139.33) Ok
  1. 0  h 
6  0.30 36  9(1)
Generally , you have to calculate αm for each span then calculate thickness for each one to
determine which values will control ……
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50
2) Factored load on the slab

Wu=1.2 ( 0.14×25+1.83)+1.6(4)=12.8 KN/m2
3) Check slab thickness for shear
Note : No need to check two way shear for two way slabs with beam , and you
should check one way shear for interior and exterior beams but in this
example they are the same so we will check for the interior one.
x
d  140  20  12  108 mm
6000 300
Width of critical section  x    108  2742 mm
2 2
Vu  12.8  (2.742  6)  210.5 KN
0.75
Vc  28  6000  108  428.6 KN  Vu  Ok
6
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51
4) Total factored static moment
12.8  6  (5.7) 2
Mo   312 KN .m
8
l 6
 f 1 2  6.9 ( )  6.90
l1 6
 t  1.472 (calculated befor)
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52
Figure 11 Positive / Negative Moment
Figure 12 Column Strip Moment
Figure 14 Beam’s Moment
Figure 13 Middle Strip Moment
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53
For  t  0.0  100

For  t  1.472  x
For  t  2.5  75%
 by inerpolati on  the ratio  85%
l
 f 1 ( 2 )  1  Beams resist 85% of the column strip
l1
Finally , you should design middle strip , column strip and beam between supports based on
the maximum moment for each one .
Section across the strip : 1220 mm
6/4=1.5 m 6/4=1.5m
Middle Strip Column Strip Beam
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Column Strip Middle Strip Beam

Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive
Moment(KN.m) 139.8 133.35 54.9 44.49 139 113.34
b (mm) 1780 1780 3000 3000 300 300
d (mm) 108 108 108 108 108 544
h (mm) 140 140 140 140 600 600
Fy ( Mpa) 420 420 420 420 420 420
Fc (Mpa) 28 28 28 28 28 28
As (mm2)
As-min (mm2) 0.0018bh 0.0018bh 0.0018bh 0.0018bh
Bar Dim Ø12 Ø12 Ø12 Ø12 Ø12 Ø12
No of bar
As Provided
øMn (KN.m)
Notes :
 Design the beam as a rectangle for negative moment and as T beam for a positive
moment .
 As (min) for a beam is not as slab ( column and middle strip )
 You can design middle strip as a one part or you can design half middle strip based on
half value of the moment .
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gbeoag etas
Drop panels are thicker portions of the slab adjacent to the columns, as shown in Fig.
1. The minimum thickness of slab required to limit deflections may be reduced by 10

percent if the slab has drop panels conforming to ACI Code Section 13.2.5. The drop
panel stiffens the slab in the region of highest moments and hence reduces the
deflection.
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2. A drop panel with dimensions conforming to ACI Code Section 13.2.5 can be used to
reduce the amount of negative-moment reinforcement required over a column in a flat
slab. By increasing the overall depth of the slab, the lever arm, jd, used in computing the
area of steel is increased, resulting in less required reinforcement in this region.
3. A drop panel gives additional slab depth at the column, thereby increasing the area of
the critical shear perimeter.
Example :
Design a drop panel according to the ACI code requirements for the floor system shown
below in the fig. Check two way shear . Interior columns are ( 500×300 mm) and
exterior columns are (300×300 mm ), Live load = 2 KN/m2 and super imposed Dead
load = 1.2 KN/m2.
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57
Min imum slab thickness to control deflection 5.5m 6m

No beams (  0.0)
0.3 0.5
l n1  5.5    5.1 m
2 2 4.5m
l 5.1
min h  n   155 mm
33 33
l n 2  6  0.5  5.5 m
l n 5.5
min h    153 mm
36 36
 use h  160 mm
h
The drop panel thickness  h   200 mm
4
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58
The half width is at least ( L/6) in length
 6000/6 =1000 mm
 4500/6 =750 mm
This is minimum dimension for the panel for the interior column ,so you can increase
this to 2500×1800 area with 200 thickness .
Calculating the ultimate load based on the slab’s thickness :

Wu= 1.2( 0.16×24+1.2)+1.6(2)=9.25 KN/m2
Calculating the ultimate load based on the drop panel’s thickness :
Wu= 1.2( 0.2×24+1.2)+1.6(2)=10.4 KN/m2
2 1
Avg. Ultimate Load  Wu  (9.25)  (10.4)  9.63 KN / m 2
3 3
Now you have to check two way shear :

 For interior column :
d  200  20  12  168 mm
Vu  9.63  (5.75  4.5  0.468  0.668)  246.2 KN
500
c   1.67 , bo  2  (468  668)  2272 mm
300
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4 28  2272 168
(a ) Vc  (2  )   739.8 KN
1.67 12 1000
40  168 28  2272 168
(b) Vc  (  2)   834.4 KN
2272 12 1000
1 168
(c) Vc   28  2272   673.248 KN
3 1000
 Vc  0.75  673.248  505 KN  Vu OK
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 The punching shear at drop panel

d  160  20  12  128 mm
Vu  9.63  (5.75  4.5  2.628  1.928)  200.4 KN
500
c   1.67
300
bo  2  (2628  1928)  9112 mm
(a ) Vc 
(b) Vc 
1 128
(c) Vc   28  9112   2057 KN
3 1000
 Vc  0.75  2057  1543 KN  Vu
By the same way , check the two way shear for edge and corner columns.
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61
g MELBeRe
2-1 flat plate floor system with panel is 6.0 × 8.0 m (on centers of column ) is supported on
0.5 m interior columns and 0.40 m square exterior columns . Edge beams are not used
along the exterior floor edges . Use fc=28 Mpa , fy=420 Mpa .
(a) Using ACI code , determine the minimum slab thickness required for panels 1
and 3 based on deflection criterion .
(b) Assume the floor is to support a service dead load ( including self-weight )
Of 10 KN/m2 and service live load of 4.0 KN/m2 . If slab thickness is 160 mm and
( d= 134 mm ) , then check punching shear for corner column .
(c ) Use direct design method to calculate column and middle in the edge frame
spanning 6.0 m in panel 2 . Use ultimate load of 15 KN/m2.
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62
2-2 30 × 30 m a flat plate with no drop panel is shown below . (fy=420 Mpa) . Based on ACI
code :
Edge beam with

(311×211) mm
a) Determine the minimum permissible total thickness required for slabs

in panel 3 .
b) Determine the minimum permissible total thickness required for slabs
in panel 2
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63
c) The ACI code states that for slabs with beams between column along exterior
edges , the value αf for the edge beam shall not less than 0.8 . Determine αf if the slab
is 200 mm in thickness and show if the provision is satisfied .
2-3 Consider the floor system shown below , columns 60×60 cm2 and beams as shown.
Answer the following problems . Assume beams and slabs are monolithic
And fy = 420 Mpa .
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64
a) Compute α for interior beam in the short direction

b) Compute α for exterior beam in the short direction
c) Compute α for exterior beam in the long direction
d) Compute βt for the exterior beam .
e) Use the direct design method to calculate column and middle strip moments at the shaded
edge frame spanning . Use the ultimate load of 15 KN/m2.
f) Check one way shear for the beam between columns 6 and 7 .
2-4 The concrete for the slab and the beam shown below was placed in one pour .
( all dimensions in mm ):
1) Compute αf for the beam .

2) Compute the torsional constant for the edge beam shown .
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65
2-5 For the flat plate shown in the figure below ( edge beam are not used ). Answer the
following questions . The columns dimensions are (40×40 cm ) , fc=28 Mpa and
fy=420 Mpa .
6m 5.5 m 6m
6m
A2
5m
5m 41×41 cm
W3
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66
a) The minimum required depth of the slab based upon ACI code requirement
Is most nearly:
If the ultimate load on the slab is Wu= 15 KN/m2 , slab thickness h= 15 cm and effective
depth d = 12 cm :
b) The maximum one way shear Vu in the area around column A2 ………
c) The Ultimate punching shear Vu for the corner column W3. ………
d) The Ultimate punching shear Vu for the interior column A2. ………
For the shaded area ( column and middle strip) shown in the figure
e) The Total static moment in the W-E direction (hatched frame ) is ………
If the total static moment in W-E direction is 300 KN.m :

f) The positive moment in the frame ( hatched frame ) is : ………
g) The column strip positive moment in the frame (hatched frame ) is : ………
h) Design a drop panel for the interior column A2 …..
i) The ultimate punching shear Vu for the 2000 by 2000 mm interior drop panel ( use
ø12 bars and 20 mm cover ) .
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67
2-6 A flat plate floor system with panels 7.0 by 8.0 m (on centers of columns ) is supported
on 0.6 square interior columns and 0.40 m square exterior columns , all interior
beams are 0.6 × o.6 m and exterior beams are 0.40 × 0.60 m , Use fc=21 Mpa
Fy=420 Mpa and answer the following question :
8.0m 8.0m
7.0m
7.0m
a) For the exterior beam in the long direction , the span of the slab considered in α
calculation is most nearly : :……….
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68
b) For interior panel C if the average α is equal to 2.3 , then the minimum depth of the slab
is most nearly : :……….
c) For the corner panel (A) , if the floor system is assumed to be without beams , then the
minimum depth of slab is most nearly : :……….
d) If the ultimate slab load is 20 KN/m2, and effective depth d =190 mm , the one way
shear in panel C is most nearly : :……….
e) For the exterior frame spanning in the long direction (hatched frame ) , the clear span
Ln of the of the frame in panel A is most nearly : :……….
f) For the exterior frame spanning in the long direction (hatched frame ) , the transvers
length L2 of the of the frame in panel A is most nearly: :……….
g) If the total static moment in panel (A) for the exterior frame spanning in the long
direction (hatched frame ) is 300 KN.m , the exterior negative moment in the frame is
most nearly : :……….
h) If the total static moment in panel (A) for the exterior frame spanning in the long
direction (hatched frame ) is 300 KN.m , the exterior positive moment in the frame is
most nearly : :……….
i) Assume the floor has no beams and the ultimate load is 20 KN/m2 , if d=190 mm then
the ultimate punching shear Vu for an interior column is most nearly :……….
j) Assume the floor has no beams and the ultimate load is 20 KN/m2 , if d=190 mm then
the ultimate punching shear Vu for an the corner column is most nearly :……….
Notes :
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69
Serviceability
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70
yaelJbaeDJsJnS
Today the structural design profession is concerned with a limit states philosophy. The term
limit state is used to describe a condition at which a structure or some part of a structure
ceases to perform its intended function. There are two categories of limit states: strength and
serviceability.
Strength limit states are based on the safety or load-carrying capacity of structures and
include buckling, fracture, fatigue, overturning, and so on. with the bending limit state of
various members.
Serviceability limit states refer to the performance of structures under normal service loads
and are concerned with the uses and/or occupancy of structures. Serviceability is measured
by considering the magnitudes of deflections, cracks, and vibrations of structures, as well
as by considering the amounts of surface deterioration of the concrete and corrosion of the
reinforcing. You will note that these items may disrupt the use of structures but do not usually
involve collapse.
CRACKING
This section presents a few introductory comments concerning some of the several types of
cracks that occur in reinforced concrete beams. The remainder of this chapter is concerned
with the estimated widths of flexural cracks and recommended maximum spacing of flexural
bars to control cracks.
Flexural cracks are vertical cracks that extend from the tension sides of beams up to
the region of their neutral axes. Cracking starts when the tensile stress in the concrete
reaches the tensile strength of the concrete at some point in the bar. When this occurs, the
prism cracks.
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71
Figure 15 types of cracks
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72
Control of Flexural Cracks
Although cracks cannot be eliminated, they can be limited to acceptable sizes by spreading
out or distributing the reinforcement. In other words, smaller cracks will result if several
small bars are used with moderate spacing rather than a few large ones with large spacing.
ACI Code Provisions Concerning Cracks

In the ACI Code, Sections 10.6.3 and 10.6.4 require that flexural tensile reinforcement be
well distributed within the zones of maximum tension so that the center-to-center spacing of
the reinforcing closest to a tension surface is not greater than the value computed with the
following expression:
 280   280 
S  380    2.5 C c  300  f 
 fs   s 
S  bar spacing in mm (center to center )
2
fs 
f y  service load bar stress in MPa
3
Cc  Least distance from surface of the reinforcem ent to the tension face
ANAS DAWAS

73
elpmaxE
Is the spacing of the bars shown in the figures within the requirements of the ACI code from
the standpoint of the cracking ? If fy= 420 Mpa.
db 28.7
Cc  75   75   60.65 mm
2 2
280 280
S  380  ( )  2.5 (60.65)  300 ( )
2 2
 420  420
3 3
 228 mm  300 mm
Since the actual bar spacing o f 75 mm is
less than 228 mm, this spacing is acceptable.
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74
Skin Reinforcement
points above the reinforcement than they are at the level of the steel, as shown in Fig. 9-3b.
To control the width of these cracks, ACI Code Section 10.6.7 requires the use of skin
reinforcement that is distributed uniformly along both faces of the beam web for a distance of
d/2 measured from the centroid of the longitudinal tension reinforcement toward the neutral
axis.
If h ≥ 900 mm , Skin reinforcement shall be used

Askin=0.015bw S2
S2= smaller of ( d/6 or 300 mm )
Total Askin ≤ As/2
 280   280 
S  380    2.5 Cc  300  f 
 fs   s 
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75
Deflections
Control of Deflections
One of the best ways to reduce deflections is by increasing member depths—but designers are
always under pressure to keep members as shallow as possible. (As you can see, shallower
members mean thinner floors, and thinner floors mean buildings with less height, with
consequent reductions in many costs, such as plumbing, wiring, elevators, outside materials
on buildings, and so on.) Reinforced concrete specifications usually limit deflections by
specifying certain minimum depths or maximum permissible computed deflections.
Minimum Thicknesses
Table 9.5(a) of the ACI Code, provides a set of minimum thicknesses for beams and one-way
slabs to be used, unless actual deflection calculations indicate that lesser thicknesses are
permissible. These minimum thickness values, which were developed primarily on the basis of
experience over many years, should be used only for beams and slabs that are not supporting
or attached to partitions or other members likely to be damaged by deflections.
Maximum Deflections
If the designer chooses not to meet the minimum thicknesses given in Table 9.5(a) , he or she
must compute deflections. If this is done, the values determined may not exceed the values
specified in Table 6.1, which is Table 9.5(b) of the ACI Code.
Camber
The deflection of reinforced concrete members may also be controlled by cambering.
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Common cases
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Effective Moments of Inertia

Regardless of the method used for calculating deflections, there is a problem in determining
the moment of inertia to be used. The trouble lies in the amount of cracking that has occurred.
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Figure 16 : As moment subjected to the beam increases , the moment

of inertia decreases because of cracks .
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 for M a  M cr Use I  I g
 M a  M cr Use I  I e
M cr 3  M 
 Ie  ( ) I g  1  ( cr ) 3  I cr
Ma  Ma 
fr I g
 M cr 
yt
 Ec  4700 f c
 f r  0.70 f c
M cr  cracking moment
I g  gross moment of inertia
f r  Modulus of rupture
yt  distance from centroid to the extreme tension fiber
M a  max imum moment in the member
at the loading stage for which the momentof
inertia is being computed or at any previous loading stage
Continuous-Beam Deflections
The following discussion considers a continuous T beam subjected to both positive and
negative moments. As shown in Figure below , the effective moment of inertia used for
calculating deflections varies a great deal throughout the member.
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Figure 17 This formula to calculate deflection along continuous beam
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Critical section shall be permitted to obtain deflection in ACI code :
 Mid span for simple supported beam

 At support for cantilever
 Critical positive and negative moment sections for continuous beam
ACI code :( Ig )is the moment of inertia of the gross concrete section neglecting
area of tension steel .
Transformed Section
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Elastic Theory For Flexure
This theory helps us to calculate deflection with several assumptions must be taken in
considered :
1) Plan sections remain plane after bending .

2) Linear stress – strain curves for steel and concrete .
3) Perfect bond between steel and concrete .
4) Concrete tension capacity is neglected .
 This theory cannot be used when concrete stress are higher than 0.6 f c .
elpmaxE
For the beam shown below , check if we can use Theory of elasticity or not at the given
moments :
1- 28 KN.m
2- 113 KN.m
As=3000 mm2, n=10
 Transform section (un-cracked )
n  10 , (n  1) As  (10  1)  3000  27000 mm 2

 Determine the centroid
600
(600  300) ( )  (27000) (500)
yt  2  326.1 mm
(600  300)  (27000)
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 Determine the moment of inertia
 300  6003
Ig   2

 (300  600) (326.1  300)   (27000 ) (500  326.1) 2 
 12 
 6.34  109 mm 4
 Determine Cracking moment
2.8  6.34 109

M cr    65 KN .m
600  326.1 10 6
 For M = 28 KN.m
M  28  M cr  65
28  326.1
fc   10 6
 1.44 MPa  0.45 f c
6.34  10 9
28  (500  326.1)
f s  10   10 6
 7.64 MPa  0.5 f y
6.34  10 9
28  (600  326.1)
ft   10 6
 1.21 MPa  f r
6.34  10 9
 all checks are ok
 For M = 113 KN.m

you have to determine the
location of the N.A based on the
transformed cracked section .
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 Ai yi  0.0 about N . A
y
( 300  y )  10  3000  (500  y )  y  231.7 mm
2
300  231.7 3
 I cr   30000 (500  231.7 ) 2  3.4  109 mm 4
3
113  231.7 
 fc   10 6
 7.7 MPa  0 .5 f c
3.4  109
113  (500  231.7)
 f s  10   10 6  89.17  0.5 f y
3.4  10 9
all checks are ok

 you can use Elastic Theory
Calculate The Deflection

 Instantaneous Deflection :
When a concrete beam is loaded, it undergoes a deflection referred to as
an instantaneous deflection.
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 Sustained Load Deflection

Under sustained loads, concrete undergoes creep strains and the curvature of a cross
section increases.
If compression steel is present, the increased compressive strains will cause an increase
in stress in the compression reinforcement, thereby shifting some of the compressive force
from the concrete to the compression steel. As a result, the compressive stress in the
concrete decreases, resulting in reduced creep strains.
As
The greater ratio of compression steel    ,
bd
the greater reduction in creep.
The Total Long Time Deflection
 LT   L    D  t  SL
 L  Immediate live load deflection 

  Immediate dead load deflection 
 D 
 SL  Sustained live load deflection 
 

   Time factor for infinite duration of sustained load 
t  Time factor for limited load duration 


1  50  
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elpmaxE : Simple Supported Beam
A simple supported beam with the cross section shown in the figure , has a span of 6 m
And supports un-factored dead load of 30 KN/m2 including its self-weight plus an un-
factored live load of 20 KN/m2 .
f c  28 MPa
f y  420 MPa
DL  30 KN / m
LL  20 KN / m
As  2000 mm 2
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6.0 m
2000 mm2
1- Calculate the properties of the section

a) Un-cracked section :
400  600 3
 Ig   7.2  10 9 mm 2
12
 yt  600 / 2  300 mm
 Ec  4700 28  25000 Mpa
200 Gpa
n   8.0
25000 Mpa
 f r  0.7 28  3.7 Mpa
3.7  7.2 10 9
 M cr   6  88.8 KN
300 10
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b) Cracked section
y2
 400   8 (2000) (525  y )  y  168.8 mm
2
400  168.83
 I cr   8 (2000) (525  168.8) 2  2.67  109 mm 4
3
Section Y before Y after crack Ig I Cr M cr

properties crack (Transformed)
At mid span 300 mm 168.8 mm 7.2  10 9 mm 4 2.67  10 9 mm 4 88.8 KN.M
2- Calculate ultimate moment at the critical section (mid span )
30  6 2
 M DL   135 KN .m  M cr  I  I e
8
(30  20)  6 2
 M DL LL   225 KN .m  M cr  I  I e
8
3- Calculate effective moment of inertia
 88.8 
3
  88.8  3 
 I e ( Based on M DL )     7.2  1      2.67  3.95  10 mm
9 4
 135    135  
 88.8 
3
  88.8  3 
 I e ( Based on M DL LL )     7.2  1      2.67  2.95  10 mm
9 4
 225    225  
4- Calculate instantaneous deflection :
5wl 4 5  30  6000 4
  DL    5.126 mm
384 Ec I e DL 384  25000  3.95  10 9
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5wl 4 5  50  6000 4
  DL LL    11 .44 mm
384 Ec I e DL 384  25000  2.95  10 9
  LL   DL LL   DL  11 .44  5.126  6.314 mm
5- Calculate long term deflection

2
   2
1  50  (0)
 LT  6.314  2  5.126  0.0  16.56 mm
6- Compare with ACI code limits :

this just an example
span 6000
  i  LL    16.7 mm  6.31 mm OK
360 360
span
 LT   so and so
480
7- Summary
Load Mm I mid 
(KN) (KN.m) ( mm)
10 9 mm 4
DL 30 135 3.95 5.126
DL+LL 50 225 2.95 11.44
DL+SL 30+0 No sus.L ---------- -------
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Duration    LL    DL t   SL  LT
5 YEARS 2 2 11.44- (2)(5.126)= ________ 16.566
5.126= 10.252 mm
6.314 mm
elpmaxE : Continuous Beam
3ø25
3ø25
6ø25
9.0 m
Determine the long term deflection at the mid span of the continues T beam shown above ,
The member supports a dead load including its self-weight of 16 KN/m and live load of 14
KN/m , Fc=28 Mpa , Fy = 420 Mpa . The beam cross section is shown below . Assume that 30%
of the live load is sustained .
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Notes :
Firstly , you can check minimum thickness according to Table 9.5 (a) in ACI code
Then , you can fill the following tables to get perfect solution :
1) You should calculate the properties for the sections at support and at mid span .

At mid span
At supports
2) Calculate the moment caused by DL , (DL+LL) at the two edges of the member and at the
mid span .
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M1 M2
Mm
3) Compare the moments from previous step with the cracking moment to determine which
value of moment of inertia should be used .
4) Calculate Average value for moment of inertia using :
5) Calculate deflection using the following formula :
 In this formula , you should substitute moments value with its sign
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You can use these tables :
Load M1 Mm M2 I1 Imid I2 Iavg 

(KN) (KN.m) (KN.m) (KN.m) ( mm)
DL
DL+LL
DL+SL
Duration    LL    DL t   SL  LT
Note : In case of negative moment , consider the section as a rectangular beam and all
calculation based on this consideration as shown below :
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PROBLEMS
6-1 A simple supported beam with cross section shown below has a span of 6.0 m . The
beam supports un-factored dead load of 24 KN/m , including its own self-weight plus
an un-factored live load of 16 KN/m . The concrete compressive strength is 21 Mpa .
 Compute the following :

1) Gross moment of inertia , cracking moment of inertia and cracking moment .
2) Immediate dead load deflection .
3) Immediate live load deflection .
4) Long term deflection at an age of 3 years , if 30% of live load is sustained .
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6-2 A Cantilever beam with cross section shown below has a span of 5.0 m . The beam
supports an un-factored concentrated live load of 60 KN and un-factored dead load of
15 KN/m . The concrete compressive strength is 28 Mpa and effective depth = 800 mm

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6-3 A simple supported beam with cross section shown below has a span of 6.0 m . The
beam supports un-factored dead load of 20 KN/m , including its own self-weight plus
an un-factored concentrated live load of 40 KN. The concrete compressive strength is
28 Mpa.

6-4 For the cross sections shown below , determine whether the reinforcement satisfies the
ACI code requirements for crack width control .
 For section C design skein reinforcement Upon ACI code requirements .
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A B
C D
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6-5 For 3.6 m span cantilever beam shown in the figure below , (Ignore weight in your
calculation ) :
1) Determine instantaneous live load deflection at the free end of the beam due to the
load condition shown below .
2) Determine the Total long term deflection . Assume that only dead load is
Sustained. What code deflection criteria it meets and what limitations, if any , have
to be placed on its use ?
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6-6 The beam cross section shown is on a 8000 mm simple span and carries uniformly
distributed service dead load of wD=15 kN/m and concentrated service live load of
PL=30 kN. Use fc’ = 28 MPa, fy = 420 MPa and assume n = 9 (Ignore beam self-weight).
Compute :
1. Cracked moment of inertia,
2. Cracking Moment,
3. Immediate deflection due to live load only,
4. Ultimate long-term deflection due to dead load
6-7 Continues beam with cross section shown below has a span of 9.0 m. The beam
supports un-factored dead load of 22 KN/m , including its own self weight , plus un-
factored live load of 36 KN/m . The concrete compressive strength is 21 Mpa .
Compute the following :
1) Gross moment of inertia for positive moment section .

2) Cracking moment for positive moment moment section .
3) Cracked moment of inertia for positive moment section
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4) Using the following assumption , Answers the followings :

At mid span - - 2×1010 mm4 8×109 mm4 106 KN.m
10 4 9 4
At supports - - 3×10 mm 7.4×10 mm 76 KN.m
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A. Immediate dead load deflection
B. Immediate live load deflection .
C. Ultimate long term deflection of 30 % live load sustained .
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Torsion
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gnoeiJot
The average designer probably does not worry about torsion very much. He or she thinks
almost exclusively of axial forces, shears, and bending moments, and yet most reinforced
concrete structures are subject to some degree of torsion. Until recent years, the safety factors
required by codes for the design of reinforced concrete members for shear, moment, and so
forth were so large that the effects of torsion could be safely neglected in all but the most
extreme cases. Today, however, overall safety factors are less than they used to be and
members are smaller, with the result that torsion is a more common problem.
Appreciable torsion does occur in many structures, such as:
1) In the main girders of bridges, which are twisted by transverse beams or slabs.
2) In buildings where the edge of a floor slab and its beams are supported by a spandrel
beam running between the exterior columns.
3) Earthquakes can cause dangerous torsional forces in all buildings.
4) In curved bridge girders, spiral stairways, and balcony girders
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 It should be realized that if the supporting member is able to rotate, the resulting
torsional stresses will be fairly small. If, however, the member is restrained, the torsional
stresses can be quite large.
Torsion Cracks
Should a plain concrete member be subjected to pure torsion, it will crack and fail along
45o spiral lines because of the diagonal tension corresponding to the torsional stresses. For a
very effective demonstration of this type of failure, you can take a piece of chalk in your hands
and twist it until it breaks. Although the diagonal
tension stresses produced by twisting are
very similar to those caused by shear, they will
occur on all faces of a member. As a result,
they add to the stresses caused by shear on one side
and subtract from them on the other.
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Strength of Material Review
 In a bar with a rectangular cross section, however, the torsional stresses vary from a
maximum at the middle of the long sides of the rectangle to zero at the corners.
Torsional Reinforcing
Tests have shown that both longitudinal bars and closed stirrups (or spirals) are necessary to
intercept the numerous diagonal tension cracks that occur on all surfaces of members subject
to appreciable torsional forces.
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 The normal -shaped stirrups are not satisfactory. They must be closed either by welding
their ends together to form a continuous loop, as illustrated in Figure (a), or by bending
their ends around a longitudinal bar, as shown in part (b) of the same figure.
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 ACI Code Section 11.5.4.3 requires that longitudinal reinforcement for torsion be
developed at both ends of a beam. Because the maximum torsions generally act at the ends
of a beam, it is generally necessary to anchor the longitudinal torsional reinforcement for
its yield strength at the face of the support. This may require hooks or horizontal U-shaped
bars lap spliced with the longitudinal torsion reinforcement.
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 The strength of closed stirrups cannot be developed unless additional longitudinal
reinforcing is supplied. Longitudinal bars should be spaced uniformly around the
insides of the stirrups, not more than 300 mm apart. There must be at least one bar in
each corner of the stirrups to provide anchorage for the stirrup legs (Code 11.6.6.2);
otherwise, if the concrete inside the corners were to be crushed, the stirrups would slip
and the result would be even larger torsional cracks. These longitudinal bars must have
diameters at least equal to 0.042 times the stirrup spacing. Their size may not be less
than 10 mm .
DESIGN METHODS FOR TORSION

 Skew bending theory developed:
This theory assumes that some shear and torsion is resisted by the concrete, the rest
by shear and torsion reinforcement.
 Thin-walled tube/plastic space truss model
Torsion is assumed to be resisted by shear flow, q , around the perimeter of the member
as shown in Fig.. The beam is idealized as a thin-walled tube. After cracking, the
tube is idealized as a hollow truss consisting of closed stirrups, longitudinal bars in the
corners, and compression diagonals approximately centered on the stirrups, as shown in Fig.
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Definitions
To understand the subject , we should define some terms used a lot in our calculations :
1) Acp and Pcp
2) Aoh and Ph : represents the gross area enclosed by the shear flow path around the
perimeter of the tube.
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Location of Critical Section for Torsion

The critical section for shear was found to be located at a distance d away from the face of the
support. For an analogous reason, ACI Code Section 11.5.2.4 allows sections located at less
than d from the support to be designed for the same torque, that exists at a distance d from the
support. This would not apply if a large torque were applied within a distance d from the
support.
Types Of Torsion
 Equilibrium torsion
For a statically determinate structure, there is only one path along which a torsional moment
can be transmitted to the supports. This type of torsional moment, which is referred to as
equilibrium torsion or statically determinate torsion, cannot be reduced by a redistribution of
internal forces or by a rotation of the member. The edge beam must be designed to resist the
full calculated torsional moment.
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 Compatibility torsion
The torsional moment in a particular part of a statically indeterminate structure may be
substantially reduced if that part of the structure cracks under the torsion and “gives,” or
rotates. The result will be a redistribution of forces in the structure. This type of torsion, which
referred to as statically indeterminate torsion or compatibility torsion.
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Design Procedure For Members Subjected to Bending Moment , Shear and Torsion
1) . Draw the shear force, bending moment, and torque diagrams.
2) Select cross-sectional dimensions “b” and “h” based on factored bending moment,
and determine the required area of reinforcement.
Mu d c
 bd 2  ,   0.90   s  0.003 ( )
 Kn c
 K n  f c  (1  0.59 ) c  d
  s  0.003 ( )
     ( f y / f c) c
f c
   0.01 ( Economic)  As (max)  0.319  bd
fy
3) Check if torsion may be neglected. Torsion may be neglected if the torsion less than :
A 2 cp
 0.083 f c ( )  Without axial force
Pcp
A 2 cp NU
 0.083 f c ( )( 1  )  With axial force
Pcp 0.33 Ag f c
 If this is the case, proceed on with shear design and choose flexural and shear
reinforcement.
 Note : The critical section for torsion is located at distance d from the face of the
support if no torques are applied within this distance. If torques are applied within
distance d from face of support, critical torsion is located at face of the support.
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4) .Determine whether the case involves equilibrium or compatibility torsion.

A. For equilibriu m torsion , use full Tu .
B. For compatibil ity torsion , reduce Tu to the following :
2
A cp
T   0.33 f  ( )  Without axial force
u c P
cp
2 N
A cp U
T   0.33 f  ( )( 1  )  With axial force
u c P 0.33 A f
cp g c
5) Check the adequacy of the size of the cross section in terms of preventing brittle
mode of failure resulting from diagonal compressive stresses due to shear and
torsion combined.
Vu 2 Tu Ph 2 V
 max  ( ) ( )   ( c  0.66 f c )  Solid Section
2
bw d 1.7 A oh bw d
V 2 Tu Ph V
 max  ( u )  ( )   ( c  0.66 f c )  Hollow Section
2
bw d 1.7 A oh bw d
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 Note : If Eq. ( in step 5 ) is not satisfied, cross sectional dimensions need to be increased.
6) Determine the area of stirrups required for shear. To facilitate the addition of
stirrups for shear and torsion, the area of shear reinforcement is expressed in terms:
Av V
 s  Av  2  stirrup s one leg area
s f yv d
Vu 1
but Vs   VC f c bw d
and Vc 
 6
if Vs  4VC the cross Section needs to be enlarge.
 Also, determine maximum stirrup spacing based on shear and if Vu less than 0.5Vc No
need for stirrups .
7) Determine the required area of stirrups for torsion in terms of :
At Tn
  A0  0.85 Aoh
s 2 f yv Ao
Besides, compute maximum stirrup spacing based on torsion :
 ph

S max  smaller of  8
300 mm
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8) Determine combined area of stirrups required for shear and torsion:
 0.35bw
 f
Avt Av 2 At A(vt ) min  yv
   But  max of 
s s s s  0.062 f c bw

 f yv
9) Select stirrup size, and compute stirrup spacing based on the amount determined in
step 7.
Av for selected stirrups size
S
A
( vt ) calculated
s
 NOTE Maximum stirrup spacing must not exceed the smaller of the two values
evaluated in steps 5 and 6.
10) Calculate the longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion.
At f yv
Al  Ph cot 2 
s fy
0.42 f c Acp At f yv At b
Al min   ( ) Ph Where  0.175 w
fy s fy s f yv
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11)
f c A2 cp
 Cracking Torsion  
3 Pcp
 Ao  0.85 Aoh
elpmaxE
The cantilever beam shown below supports its own weight plus concentrated load . The beam
is 1500 mm and concentrated load at a point 150 mm from the end of the beam and 150 mm
away from the centroidal axis of the member . The un-factored concentrated load consists of
a 85 KN dead load and a 85 KN live load . Use normal weight of concrete with compressive
strength of 20 MPa and yielding strength for bars and stirrups equal to 420 Mpa .
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1) Assume a dimension for the section to calculate own weight ( d = 535 mm )

wt for major beam  0.4  0.6  24  5.76
wt for 150 mm part  0.4  0.6  24  5.76
wt factored  1.2  5.76  6.912 KN / m 2
Pult  1.2 (85)  1.6 (85)  238 KN
600 mm
2) Draw Shear , Moment and Torsion Diagram
400 mm
 Vu  6.91  0.15  238  6.91  1.5  249.4 KN
1.5 2
M  ( 6.91  0.15)  1.35  6.91   238  1.35  330.5 KN .m
u 2
0.15
 Tu  (6.91  0.15)   238  0.15  35.8 KN .m
2
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Moment
Load ø
Moment 0.90
Shear 0.75
Torsion 0.75
Shear
Tortion
3) Design for flexure .

Mu 330.5  1000
As    1000  1815.86 mm 2
  f y jd 0.90  420  0.90  535
As  f y 1815.86  420
a   106.81 mm   As  1831 mm 2
0.85 f c b 0.85  20  400
check  t , As (max) , As (min) OK
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4) Check if torsion may be neglected:
 Acp  b  h  400  600  240000 mm 2

 Pcp  2 (b  h)  2 (400  600)  2000 mm
A2 cp 240000 2
 Tth   0.083 f c ( )  0.75  0.083 20 ( )  10 6  8.1 KN .m
Pcp 2000
 Tu  35.8  8.1  must be considered
5) The Torsion is needed for equilibrium , so design for full of 35 .8 KN.m
6) Check the adequacy of the size of the cross section (assume 40 mm cover and ø10
stirrups )
 xo  400  2(40)  10  310 mm

 yo  600  2(40)  10  510 mm
 Aoh  xo  yo  310  510  158100 mm 2
 Ph  2 ( xo  yo )  2 (310  510)  1640 mm
2  2

Vu 2 Tu Ph 2  245 .7  1000   35 .8  10 6  1640 
  max  ( ) ( )    

bw d 2
1.7 A oh  400  535  .  2 
 1 7 158100 
 max  1.8 MPa
Vc f
(  0.66 fc )   ( c  0.66 fc )  2.77 Mpa
bw d 6
 1.8  2.77  Ok
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 Note : Vu used above to check section size is at “d” distance from the support
V u @ d  249.4  6.91(0.535)  245.7 KN
7) Determine the area of stirrups required for shear

1 1
 Vc  f c bw d  20  400  535  10 3  159.5 KN
6 6
V 245.7
 Vs  u  Vc   159.5  168.1 KN
 0.75
A V 168.1  1000
 v s   0.748 mm 2 / mm
s f yv d 420  535
8) Determine the required area of stirrups
35.8  103
At Tn 0.75
   103  0.422 mm 2 / mm
s 2 f yv Ao 2  420  (0.85  158100)
9) Determine combined area of stirrups required for shear and torsion:
 vt  v 
A A 2 At 2
 0.748  2(0.422 )  1.59 mm / mm
s s s
 0.35bw 2
 0.333 mm
 f
A(vt ) min  yv
  max of 
s  0.062 f c bw  0.264 mm 2

 f yv
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10) Calculate the longitudinal reinforcement required for torsion
At f yv
 Al  Ph cot 2   0.422  1 1640  1  692 mm 2
s fy
0.42 f c Acp At f At b
 Al min  ( ) Ph yv Where  0.422  0.175 w  0.167
fy s fy s f yv
0.42 20  240000
 Al min   0.422  1640  1  381 mm 2
420
11) Spacing between stirrups :

2 (10) 2
Av for selected stirrups size 4
S    99 mm
(
A vt
) calculated 1.59
s
 ph 1640
   205 mm 
 S max  smaller of  8 8
300 mm
 You can increase the diameter of the stirrups to increase the spacing (s).
12) Provide 3ø10 at the top , 3ø10 at the middle and the rest to the flexure steel:
 6  10  471 mm 2  692  471  221 mm 2

1831  221  2052 mm 2  use 5  25 at bottom.
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elpmaxE
The one way joist system shown in figure , supports a total factored dead load of 7.5 KN/m2
and factored live load of of 8 KN/m2. Totaling 15.5 KN/m2 . Design the end span AB , of the
exterior spandrel beam on grid line 1 . The factored dead load of the beam (i.e , self-weight)
and the factored loads applied directly to it total 16 KN/m . The spans and loadings are such
that the moments and shears can be calculated by using the moment coefficients from ACI
section 8.3.3 . Use fy =420 MPa and fc = 30 MPa .
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1) Initial choice of beam size . The beam overhangs the inside face of the columns by 50
mm. Effective length 405 mm and slab thickness is 110 mm .
650 mm
110 mm
470 mm
Spandrel
beam Column
600 mm
2) Assume that the joists behave as a one unit with uniform load for simplicity , calculate
the loads now :
 Total load on the beam =load from the slab + load on it self
w ln 15.5  9.3
  16   16  88.1 KN
2 2
 Compute the moment along the edge beam .
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88.1  6.6 2
2
w ln
 Exterior end negative :  M u    239.9 KN
16 16
88.1  6.6 2
2
w ln
 Mid span positive:  Mu    274.1 KN
14 14
w ln 2 88.1  6.6 2
 Interior end negative :  M u    383.8 KN
10 10
3) Check adequacy of the section size based on the maximum moment subjected to the
edge beam.
The section has adequate size for flexure .
4) Calculate area of steel for flexure :
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Area of steel required
(mm2)
Exterior end negative 1791
Mid-span positive 2046
First interior negative 2865
5) Draw final Shear and Torsion diagram for the edge beam .
88.1  6.6
 Shear Force : A) at exterior edge Vu   290.7 KN
2
B) at int . edge Vu  1.15  290.7  334.3 KN
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 Torsion : Moment at the joist is Transferre d to beam as a torsion
w ln 2 15.5  9.32
 Mu    55.9 KN .m
24 24
w l 15.5  9.3
 n  72.1 KN
2 2
 tu  55.9  72.1 (0.325)  79.3 KN .m / m
t  ln 79.3  6.6
 Tu    261.7 KN .m
2 2
55.9 KN.M
325 mm
72.1 KN
Vu @ d  334.7  88.07 (0.405)  298.7 KN
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6) Should torsion be considered ?
 Acp  (650  470)  (360  110 )  345100 mm 2

 Pcp  2 (650)  470  110  360  2 (360)  2960 mm
A2 cp 345100 2
 Tth   0.083 f c ( )  0.75  0.083 30 ( )  10 6  13.7 KN .m
Pcp 2960
 Tu  261.7   13.7  must be considered
7) Equilibrium or Compatibility ?
 The torque resulting from the moments at the ends of the joists exists only because the
joint is monolithic and the edge beam has a torsional stiffness.
 The torque resulting from the 25 mm. offset of the axes of the beam and column
necessary for the equilibrium of the structure and hence is equilibrium torque.
Note : You should calculate reduced value and equilibrium torsion at offset the design
must be based on the maximum value .
Reduced Value at d from support 

2
A cp 345100 2
T   0.33 f  ( )  0.75  0.33  30  ( )  55 KN .m
u c P 2960
cp
 Check equilibrium torsion

6.6
T  88.1  0.025   7.3 KN .m
2
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88.1 KN
25 mm
88.1 KN
 Design should be based on T=55.1 KN
8) Check the adequacy of the section >>>>> OK
Ph Aoh Tn  Ao
1868 mm 209989 mm2 73.5 KN.m 45 0.85 Aoh
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Table 1 These values are from book ( copy and paste ), Check it by yourself
 max 1.781 MPa
Vs
Av / s 1.2076 mm2/mm
Vc 240 KN
At / s 0.4902 mm2/mm
( Avt / s) 2.188 mm2/mm
Al 916 mm2
Al ,min 670 mm2
Stirrups , bars steel diameter
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Redistribution for the moment along joist
Tu 55.1
t   19 KN .m
ln  (2 d ) / 2 6.6  2(0.405) / 2
 Moment along the joist before and after redistribution :
wl n 2 15.5  9.32
 M u at ext. edge    55.85 KN .m
24 24
15.5  9.32
2
wl n
 M u at midspan.    95.7 KN .m
14 14
wl n 2 15.5  9.32
 M u at int . edge    134.1 KN .m
10 10
134.1 KN.m
55.85 KN.m
95.7 KN.m
36.85
18.4
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g MELBeRy
4-1 A simple supported precast T beam as shown in the sketch below . Use yielding strength
of 420 MPa for all steel , compressive strength of concrete of 28 MPa . Assume 40 mm
cover from all sides , ø12 stirrups then determine the following :
1200 mm
200 mm
800 mm
300 mm
1) Compute the following section properties :

 Acp = …………………………. mm2
 Aoh = …………………………. mm2
 Ao = …………………………. mm2
 Pcp = …………………………. mm
 Ph …………………………. mm
2) If the ultimate torque Tu @ d = 55 KN.m and Ultimate shear force at “d” distance from
face of the support is 285 KN , estimate the maximum shear stress in the section .
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3) Is the section adequate for shear design ? ( Yes/No)
4) Compute the cracking torqe for given section .
5) Compute the total area required for shear and torsion based on the values assumed in
(2).
Av  s
(mm2 / mm)
s
At
2
6) Compute required area of longitudinal reinforcement for torsion if  0.654 mm .
s
4-2 The 8 m span beam shown below is a part of a continuous frame that carries a cantilever
slab of 1.5 m width . The beam supports a service live load of 20 KN/m along the beam
centerline plus 2 KN/m2 over the slab surface . Assume the effective depth of the beam is
530 mm and the clear cover to the stirrups is 40 mm .
Including self-weight of the beam and slab in your calculation .
 Draw the shear force and torsion moment diagrams for this beam .
 Determine the shear force and torsion moment at the most critical section .
 Design the reinforcement in the beam to carry the forces in previous part .
 Show a layout of the beam’s cross section with the reinforcement obtained .
From previous part
.
f y  420 Mpa
f c  28 MPa
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4-3 The figure below shows a cantilever beam subjected to a point load . Indicate the type of
torsion in this problem . Explain your answer .
4-4 A) Draw the Torsion moment diagram for part CD given the bending moment diagram
for part AB . Determine this type of torsion with explanation .
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B) Draw torsion moment diagrams for following cantilever .
4-5 The following figure shows a partial plan of precast roof system . Roof members are
double tee units simple supported on precast beams .Continuity of spandrel beams is not
provided . The roof is supporting a service live load of 1.5 KN/m2 and service dead load
of 3.0 KN/m2 . Assume effective depth d =730 mm and ignore the self-weight in your
calculation .
a) Determine the factored load that will carried by the spandrel beam .
b) Draw bending moment , shear force and torsion diagrams for the spandrel beam .
c) Determine the design ultimate bending moment , ultimate shear and ultimate torsion
at most critical sections .
d) Design shear reinforcement for the beam based on values from ( c ) .
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4-6 Design the T beam shown in the figure below ,considering the contribution of the
flanges for torsion if its subjected to a ultimate torsional moment of 18 KN.m .
compressive strength of concrete is 30 MPa and f y =360 MPa for all steel .Assume
concrete cover of 40 mm to the centerline of the stirrups al around the cross section .
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4-7 Architectural and clearance requirements call for the use of transfer girder , shown in
the figure below , spanning 6 m between supporting columns. The girder must carry
from above an ultimate concentrated column load of 90 KN at midspan , applied with
eccentricity 600 mm from girder centerline . (Load factors are already included , as is an
allowance for girder self-weight ). Flexural rigidity at the ends of the span can be
assumed to develop 40 percent of the maximum moment that would be obtained if the
girder were simple supported . Design both transvers and longitudinal steel for the
beam . fc  28 MPa and f y  420 MPa
The member is to have dimensions , b=250 mm , h=500 mm , xo = 163 , yo=413 mm , d
=450 mm .
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4-8 Joint A is monolithically built with cross beam C-D. Beam A-B spans 8.0 meters between
supports A and B while beam C-D spans 6.0 meters between supports C and D. Beam A-
B carries a factored load of 120 kN/m and beam C-D carries a factored load of 85 kN/m
(both are including self-weights). Use fy = 420 MPa for all steel and fc’ = 26 MPa and
calculate the following:
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1) Compatibility torsion applied to beam C-D:
2) Compatibility torsion that beam C-D should be designed for:
3) Design moments for beam A-B are :
4-9 The one way joist system shown in figure , supports a total factored dead load of 9
KN/m2 and factored live load of of 10 KN/m2. Totaling 19 KN/m2 . Design the end span
AB , of the exterior spandrel beam on grid line 1 . The factored dead load of the beam (i.e
, self-weight) and the factored loads applied directly to it total 18 KN/m . The spans and
loadings are such that the moments and shears can be calculated by using the moment
coefficients from ACI section 8.3.3 . Use fy =420 MPa and fc = 30 MPa .
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 it was found that joists with overall depth of 470 mm would be required .The slab
thickness is 110 mm . The spandrel beam was made the same depth . The column
supporting the beam are 600 mm square , the beam overhangs the inside face of the
columns by 50 mm .Beam size is h= 470 mm , b=650 mm and d= 405 mm.
Answer the following :
1) Draw bending moment and shear forces diagrams for the beam.
2) Draw bending moment and shear forces diagrams for joist before
redistribution.
3) Calculate the torque resulting from the moments at the ends of the joist if the
joint is monolithic .Indicate this type of torsion and explain your answer.
4) Calculate the torque resulting from the 25 mm offset of the axis of the beam
and column . Indicate this type of torsion and explain your answer .
5) Calculate the design ultimate torsion at most critical section
6) Calculate all section properties :
Acp , Aoh , Pcp , Ph , Ao
 For the hollow section shown below , calculate the following :

Assume the cover = 40 mm
1) Gross moment if inertia

2) Cracking moment of inertia
3) Acp
4) Pcp
5) Aoh
6) Ph
7) Ao
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Footings
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FOOTINGS
 Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and transmit their
loads to the underlying soils. Reinforced concrete is a material admirably suited for
footings and is used as such for both reinforced concrete and structural steel buildings,
bridges, towers, and other structures.
Types of Footings
 Among the several types of reinforced concrete footings in common use are the wall,
isolated, combined, raft, and pile-cap types. These are briefly introduced in this section;
the remainder of the chapter is used to provide more detailed information about the
simpler types of this group.
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1) A wall footing
 Wall footings are normally used around the perimeter of a building and perhaps for
some of the interior walls.
2) An isolated or single-column footing

 is used to support the load of a single column. These are the most commonly used
footings, particularly where the loads are relatively light and the columns are not
closely spaced.
3) Combined footings
 Are used to support two or more column loads. A combined footing might be
economical where two or more heavily loaded columns are so spaced that normally
designed single-column footings would run into each other.
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4) A mat or raft or floating foundation

 Is a continuous reinforced concrete slab over a large area used to support many
columns and walls. This kind of foundation is used where soil strength is low or
where column loads are large but where piles or caissons are not used. For such cases,
isolated footings would be so large that it is more economical to use a continuous raft
or mat under the entire area. The cost of the formwork for a mat footing is far less
than is the cost of the forms for a large number of isolated footings. If individual
footings are designed for each column and if their combined area is greater than half
of the area contained within the perimeter of the building, it is usually more
economical to use one large footing or mat. The raft or mat foundation is particularly
useful in reducing differential settlements between columns—the reduction being 50%
or more. For these types of footings, the excavations are often rather deep. The goal is
to remove an amount of earth approximately equal to the building weight. If this is
done, the net soil pressure after the building is constructed will theoretically equal
what it was before the excavation was made. Thus, the building will float on the raft
foundation.
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SOIL PRESSURE UNDER FOOTINGS

The soil pressure at the surface of contact between a footing and the soil is assumed to be
uniformly distributed as long as the load above is applied at the center of gravity of the
footing. The distribution of soil pressure under a footing is a function of the type of soil and
the relative rigidity of the soil and the foundation pad.
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Allowable Soil Pressures

 The allowable soil pressures to be used for designing the footings for a particular
structure are preferably obtained by using the services of a geotechnical engineer.
Limit States for the Design of Foundations

1) Limit States Governed by the Soil:
 a bearing failure of the soil under the footing
 a serviceability failure in which excessive differential settlement between adjacent footings
 excessive total settlement.
2) Limit States Governed by the Structure

 flexural failure of the portions of the footing that project from the column or wall,
 shear failure of the footing,
 bearing failure at member interfaces, and
 inadequate anchorage of the flexural reinforcement in the footing.
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Elastic Distribution of Soil Pressure under a Footing
P My
Generally , the stress under footing given by q 
A I
P  Vertical load
A  Area of contact surface between the soil and the footing
I  Moment of inertia of this area
M  Moment about the centroidal axis of the footing area
y  The distance from the centroidal axis to the point wher e the stress are being calculated
 The loads within Kern distance :

 Loads applied within the “ kern “ , shaded
area in the figure alongside, will cause
compression over the entire area of the
footing .
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 Loads out of the “kern” distance
 This occurs when eccentricity in rectangular footing exceeds the shaded area of
the kern distance . A triangular stress distribution will develop over part of the
base as shown below , applying the equilibrium equation gives :
1
f max  b  (3a )  Pu
2
2 Pu
 f max 
3 a  b
L
a  e
2
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Net Soil Pressures(qn)
qn  qa  soil wt  concrete wt  Surcharge wt
Factored Net Soil Pressure
pcolumn ultimate
qnu  factored net load 
A
DESIGN PROCEDURE
1) Assume thickness of the footing then calculate area required .
 it is necessary to guess a thickness for a first trial. Generally, the thickness will be
1 to 1.5 the wall thickness or to 2 times column thickness .
 Thicknesses of wall footings are chosen in 25 mm. increments, widths in 50- or
75-mm. increments.
Service load ( DL  LL )
A
qn for soil
qn  qa  soil wt  concrete wt  Surcharge
2) Calculate factored net pressure .

pcolumn ultimate
qnu  factored net load 
A
3) Check shear capacity

A. Punching shear
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 4 fc bo d 
 ( 2  ) 
c 12
 
  d fc bo d 
Vc  smaller of  ( s  2) 
 bo 12 
 1 
 fc bo d 
 3 
if Vc  Vu  no need to increase depth
change CHECK SHEAR
if you change depth , you should change qn  
 A     

B. One way shear

 Calculate avarege effective length in the two directions
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effective depth  d  h  cover (75 mm) - db
1
Vc  0.75( fc bwd )
6
if Vc  Vu  OK otherwise change thickness
4) Design flexural reinforcement
 The deflection for the spread footing

shown is in two directions , so the
reinforcement should be provided in
both the short and long directions .
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f
2 d c
 M u  qnu  b    t  0.003 ( )c a , if  t  0.005    0.90
c 1
2
?
Mu AS f y  check  M n   As f y jd  M u
 As  ,a 
 f y jd 0.85 fc b  find NO. of bars should be used and the spacing " S "
 As  min  0.0018bh  S should be  S max
2 h Temperature steel
 S max  smaller of 
500 mm 5h
 As  0.0018 bh but S max  smallest 
500
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5) Design column footing joint
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  0.65
6) Area Of dowels
 The purpose of the dowels is the same as the keyway. But dowels provide stronger
connection .
 You should place dowels in the
footing while the concrete is
still wet .
 The number of dowel bars
needed is four these may be
placed at the four corners of
the column. The dowel bars
are usually extended into the
footing, bent at the ends, and
tied to the main footing
reinforcement. The dowel
diameter shall not exceed the diameter of the longitudinal bars in the column .
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 According to ACI code we can determine required area of dowels by
 As min  0.005A1  When  Pnb  Pu
pu  Pnb
 As req  ;   0.65  When Pu   Pnb
 fy
 A1  Column section area
7) Check development length for dowels
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8) Check development length for flexural reinforcement
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elpmaxE (Design wall Footing )
Design a plain concrete footing to support a 400 mm thick concrete wall . The on the wall
consist of 230 KN/m dead load (including self-weight) and a 146 KN/m live load KN/m .
The base of the footing is 1200 mm below final grade . fc  21 MPa , f y  420 MPa, the
gross allowable soil pressure = 240 KN/m2 , and the soil density is 18 KN/m3 .
1) Estimate size of the footing and the factored net pressure.

 Assume depth of the footing =(1-1.5)×wall thickness =1.25×400=500 mm
2
 qn  240  0.5( 25)  18(1.2  0.5)  214.9 KN / m
230  146 2
 A  1.75 m assume 1m strip  width of the footing  1.75 m
214.9
 Use width = 1.80 m
2) Compute factored net soil pressure

1.2( 230)  1.6(146) 2
 qnu   283.1 KN / m
1.80
3) Check one way shear :
Estimate d  500  75  12.5  412.5 mm
 1.80  0.40 
Vu @ d  283.1    0.4125   1m  81.4 KN
 2 
1
 Vc  0.75   21  1000  412.5  241 KN
6
 Vu   Vc  OK
ANAS DAWAS

161
 No need to check two way shear in the wall footings .

4) Design for flexure :
283.1 1.8  0.4 2

Mu  ( )  69.4 KN .m
2 2
69.4  1000
As   
0.9  420  0.95  412.5
2
 As  451 mm
2
As min  0.0018  412.5  1000  742.5 mm
1000
Use 514 / m  S   200 mm
5
 As,min=0.0018 bh not 0.0018bd (there is an
error above , but its difficult to edit it )
ANAS DAWAS

162
5) Check development length
9f d
y b
l 
d 10 f
c
9  420  14
  1155 mm
10  21
1800  400
l   75  625 mm
2
Use 90 hook
0.24 f d
y b
l  You should check this length
dh f
c
0.24  420  14
  308 mm
21
6)
ANAS DAWAS

163
elpmaxE (Square footing )
Design a square footing to support a 450 mm square tied interior column reinforced with
8  25 bars . The column carries an un-factored axial dead load of 1000 KN and an axial live
load of 900 KN. The base of the footing is 1200 mm below final grade and allowable soil
pressure is 240 KN/m2 . Use f y  420 MPa , f c  28 MPa
1) Estimate the footing size and factored net soil pressure .

Assume footing depth h  600 mm
2
qn  240  0.6(15)  (1.2  0.6)(18)  214.2 KN / m
1000  900 2
A  8.87 m
214.5
2
Use 3.0  3.0 m
1.2(1000)  1.6(900) 2
qnu   293.3 KN / m
33
2) Check two way shear

d avg  600  75  1.5( 25)  487.5 mm
bo  4( 450  487.5)  3750 mm

Vc  the smaller value of the three formulas a , b and c
 Vc  2394.2 KN
2
Vu  2640  393.2( 0.9375)  2382.3 KN
 Vu   Vc OK
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3) Check one way shear

3 0.45
Vu  293.3  (   0.4875)  3  692.9 KN
2 2
1
 Vc  0.75   28  3000  487.5  986.7 KN
6
Vu   Vc OK
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4) Design for flexure

3  0.45
M u  293.3  ( )  3  1122 KN .m
2
2
 As  6325 mm
2
As min  0.0018  3000  600  3240 mm
2 3000  2( 75)
Use 13  25  6370 mm  S   237.5 mm
13  1
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166
5) Design column footing connection

2
A1  0.45  0.45  0.203 mm
2 2
A2  (1.2  0.45  1.2)  8.123 mm
N1  1.7  0.65  28  0.203  6281 KN
8.123
N 2  0.85  0.65  28  0.203    19865 KN
0.203
 N  6281 KN
 Pu  2640  N
OK
6) Design area of dowels

2
Adowels  0.005  ( 450  450)  1013 mm
2
use 4  20  1256 mm
7) Check development length of dowels:

0.24  d b  f y
ldh   0.044 d b f y
fc
0.24  20  420
  381 mm  370 mm
28
8) Check development length of reinforcement of footing

9 f y db 9  420  25
ld    1786 mm
10 fc 10  28
ANAS DAWAS

167
3000  450
Available l  75  1200  1786 mm
2
0.24  25  420
use 90 hook  ldh   476 mm  1200 mm
28
450 mm
4ø20
600-75 mm
75 mm
3000 mm
13ø25
ANAS DAWAS

168
ggomDJta geoonJt
elpmaxE
600  400 mm 2 600  600 mm 2

 
COL 1   DL  890 KN COL 2   DL  1300 KN
 LL  650 KN  LL  1000 KN
 
All loads are service loads
2
fc  20 MPa , f y  420 MPa , qa  240 KN / m
ANAS DAWAS

169
400 mm 600 mm
6.0 m 125 mm
1.2 m
Basement floor with

thickness = 125 mm
supporting an ultimate
live load of 5 KN/m
1) Determine required area

Take 22 as the average density for soil and concrete just for simplification, then :
2
qn  240 - 1.2(22) - 5  208.6 KN/m
890  650  1300  1000 2
 Area requuired   18 .4 m
208.6
2) Locate the point of application of column loads on the footing.

Q1 Q2
Q 2  L3
x
Q1  Q 2 x
Q 1  890  650  1540 KN
Q 2  1300  1000  2300 KN
2300  6
x  3.594 m
2300  1540
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170
3) Determine the dimension of the footing
L  2(x  L 2 )  2(3.594  0.2)  7.588m  7.6 m
A 18.4
B   2.5 m
L 7.6
L2 L3 L1
Q1+Q2
L/2
Q1+Q2
4) Factored net pressure and factored loads

1.2(890  1300)  1.6(650  1000)
q nu   277.3 KN / m 2
7.6  2.5
Q1u  1.2(890)  1.6(650)  2108 KN
Q 2u  1.2(1300)  1.6(1000)  3160 KN
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5) Draw moment and shear diagrams
 Diagrams should be based on 277.3×2.5=693.25 KN/m
2108 KN 3160 KN
693.25 KN/m
2782.6 KN.m
13.8 KN.m 679.4 KN.m
1969.35 KN
969.85 KN
138.65 KN
2190 KN
6) Check two way shear

h  1000 mm
Try 
d  900 mm
 For interior column
Vu  3160  277.3  (1.5  1.5)  2536 KN
length of critical shear perimeter b o  4  1.5  6 m
c  1
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172
 4 f c bo d
a )  (2  )  9056 KN
  c 12

  d f c bo d
Vc  smallest of b )  (2  s )  12074 KN
 b o 12
 1
c )   f c b o d  6037.4 KN 
 3
V c Vu OK
 For interior column

Vu  2108  277.3  (1.5  0.85)  1754.4 KN
b o  2(0.85)  1.5  3.2 m
600
c   1.5
400
a ) 3756.6 KN

Vc  smalles of b ) 8402 KN
c ) 3220 KN 

V c Vu OK
7) Check one way shear

One way shear is critical at d from the face of the interior column ( d  300 mm from center
of the column )
Vu  2190  693.25  (0.3  0.9)  1358.1 KN
1 1
Vc    f c bw d  0.75   20  2500  900  1257.7 KN  increase the thickness
6 6
h  1100 mm
Try  Vu  2190  693.25  (0.3  1.0)  1288.8 KN
d  1000 mm
1
Vc  0.75   20  2500  1000  1397.5 KN  OK
6
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173
8) Design the flexure reinforcement in the longitudinal direction

Mu 2782.6  103 2
As    8179 mm
 f y (d  a / 2) 0.9  420  106  0.9  1000  103
after many iterations  A s  7651mm 2
As min  0.0018  bh  0.0018  2500  1100  4950 mm 2
Use 17 25  8340 mm 2
ANAS DAWAS

174
For interior column subjected to positive moment
679  1000
As   1995.9 mm 2  As min
0.9  420  0.9  1000
Use 11 25  5401 mm 2
9) Design for transverse beam
B+1.5 d =2.1 m
0.75 d
3160 KN
wl 2 1264  0.952
Mu    570.4 KN / m
2 2
570.4  1000
As  
0.9  420  0.9  1000 0.95 m
after many iterations  As  1588.4 mm 2
As min  0.0018  2100  1100  4158 mm 2
Use 9 25  4418 mm 2
ANAS DAWAS

175
2108 KN
For edge beam :

843.2  0.952
Mu   380.4 KN / m
2
As min  0.0018  1150  1100  2277 mm 2
Use 5 25  2454.4 mm 2
2018/2.5=843.2 KN/m
 Check development length for all reinforcements required
ANAS DAWAS

176
NOTES
 You can use these equations to calculate the ultimate bending moment , ultimate shear
force and ultimate load subjected to footings with eccentricity at any point .
qmin
qmax
X2 X2
 M u  (q   B )( )  (q max  q )(B )( )
2 3
L x
but q    (q max  q min )  q min
L
X
 Vu  (q   B )( X )  (q max  q )(B )( )
2
L
 Pu   (q min  L )  (q max  q min )( )   B
 2 
ANAS DAWAS

177
 Moment transfer from columns to footings depends on how the column–footing
connection is constructed. Many designers treat the connection between columns and
footings as a pinned connection. Others treat it as fixed, and still others treat it as
somewhere in between. If it is truly pinned, no moment is transferred to the footing, and
this section of the text is not applicable. If, however, it is treated as fixed or partially
fixed, this section is applicable. If a column–footing joint is to behave as a pin or hinge, it
would have to be constructed accordingly. The reinforcing in the column might be
terminated at the column base instead of continuing into the footing. Dowels would be
provided, but these would not be adequate to provide a moment connection. To provide
continuity at the column–footing interface, the reinforcing steel would have to be
continued into the footing. This is normally accomplished by embedding hooked bars
into the footing and having them extend into the air where the columns will be located.
The length they extend into the air must be at least the lap splice length; sometimes this
can be a significant length. These bars are then lap spliced or mechanically spliced with
the column bars, providing continuity of tension force in the reinforcing steel.
ANAS DAWAS

178
SMELBeRP
5-1 Design a square footing to support a 500 x 500 mm-square tied interior column
reinforced with 825 bars. The column carries unfactored axial dead load of 1100 kN
and unfactored axial live load of 750 kN. The base of the footing is 1200 mm below
final grade and allowable NET soil pressure is 195 kN/m2. Use fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 420
MPa. Assume d = h – 100mm.
5-2 A 4.0 x 4.0 m-square footing is

subjected to an ultimate (factored) axial
load Pu = 2400 kN due to eccentric
column as shown below (ignore footing self-weight). Assume effective depth d = 0.535
m.
 Calculate maximum and minimum ultimate soil pressure.

 Calculate maximum ultimate flexural moment in the footing
 Calculate maximum one-way shear in the footing (Vu)
 Calculate the punching shear exerted by the 400 mm-square column on the footing (Vu).
ANAS DAWAS

179
5-3 A spread footing is subjected to 500×500 mm square tied interior column The base of
the footing is 1500 mm below final grade and allowable soil pressure is 200 kN/m2,
effective depth equal to (h-100 mm ). Answer the followings :
 If the column carries unfactored axial dead load of 1300 kN and unfactored axial live
load of 800 kN,. Assume thickness of footing = 700 mm , answer the following :
a) Determine the minimum dimension of the square footing required to support the loads .
b) Calculate the ultimate design bending moment and ultimate design shear force at the
most critical sections for the 3.5×3.5 m2 footing .
c) Calculate the maximum one way shear capacity( Vc ) for 3.5×3.5 m2 square footing.
d) Calculate the maximum two way shear capacity ( Vc ) for the 3.5×3.5 m2 square
footing.
e) Check development length for the 3.5×3.5 m2 square footing .
 For a 4×6 m rectangular footing . Assume that the ultimate design bending moment in
the long direction is 900 KN.m , the ultimate design bending moment in the short
direction is 600 KN.m and the ultimate one way shear force is 700 KN , answer the
following :
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180
f) Calculate the area of steel required in the long direction .
g) Calculate the area of steel required in the long direction .
h) Calculate the minimum area of steel in the long direction.
i) If we have to use 30ø12in the short direction , make a simple sketch showing the
distribution of the bars in this direction .
5-4 The rectangular footing shown below is subjected to a concentrated factored column
load Pu=3000 KN and having an area 3.00×4.00 m2. Given the column size is
350×450 mm2 and effective depth of the footing is 610 mm :
a) Determine the value of the moment at the critical section(s) .

b) Check the adequacy of the footing depth for one way shear .
c) Check the adequacy of the footing depth for punching shear .
d) Assume that the main reinforcement in the footing consists of 18-mm diameter bars
at 150 mm O.C and the dowels in the footing are 14- mm bars . Sketch the
distribution of the reinforcement in the short direction .
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181
5-5 For the wall footing shown below , draw the ultimate bearing stress distribution for the
following cases and determine the values of ultimate shear and ultimate moment at
their critical sections . Given effective depth of the footing is 310 mm .
a) Pu= 800 KN
b) Pu= 600 KN , Mu =100 KN.m
c) Pu= 300 KN , Mu =100 KN.m
d) Pu= 300 KN , Mu =200 KN.m
5-6 For the rectangular spread footing shown in the figure below , service dead load of 800
KN and service live load of 600 KN and the eccentricities along x-axis and y-axis equal
to 0.20 m .Unit weight of the soil is 18 KN/m3.
a) Calculate the soil pressure at
the four corners of the
footing .
b) Calculate the maximum 1.2 m
bearing stress capacity at the 0.6 m
column-footing joint .
c) If the allowable soil pressure
is 260 KN/m2 , show 6.0 m
whether footing size is

adequate or not ?
5.0 m
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182
5-7 For the combined footing shown in the figure below . Allowable soil pressure is 250
KN/m2 at 1.5 m below surface , use  avg  22 KN/m3 for all materials (soil and
concrete ) ,fc =21 MPa and fy =420 MPa .
Column size Service dead load Service live load
1 450×450 mm 700 KN 500 KN
2 600×600 mm 1000 KN 700 KN
0.8m 6.0m
COL1 COL2 = 0.60

m
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183
a) Calculate the area required , and find the dimensions B and L .

 Assume that the dimensions of the footing are 2.5×9 m :
b) Draw ultimate bending and shear diagrams for the footing .
c) Calculate the required area of steel in the long direction for positive and negative
moments .
d) Calculate the minimum area of steel in the long direction .
e) Calculate the maximum one way shear (Vu) at the most critical section (s) .
f) Calculate the required area of steel in the transverse direction .
g) Prepare neat design drawings showing footing dimensions and provided reinforcement.
5-8 A wall footing with 700 mm thickness and 4.0 m width , carries a service dead load of
250 KN/m and service live load of 180 KN/m . The base of the footing is 1300 mm
under the soil with unit weight equal to 20 KN/m3 . Gross soil pressure is 240 KN/m2 ,
concrete compressive strength is 23 MPa and fy for all steel is 420 MPa .
ANAS DAWAS

184
a) Calculate the maximum bending moment at the most critical section(s) .
b) Calculate the required area of steel in the short direction.
c) Calculate the required area of steel in the long direction.
d) How many bars per meter needed in the long and short directions .
e) Calculate the ultimate shear force (Vu ) at the most critical section .
f) Calculate the maximum shear strength capacity .
g) Calculate the development length of the reinforcement used in the short direction .
Use ø25 M
5-9 Why it’s better to put the reinforcement in the long direction in a rectangular footing
under the reinforcement in the short direction .
ANAS DAWAS

185
Biaxial Columns
ANAS DAWAS

186
Columns :Combined Axial Load and Bending

The majority of reinforced concrete columns are subjected to primary stresses caused by
flexure, axial force, and shear. Secondary stresses associated with deformations are usually
very small in most columns used in practice. These columns are referred to as "short columns."
Short columns are designed using the interaction diagrams presented in this chapter. The
capacity of a short column is the same as the capacity of its section under primary stresses,
irrespective of its length.
 Many columns are subjected to biaxial bending, that is,
bending about both axes, such as :
1) Corner columns in buildings where beams and girders
frame into the columns from both directions are the most
common cases.
2) where columns are cast monolithically as part of frames
in both directions .
3) where columns are supporting heavy spandrel beams.
Bridge piers are almost always subject to biaxial bending.
 Most columns are subjected to significant bending in one direction, while subjected to
relatively small bending moments in the orthogonal direction. These columns are
designed by using the interaction diagrams discussed in RC1 course for uniaxial
bending and if required checked for the adequacy of capacity in the orthogonal
direction. However, some columns, as in the case of corner columns, are subjected to
equally significant bending moments in two orthogonal directions. These columns may
have to be designed for biaxial bending.
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187
 A circular column subjected to moments about two axes may be designed as a uniaxial
column acted upon by the resultant moment; (Why ?? )
 Circular columns have polar symmetry and, thus, the same ultimate capacity in all
directions. The design process is the same, therefore, regardless of the directions of the
moments. If there is bending about both the x- and y-axes, the biaxial moment can be
computed by combining the two moments or their eccentricities as follows:
M u  (M ux )2  (M uy )2
e  (e x )2  (e y )2
 For shapes other than circular ones, it is necessary to consider the three-dimensional
interaction effects.
 Whenever possible, it is
desirable to make columns
subject to biaxial bending
circular in shape.
 Several methods used to determine the nominal strength of the columns subjected to
moments in the two directions :
1) static equations :
- Such a procedure will lead to the correct answer, but the mathematics involved is so
complicated because of the shape of the compression side of the column that the
method is not a practical one.
ANAS DAWAS

188
2) Computer programs
3) The strain-compatibility method
4) The equivalent eccentricity method.
5) Method based on 45 slice through interaction surface.
6) Bresler reciprocal load method : this will be discussed in this part .
Bresler reciprocal load method

The Bresler equation works rather well as long as Pn is at least as large as 0.10Po .
Should Pn be less than 0.10Po it is satisfactory to neglect the axial force completely and
design the section as a member subject to biaxial bending only. This procedure is a little on
the conservative side. For this lower part of the interaction curve, it will be remembered that
a little axial load increases the moment capacity of the section. The Bresler equation does not
apply to axial tension loads. Professor Bresler found that the ultimate loads predicted by his
equation for the conditions described do not vary from test results by more than 10%.
 ACI Commentary Sections 10.3.6 and 10.3.7 give the following equation, originally
presented by Bresler [11-18], for calculating the capacity under biaxial bending:
1 1 1 1
  
 pn  pnx  pny  pn
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189
Procedure Used To Design Biaxial Columns
1) Select a trial section:
(1  2) % for Tied Column

assume that  g  
(2.5  5) %for spiral Column
 pu
 0.4(f  f  ) for Tied Column
 c y g
A 
g (trial ) pu
 for spiral Column
 0.5 (f c  f y  g )

Min. dimension for a tied column  250 mm and 300 mm for spiral .
2) Select appropriate number of bars to be subjected to the column :

A bar is adequately supported against lateral movement if its located at a corner of a
tie and if the dimension “x” shown in the figure below is less than 15 cm .
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190
Figure 18 Ties shown dashed may be omitted if x < 150 mm
3) Calculate Gamma x h x
b  2 cov  2d s  d b
  cov  40mm
b
b
ANAS DAWAS

191
4) Compute ex , ey and eo
Compute e x , e y and e o :
M uy M
ex  , e y  ux then use the diagram to find P nx
Pu Pu
e x ,    P
 l x g ny
and  P ny depending on : e
 y ,  g   P nx
 l y
5) Compute  P o
Compute  Pn :
 Pn   (0.85 f c ( Ag  As )  As f y )
s  0.75 and T  0.65
 0.8 Pn for Tied
Max. axial load  
 0.85 Pn for spiral
6) Solve for  P n
1 1 1 1
  
pn  p nx  p ny  p n
 p n should be  p u
ANAS DAWAS

192
Interaction Diagrams
 The ACI column interaction diagrams are used in Examples to design or analyze
columns for different situations. In order to correctly use these diagrams, it is necessary
to compute the value of γ (gamma), which is equal to the distance from the center of the
bars on one side of the column to the center of the bars on the other side of the column
divided by h, the depth of the column (both values being taken in the direction of
bending). Usually the value of γ obtained falls in between a pair of curves, and
interpolation of the curve readings will have to be made.
 Caution
1) Be sure that the column picture at the upper right of the interaction curve being used
agrees with the column being considered. In other words, are there bars on two faces of
the column or on all four faces? If the wrong curves are selected, the answers may be
quite incorrect.
ANAS DAWAS

193
elpmaxE
 Select column section size and reinforcement for a rectangular tied column with bars
distributed along four faces, subject to biaxial bending. Given :
Pu Mux Muy fc fy
1900 KN 100 KN.m 190 KN.m 28 MPa 420 MPa
1) Estimate column size

Pu 1900  1000
Ag  assume gross steel ratio  0.015  A g 
0.4(f c   g f y ) 0.4(28  0.015  420)
 138483.96 mm 2  Try 500  400 mm 2  200000 mm 2
You can select smaller size
2) Select appropriate number of ø25 bars
ANAS DAWAS

194
3) Compute  P nx (at ex=0.0)
M ux 100 e 52.6 mm e
ey    52.6 mm  y   0.132 
Pu 1900 l y 400 mm h

AS 10   252
g   4  0.025  0.040 OK
Ag 500  400
400  2(40)  2(10)  25
  0.6875
400
 P 
 for   0.60  n  2.2 Ksi 
 bh 

 for   0.6875  ???   by interpolation  P n  2.26 Ksi  2.26  6.9 MPa  15.60
  bh
   P 
n
 for   0.75   2.3 Ksi 
 bh 
 P nx  15.60  500  400  10 3  3120 KN
note : I have used interaction diagrams with Ksi unit so its necessary to takecare of units
2.2 Ksi
ANAS DAWAS

195
4) Compute  P ny ( at ey =0.0)
M uy 190 e 100 mm e
ex    100 mm  x   0.2 
Pu 1900 l x 500 mm h
 2
A 10   25
g  S  4  0.025  0.040 OK
Ag 500  400
500  2(40)  2(10)  25
  0.75
500
 Pn
for   0.75   1.9 Ksi
bh
 Pn
 1.9  6.9 MPa  13.11 MPa
bh
 P ny  13.11  500  400  10 3  2622 KN
note : I have used interaction diagrams with Ksi unit so its necessary to takecare of units
5) Compute  P no
 You can calculate it by equation or by interaction diagrams ( independent of Gamma
value )
Using Diagrams
  g  0.025  P
  n
 e  0.0   bh  2.5 Ksi  17.25 MPa
 
h 
  P n o  17.25  500  400  10 3  3450 KN
Using Equation
 
 P n o  0.65   0.85  28 500  400  10   252   10   252  420    4357 KN
  4   4 
note that , there is a large difference in values of  Pn , may be because of units or due to
less accuracy of using diagrams .
ANAS DAWAS

196
6) Solve for Bresler equation
1 1 1 1
    4.72385  10  4
 Pn 3120 2622 4357
 P n  2117 KN  Pu  1900 KN OK
In this chapter, Pn values were obtained only for rectangular tied columns. The same
theory could be used for round columns, but the mathematics would be somewhat
complicated because of the circular layout of the bars, and the calculations of distances would
be rather tedious. Several approximate methods have been developed that greatly simplify the
mathematics. Perhaps the best known of these is the one proposed by Charles Whitney, in
which equivalent rectangular columns are used to replace the circular ones. This method
gives results that correspond quite closely with test results.
ANAS DAWAS

197
SMELBeRP
For all problems :
Cover Bars diameter Ties diameter f c fy

40 mm 25 mm 10 mm 28 MPa 420 MPa
6-1 The column shown below is to carry a factored load , Pu ,of 800 KN with eccentricities
of ey = 90 mm and ex = 300 mm . Check the adequacy of the trial design by using
Bresler method .
6-2 Check the adequacy of the circular column for the following axial load and biaxial
bending moments. Use and procedure you feel is most suitable .
Pu Mux Muy
2200 KN 100 KN.m 175 KN.m
ANAS DAWAS

198
6-3 For square column shown in the figure below , determine the maximum ultimate
biaxial bending moment ( Mux and Muy ) that can be applied simultaneously with a load
Pu = 3000 KN to column section . Assume ex = ey and  =0.80
6-4 The section of a short tied column is 400×400 mm and is reinforced with 8ø25 bars as
shown. Determine the allowable ultimate load on the section  P n if its acts at ex = 108
mm and ey = 270 mm. Use Reciprocal Load Method: Bresler’s Formula and the
interaction diagram given on Design Aids . Fill the table below .
 P no
 P nx
 P ny
 Pn
ANAS DAWAS

199
ANAS DAWAS

200
Slender Columns
ANAS DAWAS

Reference
Chapter12: Reinforced Concrete MECHANICS AND
DESIGN 6th edition
Maher Fakhoury
Slender
Columns

Definition:
A slender column is defined as a column that has a significant
reduction in its axial-load capacity due to moments resulting
from lateral deflections of the column. In the derivation of the
ACI Code, “a significant reduction” was arbitrarily taken as
anything greater than about 5 percent.
 Most building columns fall in the short-column category.

Exceptions occur in industrial buildings and in buildings that have
a high first-floor story for architectural or functional reasons. An
extreme example is shown in Fig. 12-7. The left corner column has
a height of 50 times its least thickness. Some bridge piers and the
decks of cable stayed bridges fall into the slender-column
category.
 Less than 10 % of columns in “braced” or “nonsway” frames and
less than half of columns in “unbraced” or “sway” frames would
be classified as “slender” following ACI Code Procedure.
Fig. 12-7
Bank of Brazil building,
Porto Alegre, Brazil. Each
Floor extends out over the
Floor below it. (Photograph
Courtesy of J. G. MacGregor.)

Concept of Slenderness Effect
An eccentrically loaded, pin-ended column is shown in Fig the

moments at the ends of the column are when the loads P are
applied, the column deflects laterally by an amount as shown.
Me = Pe
For equilibrium, the internal moment at mid height
Mc = P(e + δ)
The deflection increases the moments for which the column
must be designed. In the symmetrical column shown here, the
maximum moment occurs at mid height.
The slenderness of columns is based on their geometry and on

their lateral bracing. As their slenderness increases, their
bending stresses increase, and thus buckling may occur. If
they are “slender,” the moment for which the column must be designed is increased or magnified. Once
the moment is magnified, it’s very simple the column is then designed as a short column using the
increased moment.
The line O–A is referred to as a load–moment curve

for the end moment, while the line O–B is the load–
moment curve for the maximum column moment.
Failure occurs when the load–moment curve O–B for
the point of maximum moment intersects the
interaction diagram for the cross section. Thus the
load and moment at failure are denoted by point B in
Fig. Because of the increase in maximum moment
due to deflections, the axial-load capacity is reduced
from A to B. This reduction in axial-load capacity
results from what are referred to as slenderness
effects.

Buckling of Axially Loaded Elastic Columns
Recall Leonhard Euler Equation from strength of materials laboratory,
Where
EI = flexural rigidity of column
cross section.
L = length of the column.
n = number of half-sine waves
in the deformed shape of the
column.
*The effective length factor is

K= 1/n

Computation of Effective Length Factor K:
 In buildings, columns are restrained by beams or footings which

always allow some rotation of the ends of the column. The
effective lengths will be greater than the values for completely
fixed ends. The actual value of k for an elastic column is a function
of the relative stiffnesses , of the beams and columns at each
end of the column, where is
Where b and c refer to beams and columns, respectively, and the lengths
and are measured center-to-center of the joints.
Where Ic=0.70 Ig , Ib=0.35 Ig , Ec=4700
 After Computing , the Effective Length Factor K is computed

using Nomographs Fig12-6 (NEXT PAGE)
A and B are top and bottom factors of columns. For a hinged end is
infinite or 10 and for a fixed end is zero or 1.
-Assumptions for nomographs:
1. Symmetrical rectangular frames

2. Equal load applied at top of columns
3. Unloaded beams.
4. All columns buckle at the same moment
 Calculation of, Column Footing Joints:
Where is the If moment of inertia of the contact area

between the bottom of the footing and the soil and Ks is
the coefficient of subgrade reaction which can be taken
from Fig. 12-27
 Calculation of k from Tables (another way but NOT according to ACI CODE)
Table 12-2 can be used to select values of k for the design of nonsway frames. The shaded areas
correspond to one or both ends truly fixed. Because such a case rarely, if ever, occurs in practice, this
part of the table should not be used. The column and row labeled “Hinged”, “elastic” through to “fixed”
represent conservative practical degrees of end fixity.

Limiting Slenderness Ratios for Slender Columns
Most columns in structures are sufficiently short to be unaffected by

slenderness effects. To avoid checking slenderness effects for all
columns, ACI Code Section 10.10.1 allows slenderness effects to be
ignored in the case of columns in sway frames if,
*IF Then a second

order analysis must be done.
Unsupported Lengths (Lu):

The length used for calculating
the slenderness ratio of a column,
Lu, is its unsupported length. This
length is considered to be equal
to the clear distance between
slabs, beams, or other members

that provide lateral support to the column.
Summary of ACI Moment Magnifier Design Procedure for Columns in Nonsway
Frames
1. Length of column. The unsupported length, Lu, is defined as the clear distance
between members capable of giving lateral support to the column. For a pin-
ended column it is the distance between the hinges.
2. Effective length. States that the effective length factor, k, can be computed
from nangoraphs.
3. Radius of gyration. For a rectangular section and for a
circular section,
4. Consideration of slenderness effects. For columns in nonsway frames, allows
slenderness to be neglected if satisfies Eq. (12-20b). The sign convention
for M1/M2 is given in Fig. 12-13.
5. Minimum moment. Requires that the maximum end moment on the column,
not be taken less than
M2,min = Pu(15 + 0.03h2) where h is in mm
6. Moment-magnifier equation. ACI Code Section 10.10.6 states that the columns
shall be designed for the factored axial load, Where M2 is the larger end moment,
and the magnified moment Mc, defined by:
*Extra Information

Example 1: Design of a Slender Pin-Ended Column (Nonsway)

Design a 6m-tall column to support an unfactored dead load of
400 KN and an unfactored live load of 334 KN. The loads act at
an eccentricity of 76 mm. at the top and 50 mm. at the bottom,
as shown in Fig. Use f’c= 28 MPa and Fy=420 MPa
1. Compute the factored loads Pu and moments M1/M2 and
Pu= 1.2 DL+1.6LL = 1.2 X 400+1.6 X 334 = 1014.4 KN
The Moment at the top = 1014.4 X 0.076 = 77.1 KN-m

The Moment at the bottom = 1014.4*0.05= 50.72 KN-m
By definition, M2 is the larger end moment in the column. Therefore,

M2= 77 KN-m and M1= 51.7 KN-m the ratio M1/M2 is taken to be
positive, because the column is bent in single curvature Thus
M1/M2=0.658
2. Estimate the column size. Use ρ=1.5%
= = 73935.86mm2
use bXh = 300 X 300 mm2
3. Is the column slender? a column in a nonsway frame is short if
K=1 because the column is pin ended, where r=0.3*300= 90 mm
For M1/M2=0.658
34 - 12 = 34-12 X 0.658= 26

Because 66.7 exceeds 26, the column is quite slender. This suggests that the Section 300mm by 300mm
probably is inadequate.
We shall select a 400mm-by-400mm.-section for the first trial.
4. Check whether the moments are less than the minimum. a braced column be designed for a
minimum eccentricity of 15+0.03 X 350 = 25.5 Because the maximum end eccentricity exceeds this,
design for the moments from step 1.
5. Compute EI.
Ec=4700 f’c= 4700 28=24870 MPa

Ig= bh3 /12 = 2.13X 109 mm4
The term Bdnsis the ratio of the factored sustained (dead) load to the total factored axial load:
Bdns = 1.2 X 400 / 1014.4 = 0.473
EI = = 1.44 X 1013 N-mm2
6. Compute the magnified moment.
= 0.6 + 0.4 x 0.658 =0.8632
= KN
1.3

Magnified moment (Mc) =1.3 X 77= 100.1 KN-m
7. Select the column reinforcement. We will use the tied-column interaction diagrams assuming an
equal distribution of longitudinal bars in two opposite faces of the column. The parameters required for
entering the interaction diagrams are:
Cover 50 mm and assume Ø25
From both and the required value for is less than ρ= 0.01. Therefore, to satisfy the
minimum column longitudinal-reinforcement ratio from ACI Code Section 10.9.1, use ρ= 0.01Thus,
As’ rqd = Ag * 0.015 = 400*400 * 0.01 = 1600 mm2
Use 8Ø16 with As= 1609mm for the 400x400 mm2 section. This section design would be very
2
conservative if we were designing a short column, but the slenderness of the column has required the use
of this larger section.

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 This textbook covers the following topics :

 Design One Way Ribbed Slab

 About the Author

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‫يا أٔد انخأكٍذ عهٍّ ْٕ أٌ ْزا انعًم ْٕ يٍ صُع بشش ٌخطئ‬

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ONE WAY JOIST

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Figure 1 Types of slabs

One-Way Joist Floor System :

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9.5.2.1 — Minimum thickness stipulated in Table 9.5(a)

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Figure 2 Design Example

1. Calculating minimum depth according to ACI code (Table 9.5a)

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2. Calculating ultimate load :

Slab weight = 0.07×1×25 1.75 KN/m2

b) Ultimate load = wu=1.2(7.63)+1.6(2)=12.35 KN/m2

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3. Calculating shear and moment subjected to the Joist :

Ve 6.42  4 2 designed as T-beam

Effective depth =250-20-10-10/2=215 mm

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B. Design for negative moment :

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 The maximum ultimate negative moment in the joist ………

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 The maximum ultimate negative moment in the joist ………

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TWO WAY SLAB

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Two Way Slabs

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Flat plates present a possible problem in transferring the shear at the

Analysis of Two-Way Slabs:

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THE DIRECT-DESIGN METHOD

Limitations on the Use of the Direct-Design Method:

1. There must be three or more spans in each direction.

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1) Determination of the total factored static moment:

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Aspect Ratio L2/L1

Aspect Ratio L2/L1

 t  is defined as ratio of torsional stiffness of edge beam section

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 Factored moments in beams caused by slab loads

Depth Limitations and Stiffness Requirements